SN XUT NNG NGHIP

HU C VIT NAM

LI NI U
Vn v sinh an ton thc phm nc ta hin vn cn l mi lo ngi ln ca
nhiu ngi, nht l ngi tiu dng bi tnh trng lm dng ha cht trong phn
bn v thuc bo v thc vt trong sn xut nng nghip an ton vn cn, mc d t
nhiu nm qua B Nng nghip v PTNT ban hnh cc quy trnh sn xut theo
thc hnh nng nghip tt nh VietGAP, GlobalGAP, song s tin tng v sn phm
an ton theo GAP vn cha thuyt phcV sao vy? Phi chng trong tiu chun
sn xut vn cn c dng phn v c v ha cht bo v thc vt khi cn thit, nn
nng dn thc hin cha tt hoc thiu chui gim st cht lng sn phm.
gii quyt vn sn xut nng nghip an ton v to nim tin cho mi ngi
th sn xut nng nghip cn phi theo hng hu c, bi v nng nghip hu c l
h thng sn xut khng dng ha cht, mc tiu l duy tr sc khe cho t, h sinh
thi v sc khe cho ngi sn xut. Nng nghip hu c da vo qu trnh sinh thi,
a dng sinh hc v qu trnh pht trin t nhin ph hp vi tng iu kin ca a
phng. Sn xut nng nghip hu c chnh l sn xut truyn thng kt hp i mi
cc tin b k thut mi c li cho cc sinh vt, con ngi v mi trng trn c s
chia s v thc y cc mi quan h cng bng nhm hng ti cuc sng tt, m
bo cht lng cho tt c cc bn c lin quan (ngi sn xut, nh bn l, ngi
tiu dng).
Sn xut nng nghip hu c trong trng trt bao gm rau, qu, ch hu c,
l cch la chn tt nht ca ngi tiu dng hin nay. cc nc ang pht trin,
sn phm trng trt hu c mi ch chim mt phn nh trong nng nghip sch, an
ton, nhng sn xut nng nghip hu c v ang ha hn s tng trng nhanh
trn ton th gii, trong c Vit Nam. gip cho cc cn b lnh o, cn b k
thut, nh nng sn xut v ngi tiu dng hiu bit r khi nim v sn xut nng
nghip hu c nc ta, chng ti bin son chuyn Sn xut nng nghip hu
c Vit Nam. Nhm tc gi gm:
1- GS. TS Phm Th Thy, Ph Ch tch Hip hi Nng nghip hu c Vit Nam,
Gim c Trung tm Khoa hc v Hp tc l Ch bin.
2- Th.s Phm Kim Oanh, Trung tm Khoa hc v Hp tc, Hip hi Nng
nghip hu c Vit Nam.
Vi mong mun v tm huyt c mt nn nng nghip hu c thc s cho t
nc, cc tc gi tp hp cc ti liu v VietGap v nng nghip hu c bin
son chuyn ny, tp trung ch yu v trng trt. Hy vng rng chuyn ny s
gip cho cc cn b lnh o trong ngnh nng nghip, cn b k thut v khuyn
nng v bo v thc vt hiu bit hng ch o, gip nng dn v doanh nghip
p dng vo thc tin sn xut nng nghip hu c. y l ti liu mi nn chc chn
s khng trnh khi thiu st, rt mong bn c gp ln ti bn ti c hon
thin hn. Xin trn trng cm n.
Ban bin tp

SN XUT NNG NGHIP HU C VIT NAM

GS. TS Phm Th Thy
Th.s Phm Kim Oanh
Chng 1
SN XUT NNG NGHIP THEO TIU CHUN THC HNH NNG
NGHIP TT (GOOD AGRICUTURAL PRACTICE - GAP)
1.1. Cc loi thc hnh nng nghip tt - GAP
Cho n nay vn an ton thc phm vn cn l mi lo chung ca ton x hi
nht l ngi tiu dng v s tn d ho cht bo v thc vt trong thc phm cn
cao. Thc t tnh trng lm dng thuc bo v thc vt nhiu qu mc cn thit lin
tc xy ra mt s a phng, iu ny nh hng lu di ti mi trng sng
ca con ngi, vt nui, ngun nc ngm v t ai. Phn tch v thc n chn nui
cng nghip, kt qu cho thy hm lng c t v thc n nhim cc vi sinh vt gy
bnh cng nh hm lng kim loi nng nh ch, ng, km trong thc n chn nui
cao hn mc quy nh t 1,8 n 5,6 ln. iu ny gy tn d ha cht v lm nh
hng n tnh an ton ca vt nui. Chnh v vy m t nm 2000 n nay nn nng
nghip nc ta tip cn v thc hin cc kiu thc hnh nng nghip tt Good
Agricultural Practice nh EuropGAP, GlobalGAP, AseanGAP, VietGAP, ThaiGAP,
MalayGAP...
Vy GAP l g v s khc bit ca cc GAP vi khi nim NNG NGHIP HU
C nh th no? nhn bit c nhng im khc bit gia sn xut nng nghip
theo tiu chun GAP v tiu chun hu c, trc ht chng ta phi tm hiu khi nim
s b v s ra i ca GAP, cc tiu chun sn xut nng nghip theo EuropGAP,
GlobalGAP, AseanGAP, VietGAP.
1.1.1. EuropGAP (Europ. Good Agricultural Practice)
EuropGAP l thc hnh nng nghip tt Chu u, xut hin u tin vo
nm 1997 v c p dng cho cc nhm cy thc phm nh rau, qu, tht, c, trng,
sa y l cc loi thc phm d b vi khun tn cng gy hi. Chu u bao gm
cc nc c nn cng, nng nghip pht trin, do vy cc tiu chun v v sinh an
ton thc phm (VSATTP) c t ra kh cht ch v nghim khc. Cc ch tiu v
VSATTP c kim sot v c nh gi rt cn thn. Cho nn s ra i ca
EuropGAP l nhu cu tt yu sn xut nng nghip ca khu vc chu u.
Ngy 7 thng 9 nm 2007, EuropGAP c i tn thnh GlobalGAP p
dng cho tt c cc nc trn ton th gii, iu phn nh r phm vi nh hng
ca EuropGAP trn ton cu.
1.1.2. GlobalGAP (Global Good Agricultural Practice )
GlobalGAP l thc hnh nng nghip tt trn ton cu do mt t chc t nhn,
mt nhm cc siu th Chu u xy dng. Mc ch ca GlobalGAP l lm tng s
tin tng ca khch hng i vi thc phm an ton, thng qua ngi sn xut
thc hnh nng nghip tt. Trng tm ca GlobalGAP l an ton thc phm v truy

xut ngun gc, bn cnh cng cp n cc vn khc nh an ton v sc

khe, phc li cho ngi lao ng v bo v mi trng, bo v thin ch c ch.
GlobalGAP l mt tiu chun v vic cp chng nhn cho cc qu trnh sn
xut t khi ht ging c gieo trng n khi sn phm c xut khi trang tri. y
l mt b tiu chun c xy dng p dng t nguyn cho sn xut nng nghip
(trng trt, chn nui v thy sn) trn ton cu. B tiu chun GlobalGAP l cng c
kt ni gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip, gia nh sn xut vi ngi cung ng
nng sn thc phm, v th n khng hng ti vic gn nhn trn sn phm dnh cho
ngi tiu dng, m quan tm ti sn lng v a im sn xut.
Cho n nay GlobalGAP xy dng c cc tiu chun cho rau v tri cy,
cy trng xen, hoa v cy cnh, c ph, ch, tht ln, gia cm, gia sc v cu, b sa
v thy sn (C Hi). Cc sn phm khc ang c nghin cu, iu c th hiu
rng EuropGAP khi c nhiu chu lc p dng th tr thnh GlobalGAP. Nh vy
nu sn phm c cng nhn theo tiu chun ca EuropGAP th rt d dng lu hnh
mi th trng trn th gii.
V c bn EuropGAP v GlobalGAP khng c g khc nhau, tuy nhin cng
c mt s ngoi l khi p dng trong phm vi GlobalGAP. V c th nc Nht hay
nc M c mt vi qui nh kht khe nh v d lng thuc ha hc, hoc v kha
cnh tn gio, tp qun hay thi quen ca mt s tc ngi hay quc gia no
khng ph hp vi tiu chun ca EuropGAP, nhng ch l nhng tiu chun th
yu m thi.
1.1.3. AseanGAP (Asean Good Agricultural Practice)
AseanGAP l mt b tiu chun thc hnh nng nghip tt trong c qu trnh
sn xut, thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch i vi rau qu ti cc nc trong khu
vc ASEAN. AseanGAP c ra i t nm 2006 do Ban th k ca t chc ASEAN
xy dng vi i din cc nc thnh vin. Theo cc chuyn gia nhn nh th th
trng xut, nhp khu nng sn trn th gii ang c kim sot t nhng i siu
th, nhng tp on a quc gia vi cc tiu chun rt cao v cht lng sn phm,
cng nh v sinh an ton thc phm. ASEAN cng b cc tiu chun trong bn
quy trnh GAP chung cho cc nc thnh vin.
Mc tiu ca AseanGAP l tng cng hi ha cc chng trnh GAP quc gia
cho cc nc thnh vin trong khu vc ASEAN, cao sn phm rau, qu an ton cho
ngi tiu dng, duy tr cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v thc y thng mi rau,
qu trong khu vc v quc t.
Ni dung ca AseanGAP gm 4 phn chnh:
- An ton thc phm
- Qun l mi trng
- Sc khe, an ton lao ng v phc li cho ngi sn xut
- Cht lng sn phm
Hn ch ln nht ca AseanGAP l mi ch a ra cc tiu chun cho cc rau qu
ti, n khng bao gm cc sn phm c ri ro cao trong thc phm an ton nh
sn phm c ct lt, y l tiu chun mi trong khu vc v quc t. AseanGAP
khng phi l tiu chun chng nhn cho cc sn phm hu c v sn phm bin
i gen
1.1.4. VietGAP (Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practice)
4

VietGAP l thc hnh sn xut nng nghip tt Vit Nam c xy dng da

trn 4 tiu chun: K thut sn xut, an ton thc phm, mi trng lm vic v truy
tm ngun gc ca sn phm. Bn tiu chun ny l tp hp da trn nhng nguyn
tc, trnh t, th tc hng dn t chc, c nhn sn xut, thu hoch, s ch bo m
an ton, nng cao cht lng sn phm, m bo phc li x hi, sc kho ngi sn
xut v ngi tiu dng, bo v mi trng v truy nguyn ngun gc sn phm.
VietGAP chnh l p dng cc bin php k thut sn xut, nhm to ra sn phm
sch v an ton, c bit l cc sn phm v rau, qu ti.
Trc khi VietGAP ra i, nc ta c rt nhiu chng trnh sn xut nng
sn an ton i vi rau, qu, cy trng lm ung. Nhiu a phng, cc quy nh
c xy dng thnh quy trnh ph bin cho nng dn thc hin. Trn thc
t vn cha c n v no theo di kim tra v c trch nhim cp chng nhn kp
thi, hoc a ra chnh sch khuyn khch cho ngi sn xut, nn phong tro sn
xut nng sn sch, an ton thc cht vn cha c pht trin rng ri v quan tm
thch ng.
Nm 2004, Hip hi Tri cy Vit Nam tham gia vo mt d n c tn Tng
cng nng lc cnh tranh (VNCI) do Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip VN VCCI ch tr v t chc mt chuyn thm chng trnh lin kt M Thi ang
thc hin EuropGAP, thm Lin kt GAP min Ty Thi Lan. Cng nm , Hip
hi Tri cy VN cng vi Hi Lm vn v VCCI t chc hi tho gii thiu v GAP
(EuropGAP) ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. Sau hi tho ny, lin kt GAP sng Tin
bao gm 6 tnh c tri cy c thnh lp, hot ng rt gn b v em li
nhng kt qu ng khch l nm 2005. Cng nm , T chc Th trng quc t
(IMO) t chc chng nhn GAP cho mt s c s sn xut rau, c ph Lt.
Tip theo l cc n v sn xut qu Thanh Long Bnh Thun, ng trng tm
min Ty cng ln lt c cng nhn sn xut t tiu chun GAP.
Do nm bt c tm quan trng v tnh bc xc c GAP cho Vit Nam
nn chi nhnh Hi Lm vn Vit Nam trnh 1 bn tng trnh vi lnh o B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (NN & PTNT) v vic ra i VietGAP. Ngy
28-1-2008 B NN & PTNT ph chun vn bn v VietGAP ra i. D ra i
mun, nhng VietGAP tha hng c kinh nghim ca nhiu GAP trc, nn
nhanh chng pht huy tc dng. Vic quy nh nhng tiu chun chnh trong sn
xut nng nghip ca VietGAP l g? l 26 tiu chun v hin ang tp trung vo
12 ni dung chnh quy nh sn xut nng nghip tt nh sau:
1. nh gi v la chn vng sn xut
2. Ging v gc ghp
3. Qun l t v gi th
4. Phn bn v cht ph gia
5. Nc ti
6. Ha cht (gm phn v c v thuc bo v thc vt)
7. Thu hoch v x l sau thu hoch
8. Qun l v x l cht thi
9. An ton lao ng
10. Ghi chp, lu tr h s, truy nguyn ngun gc v thu hi sn phm
11. Kim tra ni b
5

12. Khiu ni v gii quyt khiu ni

VietGAP l chng trnh kim tra an ton thc phm xuyn sut t A n Z ca
dy chuyn sn xut, c bt u t khu chun b trang tri, canh tc n khu thu
hoch, sau thu hoch, tn tr, k c cc yu t lin quan nh mi trng, cc cht ha
hc bo v thc vt, bao b v ngay c iu kin lm vic, phc li ca ngi lao
ng trong nng tri.
Di y l tm tt s b mt s iu kin v t ai, c s vt cht yu cu sn
xut v nhn lc:
a- t canh tc v gi th (Ph lc 1: Gi tr gii hn ti a cho php ca mt s
kim loi nng trong t, gi th)
- Khng b nh hng bi cc yu t gy nhim sn phm nh: mi, khi, bi, cht
thi, ha cht c hi t hot ng giao thng vn ti, cng nghip, tiu th cng
nghip v lng ngh, sinh hot khu dn c, bnh vin, khu chn nui, c s git m,
ngha trang.
- t cao, thot nc thch hp vi s sinh trng ca rau.
- Cch ly vi khu vc c cht thi cng nghip v bnh vin t nht l 2 km, vi cht
thi sinh hot thnh ph t nht l 200 m.
- t khng b tn d ha cht c hi.
- S dng ngun nc ti sch t sng, h khng b nhim hoc phi qua x l.
- S dng nc ging khoan (i vi rau x lch v cc loi rau gia v).
- Dng nc sch pha phn bn l v thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV).
- Hm lng cc kim loi nng trong t, gi th khng vt qu quy nh
- Trng hp t c cha kim loi nng vt gi tr ti a cho php th phi c bin
php ci to t hoc la chn loi cy trng, bin php canh tc ph hp.
b- Nc ti (Ph lc 2: Gi tr gii hn ti a cho php ca mt s kim loi nng, vi
sinh vt gy hi trong nc ti i vi sn xut rau, qu ti)
- S dng ngun nc ti t sng khng b nhim hoc phi qua x l.
- S dng nc ging khoan (i vi rau x lch v cc loi rau gia v).
- Dng nc sch pha phn bn l v thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV).
c- iu kin trong qu trnh sn xut (ging, phn bn..)
- S dng ging c trong Danh mc ging cy trng c php sn xut, kinh doanh,
ging cy trng bn a c sn xut, tiu dng, khng gy c cho ngi.
- Phi bit r l lch ni sn xut ging. Ging nhp ni phi qua kim dch.
- Ch gieo trng cc loi ging tt v trng cy con khe mnh, khng mang ngun
su, mm bnh.
- Ht ging trc khi gieo cn c x l ha cht hoc nhit dit ngun su bnh.
- S dng phn bn c tn trong danh mc phn bn c php sn xut, kinh doanh
v s dng Vit Nam do B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh, ang c
hiu lc.
- Khng c s dng trc tip phn ti (cht thi ca ngi, ng vt). Trng hp
s dng cc loi phn ny phi c x l hoai mc v m bo v sinh mi trng.
- C b hoc dng c cha v bao b thuc bo v thc vt. B hoc dng c cha
phi c y, mi che, m bo khng cho thuc ha hc bo v thc vt cn tn d
pht tn ra bn ngoi.
d- Phn bn
6

- Tng cng s dng phn hu c hoai mc bn cho rau.

- Tuyt i khng bn cc loi phn chung cha hoai, khng dng phn ti pha
long nc ti.
- S dng phn ho hc bn thc va theo yu cu ca tng loi rau. Cn kt thc
bn trc khi thu hoch t nht 15 ngy.
- Phng tr su bnh.
p dng cc bin php qun l dch hi tng hp Intergrated Pest Management IPM
- Lun canh cy trng hp l.
- S dng ging tt, chng chu su bnh v sch bnh.
- Chm sc theo yu cu sinh l ca cy (to cy khe).
- Thng xuyn v sinh ng rung.
- S dng nhn lc bt git su.
- S dng cc ch phm sinh hc tr su bnh hp l.
- Kim tra ng rung pht hin v kp thi c bin php qun l thch hp i vi
su, bnh.
- Ch s dng thuc bo v thc vt ha hc khi tht cn thit v theo cc yu cu sau:
+ Khng s dng cc loi thuc cm s dng cho rau.
+ Chn cc thuc c hm lng hot cht thp, t c hi vi thin ch, cc ng
vt khc v con ngi.
+ u tin s dng cc thuc sinh hc (thuc c ngun gc t vi sinh vt v tho
mc).
+ Ty loi thuc m nng dn thc hin theo hng dn s dng v thi gian thu
hoch.
e- S dng mt s bin php khc
- S dng nh li, nh knh che chn: nh li, nh knh c tc dng hn ch su,
bnh, c di, sng gi, nng hn, rt ngn thi gian sinh trng ca rau, t dng
thuc ha hc bo v thc vt.
- S dng mng nilon ph t s hn ch su, bnh, c di, tit kim nc ti, hn
ch s dng thuc bo v thc vt.
g- Thu hoch
- Thu hoch rau ng chn, ng theo yu cu ca tng loi rau, loi b l gi ho,
tri b su bnh v d dng.
- Ra k rau bng nc sch, dng bao ti sch cha ng.
- Ni bo qun, x l phn bn, tn d thc vt v ni cha thuc bo v thc vt,
dng c pha, bnh bm c che nng ma, cch ly vi khu vc cha sn phm,
ngun nc ti.
f- S ch v kim tra: Sau khi thu hoch, rau s c chuyn vo phng s ch.
y rau s c phn loi, lm sch. Ra k rau bng nc sch, dng bao ti sch
cha ng.
h- Vn chuyn:
- Sau khi ng gi, rau s c nim phong v vn chuyn n ca hng hoc trc
tip cho ngi s dng trong vng 2 gi m bo iu kin v sinh v an ton.

i- Bo qun v s dng: Rau c bo qun ca hng nhit 200 C v thi gian

lu tr khng qu 2 ngy. Rau an ton c th s dng ngay khng cn phi ngm
nc mui hay cc cht lm sch khc.
rau c ngon v ti, khch hang nn mua va v s dng ngay trong
ngy.
k- H s lu tr: (Ph lc 3:quy nh mc gii hn ti a cho php ca mt s vi
sinh vt v ho cht gy hi trong sn phm rau, qu, ch...) (Ban hnh km theo
Quyt nh s 99 /2008/Q-BNN ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2008 ca B trng B Nng
nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
- Thng tin cn ghi chp v lu gi t ngy sn xut n thu hoch truy xut ngun
gc gm: Ging, gc ghp: tn ging, ni sn xut, ho cht x l v mc ch x l
(nu c). Phn bn: tn phn bn, ni sn xut, thi gian s dng, liu lng, phng
php bn, thi gian cch ly. Thuc bo v thc vt: tn dch hi, tn thuc, ni mua,
thi gian s dng, nng , liu lng, dng c phun, ngi phun thuc, thi gian
cch ly. Sn phm: tn sn phm, ngy thu hoch, m s l, khi lng, tn v a ch
khch hng.
l- Kim sot, nh gi v yu cu v lao ng:
- Ngi lao ng phi c chng ch tp hun v an ton thc phm trong sn xut rau,
qu.
- C s sn xut phi c quy nh ni b, trong sn xut, thc hin nh gi v lp
bo co nh gi ni b t nht mi nm phn cng r trch nhim duy tr cc iu
kin bo m an ton thc phm trong qu trnh.
1.2. Li ch ca VietGAP
Hin nay Vit Nam, nhu cu tiu dng cc sn phm nng sn sch v an ton
l rt ln, v vy cn thit phi p dng cc tiu chun VietGAP vo sn xut nng
nghip mang li li ch ln nht cho nng dn v cc doanh nghip sn xut, ch
bin v phn phi sn phm nh:
- To ra khi lng sn phm ln, cht lng cao hn, sn phm c cng nhn theo
tiu chun VietGAP c nh gi cao, d dng lu thng trn th trng Vit Nam
v mt s nc nhp khu. Lm tng s tin tng ca khch hng i vi thc phm,
an ton hn, bo v ngi tiu dng trc nguy c thc phm khng tt ti sc khe.
- To li th cnh tranh, nng cao thng hiu ca nh sn xut, ch bin v phn
phi.
- Gip tng cng cho ngnh chn nui, trng trt bn vng, gim thiu tc ng tiu
cc ti mi trng v m bo li ch cho ton x hi.
- To ra s lin kt cht ch gia 4 nh: nh nng, nh khoa hc, nh doanh nghip v
nh qun l...
- Khch hng gp phn thay i thi quen sn xut, cch suy ngh ca nng dn
cng nh doanh nghip v sn xut nng nghip bn vng theo VietGAP.
Nh vy l ngoi hiu qu kinh t lu di th sn xut theo tiu chun VietGAP
gp phn to s chuyn bin tch cc c v nhn thc, t tng v hnh ng ca
ngi nng dn, gip h hiu c l trong sn xut, kinh doanh, cht lng sn
phm mi l iu kin tin quyt v sng cn duy tr s pht trin. Khng nhng
th, sn xut nng nghip theo tiu chun VietGAP cn thc y s kt ni gia sn
xut vi th trng, t mang li li ch, thu nhp cao hn cho ngi sn xut, tng
8

bc xy dng thng hiu cho ngnh trng trt, chn nui, thy sn an ton, gp
phn bo v sc khe ngi tiu dng nc ta. Qua 6 nm trin khai n ngi
nng dn, VietGAP pht huy c nhng u th ca mnh, gp phn khng nh
vo nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn v sn xut thc phm an ton, v sinh an ton
thc phm.
Sau khi gia nhp T chc thng mi quc t WTO, ngnh thng mi Vit
Nam c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc, trong ng ch l lng u t trc tip
v gin tip u tng mnh so vi trc. Tuy nhin, lng xut khu hng ha ca
Vit Nam ra nc ngoi cha c nh k vng. Mt phn nguyn nhn chnh l
hng ha ca chng ta vp phi cc quy nh v tiu chun hng ha rt kht khe ca
cc nc nhp khu. Theo nhn nh ca cc chuyn gia th th trng xut, nhp
khu nng sn trn th gii ang c kim sot bi nhng i siu th, nhng tp
on a quc gia vi cc tiu chun rt cao v cht lng sn phm cng nh v sinh
an ton thc phm.
n nay, hng trm t chc, n v, c nhn c sn phm c cng nhn
t tiu chun VietGAP v ang tham gia vo cc dch v bun bn cc sn phm
nng sn ngang hng vi cc nc trong khu vc v th gii. Nhiu h nng dn, c
bit khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long thu c nhiu kt qu kh quan, nh
Thanh Long sch, Xoi sch, Qut sch m bo ng tiu chun Viet GAP, dn
chim c lng tin ca ngi tiu dng. Nm 2015, s kin Vi thiu Vit Nam
c chp nhn vo th trng ca 6 nc pht trin trong c M, Nht, c..., iu
ny gip cho nng dn trng vi phn khi, yn tm v chuyn tm vo sn xut
sn phm ca mnh.
xut khu c Vi thiu vo 2 th trng M v c th vi Vit Nam phi
tri qua nhiu quy nh bt buc theo tiu chun VietGAP, GlobalGAP. Pha M
a ra danh sch mt s loi su bnh c th, mt s loi thuc bo v thc vt khng
c php s dng trn vi. Ngc li, Vit Nam cng xy dng xong bn chiu
x (quy trnh dit khun, lm sch sn phm, nng cao cht lng v ko di thi gian
bo qun), vi chi ph 0,6 n 1 USD cho mi kg sn phm. Ngoi nc M v c ra
th Trung Quc vn l th trng truyn thng ca da hu, vi thiu, rau qu khc
ca Vit Nam, vic kim nh cc ca khu cng ngy mt cht ch hn i vi cc
mt hng rau qu Vit Nam. iu cho thy VietGAP, GlobalGAP... rt quan trng
i vi s tn ti, pht trin th trng nng sn trong nc v quc t ca nng
nghip Vit Nam.
Mc d vy nhng VietGAP vn cha to s tin tng cho ngi tiu dng?
V sao vy? Phi chng l do nhn thc ca nng dn cha n ni n chn, thc
cha cao v kin thc cha c trang b y v s dng phn v c v ha cht
bo v thc vt hp l. Mt khc trong sn xut cn thiu chui lin kt kim tra
v gim st cht lng, cho nn cho d sn xut nng nghip c tin hnh theo
VietGAP t nhiu nm nay, nhng sn phm vn b ln vi sn xut thng thng
khng VietGAP. khc phc, nh nc phi h tr cho nng dn thc hin chui
lin kt trong sn xut VietGAP hoc thay i hng mi theo sn xut nng nghip
hu c, chng ti tin tng rng trong tng lai s to ra cc sn phm hu c tht s,
m bo cht lng v an ton v sinh thc phm.
1.3. S khc nhau gia sn xut nng nghip theo VietGAP v hu c:
9

1.3.1. S ging nhau:

Sn xut nng nghip theo VietGAP v hu c c im ging nhau c bn l
u hng to ra cc loi nng sn tt v an ton cho ngi tiu dng, ng thi
phi an ton cho ngi sn xut, vt nui v bo v mi trng, bo v ngun thin
ch c ch trong t nhin.
Phn ln cc nguyn tc c bn, yu cu v t ai, ngun nc v cc tiu
chun trong quy trnh sn xut cng tng t ging nh nhau.
1.3.2. S khc nhau:
a- Sn xut nng nghip hu c khc bit ln nht vi VietGAP l h thng canh tc
v chn nui t nhin, khng s dng ha cht lm phn bn v thuc tr su, gip
gim thiu nhim, bo m sc khe cho con ngi v vt nui. Mc tiu hng u
ca sn xut nng nghip hu c l ti a ha sc khe v nng sut ca cc cng
ng c lp v i sng t ai, cy trng, vt nui v con ngi. Nh vy s khc
bit r nht gia sn phm hu c vi sn phm VietGAP l tiu chun chnh trong
quy trnh sn xut nng nghip hu c ngi nng dn khng c s dng phn bn
v c v cc cht kch thch tng trng, khng s dng cc ha cht bo v thc
vt, thuc tr su, bnh hoc dit c... Sn xut nng nghip hu c cng t chi vic
s dng cc sinh vt bin i gen GMO.
Cn trong quy trnh sn xut rau qu v sn phm nng nghip theo VietGAP vn
s dng mt s lng nht nh thuc tr su v phn bn v c, thc n tng trng
v cc cht kch thch trong chn nui mt cch hp l, y khi nim hp l l th
no? Ai l ngi kim tra gim st vic s dng ny? Thc t n nay VietGAP vn
cha m bo tin cy cho ngi tiu dng bi chnh l do ny.
Nng dn canh tc theo m hnh nng nghip hu c l da ti a vo vic quay
vng ma v, cc phn tha sau thu hoch, phn ng vt v vic canh tc c gii
duy tr nng sut t nhm cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho cy trng v kim sot
c di, cn trng hi cng nh cc loi bnh mi khc. Mc ch hng u ca sn
xut nng nghip hu c l d trong canh tc, ch bin, phn phi hay tiu dng u
nhm duy tr sc khe cho cc sinh vt trong h sinh thi, t nhng sinh vt c kch
thc nh nht sng trong t n con ngi, lm gim ti thiu cc loi nhim do
sn xut gy ra. Duy tr s a dng ha gen trong h thng nng nghip hu c v khu
vc xung quanh n, bao gm vic bo v thc vt v ni c ng ca cc thin ch
sng trong thin nhin t nhin hoang d.
Nhn chung sn xut Nng nghip hu c v s ci thin, duy tr cnh quan t
nhin v h sinh thi nng nghip, trnh vic khai thc qu mc gy nhim cho cc
ngun lc t nhin, gim thiu vic s dng nng lng v cc ngun lc khng th
ti sinh, sn xut lng thc c dinh dng, khng c hi, v c cht lng cao
Ngoi ra, nng nghip hu c cn m bo, duy tr v gia tng mu m lu di cho
t, cng c cc chu k sinh hc trong nng tri, c bit l cc chu trnh dinh dng,
bo v cy trng da trn vic phng nga thay cho cu cha, a dng cc v ma v
cc loi vt nui, ph hp vi iu kin a phng. Nng nghip hu c khng phi
l phng thc mi m l phng thc sn xut c truyn t xa xa ca cha ng ta,
nay c ci tin v vn dng khoa hc k thut mi to ra sn phm c cht
lng, bo m cho sc khe con ngi. Hin nay, Nng nghip hu c ang c
10

ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng ton th gii hng ti v quan tm, y cng
chnh l xu th tt yu ca nng nghip hu c bn vng trn ton cu.
b- Sn xut nng nghip hu c cn khc vi sn xut VietGAP ch sn xut hu
c theo h thng m bo cng tham gia PGS (Participatory Guarantee System),
ngha l cc bn lin quan cng tham gia vo trong h thng cng nhau gim st
nhm m bo cht lng n tay ngi tiu dng. Cn trong sn xut VietGAP vn
cha c chui lin kt gim st cht lng sn phm, mc d mi y t chc Jica
Nht Bn gip nng dn cc tnh Hng Yn, Hi Phng, Thi Bnhsn xut rau
an ton theo GAP c h tr nng dn chui lin kt gim st, tuy ch l ban u.
Kh khn trong sn xut rau an ton theo VietGAP l quy m sn xut nh l v hin
nay nng dn nhiu vng vn cha c thi quen ghi chp nht k trng trt hoc dn
nhn sn phm
1.4. V sao nng dn v ngi tiu dng li chn sn xut v sn phm nng
nghip hu c?
c mt s cuc iu tra c thc hin trn ton th gii, trong c Vit Nam
nng dn tr li cu hi ny v tt c nng dn ton th gii u c chung cu tr
li l: V sc kho ca c gia nh h, v c thu nhp cao hn, v c mi trng
sng tt hn v v thc phm an ton hn.
Theo ngi tiu dng th sn phm hu c khng c d lng thuc tr su v
cht kch thch tng trng. Rau qu hu c c v ngon hn, nhiu dinh dng hn v
bo qun c lu hn. Rau qu hu c c cha nhiu cht chng xy ho c tc
dng chng cc bnh ung th hn cc loi thc phm canh tc theo phng thc
thng thng.
1.5. Ph lc
1.5.1. Gi tr gii hn ti a cho php ca mt s kim loi nng trong t, gi th
(sn xut theo VietGAP)
Gi tr gii hn
TT
Thng s(1)
(mg/kg t kh)
1
Arsen (As)
12
2
Cadimi (Cd)
2
3
Ch (Pb)
70
4
ng (Cu)
50
5
Km (Zn)
200
1.5.2. Gi tr gii hn ti a cho php ca mt s kim loi nng, vi sinh vt gy
hi trong nc ti i vi sn xut rau, qu ti
Thng s(2)

n v

Thu ngn (Hg)

mg/l

2
3

Cadimi (Cd)
Arsen (As)

mg/l
mg/l

TT

Gi tr gii hn
0,001
0,01
0,05
11

Ghi ch

4
5

Ch (Pb)
Fecal. Coli

mg/l
Svi khun/
100 ml

0,05
200

i vi rau n ti
sng

1.5.3. Quy nh mc gii hn ti a cho php ca mt s vi sinh vt v ho cht

gy hi trong sn phm rau, qu, ch... (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 99
/2008/Q-BNN ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2008 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht
trin nng thn)
STT
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
II
1
2
3
III
1
2

3
4

Ch tiu
Hmlng nitrat (NO3)
quy nh cho rau
X lch
Rau gia v
Bp ci, Su ho, Supl, C
ci, ti
Hnh l, Bu b, t cy,
C tm
Ng rau
Khoai ty, C rt
u n qu, Mng ty, t
ngt
C chua, Da chut
Da b
Da b
Da hu
VSV gy hi (quy nh
cho rau, qu)
Salmonella
Coliforms
Escherichia coli
Hm lng kim loi
nng ( cho rau, qu, ch)
Arsen (As)
Ch (Pb)
Ci bp, rau n l
Qu, rau khc
Ch
Thy Ngn (Hg)
Cadimi (Cd)

Mc gii hn ti
a cho php
mg/kg

Phng php th (*)

TCVN 5247:1990

1.500
600
500
400
300
250
200
150
90
90
60
CFU/g **
0
200
10
mg/kg
1,0

0,3
0,1
2,0
0,05
TCVN 7603:2007
12

TCVN 4829:2005
TCVN4883:1993;
6848:2007
TCVN 6846:2007

TCVN 7601:2007;
5367:1991
TCVN 7602:2007

TCVN 7604:2007
Cadimi (Cd)

IV

- Rau n l,
0,1
- Rau thm, nm
Rau n thn, rau n c,
0,2
khoai ty
Rau khc v qu
0,05
Ch
1,0
D lng thuc BVTV
(quy nh cho rau, qu,
ch)
Nhng ha cht c trong Theo Q46/2007/
Q46/2007
Q-BYT ngy
/Q-BYT
ngy 19/12/2007 ca B
19/12/2007 ca B Y t
Y t
Nhng ha cht khng c Theo CODEX hoc
trong
Q46/2007/QASEAN
BYT ngy19/12 ca B Y
t

Theo TCVN hoc ISO,

CODEX tng ng

Chng 2
KHI NIM C BN V CC TIU CHUN
SN XUT NNG NGHIP HU C
2.1. S lc v qu trnh sn xut nng nghip hu c
Trn th gii kh c th ni nng nghip hu c c xut hin vo lc no,
nhng canh tc hu c chnh l cch la chn c pht trin trc khi cc nh khoa
hc pht minh ra cc ha cht nng nghip tng hp. Nng nghip hu c c thc
hin t nm 1920 n nm 1940 bng sng kin ca mt s ngi tin phong ang c
gng ci tin canh tc truyn thng cng vi cc phng php c trng. Vo thi
im , cc phng php mi ch tp trung vo ph ca t, ly mn t lm cn
c v cn bng sinh thi l trng tm trong phm vi trang tri.
Nhng nm 1950, vic p dng cc ging cy trng mi c nng sut cao, kt
hp vi c gii ha v s dng ha cht trong nng nghip tng i ph bin, lc y
ngi ta gi l nn nng nghip "Cch mng xanh. Thi gian c mt s nh khoa
hc phn i hng pht trin mi ny v h a ra phng thc canh tc hu
c nh lm phn , ci tin lun canh cy trng hoc trng cy phn xanh..., chnh v
vy m khong cch gia canh tc hu c v canh tc bng ha cht ngy cng ln.
T nm 1970 n nm 1980, do tc ng tiu cc ca Cch mng xanh nh hng
ti sc khe ca ngi sn xut v mi trng sinh thi ngy cng tr nn trm trng
v r rng, nn nhn thc ca c nng dn v ngi tiu dng v vn hu c
cng dn c tng ln. H thng canh tc tng t nh Nng nghip vnh cu
hoc Nng nghip c u vo t bn ngoi thp khng ngng c m rng.
Nm 1990, canh tc hu c trn th gii tng ln kh mnh, do vy s v b bi
v thc phm v thm ha mi trng gim xung, iu lm tng nhn thc cho
13

ngi tiu dng, cng vi cc chnh sch h tr ca mt s nc pht trin to c hi

pht trin nng nghip hu c ngy cng gia tng. Thi gian ny cng xut hin
hng lot ci tin mi v k thut hu c, c bit l qun l dch su, bnh hi theo
hng sinh hc v phn b h thng canh tc c hiu qu hn c pht trin rng
ri nhiu nc trn th gii.
T nm 2004 n nay, canh tc hu c ang ha hn tc tng trng nhanh
trn ton th gii, trong c Vit Nam.
2.2. Khi nim c bn v sn xut nng nghip hu c
Sn xut nng nghip hu c l sn xut theo nguyn tc c quy nh trong
tiu chun ca Lin on cc Phong tro canh tc nng nghip hu c quc t
(IFOAM), vi mc tiu m bo h sinh thi cy trng, vt nui, to ra nhng sn
phm c cht lng an ton vi ngi s dng, em li hiu qu kinh t, duy tr v
nng cao mu m ca t. y l phng php trng rau, qu khng c s
dng ho cht c hi trong bo v thc vt tr su, bnh, c di, cng nh cc loi
phn ho hc, sn xut ch trng n cn bng h sinh thi trong t nhin.
Theo IFOAM th vai tr ca nng nghip hu c trong canh tc, ch bin, phn
phi hay tiu dng u nhm mc ch duy tr sc khe h sinh thi v cc sinh vt k
c cc sinh vt c kch thc nh nht sng trong t n con ngi. Canh tc hu c
s ci thin v duy tr cnh quan t nhin v h sinh thi nng nghip, trnh khai thc
qu mc gy nhim mi trng trong t nhin, gim thiu s dng nng lng v
cc ngun khng ti sinh sn xut ra lng thc m khng gy c hi, c cht
lng cao, ng thi m bo, duy tr v lm tng mu m cho t trong thi gian
di, cng c cc chu k sinh hc trong nng tri, c bit l chu trnh dinh dng, bo
v cy trng da trn vic phng nga thay cho cu cha, lm a dng ma v v cc
loi vt nui sao cho ph hp vi iu kin ca a phng.
2.3. Nhng nguyn tc c bn sn xut nng nghip hu c
- H thng qun l sn xut nng nghip hu c phi gn lin vi h sinh thi.
- Nng dn canh tc theo nng nghip hu c phi da ti a vo vic quay vng ma
v, tn dng cc phn tha sau thu hoch, phn ng vt vo canh tc th cng v c
gii duy tr ph cho t, cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trng, ng thi c
th kim sot c cc loi su, bnh hi v c di.
- Sn xut nng nghip hu c l khng s dng cc ha cht tng hp nh thuc tr
su, phn v c, cc cht iu tit sinh trng ca cy trng v cc ph gia trong thc
n gia sc.
- Hn ch ti a nhim v mt an ton ca c s sn xut, khu vc thu hi t nhin
v mi trng xung quanh.
- m bo cht lng ca sn phm hu c trong sut qu trnh sn xut, ch bin v
trong chui cung ng sn phm.
- Mc ch u tin ca nng nghip hu c l ti a ha sc khe v nng sut ca
cng ng, c lp v t ai, cy trng, vt nui v con ngi.
2.4. Cc tiu chun trong sn xut nng nghip hu c
Mun tr thnh nh sn xut nng nghip hu c th nng dn, doanh nghip
phi thc hin theo tiu chun m bo cng tham gia (Participatory Guarantee
System - PGS) trong sn xut hu c nh cc tiu chun trong H thng m bo
cng tham gia PGS c T chc Pht trin nng nghip chu - an Mch
14

(ADDA) s dng, cc tiu chun nu nhng g lm c v khng c lm

trong canh tc hu c, v d nh cc tiu chun khng c s dng ha cht.
Cc tiu chun trong sn xut hu c theo PGS c xy dng da trn B tiu
chun v sn xut v ch bin cc sn phm hu c (10TCN 602-2006) c B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh ngy 30/12/2006 v B tiu chun
PGS ca IFOAM. Hin nay, tiu chun PGS hu c l b tiu chun ni a u tin
Vit Nam c IFOAM cng nhn nm 2013 v c trnh by tm tt trong 24
tiu chun c bn nh sau:
1- Ngun nc c s dng trong canh tc hu c phi l ngun nc sch,
khng b nhim (theo quy nh trong sn xut rau an ton TCVN 5942-1995);
2- Khu vc sn xut hu c phi c cch ly tt khi cc ngun nhim nh
cc nh my, khu sn xut cng nghip, khu vc ang xy dng, cc trc ng giao
thng chnh;
3- Cm s dng tt c cc loi phn bn ha hc;
4- Cm s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt ha hc;
5- Cm s dng cc cht tng hp kch thch sinh trng;
6- Cc thit b phun thuc c s dng trong canh tc thng thng th
khng c s dng trong canh tc hu c;
7- Cc dng c dng trong canh tc thng thng phi c lm sch trc
khi a vo s dng trong canh tc hu c;
8- Nng dn phi duy tr vic ghi chp vo s tt c vt t u vo dng trong
canh tc hu c;
9- Khng c sn xut song song: Cc cy trng trong rung hu c phi khc
vi cc cy c trng trong rung thng thng;
10- Nu rung gn k c s dng cc cht b cm trong canh tc hu c th
rung hu c phi c mt vng m ngn cn s xm nhim ca cc ha cht t
rung bn cnh. Cy trng hu c phi trng cch vng m t nht l mt mt. Nu
s xm nhim xy ra qua ng khng kh th cn phi c mt loi cy c trng
trong vng m ngn chn bi xm nhim. Loi cy trng trong vng m phi l
loi cy khc vi loi cy trng hu c. Nu vic ly nhim xy ra qua ng nc
th phi c mt b t hoc rnh thot nc trnh s ly nhim do nc bn trn
qua;
11- Cc loi cy trng hng nm phi qua giai on chuyn i 6 thng nu khu
vc sn xut c chng nhn l iu kin sn xut an ton hoc 12 thng trong
trng hp khng c chng nhn an ton. Sn phm trong thi k chuyn i khng
c bn l hu c;
12- Cc loi cy trng lu nm c sn xut theo tiu chun hu c trn mt
vng i t khi kt thc thu hoch v trc cho n khi ra hoa v thu v tip theo.
Sn phm sau thi gian chuyn i c th c bn nh sn phm hu c sau khi
c cp chng nhn PGS;
13- Cm s dng cc vt t u vo c cha sn phm bin i gen (GMOs);
14- Nn s dng ht ging v vt liu trng trt hu c, nu khng c th c th
s dng cc nguyn liu gieo trng thng, nhng cm khng c x l bng ha
cht trc khi gieo trng. Khng tm c ht ging cha x l ha cht th ra ht
ging bng nc m loi b tp cht trc khi s dng;
15

15- Cm t cnh cy, rm r, cm ph rng v hy hoi mi trng sinh thi;

16- Cm s dng phn ngi;
17- Phn ng vt ly vo t bn ngoi trang tri phi c nng trc khi
dng trong canh tc hu c;
18- Cm s dng phn c lm t rc thi th;
19- Cc sn phm t kh sinh hc (biogas) gm nc v cht lng khng c
s dng trc tip m phi a vo mt thi gian trc khi a ra s dng;
20- Nng dn phi c cc bin php phng nga, ngn chn xi mn v hin
trng nhim mn t;
21- Mt loi cy phn xanh cn c a vo c cu lun canh cy trng trong
mt nm;
22- Ti v cc vt ng vn chuyn v ct gi sn phm hu c phi mi
hoc c lm sch. Tuyt i khng c s dng cc ti v vt ng cc cht b
cm trong canh tc hu c;
23- Ha cht bo v thc vt b cm trong canh tc hu c khng c s dng
trong kho tng tr cc sn phm hu c;
24- Ch phn bn, cht dng t v cc u vo c lit k trong danh mc
PGS ph duyt th mi c s dng;
Bng 1. Danh sch u vo c s dng sn xut rau, qu hu c
PHN 1: CC VT LIU U VO CI THIN PH T
Vt t

c php
(A)/ C gii
hn (R)

Chi tit v iu kin s dng

Phn ng
- Tt c cc loi phn ng vt phi c nng hoc
vt bao gm: C gii hn mt thi gian di n khi phn hoai mc mi c
phn g, vt, (R)
bn vo rung sn xut hu c
ln, b v
- Khng c s dng phn g hoc cc phn ng
tru, di ...
vt khc ly t cc tri nui cng nghip
- Nng dn trng hu c phi thu gom phn t cc vt
nui gia nh s dng cho sn xut hu c
- C th dng phn ng vt chn th t do ly ngoi
h sn xut, nhng phi c nng hoc hoai
mc
Tro ci (t c php - Ch dng tro t t ci (khng dng than ci) mi
t ci g)
(A)
c s dng nh ngun kali (K) cung cp cho cy
- Cch s dng tt nht l thng xuyn cung cp mt
lng tro nh v kali rc rt nhanh qua t m. Nu
ct tr tro, cn phi y kn, nu b ma t c th
lm kali tan rt nhanh
Phn
c php - Cc vt liu u vo lm phn phi c ly t
(A)
trong trang tri/ni sn xut
- Cc vt liu c ly t ngoi nng h gm rm r,
tru, cy xanh, phn ng vt, v c ph
16

- phn cn t 10 n 20% phn ng vt, cn li l

vt liu thc vt v rm r. Phn phi nng trn
60oC t 8 n 15 ngy, nu bt u ngui th phi o
v che ph li. Khi thy giun xut hin trong ng
l c th s dng phn c
- S dng ch phm vi sinh vt hu hiu (Effective
Microorganism - EM) kch thch qu trnh phn,
bao gm c phng php Bokashi
V hoa qu C gii hn Khng bn trc tip vo t, phi hoai mc mi
t nh my (R)
c bn
ch bin
Phn bn vi C gii hn - Ch c cc sn phm c PGS -ADDA ph duyt
sinh
(R)
th mi c dng, cc dng phn gm cc ngun
t nhin Vit Nam v phn sinh hc
- Cm s dng bn dng lm phn vi sinh bn cho
rung trng cy hu c
Phn khong c php - c s dng cc sn phm t cc ngun ph
(A)
duyt. Cc phn khong c chng nhn l hu
c hoc c chp nhn trong cc tiu chun hu c
quc gia nh khong photphat c th c s
dng, nhng phi nghin nh trc khi bn
- T l bn theo khuyn co ca PGS- ADDA
Khong
c php c dng nh mt cht ci to t
dolomite
(A)
Vi
c php c dng ci to t
(A)
V tru
c php Khng c gi tr dinh dng nhng chng c th
(A)
c dng lm lp ph hoc a vo phn
gi li cc cht dinh dng
Rm
c php C th b sung lm phn hoc che ph. Nu dng
(A)
rm lm cho gia sc th phi a vo trc khi
bn ra rung
Cc
dinh C gii hn - Cc cht dinh dng tng hp nh ng, coban,
dng
vi (R)
sunphat, selen, bo, mangan, molypden, km, it, st
lng
c dng, nu cy v t c cc du hiu th hin r
s thiu ht cc cht trn.- Khng s dng nitrat v
clorua
Vi sinh vt c php Dung dch EM c s dng, c th mua cc ca
hu hiu EM (A)
hng ti a phng
Vt
liu: c php - Thu gom cc vt liu l v cnh t cy h u lm
in thanh, (A)
lp ph xung quanh cy ri a vo lm phn
lc di, vng,
- p dng vo cui ma ma l tt nht
mung, u
triu
17

Phn t vt C gii hn c dng vi iu kin phn khng x l thuc

liu lm nm (R)
tr nm dit cc bo t nm gy bnh khi nui
nm
R ng
c php C th dng nh mt ngun thc n cho cc vi sinh
(A)
vt trong qu trnh phn vi cc vt liu xanh
Phn giun, c php C th bn trc tip vo t hoc dng nh mt loi
dch
lng (A)
phn dung dch pha vi t l t 10 n 20 l nc cho 1
ca phn
l dch phn
PHN 2: VT LIU U VO QUN L SU BNH V C DI
u vo
A/R
Cc loi by c php
su b
(A)
Lu hunh
c php
(A)
ng
C gii hn
(R)

Vi sinh vt
Thuc mui
Cc
cn
trng c li
Du khong
Thuc
vi
sinh Bt, V-Bt
Cht
xua
ui
Hoa cc l
nh

M t v iu kin s dng
C nhiu loi by khc nhau nh by dnh h/keo,
by pheromon hoc by n
C th kim sot c nm, nhng phi p dng cn
thn, hin tng chy l c th xy ra khi qu nng.
- Kim sot nm v vi khun, c nhiu sn phm
ng khc nhau,khng phun qu liu
- c dng hn hp Bordeax (ng sunphat, vi ti
v nc) t l 40:40, dng ngay sau pha ch. C th b
chy l khi thi tit nng hoc nng cao
php Tr cc sinh vt bin i gen GMO

c
(A)
C gii hn
(R)
c php
(A)
C gii hn
(R)
C gii hn
(R)
c php
(A)
C gii hn
(R)

Kim sot nm mc sng,10 g/1 l nc

C th a vo rung kim
sinh hc
Kim sot cn trng, t l pha vi nc 1%

sot

Tr Bt chuyn gen GMO cho cy

Du x, cy x...
C th dng dch chit hoa cc t nhin kim sot
cn trng, trnh nh hng ti thin ch bt mi trn
cy cam, qut

2.5. Nhng tiu chun bt buc trong sn xut nng nghip hu c

2.5.1. a dng sinh hc:
Nng nghip hu c khuyn khch cc sinh vt v thc vt sng cng nhau trong
phm vi ln, khng ch trn cng mt rung m k c cc vng ph cn. Nu cng
nhiu loi thc vt, ng vt v cc sinh vt t khc nhau sng trong h canh tc th
c nhiu sinh vt gip duy tr ph cho t v ngn cn cc loi su, bnh
hi cy n qu. Tnh a dng sinh hc ny s gip cho mi trng sn xut hu c c
18

nng lc sn xut ra nhng sn phm lnh mnh trong mt mi trng sinh thi c
cn bng, n nh.
2.5.2. Vng m:
Mi mt vng sn xut cy n qu hu c phi c bo v khi nguy c b
nhim cc ha cht ra tri hoc bay sang t rung bn cnh, v th mi h nng dn
phi m bo c mt khong cch thch hp t ni sn xut qu hu c n ni khng
sn xut hu c, khong cch ny t nht l 1,5- 2 mt c tnh t b rung n ra
ca tn cy n qu hu c. Nu nguy c nhim cao th vng m s phi c tnh
ton v lm rng hn, nu nguy c nhim bay theo ng khng kh th s phi
trng mt loi cy ngn chn s bay nhim. Cc cy trng trong vng m phi
khc vi cy trng hu c, nu s nhim theo ng nc th s phi to mt b t
hoc o rnh thot nc ngn cn s ra tri v nhim bn.
2.5.3. Sn xut song song:
trnh ln tp gia cc cy trng hu c v cy khng hu c (d ch l v tnh)
th tiu chun sn xut cy n qu hu c khng cho php trng cng mt loi cy
trn c rung hu c v rung thng thng cng mt thi im, v d nh cng mt
lc sn xut cam hu c v cam khng hu c. Ch c chp nhn khi cc ging
c trng trn rung hu c v rung trng thng c th phn bit gia chng vi
nhau mt cch d dng, trng hp ny c th p dng cho cc ging cam hoc ging
vi c mu sc khc nhau (mu vng v mu ) Vic ln tp ch phi c ngn
chn trong qu trnh lu kho v vn chuyn, v vy sn phm hu c s c ct tr
v vn chuyn mt cch ring l v c ghi r trn nhn mc l sn phm hu c
PGS
2.5.4. Ging v vt liu trng:
L tng nht l tt c cc ht ging, cy con u l hu c, tuy nhin nc ta
hin vn cha c ht ging v cy con hu c p ng cho nh sn xut hu c. V
th nu khng c sn ht ging hu c thng mi v cng khng th sn xut c
ht ging hu c th nng dn c th s dng ht ging, cy con khng x l ha cht
hoc x l ha cht bng cc cht c h thng PGS cho s dng. Nh l khi mua
ht ging ngoi i l th nng dn cn phi c trn bao b xem ht ging c x
l hay cha?
2.5.5. Cc vt liu bin i gen GMO:
Sn xut nng nghip hu c chnh l ngn chn nhng ri ro nh hng ti sc
khe con ngi v mi trng sinh thi, cho d nhng cng ngh mang tnh khoa hc
cao pht trin cng c th khng c chp nhn nu khng d on trc c nguy
c xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut. V vy cc vt liu bin i gen (GMOs) khng
c chp nhn bi vt liu gen a vo trong mt ging no khi trng c th lan
truyn qua con ng tp giao sang cc cy hoang di hoc cc ging khng bin i
gen cng h. Hu qu tiu cc ca cng ngh gen c th s lm mt i cc ging qu
hoc cc loi hoang di, hin nay vn cn nhiu nghi vn v tnh an ton vi cc thc
phm bin i gen, trong mi lo ngi nht vn l vn d ng thc phm. iu
ny c ngha rt quan trng trong sn xut nng nghip hu c bi mt vi loi thc
vt bin i gen c cc c tnh khng thch hp trong canh tc hu c nh cc cy
khng thuc tr c hoc cc cy trng c cha c t t vi khun. Canh tc hu c
khng c s dng thuc tr c ha cht v vic s dng cc cht iu ch t vi
19

khun ch c s dng nh l bin php cui cng, nu cc bin php phng nga
khc khng c hiu qu.
2.5.6. u vo sn xut nng nghip hu c:
Cc tiu chun PGS s nh hng nhng loi u vo c th c s dng trong
sn xut hu c, ch l khng phi tt c cc sn phm trn th trng c tn gi
hu c hay sinh hc u c s dng trong canh tc hu c, v chng c th vn
cha ha cht hoc cch thc sn xut ra khng theo cc nguyn tc hu c, v d nh
cch s dng cc cht bin i gen GMOs, do vy nng dn phi kim tra thng
xuyn sn phm ca mnh theo tiu chun PGS trc khi a vo s dng sn phm
mi trong sn xut hu c.
2.5.7. H thng chng nhn:
n nay Vit Nam vn cha c chng nhn cho cc sn phm hu c, v th
ch c mt cch gip gii quyt vn ny chnh l h thng m bo c tham gia
PGS hu c, xut pht im c tin hnh t d n nng nghip hu c ADDA vi
Hi Nng dn Vit Nam. Thng thng khong 2 - 3 nm sau ln cui cng s dng
u vo ha cht trong sn xut th c th c cp chng nhn hu c, tuy nhin h
thng PGS chp nhn cc loi qu c trng trn vn mt ma (1 nm) theo hu c
PGS k t khi chun b t cho n khi bn c sn phm l hu c.
Quy trnh chng nhn c bt u ngay khi ton b t sn xut c ng
k v bc u i vo sn xut hu c, mi nm nng dn ng k sn xut qu hu
c s c thanh tra, kim tra din bin v tnh trng sn xut hu c, nu m bo
tiu chun theo PGS th s c cp chng nhn.
2.6. Ci to t to ph cho sn xut nng nghip hu c
Ngi nng dn sn xut rau, qu u bit r l t tt, ph nhiu s cho cy
khe v mun to ra t tt th phi ci to ph v cu trc cho t thng qua s
dng cc u vo hu c v c cc bin php qun l t mt cch nghim ngt. u
vo bao gm phn , phn ng vt, cy phn xanh, cc khong, phn vi sinh v
cc loi phn bn dung dch. Do phn bn ha hc c tc ng tiu cc ti h sinh vt
t v cng gy hu qu lm hng cu trc v ph nhiu ca t, v th khng c
s dng nhng loi phn ha hc trong canh tc hu c. Cch lm ban u tt nht l
phi to ra mt lng cht hu c trong t bng cc vt liu thc vt v phn l
nhng yu t vt cht cn thit cho qu trnh sn xut rau hu c nc ta.
2.6.1. phn hay phn :
Phn ln phn c lm t cc nguyn vt liu nh thc vt v phn ng vt,
quan trng khi lm phn chnh l thu gom cc vt liu hu c li chng thnh
ng, c che ph trnh ma khng chy vo bn trong. ng phi to, rng m
bo c nhit khi ln men, qu trnh nng ln ny rt quan trng mc ch l
tiu dit cc mm bnh v lm tng kh nng phn hy vt liu, phi o ng
to iu kin cho cc vi sinh vt hot ng tt trong qu trnh . Sn phm thu c
sau khi kt thc qu trnh l mt hn hp trng ging nh t mn. Mun thu c
phn tt th phi c mt hn hp cc vt liu tt vi hm lng m (N) v cc
bon (C) cao. Vt liu c hm lng m (N) cao bao gm tt c cc loi phn ng
vt, cc l ti v..v. Vt liu c hm lng cc bon (C) cao gm cc vt liu g nh
cc thn cy, rm r, b ma, vv. Mt hn hp ng tt c khong 50% vt liu cy
xanh ti, 25- 30% rm r, tru v 20 - 25% phn ng vt s cho hp cht phn c
20

cht lng tt, c th ch cn vt liu v tru v phn ng vt trn vi nhau v to

ng cng vi cc vt liu cy xanh cng cho hn hp phn hu c tt.
2.6.1.1. Lm ng (to ng ):
a- Chn v tr khng b ng v khng di cc cy c r n su vo ng .
b- Thu gom tt c cc vt liu li vi nhau vo v tr nh t ng .
c- To ng bng cch t tng lp vt liu, mi lp dy khong 15 cm.
d- Thit k ng , nn ng c cao khong 1,5 mt theo th t:
- Lp y ng xp cc vt liu g nh cc cnh, que nh
- n lp rm r, thn l cy hoc tru (vt liu mu nu, giu C)
- Lp phn ng vt (t) ph ln vt liu thc vt
- Lp vt liu xanh gm cnh l v c ti
- Lp rm r, thn l ng hoc tru
- Lp phn ng vt (t) ph ln vt liu thc vt
- Lp vt liu xanh gm cnh l v c tui
- Trn ng nn rc mt lp t mng ph ln trn (khong 25 mm )
- Che ph ng bng bao ti hoc nilon che ma khng cho nc chy vo
trong ng .
e- Sau 3 ngy kim tra ng , sau c 1 tun kim tra ng 1 ln
g- Sau 2 tun o ng v o li sau 3 tun. Thi im lm phn tt nht trong
nm thng vo cc thng c cc vt liu xanh y
2.6.1.2. X l khi phn
Bng 2. Hng x l cc s c v hin trng khi phn
Hin trng
Bn trong ng
kh
Nhit ng qu
cao
Nhit ng qu
thp
C mi khai

C mi trng thi

Nguyn nhn
Khng nc

Gii php
B sung nc v o ng

- Khng m
- ng qu to
- Thiu khng kh
- ng qu t
- pH thp (chua)

-B sung nc v tip tc o ng
- Lm gim kch thc ng
- Thng xuyn o ng lm
tng thong kh
- B sung thm vt liu kh
- B sung vi, tro g v o trn li
- Qu nhiu m
- B sung vt liu giu cc bon nh
- pH cao (mn)
mn ca, v g bo hoc rm r
- Lm gim pH: b sung cc l c
tnh axit hoc khng b sung cc vt
liu kim nh vi v tro g
Vt liu t v nhit B sung cc vt liu kh c kch
ng qu thp.
thc ln

1.6.1.3. Nhng im cn ch khi phn

a- Cc loi phn ng vt phi c nng trc khi bn vo t, mc ch dit cc
sinh vt gy c, cc ht c di v lm n nh lng m c trong phn, p ng
ngun dinh dng cho cy hu c d s dng. Nhit trong ng l ch tiu
nng dn nhn bit c bin ng ca cc vt liu ang din ra, giai on u qu
21

trnh , ch yu c thc hin l do cc vi sinh vt hot ng. Hot ng c

nh gi qua nhit ca ng , khi cc vi sinh vt hot ng mnh th nhit
ng tng, nu ng sp t tt th nhit trong ng bt u tng ln ch sau
vi gi to ng v nhit t ti 50 - 600 C sau 2- 3 ngy v duy tr 1- 2 tun.
Nhit cao c ko di trong mt thi gian, n c ngha quan trng ph hy cc
mm bnh v ht c trong ng , khi nhit gim xung th cc vi sinh vt ngng
hot ng.
b- Thi gian u do thiu oxy, nn cn o ng ln cc vt liu t pha bn
ngoi trn ln vi cc vt liu trong ng nhit ng tng ln, v th phi
kim tra nhit o ng cho n khi ng thnh mn.
2.6.2. Bn phn
2.6.2.1. Lng phn bn
Lng phn tt l c trung bnh 2% m, 1% ln v 2,5% kali. Cc loi rau
khc nhau i hi lng phn cng khc nhau, v d rau ci bp yu cu mt lng
phn ln, trong khi khoai ty, hnh ty, ti, c rt v cc cy h u nh u ht,
u qu cn t hoc khng cn phn . Rau n qu nh mp, da chut, c chua...
cn mt lng ln phn t hn ci bp.
Bng 3. nh lng phn cho rau sn xut hu c
Cy trng
Ci bp, sup l trng, sup l xanh
B , khoai ty, c chua, da chut
Hnh ty, hnh tm, ti
u n qu
Khoai ty

Lng phn (kg/so bc b)

1.000 - 1.250
750 - 900
300 - 400
400 - 600
600

2.6.2.2. Nhng im cn ch khi bn phn

Loi t v ph nhiu ca t ng vai tr quan trng trong vic quyt nh s
dng lng phn bn hp l v cht lng ca phn cng l c s bn phn. Nu
phn cha 1% Nit th nng dn phi bn gp i lng phn. Trn t ct pha phi
bn thm 30 - 50% lng phn so vi bn trn t st. Vic bn phn nhiu ln s
lm tng hm lng mn c trong t v mn cha nhiu m, nn hng nm phi
gim lng phn .
2.6.3. Trng cy che ph v lm phn xanh:
Phi trng nhiu cy phn xanh lm vt liu phn hu c cng nh che ph
cho t, cy phn xanh cn lm cho c di b cm nng v cy b sung m vo t.
Cy che ph bao gm cc cy thuc h u, cy c v cc cy thc vt h khc ring
cy h u rt c li th v chng c kh nng c nh m trong khng kh v che
ph cho t tt.
2.6.3.1. Trng cc cy c nh m:
Cy c kh nng c nh m l cy c trng xen hoc c lun canh vi cy
trng chnh nn cn phi trng cy c nh m lm hng ro chn.
2.6.3.2. Trng cy che ph:

22

Cy che ph l cy c dng bi sinh trng chm, nhng c thn l rm rp c

trng ch yu che ph v bo v t.
2.6.3.3. Trng cy lm phn xanh
Nng dn sn xut rau hu c c th trng cy lm phn xanh bng nhiu cch v
trng rau hu c b xung phn xanh vo trong c cu lun canh cy rau, iu c
ngha rt quan trng. Thng thng trng mt v u trong 1 nm s cho kt qu
tt, d lng m b ly i khi rung theo sn phm u thu c. Tt nht nn
trng cy h u trc khi trng ci bp v cy ny c nhu cu s dng nhiu m,
nu mt cy h u c trng vi mc ch lm phn xanh th c th c nh c
180 kg N/1 ha, ty thuc vo ma v v m t. Thu hoch u tng sau 64 ngy
c th c nh dc khong 106 kg N/ha trong ma kh v 140 kg N/ha trong ma
ma. u en c thu hoch sau 60 ngy c th t 50 - 100 kg N/ha.
Bng 4. Cc cy trng s dng lm phn xanh
Tn Vit Nam

Tn ting Anh

u en
u Kim
u Vn
u Rng

Cowpea
Jack bean
Hyacinth bean
Winged bean

u Mo
u Nho nhe
Sc sc

Velvet bean
Rice bean
Sun hemp

Tn khoa hc
Vigna unguicalata
Canavalia ensiformis
Lablab purpureus
Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus
Mucuna pruriens
Vigna umbellata
Crotelaria sp.

Thi gian sinh

trng
60 - 240 ngy
180 - 300 ngy
75 - 300 ngy
Trn 5 nm
180 270 ngy
125 150 ngy
Nhiu loi

Mt s cch trng cy phn xanh trong vng m v ct chng s dng lm vt

liu che ph mt t hoc phn, trng mt s cy phn xanh xen ln vi cy rau
hoc trng cy vo thi im trn rung khng trng rau, tt nht l trng cy trong
khong thi gian ngn sau t ngh khng canh tc.
2.6.4. B sung phn hu c to ph cho t
Khi lng phn v vt liu cy phn xanh khng p ng th c th s dng
u vo khc nh phn vi sinh, pht pht (ln t nhin) v phn bn dung dch
h tr, tuy nhin cc u vo ny khng c s dng thay th cho phn v cc
cy phn xanh.
2.6.4.1. Cc cht khong c trong t nhin:
Tiu chun sn xut rau hu c theo h thng m bo cng tham gia PGS lit
k cc khong u vo khc nhau c s dng v cc u vo khng c s dng
(xem danh sch cc u vo theo PGS).
ln ( apatit) l mt loi ln khong sn c a phng nh Lo Cai, hin
nh cung cp khng bn sn phm ra bn ngoi, ch mua c mt lng nh, t l
bn ln khc nhau, trung bnh khong 100 kg/so.
Kali l tro bp hoc ci (cha 8% K v 50% C), hin nay tp qun truyn thng
nng dn ta thng t rm v tru ngay trn rung thu ngun kali.
Nng dn c th s dng Vi (CaO) iu chnh pH cho t.
23

2.6.4.2. Phn sinh hc:

a- Phn sinh hc
Ch c s dng cc loi phn sinh hc v phn vi sinh c c quan c
thm quyn thuc B Nng nghip v PTNT cng nhn. T l bn khuyn co c
s dng l 100 kg/so/v, c th mua phn sinh hc ca cc trng, vin nghin cu
c nghim thu sn phm.
b- Phn dung dch
L loi phn c tc dng cung cp dinh dng vi lng cho cy trng c sn
xut trang tri bng cc vt liu t ng, thc vt khc nhau. Cch lm ph bin l
cho vt liu thc vt, phn hoai v mt t ng vo mt x to sau nc vo
khuy u ln 12 gi, t dung dch ny ly ra 1 lt ha vi 10- 20 lt nc, nn s
dng dung dch ngay sau pha l tt nht, c th bn, ti hoc phun ln cy.
Nu dung dch lu c mi th phi a vo ng , c th ti phn dung
dch hng tun theo cc giai on pht trin ca cy. V d khi cy rau x lch
cun th nn dng bn, nhng cc loi rau n qu nh c chua th c th bn thc h
tr trong sut v sinh trng v n cho qu trong thi gian di hn. C mt s cch
trng cy phn xanh trong vng m v ct chng lm vt liu che ph mt t
hoc phn, c th trng cy phn xanh xen vi cy rau hoc trng cy vo lc khng
c rau trn rung, tt nht nn trng cy no trong thi gian ngn, sau t
ngh khng canh tc.
2.7. Qun l t, nc sn xut nng nghip hu c
2.7.1. Qun l t sn xut nng nghip hu c
Cn phi lp trc k hoch qun l t cc vi sinh vt hot ng tt to vt
cht hu c trong t, y l yu t then cht sn xut rau hu c thnh cng.
Mun qun l t t kt qu tt th phn hoc cc vt liu hu c phi vi thi
gian hu ch l 2 tun mi bn cho rau.
t iu kin trng rau hu c l t phi ti xp, t thong kh, c nhiu
cht hu c trong t. Ngc li vi t ti xp l t cht l do ma ln hay do
i li dm ln t. Nu t rn s thiu xy dn n cc vi sinh vt trong t ngng
hot ng v lm gim cht dinh dng c sn cho cy rau s dng, khi t ti xp c
nhiu cht hu c th t s t b d cht nn cy rau pht trin tt hn .
2.7.2. Qun l nc sn xut nng nghip hu c
Cch lm tt nht vic qun l nc sn xut nng nghip hu c chnh l lm
gim ti a mt t khng b tr tri, bo v t khi xi mn v nh nng trc x, to
vt cht hu c trong t bng s dng cc phn , trng cy che ph v ph bng cc
vt liu khc. Bin php canh tc cng rt quan trng trong qu trnh qun l nc
nh vic ct c s tt hn l xi c su v ct c s gi m cho t.
Cn ch qun l lng nc sch ti cho rau ng lc khi thi tit kh hn,
cn phi c nhng b cha nc ma trong khu vc sn xut rau, qu hu c s
dng khi thiu nc.

24

Chng 3
GIM ST V M BO CHT LNG SN PHM HU C
THEO H THNG M BO CNG THAM GIA
(PARTICIPATORY GUARANTEE SYSTEM - PGS)
3.1. Khi nim v H thng m bo cng tham gia (PGS)
H thng m bo cng tham gia PGS l ch vit tt ca Participatory
Guarantee System, ngha l m bo cht lng ni b. Nm 2008, Lin on cc
Phong tro nng nghip hu c quc t (IFOAM) nh ngha: PGS l mt h thng
c s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan vo m bo cht lng cho cc sn phm
hng vo th trng a phng. Ngi sn xut c xc nhn s tun th da vo
s tham gia tch cc ca cc bn lin quan bao gm c ngi sn xut v ngi tiu
dng trong h thng. PGS c to dng da vo lng tin ca mng li cng ng
x hi vi s hc hi ln nhau khng ngng. H thng m bo cng tham gia PGS
hot ng c lp vi h thng chng nhn ca bn th ba, m bo mt PGS
c hnh thnh v duy tr bn vng th cn c nm yu t c bn sau:
3.1.1. C s tham gia ca tt c cc bn lin quan trong t chc, cu trc, vn hnh v
nh gi s tun th. S tham gia l yu t cn thit, l ng lc ca PGS. Cc bn
lin quan bao gm nh sn xut, ngi tiu dng, nh bn l v cc thnh phn khc
u phi tham gia t u thit k PGS, sau vn hnh. Qu trnh vn hnh, cc
bn lin quan u tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh trong PGS. C nhn v cc
nhm khc nhau c k nng, kin thc chuyn mn cng nh kh nng tip cn
ngun lc l khc nhau. iu quan trng l ngi sn xut phi l ngi tham gia trc
tip vo qu trnh ra quyt nh v ng vai tr chnh. Mc tham gia th hin trch
nhim tp th trong H thng PGS c th hin quyn s hu chung trong H
thng PGS, s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh pht trin PGS v hiu
bit cch thc vn hnh PGS.
3.1.2. Tm nhn chung
Tm nhn chung l cc bn lin quan c cng ch hng, cng chia s v h tr
cc hot ng t c nguyn tc ct li ca PGS, khi c tm nhn chung th tp
hp c sc mnh tp th. Tm nhn chung c ngha l cc bn lin quan bao
gm nh sn xut, t chc phi chnh ph, doanh nghip, ngi tiu dng v c quan
qun l nh nc cng nhau ng h nguyn tc ct li m PGS ang c gng t
c. Cc nguyn tc c vn dng, hng dn p dng tiu chun PGS sn xut,
cc quy nh v phng php m PGS vn hnh. Tm nhn chung bao gm cc mc
tiu sn xut hu c lin quan c th n tiu chun, cng bng x hi, cng bng
thng mi, tn trng h sinh thi, kh nng t ch ca cng ng a phng v vn
ha vng min
3.1.3. Tnh trung thc, minh bch, cng khai
Tnh trung thc, minh bch, cng khai pht trin qua nh sn xut tham gia tch
cc vo trong qu trnh m bo hu c nh c chia s thng tin mt cch ci m
ti cc hi tho, c tham gia thanh tra ni b (thanh tra cho) v c vic tham gia
vo qu trnh cng ra quyt nh. Tnh trung thc, cng khai phi c to dng qua
H thng PGS, phi xc nh r v c vn bn ha. Kh nng tip cn cc ti liu,
thng tin ca mi thnh vin v H thng PGS, v d nh danh mc nhng ngi sn
25

xut c chng nhn, chi tit v khu sn xut v vi phm ca h nu c. Nhng thng
tin ny phi c cng khai trn website, thng bo ni cng cng v trong cc cuc
hp, hi tho ca cc bn lin quan hoc qua h thng nhn tin SMS.
3.1.4. Lng tin
Lng tin chnh l ngi sn xut c tin cy v H thng PGS s xc minh v
biu th lng tin vi th trng.Cc bn lin quan trong h thng s cng to dng v
cng c tm nhn ca mnh thng qua H thng PGS trn c s tin tng nhau, nu
khng c lng tin th PGS s khng th tn ti v pht trin.
3.1.5. Bnh ng
PGS khng phn cp th bc, mi b phn c phn quyn v chu trch nhim
v hot ng ca mnh. im ny th hin c cu t chc dn ch, trch nhim tp
th ca H thng bng cch chia s v lun chuyn trch nhim, nh sn xut tham gia
trc tip vo vic nh gi cho khu sn xut ca ngi khc v cng khai trong qu
trnh a ra quyt nh.

C ch
kim tra s
tun th

Xc nh r
hu qu vi
phm

Tiu chun &

quy chun

Logo &
nhn mc

C IM
CA PGS

Th tc & vn
bn ha h
thng qun l

Cam kt

Hnh 3.1. c im ca H thng PGS

3.2. H thng m bo cng tham gia PGS
Ra i Braxin nm 2004 sau hi tho bn v chng nhn thay th do Phong
tro Sinh thi nng nghip M La-tinh (IFOAM-MAELA) t chc ti Torres, c 40
i biu i din PGS t 20 quc gia tham d, sau c nhiu PGS khc ra i.
Ti hi tho cc bn tho lun v cc h thng chng nhn hu c cng nh nhng
c im chung gia cc h thng PGS. H thng PGS mang c im chung l c s
tham gia tch cc ca nh sn xut v cc bn lin quan khc trong qu trnh m bo
cht lng sn phm hu c ca nc mnh. H thng PGS to c s cho cc hot
ng nhm nng cao nng lc cho cng ng v cch tip th tin hnh thun li.
Sau nm 2004, c IFOAM v MAELA hot ng tch cc thc y vic
xy dng cc H thng PGS cng mt nhm chuyn trch nhm y mnh vic pht
trin H thng PGS do IFOAM bo tr. Nhiu nc trn th gii ng h PGS v
thy h thng ny c th to ra nim tin m bo tin cy, ph hp v chi ph hiu qu,
ngi sn xut c th m bo sn phm hu c ca h ti ngi tiu dng. Do
i vi th trng a phng, cc H thng PGS c coi l mt la chn m
26

bo hu c mang tnh kh thi, hot ng t hiu qu bn cnh h thng m bo ca

bn th ba v ca t nhn khc.
3.2.1. Yu t thc y s hnh thnh PGS
Thc t hin nay H thng PGS c thnh lp t mt nhm ngi thy c
li ch ca vic m bo hu c v h t nguyn n vi nhau. S m bo lm
cho sn phm hu c c cng nhn ti th trng a phng m khng b hn ch
bi nhng yu cu v vic tun th hay chi ph chng nhn ca bn th ba, vic ny
thng ch p ng cho chui cung ng c quy m ln hoc cho th trng bn ngoi.
Nhn t thc y hnh thnh H thng PGS bao gm: mong mun gim xa ri thc t
trong bo m hu c; nng cao tnh cng bng, bnh ng qua chui sn xut; mong
mun to dng gi tr cng ng v h tr pht trin cng ng thng qua nng
nghip hu c.
Hu ht c nhn, doanh nghip sn xut qu hu c u mun gia nhp H
thng PGS v h mun bn c sn phm hu c v h cn nhn mc m bo
vi ngi tiu dng. H thng PGS l ni m nng dn, doanh nghip tin tng ly
c nhn hu c vi chi ph thp. Sau thi gian vi nm H thng PGS i vo hot
ng, li ch nhm tr nn c bit quan trng v nh sn xut mi c th nh gi
c y li ch ca PGS. Mt khc vi cch t chc theo nhm, PGS s h tr
cho cc hot ng xy dng cng ng cng nh tip th theo nhm tt nht. V vy
cc t chc phi chnh ph NGO thy c c hi v sn sng h tr xy dng H
thng PGS, qua c th t c mc tiu pht trin cng ng khi nh sn xut
thy c c hi tip cn th trng v thu c li nhun cao hn.
3.2.2. S ra i ca H thng PGS Vit Nam
Nm 2008, D n Pht trin khung th trng v sn xut nng nghip hu c
Vit Nam (t nm 2005 n nm 2012) do T chc Pht trin nng nghip chu an Mch (ADDA) ti tr c thc hin l Hi Nng dn Vit Nam (VNFU), sau
vi nm trin khai c nhng sn phm u tin ti ngi tiu dng a phng
trong hon cnh th trng mt lng tin v sn phm an ton. Mc d B tiu
chun v sn xut nng nghip hu c v ch bin 10TCN 602-2006 c B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh vo thng 12/2006, nhng cc quy
nh hng dn p dng tiu chun khng c m t trong tiu chun. n nay
Vit Nam vn cha c mt h thng chng nhn no cho sn xut v ch bin nng
sn hu c trn th trng ni a. Trc thc trng , ADDA t chc cc cuc
hi tho vi ngi sn xut, nh bn l, ngi tiu dng, cc nh khoa hc, cc t
chc khc gii thiu H thng PGS nh mt gii php v cc bn lin quan cng
ng thun chp nhn thc hin vic p dng H thng PGS lm h thng gim st v
m bo cho cc sn phm hu c nhm gip nng dn tip cn sn phm hu c ra
th trng a phng v ngi tiu dng c s dng sn phm hu c m bo
cht lng. Hin nay H thng PGS thuc Trung tm Khoa hc v Hp tc, Hip hi
Nng nghip hu c Vit Nam, c IFOAM cng nhn t thng 9/2013.

27

Hnh 3.2. Ch tich IFOAM Andre Leu trao chng nhn PGSVN trong
IFOAM cho Ph Ch tch HHNNHCVN Phm Th Thy
Mi y Cc Trng trt, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ly kin
ca cc chuyn gia v nh qun l cp Chng nhn cho sn phm GAP khc (sn
phm hu c). Hy vng thi gian ti B s sm ra quyt nh cho vic cp Chng
nhn sn phm hu c.
3.2.3. Cu trc v chc nng ca H thng PGS
- Duy tr, cp nht tiu chun PGS, ph chun hng dn vt t u vo
hu c
- H tr nhm v Lin nhm v mt th tc v vn hnh PGS.
- Tip nhn thng tin/ bo co t Lin nhm

Nhm iu
phi

-Ban hnh chng nhn v c quyn t chi khi thiu tnh minh bch
- Kim tra ng u nhin ti rung hoc ca hng
- Qung b v lin h vi cc c quan thng tin i chng.
- Chu trch nhim qun l nhn hiu ring ca PGS
- m bo h thng hot ng limchnh minh bch

Lu gi h thng d liu v cp nht tnh trng hu c ca cc thnh

vin trc thuc

LIN NHM

NHM SN
XUT

H nng dn

iu phi hot ng gim st v tin trnh thanh tra cho

Ra quyt nh ng hoc t chi cp chng nhn.

a ra bin php x l khi c s gian ln hoc sai phm.

iu phi k hoch SX cho cc nhm v qung b sn phm.

Thc y, h tr cc thnh vin t mc tiu ra

Bo co hng nm ti nhm iu phi theo quy nh.

H tr v thc y cc thnh vin trong sn xut

Lu gi cc bn cam kt ca thnh vin v m
bo cc thnh vin hiu r tiu chun ca PGS.
Lp k hoch v t chc sn xut tun th tiu
chun PGS
Gim st cho v thc hin thanh tra cho theo
phn cng
Cng h thng m bo sn phm n NTD thc
s hu.
m bo cng bng v trnh xung t gia cc
Hc
nguyn tc ca nng nghip hu c, k
thnhcc
vin.
thut canh tc v tiu chun hu c PGS
Tham gia tch cc vo tt c cc hot ng nhm
Lm K hoch qun l ng rung ca nng h
v cp nht thng xuyn.
C cam kt v nghim
28 ngt tun th theo cam
kt
Sn xut v m bo cht lng sn phm hu
c

Hnh 3.3. Cu trc H thng PGS

PGS c t chc to ra t cc bn lin quan khc nhau, PGS khng hot ng
nu thiu s hp tc gia cc bn lin quan v cc thnh vin trong h thng. Trong
H thng PGS khng phn bit th cp, mi bn u c xc nh r vai tr v trch
nhim ring ca mnh, c trao quyn v chu trch nhim v cc hot ng v quyt
nh ca mnh. Gim st cho gia cc thnh vin v cc bn lin quan trong H
thng PGS l rt quan trng. Ty vo iu kin a l, vn ha vng min m cc
PGS c t chc khc nhau, H thng PGS c t chc, con ngi, cc biu mu, c
s d liu, cc quy nh, cng c xc minh v phng php x l
3.3. H thng PGS m bo cht lng
H thng PGS s iu khin vn hnh chui gi tr ca sn phm nhm m bo
cht lng. PGS l h thng chng nhn sn phm hu c n cng ng. Nhng ti
liu vn bn gm:
- Tiu chun hu c l cng c nh gi s tun th;
- C s d liu gm danh sch thnh vin, tnh trng chng nhn, cc sn phm,
chi tit tng nng h, cy trng, quy m sn xut, kch thc ng rung, k hoch
qun l lm c s nh gi hot ng sn xut;
- Ti liu vn hnh PGS v hng dn k thut;
- ng dng, t chc v vn hnh PGS (xy dng nhn PGS) lm c s nh
gi, qun l cht lng hu c;
- Cc mc x pht do vi phm, vai tr v trch nhim ca nhng thnh vin
chnh, kim tra cho (thanh tra nng h).
im khc bit ca H thng PGS vi h thng chng nhn ca bn th ba l
thanh tra c lp t bn ngoi vo nh gi tnh tun th trong PGS, cc thanh tra vin
l nng dn, nh sn xut tham gia vo h thng c o to thanh tra, tin hnh
gim st hng ngy v thc hin thanh tra cho theo s phn cng. Cc thanh tra vin
chu trch nhim v kt qu thanh tra v lin nhm phi chu trch nhim v cc quyt
nh da trn bo co kt qu thanh tra . ngha ca PGS l ngi sn xut tham
gia vo tin trnh thanh tra cho ln nhau. Cc t thanh tra c tin hnh vo thi
im khi cc cy n qu trn rung. Xc nh thi im thanh tra nn chn khong
thi gian d c nguy c xy ra nhng vn sai phm, nht l vo thi im dch hi
pht sinh. Thanh tra nh k thng khng bo trc, cng vi vic ly mu ngu
nhin c t chc a phng tin hnh. Vic ra quyt nh chng nhn v x l cc
vi phm c t chc a phng thc hin. Ban iu phi s chng nhn trn c s
kt qu thanh tra. C ch hot ng thanh tra, mc tun th ca nh sn xut i
vi cc quy nh, khuyn khch s tham gia tch cc, hp tc cng nh to cc c hi
cho cc bn lin quan hc hi ln nhau, c ch bao gm:
3.3.1. K hoch qun l
Vi nh sn xut th k hoch qun l kh phin h nhng quan trng l khuyn
khch h t duy nh li nhng tiu chun c th, qua gip nh nng hiu bit v
tiu chun. K hoch ny lm c s cho thanh tra nh gi nhng g nh nng cam
kt vi H thng PGS v cc bn lin quan khc.
3.3.2. Cam kt ca nh sn xut
29

Cam kt ca nh sn xut thng gn vi cc tiu chun c th nh bn t cam

kt, tt nht l c s chng kin ca nh sn xut khc, vic chng kin ny rt c ch
khi nh nng khng c hoc vit c. Cam kt nhm ngha l c nhn v c nhm
tun theo kt qu ca thanh tra cho, trong ghi r ni dung kim tra v mc vi
phm.
3.3.3. Nng cao nng lc v kin thc
Thng xuyn t chc cc cuc hp v hi tho cng trao i v k thut v
tip cn th trng, y l hot ng hu ch pht trin kin thc v nng cao nng
lc cho nhm. Nh sn xut c kinh nghim c th chia s thng tin vi nh sn xut t
kinh nghim hn. Ghi danh sch tham gia hi tho hu ch gip h bit ngi tham d
thy c cam kt ca nh sn xut.
3.3.4. Chia s trch nhim
Chia s trch nhim chnh l nhn mnh tnh bnh ng trong H thng PGS,
nhiu nh sn xut c bu chn lm lnh o, vai tr lnh o tt nht l nn lun
chuyn mi thnh vin trong nhm c th hc c hi k nng v trch nhim.
Trong H thng PGS, sau khi c cp chng nhn, cc sn phm hu c c ng
gi v c dn nhn PGS gip ngi mua phn bit vi cc sn phm khng hu
c. Lin nhm sn xut chu trch nhim trc ngi tiu dng v cht lng hu c
m nhm sn xut ra.
3.4. Gim st sn xut
Lin nhm chu trch nhim gim st cht lng sn xut ca cc nhm trc
thuc, y l ct li m bo sn phm PGS.
Thanh tra ng rung:
Mt thnh vin trong nhm sn xut nu vi phm, ngha l c nhm cng vi
phm. Mc x l s c chiu theo bng mc pht m H thng PGS quy nh.
K hoch thanh tra nh k cho cc nhm trc thuc s c b phn qun l
chng nhn do lin nhm lp ra. Mi nm cc khu sn xut s c thanh tra nh k hai
ln c bo trc, l thanh tra cp mi chng nhn v thanh tra duy tr chng nhn sau
6 thng. Qun l chng nhn ca lin nhm s iu phi cng tc gim st thanh tra v
cc t thanh tra t xut khng bo trc c ly mu ngu nhin.
ngha quan trng trong H thng PGS l nh sn xut gim st ln nhau trong qu
trnh sn xut v tham gia vo qu trnh thanh tra cho di s phn cng ca lin nhm.
S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh gim st v thanh tra ca cn b cng
ty thu mua, hi nng dn, trm bo v thc vt a phng..., iu lm cho vic thanh
tra c cng khai, minh bch v khch quan.
Lin nhm s ra quyt nh chng nhn v x l vi phm v Ban iu phi, Trung
tm Khoa hc v Hp tc s chng nhn trn c s quyt nh v kt qu thanh tra ca
lin nhm gi ti sau khi hon thnh qu trnh thanh tra.

30

Nng dn
Hc phng php canh tc v tiu

chun PGS. Tham gia nhm sn

xut. Hon thnh bn Cam kt
tham gia PGS v K hoch qun
l ng rung theo s sn xut
Tham gia cc hot ng ca nhm

(8)
(1)

Lin nhm
(3)

(6) (7)
Tin trnh
hng nm

Kim tra bn cam kt v k hoch

qun l ng rung ca nng dn

T chc thanh tra tng h nng dn
Ra quyt nh cp chng nhn
Gi bo co ti nhm iu phi

Hng nm ti kim tra ngu nhin

(2)

(5)

Nhm sn xut thanh tra cho

Thanh tra/nh gi theo mu

t cc thnh vin trong nhm

Kim tra trc tip thc a
v m bo nng dn hiu
cch lm hu c
Np bo co ti lin nhm

(4)
Nhm iu phi
Kim tra cc ti liu c gi ti t lin

nhm. Tip tc theo di vi phm

Cp s nhn din (ID) cho nhm sn xut

v cp chng nhn cho nng dn

Lu gi s liu ca cc nhm v ca nng

dn c cp chng nhn
Ly mu kim tra d lng ha hc

Hnh 3.4. S gim st trong H thng PGS, Trung tm Khoa hc

v hp tc, Hip hi Nng nghip hu c Vit Nam
3.5. Gim st sau thu hoch
H thng PGS gim st v m bo cht lng dc theo chui gi tr ca sn
phm, m bo tnh nguyn vn ca vn qu hu c, cc sn phm sau thu hoch
phi c x l tun th theo tiu chun PGS v m bo quy nh v sinh an ton
thc phm. Cng tc gim st sau thu hoch s c cc thnh vin trong nhm sn
xut phn cng v thc hin cng vi cc nhn vin ca cng ty thu mua. Cc sn
phm c chng nhn PGS u phi m bo d dng cho truy nguyn ti nhm v
nh sn xut khi cn thit (nu ngi tiu dng ngh).
a. C s ng gi v cc trang thit b:
Thit lp c s ng gi theo quy nh PGS, mi a im ca nhm sn xut
phi thit lp mt c s s ch ng gi c ci to trong iu kin sn c ca a
phng.V tr c s ng gi gn khu sn xut, sch, thong mt, khng tim n nguy
c nhim. Ty quy m cc sn phm cn c thit b ph hp. Cc thit b c bn l
cn, bn phn loi, vt liu ng gi, st nha, thng ra, tuy n gin nhng m
bo khng c, c kh trng thng xuyn, ct gi ni khng nhim bn. Cc
thng, st c ch t vt liu khng c, v sinh thng xuyn v lu gi ti khu
ring cch ly vi dng c lao ng. Ngun nc s dng phi m bo theo tiu
31

chun Vit Nam. Khng s dng nc ao, h, sng, sui v ha cht c hi lau
chi, ty ra.
b. H thng gim st qun l PGS thuc Trung tm Khoa hc v Hp tc, Hip hi
Nng nghip hu c Vit Nam
Trong nhm sn xut, cc b phn c phn cng khng ch l gim st sn
xut trn rung m cn thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau trong qu trnh vn hnh
x l sau thu hoch.
Nhm qun l chung
Nhm trng sn xut m nhim tr gip cn b thu mua, nhim v ca nhm
l: tip nhn n hng, phn b nhn lc, qun l nguyn liu, trang thit b ng gi,
sp xp v lu gi h s qun l.
Nhm sn xut
Nhm sn xut chu trch nhim sn xut ti kho ng gi, c nhim v lm sch,
phn loi, cn v ng gi sn phm hu c, bc d, vn chuyn v lm sch vt ng
v khu vc sn xut.
Nhm qun l cht lng
Nhm qun l cht lng chu trch nhim m bo cht lng ng gi v truy
nguyn ngun gc ca sn phm, c nhim v: kim tra cht lng rau trc v sau
khi ng gi. Hng dn nng dn v tiu chun sn phm v yu cu v cht lng.
Gim st chui sn xut v nghim thu thnh phm. Ghi chp v lu gi h s tip
nhn v sn xut. Thng bo kp thi v nhng vn cn ci tin. m bo cc iu
kin v sinh kho tng, thit b.
Nhm k ton
Nhm k ton bao gm th qu v k ton c nhim v duy tr cc hot ng s
sch k ton, ghi chp cc khon thu, chi, tm ng, lu gi cc ha n giao, nhn
hng, chng t theo quy nh ti chnh v tr tin cho nng dn theo c cu phn chia
li nhun.
Sn phm ng gi c th ca nhiu nhm nng dn, phn bit sn phm ca
cc nhm khc nhau, phi c h thng m ha da trn mu sc. Mi nhm gn mt
mu khc nhau, sn phm ca tng nhm s xp trong st c mu tng ng v t
ring tng khu vc. Cc sn phm ca tng nhm s c ng gi c thng tin ca
nhm sn xut trn nhn, nhn vin kim tra cht lng s gim st qu trnh ng
gi.

Hnh 3.5. Logo PGS

c. H thng truy nguyn ngun gc
H thng truy nguyn ngun gc gip qun l chui sn phm hu c, thng tin
ti ngi tiu dng v cht lng sn phm v truy nguyn ngun gc sn phm cung

32

cp cho th trng. H thng ny c p dng da trn m nhm nng dn in trn

bao
b v ti liu ghi chp t kho ng gi ti cc a im bn. Ti ni ng gi, h
thng truy nguyn gm h s tip nhn, sn xut cng nh m/tn nhm nng dn
c in trn bao b v nhn hiu.
M nhm nng dn c thit lp t H thng PGS. M nhm c cp cho
mi nhm bao gm nm gia nhp v s th t ca nhm, v d: 2014/C25. Ch cc
nhm c chng nhn PGS mi bn qu hu c cho cc n v kinh doanh. Trn
bao b ng gi, ngoi thng tin v sn phm cng nhn PGS, phi c y thng
tin ca nhm sn xut v n v phn phi bao gm a ch v s in thoi lin h.
Logo PGS va l k hiu ca mng li PGS, va l du chng nhn sn phm hu c.
3.6. Gim st th trng tiu th rau, qu hu c
Cc sn phm qu hu c mc d c chng nhn, nhng khi c phn
phi t nh sn xut hay qua trung gian, d bn l hay bn bun u tim n kh nng
nhim tp. Cng nh cc nhm sn xut, cc cng ty mun tiu th sn phm hu c
PGS phi ng k l thnh vin c hng li t sn phm hu c. iu th
hin s chia s ngha v v trch nhim ca cc bn lin quan trong h thng PGS
nhm gim st v bo m sn phm hu c ti ngi tiu dng. T chc gim st l
Ban iu phi PGS thuc Trung tm Khoa hc v Hp tc, Hip hi Nng nghip
hu c Vit Nam, trc tip iu phi, gim st th trng tiu th thng qua gim st
cho gia nh sn xut vi cc ca hng, gia ca hng ny vi cc ca hng khc v
s dng th in t v nhm tnh nguyn vin tip nhn cc thng tin phn nh ca
ngi tiu dng.
Cc t thanh tra ngu nhin thng khng bo trc, khi nhm sn xut vi
phm nghim trng, nhm thanh tra s xc minh li thng tin, lp bin bn v x pht
ty theo mc quy nh ca H thng PGS. Nu cn phi ly mu xt nghim (c
tin hnh lm c s cho vic ra quyt nh x phm).
3.7. X l vi phm
3.7.1. Quy nh x l vi phm
Nhiu trng hp nh sn xut khng tun th cc tiu chun ca H thng
PGS, nu vi phm l ghi chp s sch th khng nghim trng. Mt s trng hp vi
phm trm trng nh s dng cc vt t b cm hoc dn nhn mc sn phm hu
c sai quy nh, do phi phn loi mc vi phm x pht v vic x l vi
phm cn tun th cc quy nh sau: Phi c s ng thun ca nh sn xut
gip h hiu r hu qu ca vi phm v c s cam kt tun th nghim tc. Phi
vit vn bn x pht a ti nh sn xut, km theo bn tha thun tun th cc tiu
chun PGS ca nh sn xut, thng thng vn bn vi phm phi nh km vi bn
cam kt ca nh sn xut. Hnh thc x pht a ra phi ph hp vi thc tin, trng
hp nh sn xut b pht hin mc vi phm th mc x pht phi ph hp vi iu
kin kinh t v nng lc ti chnh ca nh sn xut, vic p dng cc mc x pht da
trn mc c xy dng v p dng nht qun, cng bng. Quy trnh x pht cng
khai, minh bch v c cng b pht trn website, ni cng cng.
3.7.2. X l vi phm trong H thng PGS hu c Vit Nam
Trung tm Khoa hc v Hp tc, Hip hi Nng nghip hu c Vit Nam s a
ra ti liu hng dn qu trnh x l vi phm v bng cc mc x pht:
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a. i vi nh sn xut
Ch lin nhm mi c th pht nhm sn xut trc thuc, nu vi phm do lin
nhm hoc nhm sn xut gy ra, Ban iu phi PGS c th pht ty theo mc vi
phm, i chiu theo cc mc x pht trong H thng PGS. Ban iu phi c th
nh ch cp chng nhn ca ton b lin nhm hoc loi lin nhm ra khi H thng
nu vi phm lin tc gy nh hng n tnh minh bch ca H thng. Ban iu phi
PGS c quyn t chi cp giy chng nhn cho lin nhm, nu nh cht lng thanh
tra m lin nhm t chc v iu hnh thc hin khng t yu cu. V d trng hp
khi kim tra ngu nhin nhm sn xut thy c d lng thuc bo v thc vt, nhng
lin nhm vn a vo danh sch cp chng nhn, lc ny Ban iu phi, Trung tm
Khoa hc v Hp tc c quyn can thip hoc t chi cp chng nhn, hoc thu hi
li chng nhn ca cc thnh vin trong nhm cho n khi vn c gii quyt r
rng v cng khai.
b. i vi ca hng tiu th
m bo sn phm hu c cho th trng c cng khai, cc n v bn l
phi tun th nhng quy nh trong H thng PGS, mc ch l trnh cho ngi tiu
dng hiu nhm gia sn phm qu hu c vi sn phm khng hu c. Ty theo
mc vi phm m Ban iu phi PGS, Trung tm Khoa hc v Hp tc, Hip hi
Nng nghip hu c Vit Nam s x l:
- Mc nh l nhc nh sa cha
- Mc trung bnh l cnh co.
- Mc nng cui cng l hy b t cch thnh vin v nim yt cng khai
trn website ca Hip hi, nu sa cha v khc phc th sau mt nm c th lm n
li gia nhp li, lc Trung tm Khoa hc v Hp tc s xem xt.
Tm li: H thng m bo cng tham gia PGS hin rt mi Vit Nam,
m bo tnh cng khai, minh bch trong sn xut rau, qu hu c thi gian ti, i
hi cc thnh vin phi trung thc trong sut qu trnh vn hnh nhm m bo chnh
xc cc sn phm qu hu c ti tay ngi tiu dng.
Rt mong cc thnh vin trong H thng PGS c lng t trng, nu t chc v
c nhn no k c ngi trong Ban iu phi m li dng PGS trc li th Trung
tm Khoa hc v Hp tc s khai tr khi H thng v thng bo cng khai trn
website cho mi ngi cng bit. Hin h thng PGS thuc hip hi Nng nghip hu
c Vit Nam, do vy mi xc nhn rau qu hu c theo PGS Vit Nam l phi c du
ca Hip hi th mi l rau, qu hu c PGS tht s./.

34

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. ADDA - Vit Nam, Canh tc hu c http://www. vietnamorganic.vn
2. ADDA- Vit Nam, Bo v thc vt theo phng php t nhin, http://www.
vietnamorganic.vn
3. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (2010), Quy trnh thc hnh nng nghip
tt (VIETGAP) cho la. (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 2998 /Q-BNN-TT
ngy 9 thng 11 nm 2010 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
4. B Y t (2007), Quy nh gii hn ti a nhim sinh hc v ha hc trong thc
phm (Ban hnh km Q s 46 /2007/Q-BYT ngy 19 thng 12 nm 2007 ca B
trng B Y t)
5. Phm Th Thy (2005), Sn xut rau an ton theo tiu chun thc hnh nng
nghip tt (GAP), Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
6. Phm Th Thy, T Th Tuyt Nhung (2013), H thng m bo cng tham gia
PGS, mt hng mi trong qun l v sinh an ton thc phm Vit Nam, Hi tho
quc gia v Nng nghip hu c - Thc trng v nh hng pht trin, TP H Ch
Minh ngy 27/9/2013, NXB Nng nghip, trang 38-49.

35

MC LC

Chng 1
SN XUT NNG NGHIP THEO TIU CHUN THC HNH NNG NGHIP
TT (GOOD AGRICUTURAL PRACTICE - GAP)
1.1. Cc loi thc hnh nng nghip tt - GAP
1.2. Li ch ca VietGAP
1.3. S khc nhau gia sn xut nng nghip theo VietGAP v hu c:
1.4. V sao nng dn v ngi tiu dng li chn sn xut v sn phm nng nghip
hu c?
1.5. Ph lc
Chng 2
KHI NIM C BN V CC TIU CHUN
SN XUT NNG NGHIP HU C
2.1. S lc v qu trnh sn xut nng nghip hu c
2.2. Khi nim c bn v sn xut nng nghip hu c
2.3. Nhng nguyn tc c bn sn xut nng nghip hu c
2.4. Cc tiu chun trong sn xut nng nghip hu c
2.5. Nhng tiu chun bt buc trong sn xut nng nghip hu c
2.6. Ci to t to ph cho sn xut nng nghip hu c
2.7. Qun l t, nc sn xut nng nghip hu c
Chng 3
GIM ST V M BO CHT LNG SN PHM HU C
THEO H THNG M BO CNG THAM GIA
(PARTICIPATORY GUARANTEE SYSTEM - PGS)
3.1. Khi nim v H thng m bo cng tham gia (PGS)
3.2. H thng m bo cng tham gia PGS
3.3. H thng PGS m bo cht lng
3.4. Gim st sn xut
3.5. Gim st sau thu hoch
3.6. Gim st th trng tiu th rau, qu hu c
3.7. X l vi phm
TI LIU THAM KHO

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