***Chuyn Acid Nitric & cc dng bi tp lin quan***

Li m u

heo chng ti c bit acid nitric l mt cht quan trng, c nhiu tnh cht phc tp v ng
dng trong i sng. Hn na HNO3 cng xut hin trong nhng dng bi tp m hc sinh hay
gp trong cc k thi m c bit l thi i Hc. Thng thng nhng bi tp v HNO 3 thng

kh phc tp v xy ra theo nhiu phng trnh phn ng khc nhau. gip cc bn hc sinh hiu su
hn v HNO3 , ng thi gii quyt tt cc bi ton mt cch nhanh chng cng nh cng khng cn
lng tng khi gp nhng dng ton v HNO3 chng ti s gii thiu n bn c nhng ni dung sau:

- Gii thiu chung v HNO3

- Cc dng bi tp v HNO3 v phng php gii
- Bi tp t gii v p s
l ni dung m chng ti mun cp n. Tuy nhin c kt qu tt hn, cc bn cn thng
xuyn n tp, cng c cc chun kin thc, chun k nng c thy c truyn dy trng. Vi
nhng kin thc m chng ti c bit trong qu trnh hc tp v tm hiu trong cc ti liu, chng ti
tin rng ti ny s gip ch thit thc cho cc bn hc sinh cng nh bn thn chng ti trong qu trnh
hc tp.
Do thi gian v hiu bit c hn, trong qa trnh lm ti c th cn c nhng khim khuyt v mong
mi ngi thng cm. Chng ti xin cm n v rt mong nhn c nhng gp xy dng ca thy c
gio v cc bn hc sinh ln sau s hon chnh hn.
Tc gi
Hc sinh:
Phm Th Hng
Nguyn Thu H
V Th Cm Duyn

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***Chuyn Acid Nitric & cc dng bi tp lin quan***

I- Tm hiu chung v HNO3 :
1. Gii thiu

Axit Nitric l mt hp cht ha hc c cng thc ha hc (HNO3), l mt dung dch nitrat hyr (axt
nitric khan). Trong t nhin, axt nitric hnh thnh trong nhng cn ma ging km sm chp v hin nay
chng l mt trong nhng tc nhn gy ra ma axit

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Ma axit

N l mt cht axt c v n mn c th d gy chy. Axit nitric tinh khit khng mu sc cn nu

lu s c mu hi vng do s tch t ca cc xt nit. Nu mt dung dch c hn 86% axt nitric, n
c gi l axt nitric bc khi. Axt nitric bc khi c c trng axt nitric bc khi trng v axt nitric
bc khi , ty thuc vo s lng ixt nit hin din.

n mn tng do HNO3

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***Chuyn Acid Nitric & cc dng bi tp lin quan***

n mn vi do axit HNO3

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2. Lch s
S tng hp axt nitric c ghi nhn ln u vo khong nm 800 AD bi mt nh gi kim ngi
Rp tn l Jabir ibn Hayyan.
3.L tnh
Axt nitric khan tinh khit (100%) l mt cht lng vi t trng khong 1522 kg/m3 ng c nhit
-42 C to thnh cc tinh th trng, si nhit 83 C. Khi si trong nh sng, k c ti nhit trong
phng, s xy ra mt s phn hy mt phn vi s to ra nit ixt theo phn ng sau:
4HNO3 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 (72 C)
iu ny c ngha axt nitric khan nn c ct cha nhit di 0 C trnh b phn hy. Cht nit
ixt (NO2) vn ha tan trong axt nitric to cho n c mu vng, hoc nhit cao hn. Trong khi
axt tinh khit c xu hng bc khi trng khi ra khng kh, axt vi ixt nit bc khi hi c mu
nu hi cho nn mi c tn axt bc khi trng v axt bc khi nh nu trn.

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Axt nitric c th pha trn vi nc vi bt k t l no v khi chng ct to ra mt azeotrope mt nng
68% HNO3 v c nhit si 120,5 C ti p sut 1 atm. C hai cht hydrat c bit n;
monohydrat (HNO2.H2O) v trihydrat (HNO33H2O).
xt nit (NOx) tan c trong axt nitric v c im ny nh hng t nhiu n tt c cc c trng l
tnh ph thuc vo nng ca cc xt ny, ch yu bao gm p sut hi trn cht lng v nhit si
cng nh mu sc c cp trn. Axt nitric b phn hy khi c nhit cao hoc nh sng vi nng
tng ln m iu ny c th lm tng ln s bin i tng i p sut hi trn b mt cht lng do
cc xt nit to ra mt phn hoc ton b trong axt.
4, Ha tnh

A, tnh axit:
Axt nitric l mt monoaxt mnh, mt cht xi ha mnh c th nitrat ha nhiu hp cht v c v l
mt axt monoproton v ch c mt s phn ly.
Cc tnh cht axt
L mt axt in hnh, axt nitric phn ng vi cht kim, xt baz v cacbonat to thnh cc mui,
trong s quan trng nht l mui amoni nitrat. Do tnh cht xi ha ca n, axt nitric khng (ngoi tr
mt s ngoi l) gii phng hir khi phn ng vi kim loi v to ra cc mui thng c trng thi xi
ha cao hn. V l do ny, tnh trng n mn nng c th xy ra v cn phi bo v thch hp bng cch
s dng cc kim loi hoc hp kim chng n mn khi cha axt ny.
Axt nitric l mt axt mnh vi mt hng s cn bng axt (Ka) = 2: trong dung dch nc, n hon
ton in ly thnh cc ion nitrat NO3 v mt proton hydrat, hay cn gi l ion hirni, H3O+.

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HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3b.Cc c tnh xi ha
b.1, Phn ng vi kim loi
L mt cht xi ha mnh, axt nitric phn ng mnh lit vi nhiu cht hu c v phn ng c th gy
n. Ty thuc vo nng axt, nhit v tc nhn gy gim lin quan, sn phm to ra cui cng c
th gm nhiu loi. Phn ng xy ra vi tt c kim loi, ngoi tr dy kim loi qu v mt s hp kim.
Trong phn ln cc trng hp, cc phn ng xi ha ch yu vi axt c thng to ra ixt nit
(NO2).
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Tnh cht axt th hin r i vi axt long, i i vi vic to ra xt nit (NO).
3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Do axt nitric l mt cht xi ha, hir (H) thng him khi c to ra. Cho nn khi kim loi phn ng
vi axt nitric long v lnh ( gn 0C ) th mi gii phng hir:
Mg(rn) + 2HNO3 (lng) Mg(NO3)2 (lng) + H2 (kh)
* Lu : - Ag, Cu tc dng vi c HNO3 long cho mui nitrat + NO + H2O
- Pt v Au ch tan trong nc cng toan (3HCl + HNO3 )
Au + 3HCl + HNO3 AuCl3 + NO + 2H2O
- Al, Fe b th ng ha trong dd HNO3 c ngui
b.2, S th ng ha
D Crm (Cr), st (Fe) v nhm (Al) d ha tan trong dung dch axt nitric long, nhng i vi axt c
ngui li to mt lp xt kim loi bo v chng khi b xi ha thm, hin tng ny g l s th ng
ha.
b.3, Phn ng vi phi kim
Khi phn ng vi cc nguyn t kim, ngoi tr silic v halogen, cc nguyn t ny thng b xi ha
n trng thi xi ha cao nht v to ra ixt nit i vi axt c v xt nit i vi axt long.
C + 4HNO3 CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
hoc
3C + 4HNO3 3CO2 + 4NO + 2H2O
b4. Tc dng vi hp cht
12HNO3 + 3FeS Fe(NO3)3 + Fe2 (SO4)3 + 9 NO + 6H2O
2HNO3 (l) + 3H2S 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
3FeO + 10HNO3(l) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5 H2O

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5.Tng hp v sn xut axit nitric
Axit nitric c to ra bng cch pha trn ixit nit (NO2) vi nc vi s c mt ca xi hay s dng
khng kh xi ha axt nitr cng to ra axit nitric. Axit nitric long c th c c n 68% axit vi
mt hn hp azeotropic vi 32% nc. Vic c c hn c thc hin bng cch chng ct vi axit
sunfuric vi vai tr l cht kh nc. Trong quy m phng th nghim, cch chng ct nh th phi c
tin hnh bng dng c thy tinh vi p sut thp trnh phn hy axit ny. Cc mi ni bng thy tinh
v nt bn cng nn trnh dng do axit nitric tn cng cc cht ny. Dung dch axit nitric cp thng mi
thng c nng gia 52% v 68% axit nitric. Vic sn xut axit nitric c thc hin bng cng ngh
Ostwald do Wilhelm Ostwald pht minh.
Trong phng th nghim, axit nitric c th iu ch bng cch cho nitrat ng (II) hoc cho phn ng
nhng khi lng bng nhau nitrat kali (KNO3) vi axit sulfuric (H2SO4) 96%, v chng ct hn hp ny
ti nhit si ca axit nitric l 83 C cho n khi cn li cht kt tinh mu trng, potassium hydrogen
sulfate (KHSO4), cn lu li trong bnh. Axit nitric bc khi thu c c th chuyn thnh axit nitric
mu trng. Cn lu khi th nghim th phi dng cc trang thit b bng thy tinh, hay nht l bnh c
cng nguyn khi do axit nitric khan tn cng c nt bn, o v da, v s r r c th cc k nguy him.
H2SO4+ KNO3 KHSO4 + HNO3
((*)Ti sao iu ch HNO3 bc khi phi s dng H2SO4 c v KNO3 rn?
v HNO3 v H2SO4 u l axit mnh nn iu ch HNO3 th khng th dng phng php bnh thng
cho axit mnh tc dng vi dd mui......
HNO3 c th bay hi v tan nhiu trong nc cn H2SO4 bay hi rt t
dng H2SO4 c v KNO3 rn hn ch lng nc c mt trong p
un nng hn hp l lm cho HNO3 b bay tch ra khi hn hp p
H2SO4 + KNO3 = KHSO4 + HNO3
nhit cao hn
H2SO4 + 2KNO3 = K2SO4 + 2HNO3 .

Cht NOx ha tan c loi b bng cch s dng p sut gim ti nhit phng (10-30 pht vi p
sut 200 mmHg hay 27 kPa). Axit nitric bc khi trng thu c c t trng 1.51 g/cm. Quy trnh ny
cng c thc hin di p sut v nhit gim trong mt bc to ra t kh ixit nit hn.
axit ny cng c th c tng hp bng cch xi ha ammoniac, nhng sn phm b pha long bi nc
do phn ng to ra. Tuy nhin, phng php tng hp ny quan trng trong vic sn xut nitrat ammoni
t amnic theo cng ngh Haber, do sn phm cui cng c th sn xut t nit, hyr v xi l nguyn
liu u vo chnh.

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Axit nitric bc khi trng, cng gi l axit nitric 100% hay WFNA, rt gn ging vi sn phm axit nitric
khan. Mt c tnh k thut ca axit nitric bc khi trng l n c ti a 2% nc v ti a 0,5% NO2
ha tan. Axit nitric bc khi hay RFNA, cha mt lng ixit nit (NO2) ng k thot khi dung
dch vi mu nu . Mt cng thc ca RFNA th hin t nht 17% NO2, nhm khc l 13% NO2.
Trong trng hp, axit nitric b c ch bc khi (hoc IWFNA, hoc IRFNA) c th lm tng khi cho
thm thm khong 0,6 n 0,7% hiro florit, HF. Cht florit ny c b sung vo chng n mn
trong cc bn cha kim loi (cht florit to ra mt lp florit kim loi bo v kim loi ).
6.S dng
Axit HNO3 l 1 trong nhng ha cht c bn quan trng.
+)Thng c dng lm thuc th trong phng th nghim, axit nitric c s dng sn xut thuc
n bao gm nitroglycerin, trinitrotoluen (TNT) v cyclotrimethylenetrinitramin (RDX), tn la, cng nh
phn bn (nh phn m mt l nitrat amoni).

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+)Axit nitric cng c s dng trong phng th nghim trng hc tin hnh cc th nghim lin
quan n vic th clorit. Cho axit nitric tc dng vi mu th, sau cho dung dch bc nitrat vo tm
kt ta trng ca bc clorua.
+)Trong k thut ICP-MS v ICP-AES, axit nitric (vi nng t 0,5% n 2,0%) c s dng nh
mt hp cht nn xc nh du vt kim loi trong cc dung dch. Trong k thut ny cn phi dng
axit nitric cc tinh khit v mt s lng ion kim loi nh c th gy nh hng n kt qu phn tch.
+)Axt ny cn c s dng trong ngnh luyn kim v tinh lc v n phn ng vi phn ln kim loi v
trong cc tng hp cht hu c. Khi kt hp vi axt clohyric, n to thnh nc cng toan, mt trong
nhng cht phn ng c th ha tan vng v bch kim (platinum).
Mt trong nhng ng dng cho IWFNA l mt cht xi ha trong nhin liu lng tn la.
***Ngoi ra, axit nitric cn c dng lm cht th mu (colorometric test) phn bit heroin v
morphine.
7.Nguy him
Axt Nitric l mt cht xi ha mnh, v cc phn ng ca axt nitric vi cc hp cht nh cyanit, carbit,
v bt kim loi c th gy n. Cc phn ng ca axt nitric vi nhiu hp cht v c nh turpentine, rt
mnh lit v t bc chy.
Axt c lm cho mu da ngi chuyn qua mu vng do phn ng vi cht protein keratin. Vt mu
vng ny s chuyn thnh mu cam khi c trung ha.

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II., Phng php gii v cc dng bi tp:
A) Cc nh lut cn vn dng
1. nh lut bo ton khi lng:
Ni dung: Khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng khi lng cc cht c to thnh sau phn
ng.
Trong chng ta cn vn dng cc h qu
H qu1: Gi mT l tng khi lng cc cht trc phn ng, m s l khi lng cc cht sau phn
ng. D phn ng xy ra vi hiu sut bt k ta u c: mT = mS.
H qu 2: Khi cation kim loi kt hp vi anion phi kim to ra cc hp cht ta lun c: Khi
lng cht = khi lng ca cation+khi lng anion. Khi lng ca cation hoc anion ta coi nh bng
khi lng ca nguyn t cu to thnh.
2. nh lut bo ton nguyn t
Ni dung nh lut: Tng khi lng mt nguyn t trc phn ng bng tng khi lng ca
nguyn t sau phn ng. Ni dung nh lut c th hiu l tng s mol ca mt nguyn t c bo
ton trong phn ng.
3. nh lut bo ton electron
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh: S mol electron m cht kh cho i bng s mol electron m cht
oxi ha nhn v.
Khi vn dng nh lut bo ton electron vo dng ton ny cn lu :
-

Trong phn ng hoc mt h phn ng ch cn quan tm n trng thi u v trng thi cui m
khng cn quan tm n trng thi trung gian.

Nu c nhiu cht oxi ha v cht kh th s mol electron trao i l tng s mol ca tt c cht
nhng hoc nhn electron.

B. Cc v d in hnh
bi 1: Nung nng 12,6 gam Fe ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c m gam hn hp X gm
Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 . Hn hp ny phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO 3 long (d), thu c 4,2 lt
kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Tnh m?
Phn tch :
S phn ng

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Fe
O2 ( kk )

FeO, Fe3O4

Fe2O3v Fe du

HNO3 dn

NO
Fe2 ( SO4 )3

Fe phn ng vi Oxi cho 3 sn phm oxit v lng st d, sau hn hp oxit ny phn ng vi

HNO3 c nng a ln st +3. Trong qu trnh Oxi nhn e a v O 2- c trong oxit v HNO3(+5)
nhn e a v NO (+2).
Nh vy:

+ Khi lng oxit s l tng ca khi lng st v oxi.

+ C qu trnh cht nhng e l Fe cht nhn l O v HNO3

Gii:
Ta c n NO = 0,1875 mol , nFe = 0,225 mol
Gi s mol oxi trong oxit l x ta c:
Cht kh

Cht oxi ha

Fe Fe3 3e
0,225

0,225 * 3

Tng electron nhng: 0,225*3 mol

O 2e xO 2
2x

3e N 2

0,1875*3

Tng electron nhn:

0,1875

2x + 0,375 (mol)

p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c:0,225*3= 2x + 0,5625

x = 0,05625

Mt khc theo h qu 2 BTKL ta c:

m mFe mO 2 nn: m = 12,6 + 0,05625*16 = 13,5(gam).

S: 13,5 gam.
(*)Ngoi ra cn c cch gii khc: (ch p dng cho bi ton vi Fe)
S dng cng thc:
80*s mol Fe = m + 8*( s e trao i ca kh * s mol kh)
Ta c: 80*0,225 = m + 8* (0,1875*3)

(1)

m=13,5g

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Bi 2: Nung nng m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau phn ng thu c 20 gam hn hp X gm
Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 . Ha tan ht X trong dung dch HNO 3 long thu c 5,6 lt hn hp kh Y
gm NO v NO2 c t khi so vi H2 l 19. Tnh m v th tch HNO3 1M dng?
Phn tch :
s phn ng
FeO, Fe3O4

Fe2O3v Fe du

Fe
O2 ( kk )

NO2
HNO3

NO
Fe( NO )
3 3

+ Hn hp X gm Fe v O trong oxit.
+ Xt c qu trnh ta thy ch c Fe nhng e, Cht nhn e l Oxi v HNO 3 .
+ HNO3 nhn e cho NO v NO2.
+ S mol HNO3 ban u bng s mol HNO3 trong mui v chuyn v cc kh.
Gii:
Theo ra ta c: nNO nNO2 0,125mol
Gi s mol Fe v O tng ng trong X l x v y ta c: 56x + 16y = 20 (1).
Qu trnh nhng v nhn e:
cht kh

Cht oxi ha

O 2e O 2

Fe Fe3 3e
x

3x

2y

1e N O2

0,125 0,125
2

N 5 3e N O
0,125 x3

Tng electron nhng: 3x mol

0,125

Tng electron nhn: 2y + 0,125+ 0,125x3 (mol)

p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,5

(2)

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T (1) v (2) ta c h 56 x 16 y 20

3 x 2 y 0,5
Gii h trn ta c x = 0,3 v y = 0,2
Nh vy nFe = 0,3 mol vy m = 16,8 gam.
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta c:
mui
Kh
nHNO3 nNO

n
3nFe nNO nNO2
NO
3
3

nn nHNO 0,3x3 0,125 0,125 1,15 mol.

3

Vy VHNO
3

1,15
1,15(lt)
1

(*)p dng cng thc (1) ta c:80* s mol Fe = 20 + 8*(0,125*3 + 0,125*1)

s mol Fe = 0,3 (mol)

mFe = 16,8 g

VHNO3

1,15
1,15(lt)
1

bi 3: Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe 2O3 nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu
c 10,44 gam cht rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3 v Fe3O4 . Ha tan ht X trong dung dch HNO 3 c,
nng thu c 4,368 lt NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Tnh m ?
Phn tch :
S phn ng
Fe2O3
CO
to

FeO, Fe3O4

Fe2O3 , Fe

HNO3 dn

NO2
Fe( NO2 )3

Trong trng hp ny xt qu trnh u v cui ta thy cht nhng e l CO, cht nhn e l HNO 3.
Nhng nu bit tng s mol Fe trong oxit ta s bit c s mol Fe 2O3. Bi vy ta dng chnh d kin bi
ton ha tan x trong HNO3 tnh tng s mol Fe.
Gii:
Theo ra ta c: nNO2 0,195mol

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Gi s mol Fe v O tng ng trong X l x v y ta c: 56x + 16y = 10,44 (1).
Qu trnh nhng v nhn e:
Cht kh

Cht oxi ha

Fe Fe3 3e

O 2e O 2

2y

N 1e N O2
0,195 0,195

3x

p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,195

(2)

T (1) v (2) ta c h 56 x 16 y 10, 44

3x 2 y 0,195
Gii h trn ta c x = 0,15 v y = 0,1275
Nh vy nFe = 0,15 mol nn nFe O 0, 075mol
2 3

m = 12 gam.

Nhn xt:
D nhin trong bi ton trn ta cng c th gii theo cch tnh s mol O b CO ly theo phng
trnh:
CO O 2 2
e

CO2 v

1e N O2

Sau da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: m = 10,44 + mO.

bi 4:
Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long
(d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu
c m gam mui khan. Tnh m ?
Phn tch :
Ta coi nh trong hn hp X ban u gm Fe v O. Nh vy xt c qu trnh cht nhng e l Fe cht
nhn e l O v NO3 . Nu chng ta bit c s tng s mol Fe trong X th s bit c s mol mui
Fe(NO3)3 trong dung dch sau phn ng. Do chng ta s gii bi ton ny nh sau:

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Gii:
S mol NO = 0,06 mol.
Gi s mol Fe v O tng ng trong X l x v y ta c: 56x + 16y = 11,36 (1).
Qu trnh nhng v nhn e:
Cht kh

Cht oxi ha

Fe Fe3 3e

O 2e O 2

3x

2y

3e N O
0,18

Tng electron nhng: 3x (mol) Tng electron nhn:

0, 06

2y + 0,18 (mol)

p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,18

(2)

T (1) v (2) ta c h 56 x 16 y 11,36

3x 2 y 0,18
Gii h trn ta c x = 0,16 v y = 0,15
Nh vy nFe nFe ( NO ) 0,16 mol vy m = 38,72 gam.
3 3

Vi bi ton ny ta cng c th quy v bi ton kinh in: t m gam st sau phn ng sinh ra
11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3 v Fe3O4 . Hn hp ny phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO 3
long (d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc).
Chng ta s tnh m ri t suy ra s mol Fe v t tnh s mol ca st.
Pht trin bi ton:
Trng hp 1: Cho nhiu sn phm sn phm kh nh NO 2, NO ta c vn t h bnh thng tuy nhin
cht nhn e by gi l HNO3 th cho 2 sn phm.
Trng hp 2: Nu ra yu cu tnh th tch hoc khi lng ca HNO3 th ta tnh s mol da vo bo
ton nguyn t N khi ta s c:
mui
Kh
nHNO3 nNO

n
3nFe nNO (nNO2 )
NO
3
3

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***Chuyn Acid Nitric & cc dng bi tp lin quan***

III. Bi tp t gii :
(**)Mt s bi tp trong thi H
Cu 1: (i hc khi B-2007)
Khi cho Cu tc dng vi dung dch cha H2SO4 long v NaNO3, vai tr ca NaNO3
trong phn ng l.
A. cht oxi ha
B. cht kh
C. cht xc tc
D. mi trng.
Cu 2: (Cao ng khi A-2007)
Kim loi phn ng c vi dung dch HCl, dung dch Cu(NO 3)2, dung dch
HNO3 (c ngui). Kim loi M l.
A. Fe
B. Zn
C .Al
D. Ag
Cu 3: (i hc khi A-2007)
Cho tng cht: Fe, FeO, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, FeSO4,
Fe2(SO4)3, FeCO3 ln lt phn ng vi HNO3 c, nng. S phn ng thuc loi phn
ng oxi ha - kh l.
A. 5
B. 8
C. 6
D. 7
Cu 4: Phn ng gia FeCO3 v dung dch HNO3 long to ra hn hp kh khng
mu, mt phn ha nu trong khng kh, hn hp kh gm.
A. CO2, NO2
B. CO, NO
C. CO2, NO
D. CO2, N2
Cu 5: Nhit phn hon ton Fe(NO3)2 trong khng kh thu c sn phm gm.
A. FeO, NO2, O2
B. Fe, NO2, O2
C. Fe2O3, NO2
D. Fe2O3, NO2, O2
Cu 6: Khi b nhit phn, dy mui nitrat no sau y cho sn phm l kim loi,
kh nit ioxit, kh oxi.
A. Zn(NO3)2, KNO3, Pb(NO3)2
B. Ca(NO3)2, LiNO3, KNO3
C. Cu(NO3)2, LiNO3, KNO3
D. Hg(NO 3)2, AgNO3
Cu 7: (i hc khi A-2007)
nhn bit ba axit c ngui: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 ng ring bit trong 3 l mt
nhn, ta dng thuc th l.
A. Cu
B. CuO
C. Al
D. Fe
Cu 8: ha tan hon ton 1,2 gam kim loi M vo dung dch HNO 3 d thu c 0,224
lit kh duy nht l N2 (ktc). Vy M l kim loi no di y.
A. Cu
B. Al
C. Fe
D. Mg

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Cu 9: Ha tan hon ton m gam Fe vo dung dch HNO3 long th thu c 0,448
lit kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l.
A. 1,12 gam
B. 11,2 gam
C. 0,56 gam
D. 5,6 gam
Cu 10: Cho 11,0 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO 3 long d, thu c 6,72 lit kh NO (ktc). Khi lng ca Al v Fe trong hn hp X tng ng l.
A. 5,4 g v 5,6 g
B. 5,6 g v 5,4 g
C. 8,1 g v 2,9 g
D. 2,9 g v 8,1 g
Cu 11: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm Zn v ZnO bng dung dch HNO 3 long d.
Kt thc th nghim khng c kh thot ra, dung dch thu c c cha 8 gam
NH4NO3 v 113,4 gam Zn(NO3)2. Phn trm s mol ca Zn c trong hn hp ban u
l.
A. 66,67 %
B. 33,33%
C. 50%
D. 40%
Cu 12: (a hc khi B-2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim.
1. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO 3 1M thot ra V1 lt kh NO
2. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO 3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M
thot ra V2 lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin.
Quan h gia V1 v V2 l.
A. V2 = 2V1
B. V2 = 1,5 V1
C. V2 = 2,5V1
D. V2 = V1
Cu 13: Ha tan hon ton m gam Al vo dung dch HNO3 rt long th thu c
hn hp gm 0,015 mol kh N2O v 0,01 mol kh NO (phn ng khng to NH4NO3).
Gi tr ca m l.
A. 13,5 gam
B. 1,35 gam
C. 0,81 gam
D. 8,1 gam
Cu 13: Nhit phn hon ton 18,8 gam mui nitrat ca kim loi M (ha tr II),
thu c 8 gam oxit tng ng. M l kim loi no di y.
A. Mg
B. Zn
C. Cu
D. Ca
Cu 14: em nung nng m gam Cu(NO3)2 sau mt thi gian ri dng li, lm ngui
v em cn thy khi lng gim i 0,54 gam so vi ban u. Khi lng mui
Cu(NO3)2 b nhit phn l.
A. 1,88 gam
B. 0,47 gam
C 9,4 gam
D. 0,94 gam
Cu 15: (Cao ng khi A-2008)
Cho 3,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO 3 (d), sinh ra 2,24 lit kh X
(sn phm kh duy nht). Kh X l.

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A. N2O
C. NO2

B. NO
D. N2

Cu 16: (i hc khi A-2007)

Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS 2 v a mol Cu2S vo axit HNO3
(va ), thu c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi
tr ca a l.
A. 0,06
B. 0,04
C. 0,075
D. 0,12
Cu 17: (i hc khi A-2007)
Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe v Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO 3,
thu c V lit (ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO2) v dung dch Y (ch cha hai
mui v axit d). T khi ca X i vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V l.
A. 2,24
B. 5,60
C. 3,36
D. 4,48
Cu 18: (i hc khi B-2007)
Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan
ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lit (ktc) NO (l sn phm
kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l.
A. 2,22 gam
B. 2,52 gam
C. 2,32 gam
D. 2,62 gam
Cu 19: (i hc khi A-2008)
Cho 11,36 gam mt hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe 2O3, Fe3O4 phn ng ng ht vi
dung dch HNO3 long d, thu c 1,344 lit NO (l sn phm kh duy nht, iu
kin tiu chun) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan.
Gi tr ca m l.
A. 49,09 gam
B. 34,36 gam
C. 35,50 gam
D. 38,72 gam.

Cu 20: (i hc khi B-2008)

Cho 2,16 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c 0,896 lit NO (ktc) v dung dch X. Khi lng mui khan thu c
khi lm bay hi dung dch X l.
A. 13,32 gam
B. 6,52 gam
C. 13,92 gam
D. 8,88 gam.
Cu 21: (i hc khi B-2008)
Cho m gam hn hp gm Al, Cu vo dung dch HCl d, sau phn ng kt thc
thu c 3,36 lit kh (ktc). Nu cho m gam hn hp X trn vo mt lng d axit
nitric (c ngui), sau khi kt thc phn ng sinh ra 6,72 lit NO 2 (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l.

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A 12,3 gam
C. 11,5 gam

B. 10,5 gam
D. 15,6 gam.

Cu 22: (Cao ng khi A-2008)

Nhit phn hon ton 34,65 gam hh gm KNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c hn hp
kh X c t khi so vi hiro bng 18,8. Khi lng Cu(NO3)2 trong hn hp ban u
l.
A. 8,60 gam
C. 9,4 gam

B. 11,28 gam
D. 20,50 gam.

Cu 23: (i hc khi A-2009)

Ho tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c
dung dch X v 1,344 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh Y gm hai kh l N2O v N2. T
khi ca hn hp kh Y so vi kh H2 l 18. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam
cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 34,08.
B. 38,34.
C. 97,98.
D. 106,38.
Cu 24: (i hc khi B-2009)
Ha tan hon ton 1,23 gam hn hp X gm Cu v Al vo dung dch HNO3
c, nng thu c 1,344 lt kh NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung
dch Y. Sc t t kh NH3 (d) vo dung dch Y, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon
ton thu c m gam kt ta. Phn trm v khi lng
ca Cu trong hn hp X v gi tr ca m ln lt l
A. 21,95% v 0,78.
B. 78,05% v 2,25.
C. 21,95% v 2,25.
D. 78,05% v 0,78.
Cu 25: (Cao ng khi A-2009)
Ho tan hon ton 8,862 gam hn hp gm Al v Mg vo dung dch HNO3
long, thu c dung dch X v 3,136 lt ( ktc) hn hp Y gm hai kh khng
mu, trong c mt kh ha nu trong khng kh. Khi lng ca Y l 5,18
gam. Cho dung dch NaOH (d) vo X v un nng, khng c kh mi khai
thot ra. Phn trm khi lng ca Al trong hn hp ban u l
A. 10,52%.
B. 15,25%.
C. 12,80%.
D. 19,53%.
(**) Phn loi cc dng bi tp v HNO3
Dng1: Tnh khi lng kim loi lng axit v lng sn phm kh to thnh
Cu1: Ha tan ht m(g) Al trong dd HNO3, thu c hn hp kh (ktc) gm NO v NO2 c th tch l
8.96 lit v c t khi i vi hir l 16.75. gi tr ca m l:
A. 9.1125
B. 2.7g
C. 8.1g
D. 9.225g
Cu2: Cho 11g hn hp Al v Fe vo dd HNO3 long d, th c 6.72lit (ktc) kh NO bay ra. Khi lng cc
kim loi Al v Fe trong hn hp u ln lt l:

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A.2.7g, 11.2g B.5.4g, 5.6g

C. 0.54g, 0.56g
D. kt qu khc
Cu3: Ha tan hon ton 12g hn hp Fe v Cu( t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO3, thu c V lit( ktc) hn hp
kh X (gm NO v NO2), v dd Y( ch cha 2 mui v axit d). t khi ca X i vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca
V(lit) l:
A. 2.24
B.5.6
C.3.36
D.4.48
Cu4: Cho m(g) Al tan hon ton trong dd HNO3 thy to ra 11.2lit(ktc) hn hp 3 kh NO, N2O, N2 vi t l
mol tng ng l 1:2:2. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 16.47g
B. 23g
C. 35.1g
D. 12.73g
Cu5: Cho 0.28mol Al vo dd HNO3 d thu c kh NO v dd cha 62.04g mui. S mol kh NO thu c l
A. 0.2
B. 0.28
C. 0.1
D. 0.14
Cu6: Cho m(g) Al tc dng va vi dd HNO3 to ra hn hp kh A gm 0.15mol NO v 0.05mol N2O. Gi
tr ca m l:
A. 7.76g
B. 7.65g
C. 7.85g
D. 8.85
Cu7: Cho 18.5g hn hp Fe v Fe3O4 vo 200ml dd HNO3 un nng, khuy k thu c 2.24lit kh NO(ktc),
dd Y v 1.46g kim loi . Nng HNO3 dng l:
A. 1.2M
B. 2.4M
C. 3.2M
D. 2M
Cu8: Cho 0.9mol Cu vo 400ml dd H2SO4 1M v NaNO3 1M. S mol kh NO thu oc l:
A. 0.2
B. 0.4
C. 0.6
D. 0.8
Cu9: Ha tan 5g Cu trong 100ml dd cha ng thi 2 axit HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0.5M th gii phng kh NO
duy nht. Th tch kh o ktc bng:
A. 0.56lit
B. 1.12lit
C. 1.17lit
D. 2.24lit
Cu10: Mt hn hp bt gm 2 kim loi Mg v Al c chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau
Phn1: cho tc dng vi dd HCl d thu c 3.36 lit kh H2
Phn2: ha tan ht trong dd HNO3 long d thu c mt kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh ( th
tch cc kh o ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2.24lit
B. 3.36lit
C. 4.48lit
D. 5.6lit
Cu11: Cho ag Al tc dng va vi dd HNO3 long, thu c dd A v 0.1792lit hn hp kh X gm N2 v
NO c dX/H2 = 14.25. Tnh a
Cu12: Cho 28g hhA gm Cu v Ag vo dd HNO3 c, d, sau p kt thc thu c ddB v 10 lit NO2 (
0 0C; 0,896atm).
Xc nh % khi lng mi KL trong hh u
Cu13: Ho tan hon ton 9.41g hh 2Kl Al v Zn vo 530ml dd HNO3 2M, sau p thu c dd A v
2,464lit hh kh gm N2O v NO(ktc) c khi lng bng 4,28g.
a) Tnh % khi lng mi KL trong hh u
b) Tnh Vdd HNO3 tham gia p.
Cu14 : Cho 1,86 g hn hp Mg v Al vo dung dch HNO3 long d sau phn ng thu c 560 ml
N2O ( ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht . Tnh % v khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
Cu15: Cho 3,84 gam Cu tc dng vi 80 ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO3 1M v HCl 1M s thu c
ti a bao nhiu lit NO (ktc)
Cu16: cho 7,68 gam Cu vo 120 ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO3 1M v H2SO4 1M, sau khi phn ng
hon ton thu c bao nhiu lt NO (ktc) l spk duy nht. C cn dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam
mui khan.

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Cu17: Cho 1,92 gam Cu vo 100 ml dung dch cha KNO3 0,16M v H2SO4 0,4M thy sinh ra mt cht
kh c t khi so vi H2 l 15 v dung dch A
a) Tnh th tch kh sinh ra ktc
b) Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 0,5M ti thiu cn cho vo dung dch A kt ta ton b ion Cu 2+ c
trong dung dch A
Cu18: cho m gam st tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 sau phn ng thu c dung dch Y; 0,1mol NO
(spk duy nht ) v 2 gam kim loi. Tnh m
Cu19: ho tan hon ton 0,368 gam hn hp nhm v km cn va 2,5 lit dung dch HNO3 0,01M
th khng thy c kh thot ln, sau phn ng ta thu c 3 mui. Tnh % v khi lng ca mi kim loi
c trong hn hp.
Cu20: Cho 4,86g Al tan va trong 660ml dung dch HNO3 1M thu c V lt hn hp kh(ktc) gm
N2 v N2O. Tnh V?
A. 0,112lt
B. 0,448lt
C. 1,344lt
D. 1,568lt
Cu21: Cho 13,5g hn hp gm Al v Ag tan trong HNO3 d thu c dung dch A v 4,48 lt hn hp
kh gm (NO,NO2) c khi lng 7,6gam. Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi.
A. 30 v 70
B. 44 v 56
C. 20 v 80
D. 60 v 40
Dng2: Xc nh tn kim loi

Cu22: Ha tan 16.2g mt kim loi cha r ha tr bng dd HNO3 long, sau p thu c 4.48lit(ktc) hn hp
kh X gm N2O v N2 . Bit t khi ca X i vi H2 bng 18, dd sau p khng c mui NH4NO3. Kim loi
l:
A. Ca
B. Mg
C. Al
D. Fe
Cu23: Ho tan hton 62.1g kim loi M bng dd HNO3 long sau p thu c 16.3lit hh kh X gm 2kh
khng mu, khng ho nu trong kk(kc).(dX/H2O=17.2) Xc nh M.
Cu24: Ho tan hon ton 1,35 gam mt kim loi M bng dung dch HNO3 d un nng thu c 2,24
lit NO v NO2 (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 bng 21 ( khng cn sn phm kh khc). Tm kim loi M
Cu25: Ha tan 13g mt kim loi c ha tr khng i vo HNO3. Sau phn ng thm vo NaOH d
thy bay ra 1,12 lt kh c mi khai. Xc nh kim loi dng?
Cu 26: Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam mt kim loi M trong dung dch HNO 3 ta thu c 4,48 lt NO
(ktc). Kim loi M l :
A. Zn = 65.

B. Fe = 56.

C. Mg = 24.

D. Cu = 64.

Cu 27: Ha tan hon ton 2,7g mt kim loi M bng HNO3 thu c 1,12lt kh(ktc) hn hp X gm 2
X
kh khng mu trong c 1 kh ha nu ngoi khng kh. Bit d H 2 =19,2. M l?
A. Fe
B. Al
C. Cu
D.Zn
Cu 28: Ha tan kim loi M vo HNO3 thu c dung dch A (khng c kh thot ra). Cho NaOH d vo
dung dch A thu c 2,24 lt kh (ktc) v 23,2g kt ta. Xc nh M.
A. Fe
B. Mg
C. Al
D. Ca
Cu 29: Ha tan hon ton 19,2g kim loi M trong dung dch HNO3 d thu c 8,96lt(ktc) hn hp
kh gm NO2 v NO c t l th tch 3:1. Xc nh kim loi M.

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A. Fe(56)
B. Cu(64)
C. Al(27)
D. Zn(65)
Cu30: Ho tan 16.2 g mt kloi cha r ho tr bng HNO3 long, d, sau p thu c 4.48 lit hn hp
kh X gm N2 v NO2 (ktc), dX/H2=18. Xc nh kim loi. Bit rng sau p khng c mui NH4NO3
Dng3: Tm sn phm kh
Cu31: cho hn hp gm 0.2mol Fe v 0.3mol Mg vo dd HNO3 d thu c 0.4mol mt sn phm kh cha
N duy nht , sn phm l:
A. NH4NO3
B. N2O
C. NO
D. NO2
Cu 32: Cho 3,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 (d), sinh ra 2,24 lt kh X (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Xc nh kh X.
Cu 33: Ha tan 9,6g Mg trong dung dch HNO3 to ra 2,24 lt kh NxOy. Xc nh cng thc kh .
A. NO
B. N2O
C. NO2
D. N2O4
Cu 34: Ha tan hon ton 11,2g Fe vo HNO3 d thu c dung dch A v 6,72 lt hn hp kh B gm
NO v mt kh X, vi t l th tch l 1:1. Xc nh kh X?
A. NO
B. N2O
C. NO2
D. N2
Cu35: Ho tan 0.2 mol Fe v 0.3 mol Mg vo HNO3 d thu c 0.4mol mt sn phm kh cha N
duy nht. Xc nh spk.
Dng4: Tnh khi lng mui NO3Cu36: Ha tan hon ton 15.9g hn hp 3 kim loi Al, Mg, Cu bng dd HNO3 thu c 6.72 lit kh NO
v dd X. em c cn dd X th thu c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 77.1g
B. 71.7g
C. 17.7g
D. 53.1
Cu37: Ho tan hton 8.3g hh 2 kim loi A, B( ho tr III) trong dd HNO3, thu c 4,48l NO(ktc).
a> Tnh m mui khan thu c
b> Tm A, B
S : a. 45,5 b. Al,Fe
Cu38: Cho 8,4 gam Fe tc dng vi 400ml dung dch HNO3 1M , sau phn ng thu c dung dch X
v sn phm kh duy nht l NO. C cn dung dch X th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Cu39: cho 11,2 gam Fe vo 1lit dung dch HNO3 0,6M thu c dung dch X v NO l spk duy nht .
sau phn ng c cn dung dch X th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan.
Cu40: cho 25,6 gam Cu vo dung dch HNO3 sau phn ng thu c hn hp X v 4,48lt (ktc) kh
NO duy nht . Cho tip 100ml dung dch HCl 0,8 M vo X th c thu c kh na khng, bao nhiu
lit(ktc)
Cu41: Cho 2,16 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO 3 (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c 0,896 lt kh NO ( ktc) v dung dch X. Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi lm bay hi dung
dch X.
Cu42: Khi cho 1,92g hn hp X gm Mg v Fe c t l mol 1:3 tc dng hon ton vi HNO3 to ra hn
hp kh gm NO v NO2 c th tch 1,736 lt (ktc). Tnh khi lng mui to thnh v s mol HNO3
phn ng.

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A. 8,074gam v 0,018mol
C. 8,7gam v 0,1mol

B. 8,4gam v 0,8mol
D. 8,74gam v 0,1875mol

Dng5: Tnh lng HNO3 phn ng

Cu43: Cho 8,32 gam Cu tc dng va vi 120 ml dung dch HNO3 sau phn ng thu c 4,928 lit
(ktc) hn hp NO v NO2 . tnh nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 ban u.
Cu44: Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp 2 kim loi X, Y (c ho tr duy nht) trong dung dch axit
HNO3 thu c hn hp kh B gm 0,03 mol NO2 v 0,02 mol NO. S mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng
Cu45: ho tan ht 0,06 mol Fe th cn s mol HNO3 ti thiu l (sn phm kh duy nht l NO):
Cu46: Cho 3,2 gam bt Cu tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO 3 0,8M v H2SO4 0,2M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, sinh ra V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca V
l
Cu47: Th tch dung dch HNO3 1M (long) t nht cn dng ho tan hon ton mt hn hp
gm 0,15 mol Fe v 0,15 mol Cu l (bit phn ng to cht kh duy nht l NO)
Cu48: Ho tan hon ton 31,2g hn hp Al, Mg bng dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c dung dch A
v 8,96 lit hn hp kh B (ktc) gm N2, N2O (khng cn spk khc), dB/H2 =20. Tnh s mol HNO3
phn ng v khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn A
Cu49: Ho tan hon ton 23,1g hn hp Al, Mg, Zn , Cu bng dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c
dung dch A v hn hp kh B gm 0,2 mol NO, 0,1 mol N2O (khng cn sp kh khc). Tnh s mol
HNO3 phn ng v khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn A.
Cu50: Khi cho 19,2g Cu tc dng vi HNO3 long va th th tch acid cn dng l?
A. 0.8lt
B. 0,4lt
C. 0,6lt
D. 0,3lt
Dng6: Phn ng ca NO3- trong mi trng axit
Cu51: Cho 2,56g ng tc dng vi 40ml dung dch HNO3 2M ch thu c NO. Sau phn ng cho
thm H2SO4 d vo li thy c NO bay ra. Th tch kh NO ( ktc) bay ra khi cho thm H2SO4 d vo
l?
A. 1,49lt
B. 0,149lt
C. 14,9lt
D. 9,14 lt.
Cu52: Cho 1,92 g Cu vo 100ml dung dch cha ng thi KNO3 0,16M v H2SO4 0,4M thy sinh ra
mt cht kh c t khi so vi H2 l 15 v dung dch A. Th tch kh sinh ra ( ktc) l?
A. 3,584lt
B. 0,3584lt
C. 35,84lt
D. 358,4lt

Dng7: Nhit phn mui NO3-

Cu53: nung 67.2g hn hp Fe(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2 sau p thu c 4.48lit kh oxi(ktc). Cht rn sau khi nung c
khi lng l:

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***Chuyn Acid Nitric & cc dng bi tp lin quan***

A. 64g
B. 24g
C. 34g
D. 46g
Cu54: Cho 17,7 gam hn hp Cu, Zn, Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 d thu c dung dch X, c
cn dung dch X thu c 67,3gam mui khan( khng c NH4NO3 ).Nung hn hp mui khan ny n
khi lng khng i th thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn.

Trng THPT Qunh Lu I *_ * K49 *_* 11A1

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