SHEAR STRENGTH

OF REINFORCED

CAPACITY
AND BEARING
CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS

by

Kam Kau

thesis

in
presented
the
Degree
of

WONG B. Sc.

fulfilment
Doctor
of

(Eng.

of
of

the
requirements
Philosophy

at
Department
The

Civil
of
University

August.

Engineering
Leeds
of

1986

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

to
express
opportunity
in
those
some
may
who
In
herein
presented.
the
this
to
study
thanks
to:
a special

like
to
this
take
author
mould
his
to
and
gratitude
all
appreciation
to
the
have
research
work
contributed
individual
their
contribution
recognition
of
like
to
express
author
would
additionally
The

Civil
Department
the
Head
Professor
A. R. Cusens,
of
of
to
the
Engineering,
for
the
opportunity
granting
author
his
this
for
guidance,
supervision,
study
and
undertake
it;
throughout
comments
and patience
given
The

Oversea
this

supporting
and
scholarship;

arrangement

Lawton
the
of

Hr.
preparing

R. Vuxbury,
and processing

Hr.

Hy
developing
Orientated
for
this

their

V.

Research
through
work

his
and
experiments;

Hr.
brothers
their
own
Mathematical
dissertation.

Finally,
the
encouragement

Hiss

S.
word

Council
the
award

technical

Wong,

K. N. J.

processing
Expression

author
would
and supports.

and
Hong

for

preparing

and

Hiss

C.

for

and

package,
Text-formater,

like

to

studentship

research

staff

H. Y. N. Lam
the
photographs;

for

Tetley/Lupton

and
of

thank

Dahl

K. N. H.
for
Flong
COHET
- Customers
particularly

his

parents

for

11

ABSTRACT

Reinforced
ratios
above
capacity
should

usually
the
supports.
deep
of
be enhanced.
The

deep

concrete
by
fail

first

part

crushing
In
order
bearing
beans,

of

this

beans
of
to

study
and
footing

with

concrete
increase
strength

involved

small
in
the
the
around

the

span/depth
bearing
zone
load
carrying
the
supports

investigation

of

blocks.
reinforced
concrete
plain
capacity
of
to
loading
distance,
of
edge
area
ratios,
base
friction
size
effect
and
are
studied
plain
with
Bearing
blocks.
capacities
of
reinforced
concrete
diameter
different
forms,
spacing
of
and
with
investigated.
that
is
found
It
reinforcement
are
also
interlocking
the
at
small
spacing
are
most
effective
stirrups
form
A
failure
for
a concrete
of
reinforcement.
mechanism
best
the
block
in
is
found
to
bearing
and
give
proposed
by
different
other
compared
estimate
as
with
models

bearing
Effects
heights,
concrete
blocks

researchers.
The

is
the
behaviour
of
second
part
concerned
with
deep
beans
with
span/depth
ratios
ranging
reinforced
concrete
These
beans
tested
from
0.7
to
I. I.
were
uniformly
under
It
is
found
is
load
the
top.
that
distributed
crack
at
a shear
joining
inner
the
to
line
the
formed
the
edge
of
along
support
The
the
level
the
bean.
third
top
the
of
concrete
at
point
the
the
block
crack
centre
on the
side
rotates
about
outer
of
is
the
in
Shear
compression
zone.
strength
pressure
of
by
in
the
determined
shear
compression
zone,
aggregate
the
the
interlock
dowel
of
shear
crack
and
action
and
forces
Based
the
of
of
reinforcement
across
crack.
components
in
failure
the
observations,
a
model
of
on these
mechanism
is
in
proposed
which
gives
excellent
results
comparison
shear
with

other

models

proposed.

111

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
................................................
1.1
GENERAL.................................................
1.2
OBJECTIVE
...............................................
1.2.1
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF CONCRETE
1.2.2
DEEP BEAMS
........................................
1.3
OUTLINE
OF THESIS
.......................................
2

BLOCKS ...............

1
1
2
2
3
3

LITERATURE
REVIEW ON THE BEARING
CAPACITY
OF CONCRETE
BLOCKS
......................................................
2.1
INTRODUCTION
............................................
2.2
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF PLAIN
CONCRETE
......................
2.2.1
STRESS DISTRIBUTION
AROUND THE BEARING
ZONE
.......
2.2.2
INTERNAL
FRICTION
THEORY OF SLIDING
FAILURE......
2.2.3
EMPIRICAL
FORMULA
................................
2.2.4
PLASTIC
ANALYSIS
.................................
2.3
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
................
2.4
SUMMARY
................................................

5
5
6
4
14
21
2b
28
4c)

EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
ON THE BEARING
CAPACITY
OF
CONCRETE BLOCKS
............................................
3.1
INTRODUCTION...........................................
3.2
PLAIN
CONCRETE BLOCKS
..................................
3.2.1
SERIES
E
.........................................
3.2.2
SERIES
R-H
.......................................
3.2.3
SERIES
S
.........................................
3.2.4
SERIES
B.........................................
3.3
REINFORCED
CONCRETE BLOCKS-SERIES
R
...................
3.4
MATERIALS
& THEIR
PROPERTIES
...........................
3.4.1
MATERIALS
........................................
3.4.2
MIX DETAIL
.......................................
3.5
CASTING
AND CURING
.....................................
3.6
CONTROL SPECIMENS
......................................
3.7
INSTRUMENTS
AND TEST PROCEDURE
.........................
3.8
BEHAVIOR
OF TEST
.......................................
3.8.1
GENERAL
..........................................
3.8.2
SERIES
E.........................................
3.8.3
SERIES
R-H
.......................................
3.8.4
SERIES
S
.........................................
3.8.5
SERIES
B
.........................................
3.8.6
REINFORCED
CONCRETE BLOCK SERIES
R............

44
44
44
45
45
46
46
46
50
5D
50
52
52
53
57
57
58
60
6D
66
69

EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF CONCRETE
BLOCKS
.....................................................
INTRODUCTION...........................................
4.1
4.2
BEARING
CAPACITY
OF PLAIN
CONCRETE BLOCKS
..............
4.2.1
EFFECT OF EDGE DISTANCE..
....
.....
..........
4.2.2
EFFECT OF HEIGHT
AND LOADING
AREA RATIO
..........
4.2.3
SIZE
EFFECT
......................................
4.2.4
EFFECT OF BASE FRICTION
..........................
4.3
REINFORCED
CONCRETE BLOCKS
.............................
4.4
CONCLUSION
.............................................

74
74
74
74
79
84
85
88
96

iv

4.5
4.6

102
105
105
128

LITERATURE
REVIEW ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
.......................................
5.1
INTRODUCTION
..........................................
5.2
ELASTIC
SOLUTION...........................
.............
5.3
EXPERIMENTAL
CONCRETE DEEP
ANALYSIS
OF REINFORCED
BEAMS.................................................
5.4
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR THE DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DEEP BEAMS
............................................
PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION
5.4.1
[72,19461...........
5.4.2
DE PAIVA
[69,1965]
AND SIESS
....................
5.4.3
RAMAKRISHNAN
AND ANANTHANARAYANA
1737...........

5.5
6

PROPOSED SOLUTION
.....................................
COMPARISON
WITH TEST RESULT
...........................
4.6.1
PLAIN
CONCRETE BLOCKS ....
......................
REINFORCED
4.6.2
CONCRETE BLOCKS
......................

COMITE'
5.4.4
EUROPEEN DU BETON FIP
(17]...........
5.4.5
ACI COMMITTEE
318
...............................
5.4.6
KONG 140,45]
....................................
5.4.7
CIRIA
GUIDE 2 E68,1977]
.........................
5.4.8
AL-NAJJIM
[63]
..................................
SUMMARY
...............................................

EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH
REINFORCED
CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
............................
6.1
INTRODUCTION
..........................................
6.2
DESCRIPTION
OF TEST SPECIMENS
.........................
6.3
MATERIAL
AND MIX DETAIL
...............................
6.4
CASTING
AND CURING.
....
..............................
6.5
INSTRUMENTS
AND TEST PROCEDURE
........................
6.6
BEHAVIOUR
OF TEST
.....................................

137
149
149
151
152
154
155
157
158
160
165

OF

EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS SHEAR STRENGTH OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
.......................................
7.1
INTRODUCTION
..........................................
7.2
STRAIN
DISTRIBUTION
ON CONCRETE SURFACE
...............
7.3
STRAIN
DISTRIBUTION
IN REINFORCEMENTS
.................
7.4
DEFLECTION............................................
7.5
SHEAR TRANSFER
BY AGGREGATE INTERLOCK
AND DOWEL
ACTION................................................
7.6
PROPOSED FAILURE
MECHANISM
OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DEEP BEAMS
............................................
7.7
COMPARISON
WITH TEST RESULTS
..........................
7.8
RECOMENDATIONS
FOR THE DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
DEEP BEAMS
............................................
7.9
SUMMARY
...............................................
CONCLUSION
AND SUGGESTION
FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
............
8.1
BEARING
CAPACITY
......................................
8.2
DEEP BEAMS
............................................
8.3
SUGGESTION
FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
.......................
APPENDIX
A..........
" ....................................
APPENDIX
B
................................................
REFERENCES ................................................

131
131

169
169
169
170
172
175
181

193
193
193
199
202
203
215
223
240
242
245
245
247
249
250
"
300
332

NOTATION

PRINCIPAL

Cross-sectional

Width

of

the

concrete

ai

Width

of

the

loading

Ab

Sectional

area

below

Sectional

area

of

blocks.
plates.
the

of

vertical

Awh

Area

of

horizontal

Breadth

of

the

concrete

bi

Breadth

of

the

loading

by

Apparent

width

Cohesion

of

concrete.

Co

Cohesion

of

concrete

Diameter

of

the

Effective

Df

Dowel

ATs

Loss

wv

web

reinforcement.

web

reinforement.

blocks.
plates.

the

of

plane.

reference
forcement.

main

Area

beam.

the

of

area

modified

at

footing

end-blocks.

pressure,

effective
of

the

concrete

p=O.
blocks.

depth.

force.
of

present

force

tensile
of

towards

the

due

support

to

reinforcements.

vertical

ea

Eccentricity

of

loading

along

the

side

width

a.

eb

Eccentricity

of

loading

along

the

size

width

b.

fa

Aggregate

fb

bearing

f,

Cylinder

interlocking

strength
strength

stress.

of
of

the

concrete

concrete.

blocks.

the

vi

fcu(100)

Cube

strength

of

concrete

obtained

from

100

mm cubes.

fcu(150)

Cube

strength

of

concrete

obtained

from

150

mm cubes.

ft

Tensile

strength

cylinder

tests.

ft(pri.

Tensile

of

strength

concrete

of

by

estimated

concrete

splitting

estimated

by

reference

plane

rupture

tests.

Modulus

Ec

Young

Overall

hb

Depth

Hw

Asw/b-Sh

fL

Restraining

fxx

Direct

stresses

along

the

direction

of

the

x-axis.

fyy

Direct

stresses

along

the

direction

of

the

y-axis.

fxy

Shear

Span.

Lc

Clear

height
of

concrete.

of

the

of

the

specimens.
the

below

section

stress.

stresses.

distance

span;

between

inner

the

of

edges

the

supports.
i

Second

Ib

Second

moment

inertia

of

moment

inertia

of

the

of
of

section
the

beam.

the

of

below

section

the

reference

Ie

Influence
block

factor
width

bearing

of

Bending

moment

Sh

Spacing

of

horizontal

Sv

Spacing

of

vertical

at

of

concrete

loading.

eccentricity

capacity

critical

section
web

web

reinforcement.

reinforcement.

of

the

beam.

vii

Tensile

force

the

of

reinforcement.

main

Shear

force

Shear

strength.

vc

Shear

strength

taken

by

concrete.

vs

Shear

strength

taken

by

steel.

Ultimate

VA

5V

the

at

Effective

Pc

Cracking

load.

Ph

Uniform

horizontal

normal

the

Footing

Wa

Distance

pressure

on

the

pressure

bearing

Ultimate

beam.

below

the

of

section

force.

shear

/(b-S

critical

shear

plane.

the

wedge

the

edge

between

the

along

form

plate.

load.
to

loading

the

of

area

ratio.

loading

from

position

of

the

blocks.
X

Shear

span.

Xc

Clear

shear
the

edge
of
supports.

distances

clear

span;
bearing

plate

and

the

inner

outer

edge

of

Xe

effective

Depth
bar,
from
of the
measured
to the
it
interests
point
where
inside
bearing
blocks
edge
of the
the
outside
edge
of that
at the

top
the
of the
joining
line
the
of the
supports
load ing point.

y0

Depth

from

ahear

of

the

arm

at

span.

compressive

zone

the

beam.
z

Lever

the

which

the

reinforcement

act.

top

of

beam
the
to

the

viii

Yield

strain

Shear

strain.

Txy

Shear

stress.

Angle

of

Semi-apex
loading

E
E

Y
xy

of

internal
angle

% of

Applied

friction.
of

lateral

-b -fc

Coefficient
47
ex

reinforcement.

the

wedge

plate,

Volumetric
AS -fY/a

the

of
direct

friction.
stresses.

steel.

formed

beneath

the

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

1.1

GENERAL

beam

deep
is

depth

the

of

investigators
from
in

difference
of

these

members.

the
that
As

reinforced

concrete

deep

Although

dealing

beam

need

beams

as

this

ratios

subject
less

less

provided

normal

On

used.

the

significantly

basis
the

usually

of
ultimate

other
greater

for

slender

are

nowadays

their

ultimate

behaviour

and

well.

between

does

members
ratios

know

to

is

members

the

on

division

behaviour

continuous

span/depth

a clear

with

span/depth

structural

in

deformations

developed

expressions

designed
is

is

This

significant

beams

are
beams

deep

the

shear

flexure,

reinforcement

using

to

deep

than

rather

is

mambers.

attributed

of

Various

behaviour

flexural

and

whose

span.

elastic

stresses

of

its

as

common

strength

strength

member

structural

the

mainly

predicted

of

deep

is

shear,

there

strength,
strength

more

normal

increasingly

being

the

of

of-magnitude
that

The

shear

as

shown

longitudinal

of

beams.

and

that

by

amounts

than

same

order

vertical

controlled

hand,

be

behaviour

effects

defined

may

have

different

and

than

not

exist,

most
deep

recognizes
2.0

and

1,

2.5

for

However,

respectively.
than

ordinary

its

load

flexural

member

literature
beam
simply
for

carrying-capacity

[457
at

action
supported
beams

with
is

determined

usually
the

of

deep

of

bearing

to

order
beams

thesis

first

part

blocks

strength

of

1.2

the

the

with
the

and

deep

two

with

region

above

less

than

should

be
for

parts

of
is

part

and

behaviour

the

behaviour

understood

first.

strength

investigation

second

beams

shear

supports
into

the

shear.

ratios

divided

deals

concrete

the

span/depth

in

strength
than

rather

above

is

bearing

investigate

with

zones

This

the

112,13,533

supports
In

by

CHAPTER

1,

this
bearing

concerned

span/depth

capacity
the

with
less

ratios

the

purpose,

than

of
shear

1.

OBJECTIVE

1.2.1

BEARING

The
plain

CAPACITY

behaviour

and

OF CONCRETE

ultimate

and

reinforced
is

(1)

Effect
point

of
from

the
the

(2)

Effect

of

footing

(3)

Effect

of

the

height

(4)

Effect

of

the

size

(5)

Effect
friction
of the
the
block.
concrete

(6)

Effect

of

paid

form,

strength

to

the

of

blocks

concrete

attention

BLOCKS

bearing

is

capacity

of

Special

studied.

following:

loading
edge
of
to

position:
the
block
loading

of
of

diameter

area

the

the

position
of
(edge
distance).

concrete
specimen

at

the

and

the

loading

R.

ratio,
block.
(scale

effect).

base

or

supporting

spacing

of

reinforcement

edge

of

used.

Based
for

proposed

1.2.2

the

on

DEEP

Deep

beams

with

is

on

the

investigation

is

Distribution

of

strain

on

the

concrete

(3)

Distribution

of

strain

in

the

reinforcement.

(4)

Vertical

1.1

concrete
on

the

part

For

part

the

about
is

of

covered

2 and

Chapters

capacity

reinforced

the

thesis,

the

is

blocks,

a better

knowledge

crack

width.

surface.

deformation.

of

concrete

of

beams

of

OF THESIS

first

capacity

development

and

horizontal

and

OUTLINE

second

formation

crack

The

of

to

areas:

(2)

bearing

of

concentrated

Surface

deep

0.7

crushing

(1)

1.3

from

ranging

ratios
focussed

The

supports.

following

is

mechanism

blocks.

concrete

span/depth

Attention

the

above

load-bearing

BEAMS

studied.

are

a failure

behaviour

experimental

the

CHAPTER

Chapters

5 are
of
concrete

the

deep

blocks
beams.

to

reinforced

bearing
The

4.
concrete

7.

to

literature

respectively
concrete

to

the

with

Chapters

of

and

understanding
subject,

in

dealt

strength

shear
in

concerned

review
literature
and

a background

provide

of

is

necessary.

review
the

shear

of
strength

the

CHAPTER

Chapters

and

instrumentation
of

Results

of

failure

and

from

together

specimens

beams

deep

and

obtained
4

Chapters

of

both

capacity

respectively.

and

bearing

in

detailed

are

discussion
in

manufacture,

bearing

for

experiments

with

mechanism

the

with

concerned

testing

and
blocks

concrete

6 are

proposed

capacity

model

and

shear

of

this

respectively.

Chapter
investigation
research.

is
with

summary
a

number

of
of

the

findings

suggestions

for

further

CHAPTER

LITERATURE

2.1

REVIEW

BEARING

CAPACITY

slender

beam,

OF CONCRETE

BLOCKS

INTRODUCTION

In

the

design

capacity

is

normally

bending.

Bearing

of

matter

span/depth
force

and

beam

and

from

determined
the

at

bending

moment

bearing

failure

bearing

structures

beams

of

is

to

0.4f'.

It

is

values

in
of

therefore
behaviour

e.

a
by

the

capacity

shear

and
rarely

small

beam),

shear
the

geometry

of

cannot

benefit

serious

problem
The

ratio.

beams,

is

having
deep

considered

capacity
the

of

the
R,

deep

ACI
the

concrete

of

cylinder

when

problem

at

anchorage

keys

in

168]

has

of
zones

composite

be

too

code

(fig.

2.12)

of
to

loaded

have

under

The

limited

the

CIRIA

bearing
by

shown

many
The

conservative.
seems

footing
a

is

concrete
fam.

been

to

ratio

plain

strength

beams

This

necessary
of

beam

shear

points

span/depth

[76,59,65,30]

recommendation

in

strength

becomes

usually

times

design

researchers

low

bearing

bearing

the

capacity

the

(i.

load-carrying

heads.

the

1 and
to

increased

small

more

pile

Normally,

are

concrete

and

between

than

its

loading

for

failure

post-tensioned

for

less

its

and

However,
say

Thus

by

supports

unfortunately,

it.

Guide

ratio,

with

of

of

concern.

dealing

the

ON THE

area
further
a

to

to

be

unsafe

loading

area.

investigation
limited

area

of
and

the

CHAPTER

way

bearing

The

capacity.

from

analyses

elastic
concrete

of

strength

attention

received

of

its

improve

to

the

complexity

researchers

have

different

problems.

The

used

will

2.2

BEARING

2.2.1

methods

CAPACITY

STRESS

The

state

of

exceedingly

complex

distribution

is

influenced
area

over

by

many

which

the

the

cross-section

of

the

for

provided
any

and

properly

first

subjected

or

approach
to

For

to

shear

to

concentrated

zone.
these

below.

sustain

the
the

the

designer,

in

the

size

and
a

bearing

was

based

the

shape

of

knowledge
is

zone

is

steel

stresses,
may

is

and

between

adequate
these

stress

stress,

and

an

of

This

calculation
loads

is

relation

that

stresses

the

ZONE

zone

that

ensure
to

placed

approaching

bearing

nature.

as

stresses

detailing,

of

compressive

applied

unit.
of

bearing

other

The
blocks

the

is

the

bearing

high
such

load
of

the

very

factors,

in

BEARING

dimensional

the

distribution

essential

as

to

behaviour

CONCRETE

in

three

However,

brittle

discussed

AROUND THE

stress

due

ways
be

OF PLAIN

DISTRIBUTION

stress

of

Different

the

by

value

has

concrete

1888.

since

researchers
in

'ced

reinfoi

and

plain

limited

are
and

as

be

present.

of

stresses
on

some

well

in
tests

CHAPTER

by

Marsch

The
stress
distributed

due

preformed

in

1924.

following

The

were

assumptions

made:

<1>

at

load
the
to

to
concentrated
a
distance
equal

uniformly
are
of
width

the

prism.

<2>

The
curvature
the
stresses,
law.
parabolic
distribution

The
deduced

by

figure,

compressive

and

the
trajectories
distributed
being

of
latter

the

Mrsch

remote

the

of
is

stresses

end

the

of

if

tensile

the

rectangular

then

prism

the

the

measured

constructed
distribution.
this
load

cracking
tensile

strength

advises

2.1(c),

correction
and

suggests

that

seen

the

to

for

stress

(2.2)
law

by

Kruger

can

the

of

be

drawn

through

true.

more

stress
three
the

obtain

actual

MGrsch
h,

as

important

he

which

the

found.

block,
is

To

the

Kruger

the

formula,
be

on

but

view

of
it

[20)

his

should

that

based

from

above

depth

is

only,

be

not

material
of

he

tensile

parabolic

curve

to

the

area

according

positions

may

according
of

distributed

representing

assumption

be

can

loaded

3Z/2ab

three

any

the

(2.1)

strain

at

Since

points,

fig.

of

a parabola

It

the

to

is

transverse

strains

According
over

maximum

breath

of

of

uniform

are

the

assumption

measurements

are

trajectories

stress

2.1.

P(a-al)/4H

ft
However,

fig.

stresses

law,

parabolic

in

end-block.
Z=

and

compressive

shown

tensile
to

causes
according

also

shown

in

to

use

04

c0

hri. i7a
925 a
.
tr0.875 a
,

v
a
17

C)i
0

`
a

01-0

0.386a

0.5a

0.675a

1.00

a-

(b)

I a)

Stress

Fg. 2.1.

(c3

tra jectorL. es Ln Morsch' s theory.

b Tenstie stress dtstrLbutt, on.

c Ret ati on between h and a.

4X-

vertscol
stress
di. strt, but: on

1
1
width

transverse
stress

11
I1
I

45; 1

l
shear
stress
l

tenstion
on,
1I

______a______

t al
Ft, g. 2.2

I bl

(a) Structural

model proposed

(b) Transverse

and shear stress

by Magnet.

dt.strLbutt, ons.

CHAPTER

high-strength
amounts

of

the

as

bending

curve
the

of

means
calculated
Similarly,

the

appropriate

boundary

45

of

angle
of

longitudinal

the

principal

the

strength

of

into

the

(81,82]

distribution
assumed

in
the

loading

plate

stress

function

can

also

be

the

one
of

as

units

distribution
a cosine

function

analysis,

the

the

is

as

that

the

shown

transverse,

way,
in
tensile

example

of
by

the

the

Magnel.

theoretical

as

contact
in

an

maximum

well

fig.

as

stress
He

loads.

concentrated

the

this

fail

earlier

capacity
under

the

at

estimated

the

of

area.

distribution

will

an

be

using

In

the

block

on

contact

disperses

beam

2.2(b)

bearing

the

calculated.

reaches

By
can

assumption

The

anchorage

made
problem

be

due
in

stress

beam,

2.2(b).

calculated

the

of

fxx

fig.

cables

found.

Fig.

in

from

the

the

stress

structural
load

be

end

can

of

the

can

the

concrete.

distribution

to

0.5a

of

principal

the

Bortsch

at

at

distributed

transverse

On

anchorages

is

S
as

the

maximum

stresses

that

degree

stress

stresses

approaches

third

that

stress,

force

shearing

by

given

assumed

transverse

conditions.

degrees

condition

stress

shear

under

the

He

stresses

is

beam

2.2.

condition,
be

will

and

the

boundary
and

pressure

M,

of

fig.

AB,

plane

moment

parabolic

in

shown

reference

the

large

employ

tensile

principal

concrete

prestressed

(55,56]

particular
to

of

the

computing

of

method

end

Magnel

to

than

blocks

the

reinforcement.

Another
in

for

concrete

the

area

of

2.3.

From

longitudinal

and

CHAPTER

10

stresses

shear
tensile

stress
area

contact
it

and

is
At

20.

in

Another
the

theoretical

2.4

the

represents
AB

surface
action

on

AB,

In

addition,

does

and
be

to

The

plane

be

CD
small

following

for

the

give

any

values

of

to

the

problem
is

zone
elevation

CD.

They

by

Guyon

the

in

equilibrium

P1

conditions

and

and

must

(26,27].
beam

end

linearly,
with

calculating

of
are

distributed
area

of

with
under
forces

the

P2

as

be

satisfied

resultants.

for

maintained.

to

approximately
stresses
transverse

and

on

the

According

sectional

on

concentrated

experimental
beyond
a

the

St.

Venant

principle
and
by
verification
photoelasticity
distance
from
the
the
certain
end
of
to
the
depth
the
beam,
equal
of
longitudinal,
are
almost
entirely
be neglected.
stresses
can

resultant

of

the

fyy

stresses

along

EF

from
that
beam
the
the

must

be

zero.
<3>

and

Bartsch

.
not

used

10

block,

x/a=1.0

at

can

anchorage

the

forces

of

equilibrium

<2>

theory

approach

in

stresses

bearing

<1>

his

the

the

Magnel,

between

R
of

end

0.055P/a
R>20

by

predicted
for

the

from

unity.

approaching

the

from

of

whether

those

0.3a

to

0.2

of

transverse

maximum

0.45P/a

to

being

values

to

distance
from

1.7a

disapear,

as

0.38

of
of

large

indication

at

different

distance

with

Fig.

is
range

stress

deals

of

yy

The

calculated.

occurs

which

tensile

be

can

The
point
forces

sum

of

the

moments

of

in EF must
equal
acting
on EB and

the
FC.

the
sum

stresses
of

the

fyy

about

moments

of

a
the

11

Ft.g. 2.3

Load- dt.strtbutLon

Ln Bortsch's

theory

C
a

Sectt. onal, el, evatt on of end beam by Guyon.

Ft.g. 2.4

tenat.te
0.5p

a
i

0.4p

0.3p

'r

-I-6

0.2p

O. ip

-r---r--I
4-

( b)

Ft,g. 2.5

4(s

q/2

-r- -

--r

-----I-------Ii

yl

t
y

---

-r-

Ca)

tc)
Stress di.strLbutton

--1-

3o/2

tdi
in Guyon' s theory.

2a

CHAPTER

12

<4>

The

of

resultant

the

Considering
as

the

in

forces

the

for

axis

the

are

to
the

the

as

axis

Guyon

under-estimated

as

Bleich

shear

stresses

shown

in

the

2.7.

distribution

zone

the

use

of

2.6,

19]

presented

along

the

2.5(a).

(d).

the

of

and

the

tensile

produced
there

force,

be

will

region

recent

is

It

this

corners;

along

photo-elastic
units

concrete

The

concentration

tension

two

Airy

that

show

He
from

vertical,

the

case

an

two-dimensional

horizontal
of

the

approximate
2.8

fig.

are
formula
which

two-dimensional

modified

the

Bleich's

accurate

and
load

applied

calculated

in

F and

function

stress

the

stresses

shown

condition

developed

the

For

In
tensile

condition.

to

the

an

calculate

the

Sievers

2.5(b)

conditions.

successfully.

fig.

the

stresses.

made

to

of

action

on

fyy
fig.

for

by

caused

in

to

Fourier
tables

six

of

However,

tests

boundary

dimensional
boundary

in

using

degrees
fig.

of

zone.

as

able

shown

line

the

the

was

is

addition

spalling

well

the
he

in

by

fxy

and

variation

in

BEFC.

gives

The

shown

bursting

(5,6)

diffferent

surface

[81,82]

considered

three

the

the

[83)

fig.

for

to

applied

fxx

ai/a

that,

the

as

tests

problem,

of

along

near
to

zone.

are

note

block

tensions

referred

fyy,

force

interesting
in

stresses

contours

applied

deep

Guyon

the

equal

must

conditions

function,

value

stress

stresses,

boundary

anchorage

various

tensile
of

of

calculation

fxy

forces

above

stress

shear

horizontal

the

of

resultant

series

the

solution

in

shown
for

the

satisfied
stress
with

the

13

P
2b1t

I
I

(a)
Ft. g. 2.6

C.

(b1

LoadL.ng condttt, on tn 6Let. ch's

theory.

0.7
IiI
0.6
1I

I1

0.5

0.4

II__

- -1_
1I

.O"

-1
61

1-

-L

-I-

1-

-I-

--L

-I-

c 0.3

-II-

--I

I-

-1-

-I--1-1---i--t-L--I-

0.2
IIIIII1I
--I--t
0. i

lg-1

-1-

--1

iI11

1--I-i-

--

-1-L-I-

d. 9
.

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Ot.etance

Ftg. 2.7

Tensile

stress

1.2

1.0

0.8
fron

1.4

1.6

1.8

anchorage end

di.strt. butt. on by BLet.ch's Theory.

--

Ft.g. 2.8

SLevers's

2.0

three

d4 --]

dwmensi.onaL model.

CHAPTER

14

following

<1>

assumptions:

The
the

inner

actual
beam

two-dimensional
The

at
stresses
taken
equal
the
apparent

end
are
having

end-block

<2>

distance
to
those
of

width

from

(a-x)

of
in
b=bx

a
modified
obtained

by

analysis.

apparent

width

the

of

is

end-block

modified

given

by
bx

<3>

The
applied
distributed
It

tests

been

that

this

FRICTION

generally

fails,

pressure,

by

photoelastic

fairly

well

The

splitting

the

have

the

with

the

or
failure

the

shear

for

bearing

magnitude
along

condition

relation

carried

indicate

results
on

FAILURE

been

investigate

depending

by

OF SLIDING

THEORY

to

The

represented

uniformly

dimensional

agrees

tests

of

rock.

and

surfaces.

three

by

(2.3)

be

to

considered
ai. bx

formula

E59,1953]

concrete

area

confirmed

number

Meyerhof

is

(i+2.5nq)

distribution.

INTERNAL

(b-bl)

load
on the

has

experimental

2.2.2

= b1

-O. Birn
eq

the

of

strength

that

the

of

the

one

or

can

approximately

shearing

by

out

material
confining

several

strength

rupture
be
C,

of

the

material.

C=
where

Co = shear

resistance

Ca +p
per

unit

(2.4)

-tan'r
area

for

p=O.

CHAPTER

15

p=
-e

effective
= angle
of

Consider

material

is

semi-apex

angle

as

found

equilibrium

of

horizontal

pressure,

uniformly

distributed

splitting

the

prism

shown

in

fig.

a,

half

of

the

Ph

stress,

fb

be

co

simplified

ratios

differentiating

by

that

The

the

block

is

horizontal

(2.5)
tensile

the

in

= 2C

-cotes

to

obtain

2H/a1-cotta

horizontal

Eq.

to

stresses
splitting

the

2.5,

unconfined

(2.6)
the

" ft.

ultimate

bearing

cota
(2.7)

(OH/ai-cota)
of

-f'

H/al
fb/fc

By

the

2-C0-tans,

of

produced

-=i+
f"
large

Substituting

fb

For

as

fb2"tan2a

f'
can

with

considering

the

of

is

strength

which

wedge

footing

of

wedge.

distribution

2.9(a).

assuming

splitting

the

obtained

moment

failure,

By
and

on

concentrically

the

2.9(b)..

the

causing

be

can

On

wedge

plane.

shear

acting

2.9.

fig.

along

bending
fig.

ai

the

beneath

to

triangular

pressure,

width

equal

Ph

resist

of

on

immediately

pressure

assuming

pressure
friction.

load

strip

block

concrete

normal
internal

Eq. 2.7

=1+
with

ft-H/(4Co-al)
respect

(2.8)
to

a,

the

minimum

value

CHARTER

16

of

fb/f

be

can

obtained

as

fb/f'
is

lower

strength

ratio.

It

can

surface

footings

is

directly

thickness

to

results

that

show

somewhat

difference

due

material
had

which
H/D,

be

to

been

the

(fb/f),

tends

present

analysis
increased

less

than

the
by

theory.

for
out

a footing
by

result:
increases,

failure

limiting
on

Muguruma
bearing

bearing

of

capacity

particularly

24

times

the

1657

decreases

as

for

with

those

mass

of

height
small

by

the

If

the
is

blocks
premature

is

material

the

cylinder

indicate
the

of
the

However,

of

strength

given

estimated

size

the

blocks,

degree.

the

be

solid.
Niyogi

is

account

the

with

this

ratios

prism

of

small

of

large

w=45
of

can

the

of

the

with

on

capacity

and

base

which

splitting

a semi-infinite
0627

capacity

Where

value

(H/D);

to

estimate

rapidly

diameter

the

is

blocks

mass

confinement

capacity

shearing

block

experimental

For

of

of

of

for

analysis.

value

ratio

estimates

lateral
on

limiting

bearing

the

the

bearing

theoretical

increases

the

by

in

splitting.

It

approaches

footing

to

the

the

of

cylinder

capacity

Moreover,

restraint

the

the

prevented,

to

for

is

failure

the

bearing
to

theoretical

explained

of

the

capacity

the

rejected

width

that

bearing

frictional

ratio

seen

to

strength

H/ai.

thickness

may

bearing

(2.9)

-fl)

proportional

than

block

of

be

for

width
the

greater

ratio

bound

footing

(ai

I5H-ft/

=2+O.

the

which

from

the

block

and

strength

tests
the
of
values

carried
opposite
block

the
of

the

CHAPTER

17

ratio
the

(footing

distribution

non-linear

height

Tests
the

block

the

of

16

(series

B)

width

failure,

at
block

split

concrete

be

can

fig.

plate,

square

splitting
combined
a

stress

tensile

Based

Again,

direct

can

tension

distribution
stress

with
Ph

pressure
force

at

be

calculated.

and

bending

top

shown
of

the

it

in
block

the

the

was
of
is

not

assumes

loaded

with
Eq.

the

the

2.5

uniform

horizontal

force

produces
block

concrete

be

the

of

block

of

2.10(e).
can

were

He

This

fig.

were

proposal,

wedge,

in

of

splitting

is

assumption
the

sliding

blocks

pyramid.

Meyerhof's

the

the

deformation

of

as

on

to

bottom

large

inverted

along

as
the

an

of

the

that

depth

diagonally

split
2.1O.

obtained.

horizontal

of

will

the

and

top

formation

the

at

from

series

pyramids

indicate

resulting

formation

block

the

first

This

plate

B,

clear-cut

no

appeared

base

the

after

half

or

in

due

series

cases,

most

the

at

splitting

in

upward.

the

was
started

those

pressure

the

the

from
A)

that,

found

reached

was

usually

radial

for

enough
that

in

and

under

It
which

load

progressed

by

caused

to

determine

(series

full

indicating

For

Cracks
and

as

R ranging

with

either

block.
crack

pyramid.

observed.
sides

the

maximum

radially

Ph

to

[6,7,19603

blocks

to

downward

inverted

an

stresses,

Au

concrete

vertical

The

Tung

equals

of

progressed

failure.

by
of

depth

with

due

increase.

capacity

and

tensile

of

conducted

were

bearing

to

area).

area/loading

is

this

Probably

The
computed

with
maximum

as

re,

LqJ
Ph
-4

14_Ph0/2octo

18

P-

ft'+OOcc!

lye 0+"12
octal

ur-

Ifs

c a)

c bi

c ai

Myerhof.
by
model proposed

Structural

FLg. 2.9

wii19

IIN

PH
y01

II
0
t b)-

l o)
02/2

10

(c)

1
direct

a,

stress

bendLn8 stress

-bendi.

Ftg. 2. i0

ng stress

Tung
Au.
by
model proposed

Structural

tb'h
Co i__
2stnoC

F0

2st. nO(

(a)
Ft. g. 2.11

StructuraL

model, proposed

(b)
by Hawkins.

CHAPTER

19

ft

= Ph/K*coto

(2.10)

where

a1Z

''

cotoc

a1/6

1y-

(2.11)

Y
k4A

and

A=

area
wedge,

y=
I=

position
second
axis.

By
to

the

of

diagonal

of the
neutral
inertia
of
moment

in

substituting

cylinder

found

was

from

19

from

to

25
to

sensitive
Eq. 2.12
pressure,

the

becomes

non-linear

Eq. 2.12

only

provides

A
Hawkins

degs.

an

130-32].

criterion
For

factor

For

regions

subject

for

due

principal

regions
is

to

assumed

angle

the

a,

sliding

along
The

high

the

of

block

Therefore,

empirical

it

constants.

is

maximum

to
tensile

limiting

tension,
stress.
is

failure

compression,
planes

by

adapted

essentially
be

from

Nevertheless,

concrete

subject

are

at

applies.

the

for

results

depth

the

varies

and

Moreover,

relating

to

cots

solution.

essentially

stress.

strength

(2.12)

both

of

longer

to

neutral

bearing

apex

justify.

no

the

-cots

half

value

approximate

basis

failure

of

')

along
2.1O

the

except

as

As

the
to

Eq.

and

governing

direction

the

the

distribution

stress

be

2.5,

-* K-ftIf

in

scattered

rational

to

top,
the
A about

obtained

that

changes

the

assumed

from
area

approximately.

gives

dual

and
be

can

experiment

too

2.9

block

the

of

axis
of

2C0/f

=t

small

are

Egs.

ratio

strength
fb1f

It

section

inclined
stress

to

the

on

the

20

failure

is

plane

taken

again

specimen

fig.

2.11.

the

crack.

of

failure
For

F0

force

to

the

assume

ABC

depends

formed

of

the

(2.13)
by

offered
Lenschow

and

the

11.8M0

Wa +

/Wa
. -f

'c.

is

the

2.11(b).

magnitude

of

measure

Mo

is

Mo

depends

approximately

the

moment
on

about

the

position

-Wa2

Eq. 2.14,2.15

substituting

crack

the

/2H

= fc

into

length
line

crack
of

in

shown

spalling

DE.

The

crack

FG.

2.13

fb -a12/a

(2.15)

gives

-Wa-f/T-1.49a12-fc/Wa

if2.41ft-Wa+5.9a1
fb

a-t,

by

given

Mo = fb -ai
By

the

of

4R%

7.84

is

521

that

l1.8L/W

Mo

block

Sozen

"Q

fig.

into

wedge

crack.

2.41ft,

where

in

shown
down

punched

and

resistance

the

of

penetration

is

as

2Fo-cotm/al

+
the

upon

loaded

section

equilibrium
=

(2.4)

p-tan'

rectangular

fb
The

Co

wedge

the

as

C=
Consider

CHAPTER

+al

(11.

GL/Wa+7.84)tanm/2-5.9Wa/T+1.49a1/Wa
(2.16)

At

the

collapse

length
Eq. 2.13

L equals
gives

rate
the

of

change

tensile

in

the

strength

force
ft.

F0

with

Differentiation

increase

in
of

CHAPTER

21

d (fb)

tans-

_d (L)
Differentiation
Eq. 2.17

give

WT

-tanoc

a1-fc
2.41+5.91

+ 0.291

T can

of

W
a

l a/2

Shelson

the
area

to

relatively

has

and

loading
low

W
a

(2.19)

> a/3

in.

tests

out

carried

base

steel

a mild

bearing

maximum

> a/6

FORMULA

through

1.41,2.0,2.93

(2.18)

W < a/3
a

1a

E76]

loaded

cubes

\Wa!

1-0.664
1

T=i

....

EMPIRICAL

2.2.3

14.5

T=i

....

load

(a1\2

W < a/6
a

SW
a
ecc.

the

which

by

estimated
` 3W

load

-1.48(-)
T-ft

sym.

for

L/Wa

W -tans

For

and

for

expression

into

substitution

0.25a1

Wa

value

w. r. t.

quadratic

aa

The

a1

is

root

positive

d (L)

Eq. 2.16

(2.17)

tans

a1

of

2ft

(Fo)

2d

increased

area

increased

value

of

R,

twenty-one

in.

thick
He

respectively.

square

pressure

1/4

on

as
the

as
shown
bearing

the
in

fig.
capacity

and

2.12.

1.0,
that

found
of

ratio

Bin.

footing
For
increases

22

considerably
ratio

bearing

of

have

the

as

limit

of

with

comparable

ACI

Code

with

Code

provides

ratio

of

R,

5,

corresponds

factor

more

but

for

low

margin

of

safety

is

formula

has

been

of

safety

than

has

from

obtained

to

loading

of

together

plotted

of

not

that

safety

which
good

more

by

higher
in

common
A

enough.

proposed

the

the

at

are

the

of

indicates

It

R,

of

of

the

specifications

4.

margin

values

case

been
the

of

ample

the

tends

strength

to

2.12

larger

R becomes

compressive

design

reasonable

Fig.

curve

the

practice,

(fig.

to

which

As

the

capacity

footing.

semi-infinte

incrased.

ratio

CHAPTER

Shelson

more

1767

as

2.12)
T

fb/fc
It

follows

Code

the

values

of

R,

plate

the

have

distance
(edge

loaded

the

by
the

distance,

the

quite

with

found
square

the

width
bearing
Wa).

by

out

curve
Code

the

ACI

provides

and

for

but

conservative

root

Kriz

[49],

different

that

tensile

concrete

of

this

end,

than

closely

more

with

remains

carried

He
to

influenced

lower

accordance

been

sizes.

the

the

curve

specimens

proportional

curve

(2.20)

a
higher

certainly

improvement.

an

Tests
concrete

in

stress

represents

to

At

requirement.

permissible

failure

actual

F7 .3

= 0.25

edge

the
of

bearing

plates
Splitting

the

the
failure

strength

was

is

related

strength

of

plain
and

plates
edge

39

distances

turn

Bearing
bearing

from

in

which

strength.
of

through

and
the

occurred

was
by

the

specimen
when

the

CHAPTER

23

distance

was

failure

along

inner
a

edge

than

more

inclined

an
the

of

mm.,
plane

bearing

formula

proposed

40

to

used

there

extending

outward

For

plate.

was

otherwise

was

the

calculate

shear
the

from

concrete

plain

specimens,

bearing

strength

as

fb=5.73

To

investigate

bearing
in

capacity,
two

250
150

with

five
I
was

block

b,

applying
from

effect

150

mm,

Specimens

having

distributed
in

the

results

these

to

400

the

square

An

in

adopted
II.

series

plate

that

so

thickness

plate

the

of

was

formula

empirical

500,250

of
were

mm,

throughout

out

rectangular

mm section

rectangular

had

heights

II

load.
of

100

with

series

concentrated

200

from

uniformly

while

different

200

loaded

were

upon

carried

were

Series

three

block

concrete

of
tests

[627.

heights,

specimens

height

loading

with

(2.21)

(Wa/al)1/3

of

Muguruma

different

Series
load

by

mm.

f'0
c

concentrated

series

section
and

the

for

used
was

derived

tests,

7.61H/a-3.54
16.44H/a-6.65
fb
This

1/(6.67H/a-2.91)

empirical

bearing

capacity

strength

about

becomes

important

It

is

is

equation
of

suggested

It
the

of
was

value
by

) -ft-R
to

applicable

concrete

40N/mm2.
as

+ 0.71

Niyogi

the

that

R become

[65,66]

prediction
high

relatively

noted
of

(2.22)

the

of

the

compressive

effect

of

height

smaller.
that

the

bearing

CHAPTER

24

of

capacity
<1>

The
(a)
(b)
(c)

<2>

The

<3>
<4>

Mix
Size

block
condition,
and loading
loaded
of
surface
of the
plate,
of bearing
defined
as ratio
of specimen
loading,
as
expressed
of

proportions
the
of

strength

The

and
specimen.

of

rectangular

unaxial
it

is

seen

underestimates
somewhat
Fig.

2.13
that

seen

increasing

square
on
by

that

the

the

bearing

gives
for

a
R

plot

of

less

height

than
the

of

the

<2>

and,

than

of

greater
This

strength.

increased

concentration

specimens,

leading

to

from

top

bottom.

and

Finally,

the

as

was

It

the

at

localized

height

to
of

had

lower

caused
the

bottom

loading
ratio

with
due

probably

be

can

decreased

perhaps

reaction

and
loading.

strip

blocks

shallow

tests,

loading

experiment.

was

with

considerably

strength

the

concrete

block
of

for
the

8,

equivalent

the

square

friction

vertical

conducted.

of

result

for

from
load,

were

concrete

This

base

and

varied

formula

bearing

reduction
of

an

the
As

specimens.

increased
specimen
size
effect.

both

loading

of

the
the

bearing

capacity

strength

reduced

with

bearing

strength

The

But

plates,

results

e/a

eccentric

and

cube-root

<1>

influence

load

bearing

the

overestimates

H/a,

dimensions

with

load.

eccentric

specimen

concrete,

strip

investigated

biaxial

and

blocks

eccentricity

also

was

of

under

and
of

effect

block

100

over

24x8x24ins,

to

with

by

influenced

the
geometry
of
dimensions
the
to those
relative
height
relative
eccentricities
e/b,
bearing
area,

Tests
0.5x8x4

is

a specimen

of

condition
the

bearing

by
of

25

6
11111111
--y-t--I

r5
p

r
p4

Test curve
I

J.

F 'T -F

3
11

L
z
ii

Pro Deed
-wt th softy factor B4

ACI Code T

- -i - r- w th. aafty factor

20

40

60

4
i
80

100

Foott. ng area/Loaded area

Ft,g. 2.12

Bearing strength

to area ratio.

Shelson.

3.0
R-16

2.5

R-12

2.0

R-8

R-6

1.5

R-4
!. 0
R-2
0.5

0
( a)

Ft. g. 2. i3

0.5

1.0

1.5
H/a
( b)

2.0

2.5

3.0

Influence of bearLng strength by the

het.ght of the specimen. Nt.yogt..

11

tof
FLg. 2. i4 Coulomb's

tbl
fat Lure hypothesis.

CHAPTER

26

load

the

to

capacity

compressive
block

concrete

fb

cylinder
be

can

The

/a

influence

of

block

concrete

be

can

/e

[ 0.83

= 2.36

by

eb, 2

ka

b/

+ 5.06

capacity

influence

the

10.5

(2.23)

bearing

the

on

represented

I
ie

\a1

eccentricity

10.5

b1
-)
b1/

(--

+-+11-0.291
b1
jL

[a1

concentric

by

estimated

[abi[

-=0.421fc

of

strength

the

of

factor

Ie

eb

ea
44 (b)-1.15
a

)j-.

(2.24)

2.2.4

PLASTIC

ANALYSIS

Coulomb's
which

it

failure

was

the

internal

the

sliding

hypothesis
that

assumed

by

can

For

uniaxial

be

hypothesis

constant

normal

and

on

pressure

was

formulated

Co

(2.25)

p-tanw

as

in

shown

2.14(a)

fig.

compression

fc
Coulomb's

the

assumption

diagrammatically

represented

is

in

1773,

as

C=
and

to

This

(1882)

Mohr

in

presented
cohesion

proportional

21].

surface

mathematically

internal

the

is

friction

was

-failure
(the

= 2CQ"cot'

where

hypothesis

can
failure

separation

failure

surfaces

move

failure

section,

provided

away

be

from
the

a=

45-w/2

biggest

by

supplemented
hypothesis)

each

(2.26)

other
tensile

in

another

to

perpendicular
stress

the

which,

is

the

equal

27

to

the

can

be

also

in

narrow
II

and

in

fig.

an

making

per

zone

2.15.
p

length

unit

height

of

angle

in

homogeneous

plane

Part
to

the

between

II

moves
of

line

f'-V(1-sing)/2

two

crack.

I f'-V(1-sinp)/2

wedge

of

with

loading

surface,

it

Splitting

failure

vert.

crack

an

by

found

External

done

work

the

equating

f.
fb

minimum

work

o>e

by

the

internal
[1-sin'r,

2m is

the
to

(2.27)
in

fig.

along

vertical

load

and
/2

2.16(a).

beneath

formed
the

the

surface.

crack.

the
(2.28)

= 2f-V(H-ai-cot(K/2)-sin(p+v)

(2.29)

is

ai.

V. cos(a+v)

external

+ ft-sin(a+,

work
r)

(2.30)
we find

[2H-since/a1-coso
(2.31)

=
sins

For

is

(1-sines)/2

We = fb.
By

shown

sliding

along

corresponding

Wie

as

angle

apex

W.
= f*-V-ai
ILW
is

internal

....

load

strip

fails

is

work

is

The

part

sins-sine

+ ft-V-

with

material

wedge

to

1-sine

loaded

The-internal

relation

marked

oe<e

L
is

occurring

parts,

.....................

W=i

A block

rigid

discontinuity

of

hypothesis

field

in

fb

2.14(b).

fig.

deformation

direction

the

along

This

of=ft.

diagrammatically

represented

Consider

i. e.

ft,

resistance

separating

CHAPTER

- cos((X+w)

CHAPTER

28

10.5

2H-cosw/al
= tans

cots

+ secaI1

-1-

L
fb

f'(1-sin(x)/2f

t-sin'r"

ft(2H-tan(2p+v)/a1

1)

(2.32)

(min)
If

loading

the

fails

by

is

plate

shearing

Similarly,

by

too
the

off

(min)

to

CAPACITY

Shizuo

Ban

investigate

cracking

and

in

length

an

anchorage

assumed

as

splitting
was

7.1

by

0.5

of

1/3

of

tests

of

6x12

the

tensile

in

two-dimensional

its

in

ins.

thick

stress

for

capacity

anchorage
ultimate

plate

of

concrete

load)

larger.
was

from

2x2

in

particularly
initial

in

inches

tension

was
tensile

reinforcement

based

found
way

ins.
with

by

Spiral
region

20.8

6x4

determined

effective

approximately

to

the

upon

loaded

concrete

was

The

specimens

blocks

cross-section,

overstress

most

eighteen

mortar

cylinders.

It

becomes

(2.33)

of

strength

ins.

obtain

we

reinforcement

used

ins.

tensile

the

was

tests

He

solution.

reinforcement

the

4.75

permissible

arranged

bearing

loads.

work,

+a1)/2a1

transverse

of

2.16(b).

fig.

CONCRETE

performed

effect

plate

The

has

ultimate

and

plan.

OF REINFORCED

C9]

the

it

specimen

in

shown
external

and

f'-(2W
c

the

of

edge

as

internal

considering

BEARING

the

corner

fb

2.3

to

near

on

Bleich's

that

spiral

to

increase

as

the

cracking
proportional

the
size

load
to

of
(not
the

29
1

II

p;

TI

I
z':

Ft.g. 2.15

Deformatt. on ft, eLd tn pLastLc anal,ysts.

oc

a -90

( b)

ta)

Ft.g. 2.16

Loodtng condttt. on in ptastt. c andysi. s.

1.4
'

1IIi

P-

ULtt. eate Load of

Ret.nforced concrete.

1.2
Pa - ULti. nate Load of
PLa. n concrete.

1
1I

e
a

i
a

1.0
1I1
0

0.2

0.4

1
0.6

% of rei. ntorceeent

Fi. g. 2.17

Effect

0.8

1.0

--

of reLnforcement

on bearing

strength

Muguruma.

CHAPTER

30

cylinder

fC

strength
For

the

Muguruma

[62].

The

increase

of

losing

the

spiral

little

increase
failure

sliding
failure

of

percentage

in

effective

to

Niyogi

E67]
All

reinforced
sizes
or

part

also

tests
with

bearing

were

either

were

used

depth

of

with
spiral
of

the

large
cubes.

shear
The

plate.
to
The
steel

capacity

the

use

was
as

of
more

well

circular

as

spiral

square

spiral

cracking.

tests

performed

be

2.17.

than

and

because

would

Moreover,
effective

the

with

expected,

of

load

ultimate

more

fig.

was

However,

proportion

diameter

load.

resist

in

there

reinforcement

base

in

shown

smaller

the

was

reinforcement

spiral

cracking

reinforcement

blocks.

with

be

by

larger

load.

the

under

as

but

there

increased

increasing

initial

the

just

became

spiral

or

tested

comparison

to

was

place

reinforcement

reinforcement

spiral

the

capacity

capacity

having

were

in

inside

take

specimens

cracking

smaller

spiral
block,

reinforcement

initial

A"

concrete

bearing

ultimate

became

would

the

of

A'

cube

of

concrete

capacity

of

the

bearing

of

200mm

bearing

in

area

of

reinforcement

diameter

area

sectional

concrete

full

of

the

ultimate

increase

obvious

when

on

spiral

effects

capacity

tests

percentages

the

obtaining

bearing

loading

concentrated

no

of

the

on

different

concrete.

purpose

reinforcement

with

of

in.

in

reinforced

concrete

steel

or

and

small

The

concrete

cubes

which
mesh.

Two

extending

to

reinforcing
diameter

numbers

of

were

turns

for

the

CHAPTER

31

spirals

were

provided

to

hold

for

steel

of

volume

specimens

the

lateral

below,

strength

in

against

diameter

(S, SH)

specimens

against

specimens

with

did

by

bearing
increase

the

in

the

effective
With
in

increase

induced

concrete
bearing

strength
of

of

In

general,

bearing

plain

compressive
by
of

concrete

the

the
spirally
of

steel

similar

p=
volumetric
K may be taken

lateral
% of
as 55 for

=1+

all

steel,
variation

to
with

in
R.

ratio
the

increase

concrete

the

over
due

was

load.

of

result

confined

be

increase

load

may

of

volumetric

the

under

quality

n(reinft)/n(plain)
where

the

the

reinforced

the

loads

probably

of

small
of

particular

the

strength
lateral

of

than

concentrated

reinforcement

spiral

more

influenced

was

was

strength
of

Spiral

higher

for

of
be

to

reinforcement

greater

reinforcement

provision

were

the
the

spreading

concrete.
the

provision

the

cracking

Cracking

the

cubic
in

resistance

cracking.
plates

by

capacity

the

the

the

that

forms.

other

total

of

shown

appeared

increase

steel

of

the

BH)

bearing

lateral

of

percentage

volume
are

with

than

not

basis

noted

(B,

initial

plates.

smaller

is

spiral

cracking

the

reinforcement
It

larger

extent

of

improved

Large

effective

the

lateral

of

percentage
on

against

2.1B.

general

reinforcement.

that

types
fig.

The

calculated

steel

was

reinforcement

vertical

steel.
was

Different

diagram

The

lateral

the

the

specimen.

lesser

Nominal

varied.

to
of

core
Thus,

the
to

compared
expressed

K-p

as

(2.34)

of

R.

32

Q0 0

QoQ
29t

-aI

8-Type

S-Type

BH-Type

SH-Type

GS-Type

DG-Type

0oDD
BS-Type

BSH-Type

Ft,g. 2.18

^-

4&-bs'.

Forms of ret, of orcement tested

-1

1---

---

szone

by Ni. yogi.
.

tReference
Pone
X

P
(c)

Mo
(V I

Y,

( b)

Pz

Ya

V
1

V,

"e

tot

H0

Ft.g. 2. i9

(d)

Fat.Lure mecharn.sm of concrete

bearing block by Lenshow.

Loadtng

CHAPTER

33

C52]

Lenschow
concrete
distribution
beam

of

referred

to

tensile

stress

of

and

shown

shown

fig.

2.19(b)

According

to

is

inserted

the

maximum

bursting

stress
fbc

The
at
the

force
the

of
surface

concrete

a single
of
neglected

The

prismatic
load

maximum

(d).

and
concrete
the

of
spalling

and
beam.
stress

(2.36)

= Mo/b-hb2

spalling
was

(2.35)

"hb2

is

transverse

of

concentration
the

anchorage

2.19(c)

parts

outer

-Mo/b
-2 "d

f=
and

the

concentrated

figs.

called

is

section

rectangular

was

the

the

analogue,

(d).
a

in

beams

the

of

physical

to

represented

deflection
the

the

for

was

transverse

plane

to

2.19(b)

subjected

by

represented
springs

the

fig.

in

The
load

the

while

analogue

physical

in

cuts

the

of

longitudinal

other

any

the

stresses.

axis

stress'

The

is

in

resisted

'bursting

across

beam

Fictitious

for

the

the.

deflections

longitudinal

transverse

of

to

parallel
The

the

the

across

stress'.

be

could

to

The
zone

anchorage

2.19(a).

fig.

the

load.

acting

across

stress

as

'spalling

beam

inserted

tensile

transverse

load
in

related

were

the

in

stress

pictured

springs

beam

zone

is

for

mechanism

concentrated

concentrated

axis

fictitious

the

transverse
to

subjected

the

to

subjected
of

longitudinal

proposed

block

failure

zone

expressed

with
as

tensile

reinforcement
strength

of

CHAPTER

34

Fo

r11
1

-M

L
where

Ec

= Young

Ib

Second

= Sectional

hb

= depth

advisable

in

the

be

expressed

200
the

splitting

200

400

direction

the

plane.

reference

tensile

be

can

strength

the

of

terms

fo

= Mo (1-ft/fb)

force

of

bursting

crack
It

reinforcement.

close

at

(2.38)

the

on

position

in

2]

(b "ft/Mo)

Ib/K-

stirrups

The

spacing.
length

unit

per

force

f0,

can

vertical

He

failure.

load

the
the

with

sides
line.

as

of

an

lightly

reinforced

made

number

reinforcement
in

fig.

of

the

By

considering

wedge

bound

upper

This

mechanism.

in

observed

(2.39)

problem

failure

mm blocks

/hb2

the

considered

using

of
along

the

the

frequently

as

occurred
along

has

Cab]

is

Ec.

light

use

below

reinforcement

with

plane,

as

[1-

Fo

solution

failure

the

as

Jensen

known

F0

reinforcement

plastic

below

section

reference

concrete

transverse

to

is

the

of

the

section

modifying

drastically

varies

inertia

below

the

of

of

effect

the

of

F1

The

concrete,

of

area

effect
by

3W/Mo

"G -

y/Ab

plane,

Ab

recognized

of

moment

reference

The

(2.37)
9Ec - Ib

Modulus

type

of

blocks

and

tests

on

of

to

perpendicular

2.20.

and

a
the

sliding

separation
external

failure
failure
work

done

35
-I

V2

V2
0

(b)

(a)

faLLure

SLi at ng and separatLon

nsen.
mec an sm y

Ft,g. 2.20

q_j

r-

7A, f

reent orcedf cconcreteel, oc

Fg. 2.2i

for
a.

I-1
A, fu

AA
c/2

(b)

(a)

Ftg. 2.22

AL-NaJJLm's fai.,Lure mechann.

sm for
bLocks.
reLnforced

concrete

CHAPTER

36

by

the

load

reinforcement,
be

could
the

and

the

the

bearing
in

expressed

angle

internal

and

capacity

terms

in ternal

of

friction

the

the

of

the

of

and

concrete

block

reinforced

degree

reinforcement

of

w as

4.1-sin(+')

fb

by

work

(1-sinv')

-sing

(2.40)

f'

2cos(p+')

-sin

where
11
tang

For

high

+ 4"j1-cosy/(1-sinn)

(2.41)

the

sin', ']

0.5

4"/(1-sin")
above

+ cos'r
be

can

equation

by

estimated

a straight

line
fb/f'

Nielsen

164]
block

quarter

reaction

maintained

in

load
It

tensile

and
can

be

He

with

that

that

the
the

the

with

strength

of

Al-Nijjam

[63)

some

modifications.

the

proposed

load
the

and

transverse

steel
load

light

can

t=

and
the

near

as

in

be

expressed

fig.

2.21.
as
(2.43)
the

provided,

compressive

uniformly

2As-fy/bi-hi

reinforcement

the

of

block,

original
compression

ultimate

on

equilibrium

horizontal

where

depended

capacity

tensile

in

of

= t-bi-hi/(a-ai)2

concluded

carrying
the

forces

calculated

Pu

by

(2.42)

vertical

mid-height

equilibrium

1.2

rotational

by

on
at

the

considered
acted

distributed

= 2.6.1

strength

and

not

concrete.

a model
Fig.

2.22(b)

based

on
shows

Nielsen's
the

model
state

of

37

internal

forces

vertical

load

AA at

on

block

mid-height

capacity

2.22(b)

a triangular

of

the

by

Nielsen.
limit

upper

of

the

When

the

the

of

bearing

as

fb/f

was

lighter,

be

could

instead

block,

original

an

di stribution

stress

proposed

expressed

bearing

the

cases

and

reinforcement

fig.

of

top

the

with

system

equilibrium

reinforced,
be

could

the

an

stress

heavily

was

When

the

distribution

uniform

as

assumed
at

CHAPTER

1/3

(a/a1)

the

maintained

capacity

(2.44)

be

the

to

related

for

and

a2<a

with

could

conditions

equilibrium

these

reduced

dimensions

to

Referring

fig.

these,

a`
in

substituting

Therefore
4th

degree

the

It

is

(a/a2)

= e/z

(a2/b-a1/4)/z

(2.45)

= 2A

12z-As-f

(2.47)

/P

-f
5yu
/P

(2.46)

+ 3a1/2

(2.48)

Eq. 2.45
[12z-As-f

fb/f

the

bearing

/(a12-bi

capacity

can

"f b)
be

+ 3/2]1/3

(2.49)
in

expressed

form

of

polynomial.
(fb/f

with

cote

also

Equating
By

fb/f'
2.22.
cote
and

1/3

limitation
noted

that

')
c

4-

fb/f'
the

influence

3fb/2f'

<

=1

(12z/al

(2.50)

Ca/a111/3
of

reinforcement

(2.51)
at

a distance

38

than

greater
from

the

by

bearing

Kriz

different

Group

II

The

very

were

and

small

forms

of

185

of

made

be

may

neglected

columns

reinforced

across

their

width

were

divided

into

specimens

through

steel

seven

groups

reinforcement.

4
of
reinforced
no. 5 bars
with
The
reinforcement
grade.
vertical
to
8 ins.
centre
no. 2 ties
with
spaced
top
the
The
lateral
of
centre.
at
reinforcement
two
the
with
column
consisted
grill
of
a welded
2,3,4
lateral
bars
bar
5
cross
as shown
and
or
in
fig.
2.23(a).
pecimens
intermediate
tied
was

-Vertical
no. 11

Group

III

Group

IV

Group

Group

VI

Group

VII

colum
with

bars
were

-Ties
-Both
omitted.
Two

were

to

-Ties

column

three

and

reinforcement
fy = 90,000psi.

layer

of

lateral
2
of

bent

as

with

spacing

bars

are

failed

along

plain

concrete
under

the

reinforcement

the

behaviour

with
an

bearing

inclined

in
of

the

group

specimen.

were

fig.

and

2.23(c).

laterally
two bearing

the

at

II

VI

by 5
no. 4
plate
as in

edge

to

to

plates.
II

reinforcement
ins.,
fig.
2.23(b).

and

similar

Group

bearing

the

were

in

plates
plane

specimens.

ties

reinforcement

reinforced
were
-Specimens
deformed
bars
to
welded
fig.
2.23(d)
.

Specimens

of

consisted

omitted.

vertical

provided

concrete

is

distributed

plates.

1493

loads

to

subjected

Group

load

calculation.

Tests

with

from

a/2

CHAPTER

VI

of

those

failed
modifications

had

only

Omitting

of

column

observed
by

The

the

crushing
made

a small
ties

effect
or

vertical

in
of
in
on

39

SomeStag Bawrl
8
Saga Sza B

li"

w"

!. 5'

E----12'--I

L
Group I. Wetded
Lateral. Rei.nt

Group V. Welded Lateral.

Rei.nt. *.n Layers

Group VI. Bent

Laterd Ret.nt.

(b)

(a)

1
1=7

C1

(c)

iI

'

Ti

i/4'x2 HR

3/2'

I
42'-

-!
I
Butt
Wetd

5/8

i/4' x0' x3'L

2 PLomng
Anchorage

Ti... 8'cc

5Bars /

Group VII Lateral. Rei.ntt.

Melded to plates

5Bars/

Group VIII Welded Angle &

Flat Bar Lateral. Retnft.

( d)

Ft. g. 2.23

Forms of reLnforcement

(e)

tested

by Kri. z.

40

bars

in

resulted
layers

additional
in

cracking

top

distance

was
the

fb

no
less

tests

the

of
effect

The

columns.

40

of

cracks,

the

lateral

bearing

the

reinforcement
the

when

strength

Empirical

mm.

while

contained

reinforcement

on

than

to

propagation

lateral

of

the

had

apparently

from

increased

CHAPTER

formulae

edge

derived

were

be

= 5.73f'0.5_(Wa/a1)1/3.11+0.198C1(As1/b)H/V](1/16)
c

(2.52)

where

F0.....

Wa < 40mm.

c1=1l2.5
Wa > 40mm.

.....

This

H=

Horizontal

V=
Ast

Vertical
force,
= Cross-section

agreed

force,

the

with

lateral

of

area

steel.

experimental

results

with

slight

under-estimation.

2.4

(1)

SUMMARY

Magnel

155,567
block

anchorage
was
(2)

as

found

shown

Bartsch

in

[81]

distribution

of

0.2

in

the

fig.

2.2b.

the

loading

0.3a

tensile
from

the

distribution

stress

direction

transverse
to

the

assumed
on

maximum

that

of

plate

loading

and
occurred

surface.

force

anchorage

function

cosine

stress

the

of
found
at
Tensile

an

of

load
the

that
a

distance
stress

41

diminished

gradually
(3)

Guyon

[26,273

fig.

made

2.5a.

He

calculation

(4)

further

distribution

stress

Bleich

(82]

distribution
introducing

an

Bleich's

of

the

series

to

(Eq.

width

for

the

2.7.

Sievers

By
modified

three-dimensional

for

solution

the

find

fig.

2.3),

in

shown

to
in

stress

conditions.

functions

anchorage

obtain

as

loading

plate.

tables

six

stress

two-dimensional

loading

zone

different

under

apparent

the

anchorage

constructed

Airy

of

Fourier

of

stress

used

from

away

use

also

of

CHAPTER

used.

(5)

Based

the

on

assumption

of

pressure

blocks
that

stated

to

capacity
however

indicated
non-uniform

Au's

presence

opposite
distribution

[6,77

formula

out
this

result;
of

tensile

only

gives

by
is

with

his

small

H/a

which

had

calculations,
to

Muguruma
probably

stress

than

greater

friction

proportional

[6,7]

concrete

was

From

carried

Au

Meyerhof

blocks

base

analysis.

directly

Tung

reinforced

in
of

splitting

and

strength

the

and

respectively).

especially

tests

the

of

bearing

the
is

[59]

2.10

and

2.4

horizontal

model

2.7

the
in

neglected

bearing

Tung

(Egs.

due

ratio,

failure

Eq.

concrete,

tleyerhof

wedge,

estimates,

ratios,

of

distributed

experimental

theoretical

(6)

the
their

out

bearing

strength

uniform

along

worked

been

shear

height/width
and
due

Niyogi
to

the

Ph.

approximate

bearing

CHAPTER

42

blocks,

concrete

of

strength

because

the

of

variation

of

a.

(7)

failure

Dual

was

sliding
of

W)

block

Empirical

162]

be

takes

which

Eq.

by

Shelson

by

account

2.16.

Kriz

E76],

the

of

shear

strengths

Muguruma's

(65,66].

Niyogi

Bearing

E30-323.

used

and

separation

estimated

were
and

one

only

Hawkins

can

solutions

Muguruma

tensile

of

by

adopted

concrete

the

mode

(49],

formula

is

of

the

height

specimens.

(9)

Plastic
of

Egs.

work,

(10)

by

concrete

(11)

smaller
the
to

(12)

of

(62]

152]

blocks
solution

calculated

for

and

(65-67]

stated

that

and

the

loading

to

concentrated

maximum
by

to

way

spiral

increase

the

spiral

reinforcement

with

comparable
is

area

an

with
inside

area

way

effective

capacity.
a failure

the

external

blocks.

proposed

subjected

strength

energy

that

steel

to

bearing

bearing

internal

effective

concrete

of

reinforcement
improve

most

suggested

diameter

Lenschow

be

the

capacity

Myguruma

Niyogi

and
is

reinforcement
bearing

the

the

2.33.

and

19]

find

to

used

equating

2.32

Ban

Shizuo

be

can

analysis

Eqs.

2.35

spalling
and

mechanism

for

load

arrived

and
2.36

and
bursting

respectively.

concrete

stresses

at

to
Forces

43

on

the

transverse

CHAPTER

reinforcement

are

given

by

Eqs.

2.37

and

2.38.

(13)

Nielson
the

E64]

and

equilibrium

Al-Nijjam
of

E63]

internal

proposed

a model

stresses

in

the

(Eq.

is

based

based

on

bearing

blocks.

(14)

Kriz's
tests
and

149]
of
amount

empirical
large
of

solution
number

reinforcement.

of

specimens

2.52)
with

different

on

the

forms

44

EXPERIMENTAL
CONCRETE

3.1

INVESTIGATION

BEARING

OF

CAPACITY

BLOCKS

this

investigation,

blocks.

concrete

an

factors

the

experimentally

Experiments

concrete

blocks.

3.2

CONCRETE

BLOCKS

PLAIN

The

bearing

dependent

capacity

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

The ratio
footing
of the
The height
to width
ratio
Size
blocks,
of the
Effect
friction,
of base
Strength
of the
concrete.
effect

the

of

Twenty

concentrated

load

first
distance.

(series

was
six

two

to

made

bearing

blocks

edge

study

capacity

of

plain

and

phases;

concrete

is

to

the

nearest

area
of

to
the

the
loaded
area,
blocks,
H/a,

mainly

not

of

the

concrete

blocks

concrete
their

full

block

tests

were

divided

was

designed

the

block

R,

second

to
group

the

on

bearing

investigated

specially

over

E)

the

of

and

applied

The

In

load

strength

blocks

experiments.

plate.

the
Wa),

of

the

of

bearing

plain

been

on:

The
distance
distance,
(edge

capacity

the

comprised

of

(1)

The

has

attempt

affecting

reinforced

edge

OF THE

INTRODUCTION

In

The

CHAPTER

were

these
to

subjected

breadth
into

investigate
(series

in

by
four
the

R-H),

steel

groups.
effect
specimens

of

45

to

explore

and

the

bearing

and

base

were

used

H/a
size
the

fourth

3.2.1

series

length.
bearing

steel
50

mm.

of

the

block.

100

SERIES

mm.

They

were

Edge

blocks

were

different

sizes

breadth.

The

widths

101.6

mm.

and

3.94

effects

(series

third

blocks

with

depth,

mm.

vertically
mm.

of
S)

and

Wa

100

twice,

varied

30

400

mm.

1260

loaded

to

mm.

with

long,

mm.

once

from

constant

and

and

width,

loaded

was

constant

Their

2.5.

7.87

block

cast.

and

and

50.8

of

with

1.0,2.0,

50.8

The

on
280

and

each

edge

mm.

R-H

mm.,

and

1000

placed

distance,

1000

800,

three

of

thickness,

Each

Sixteen

the

R and

ratio

respectively.

mm.

plate

thick.

3.2.2

B)

blocks.

by

studied

consisted

100

overall

were

(series

the

of

the

SERIES

dimensions,

between

relationships

capacity

friction

group

This

the

CHAPTER

which

of

respectively.

heights

bearing
the

bearing
give

values

and

varied
to

loaded

were

steel

which

were

corresponded

They

of

width

with

H/a

thickness
200,400,

ratios

of

concentrically

plate

across

plates
of

were
R

as

0.5,

with
their
6.35,25.3,
62.99,15.81,

full

CHAPTER

46

3.2.3

SERIES

blocks

Concrete
series
with

so

mm.

average

The

the

height

by

the

testing

and

thickness

1000

mm.

bearing
the
placed

3.3

were

to

ratio

three

blocks

to

200

50

mm.

mm.

R equal

They

were

12.7

to
For

7.87.

to
tested

were

this
square

from

size

plate

constant

the

and

taken.

was

base

200
101.6
reduced

the

bottom

mm.
by

CONCRETE

of
They

but

8 blocks
were

to

were

and

6.35
a

using

had

mm.

dimensions
at

two
The

2.4
it

of

sizes

of

friction

at

thick

PTFE

mm.
was

mm.

tested.

BLOCKS-SERIES

reinforced

heights

width.

when

400

width,

with

of

sheet

ratio,

demonstrated

different

loaded

strength
area

were

constant

two

specimen

with

loading

effects

with

They

the

of

footing

They

mm.

bearing

ultimate

These

blocks.

mm.

was

the

blocks.

the

upon

(1)

on

the
of

REINFORCED

cast.

mm.

12.5

bearing

load

depend

100

A series

the

of

plate

at

specimen,

of

and

base

100

in

included

were

to

(2)

from
from

ultimate

effect

believed

give

the

SERIES

3.2.4

to

their

of

sizes

varied

with

as

of

size

each

different

thicknesses

concentrically

25.4

is

They

corresponding

loaded

of

tests.

of

two

1260
corners

1000
with

100

different

mm.

CHAPTER

47

forms

of

reinforcement.

separately,
the

with

3.1.

R1/2

In

repestively.

RI

as

block

R1

arrangement

50

with

was

used

one

mm.,

each

loaded

was

R8

to

between

represent

similar

100

distinguish

to
to

used

were

101.6

block

the

of

denoted

were

order

corner

plate

steel

Blocks

other.

fig.

Each

as

after

shown

in

R1/1

and

end,
END

1 and

for

the

END

other

blocks.

RI/1,

R1/2
the

investigate
bearing
if

R3/1
as

R3/2

and
in

R2/1.

steel

had

almost

They

were

were

and

Forms

of
of

effect
and

to

the

stirrups

the

spread

placed

same

cross-sectional

bearing

were
of

studied

to

and

R4/1
was

the

of

the

in

steel
thinner

spacing
of

block

of

spaced

the

the

surface.

area

capacity

reinforcement

the

the

to

as
on

how

closely

how

way

stirrups

closer

with

showed

was

study

the

the

of
R2/2

reinforced

such

blocks.

R4/2.

investigated

The
by

R5/1

R5/2.

The

eccentricity

strength

of

already

been

concrete,

concrete.

it

unreinforced
the

the

used
affected

reinforcement

diameter

concrete.

reinforcement

in

reinforced

the

the

of

the

were
of

effect

capacity

behaved

R2/1

and

reinforcement.

done
was
in

of

loading

For

plain

investigated

order

concri

blocks

with

to

El
by

gain

did

an

to

blocks
idea

ate,

the

bearing
had

experiments

E3.
R6

of

the

affect

For
to

reinforced

R8.

effectiveness

RO/1

was
of

48
N

N
t0
1
tD

Ip

0
co
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cc
I

111

Cu
cc

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0
CO
CO

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m
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IG

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in

tC
ul
x
to

TEXT BOUND INTO

THE SPINE

49

to
1

C,

to
cc

0
CD
1
CD
Pi

'' IwO
m
Nx
(0
to
cr

-1111-

10
N

N
W
1
to
cc
Q

50

3.4

MATERIALS

3.4.1

MATERIALS

Ordinary
British

Coarse

Aggregate

Portland
Specification

North

quartzite
gravel
10 mm.,
'irregular'
maximum
size
of
'smooth'
texture
and
surface
as
by
British
Standard,
BS 812.

Aggregate

The

Air-dried

grading

in

Fig.

sand
aggregate
zone
the

for

curve

Although
in
practice,
were
measured
deformed
bars,
A typical
properties

MIX

The

gave

20

first

mm.

factor

value

using

mix

water/cement

fine

shape
classified

the

same
quarry
was
used.
to
BS
according

and

coarse

the

as
It
882.

was

aggregates

are

deformed

bars

were
commonly
used
bars
plain
round
mild
steel
their
be
chosen
as
strain
can
If
easily
and
more
accurately.
bar
is
instead
used
of
plain
ba safer
structure
will
resulted.
stress-strain
curve
and
strength
in
fig.
3.3.
are
shown

DETAIL

i:

weight

from

with

3.2.

Reinforcement

3.4.2

to the
cement
conforming
throughout.
was used

Notts

coarse
classified

shown

PROPERTIES

& THEIR

Cement

Fine

CHAPTER

El

specimen,
2.68

3.85

a V-B

slump,
of

with

0.885.

ratio

of

time

by
0.54.

cast

using

water/cement

The

proportions

was

of
rest
weight
Average

mix

ratio

of

secs.

of

the

specimens

1:

1.96

values

and

of

by

proportions

0.65.

This

compacting
were

2.83

125

mm.

cast

with
slump,

51

100
90
80

""

".

te

". " ---

-/

1.

..

_..

70
60
c

"
.

50
a
bt

Zone 3

40 ----t-

/.

-"

30

-. - F6ne
" /

'

Coarse
"
Aggregate
.

. ".

". _

. .

A89r'eeoe_

r/........

/. /.

. ".

,.

Zone3

20
!0

---i

_ .,.

--1,

150

300Nn

600}u

__.,.

-".

1.18mm
St.evee Sze

Ftg. 3.2 GradLng curve for

fine

%-

2.36mm

1.
"

5mm

10mm

20mm

and coarse aggregates.

600

500

(E 400
E
2

300
4
L
v

N 200

100

!23456789

!0
Stra. n

Ft.g. 3.3 Stress-strain

curve for the retnft.

It

12

CHAPTER

52

V-B

time

1 second

than

less

factor

compacting

and

0.96

of

were

obtained.

3.5

AND CURING

CASTING

In
the

along

to

order
height

test

specimens

1260

were

obtained

which

were

100

by

on

Control
compacted

on

humidity
specimens

were

constantly

and

3.6

in

the

covered
then

specimens

100

100

cubes,
x

provided

500

by

damp
to

prisms.
100

mm.

150

also
the

from
C.,

degs.

for

relative
The

days,

test

watered

room.

five

150

and

stripped

curing

mm.

mix

were

casting.

hessian

Compressive
cubes,

specimens

after

the

blocks

the

20

mould
specimens

wooden

each

at

of

steel

with

were

hours

consisted
300

with

room

24

with

six
mm.

All

They

transferred

Control

mould

cast

curing

percent,

oiled

the

all

Smaller

clamps.

table.

vibrating

SPECIMENS

mm.

was

were

CONTROL

150

by

specimens

95-100

of

the

table.

placed

and

moulds

An

concrete

(24)),

1983,

throughout.

partitioning
firmly

(Besser

used

was

of

strength

horizontally.

vibrating

of

variation

specimen

cast
mm.

held

compacted

the

of
were

1000

the

avoid

100

mm cubes,

five

cylinders

and

three

strength
mm.

cubes

of

concrete

and

three

53

cylinders

tests

splitting
prisms.

One

Modulus

and

In

the

to
the

the

specimens,

Control

3.7

Demec
the

local

they

were
6

rosette

of

transverse
stains

Demec
45

for

made

control

casting
the

at

and

time

when

in

the

of
in
the

BS

with

concrete

were

E,

series

in

compression

50

with

mm.

gauge
the

under

points

accordance

1881.

fixed

were

to

to

order

zone

of

length

were

bearing

by

measured
obtain

used
At

plate.

create

test

the

and
each

a rectangular

degrees.

strain
at

the

of

PROCEDURE

concentrated

test

For

around

gauges

more

position,

tested

were

specimens

strain

were

strength

on

applied

concrete

tested.

surface

For

Demec

tests

control

were

the

was

the

tests

two

3.1

of

from

of

Young's

The

Table.

in

by

the

concrete.

given

tests

obtain

indication

procedure

AND TEST

on

gauges.

blocks,

specimens

was

rupture

to

listed

are

concrete

used
the

of

test

specimens

Strains

also

a better

The

INSTRUMENTS

and

have

blocks

relevant

cylinders

ratio

same

both.

on

of

specimens

each

in

strength

was

prisms

Poisson's

order

concrete

curing

the

of

three

the

of

of

properties

tensile

the

while

CHAPTER

in

specimens
along

mid-height

series

R-H,

the

line

of

of

the

specimen

loading

B.

and
and

were

the

only

the

compressive

measured.

In

54

co
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r

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go

m
m
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.+

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a 50

general,
strain

mm.
a

while

100

gauge

length

mm.

gauge

CHAPTER

56

for

used

was
length

for

used

was

transverse

the

vertical

strain.
For

reinforced

while

on

strain
Load

gauges.

magnifying
When

the

the

curing

and

into

and

in

introduced

the

bottom

had

layer

position.

bearing

plate

and

concrete.

These

between

steel

and

concrete.

The

vertically

position
100
load.

Strain

KN.
The

mechanism

and

loads

measurements
of

loading

it

of

white

dried.
of

the

of

Demec

at

each

hand

taken

out

of

means

test,

coat

it

after

surface

for

thin

by

and

by

ink.

ready

was

measured

increments

observed

with

marked

room

5OkN

were

specimen

the

on

painted
fixed

cracks

glass

in

by

measured

a data-logger,

by

was

surface

concrete

was

steel

recorded

and

increased

was

loading,

of

stage

the

the

of

strain

gauges

resistance

electrical

from

blocks,

plaster

specimen

were
is

a
was

made
shown

at
in

between

good

contact

then

was
the
area
for

checked
steps

of

increment

each
Fig.

were

paris

and

in

applied

points
of

specimen

was

emulsion

Demec

allowed

were

was

3.4.

50

or
of

CHAPTER

57

I-Bean

Hydrauti

Roll,
Steel Bear
Bedded wt.th
PLaster of Ports

Bedded ui, tti

Plaster
of Paria

I-

3.8

Bernur

Ft..g. 3.4

Lod&ng Mechant.sm for Bearing Capact.ty Expt.

BEHAVIOR

OF TEST

GENERAL

3.8.1

The

behaviour

was

characterized

their

failure

A wedge

was

which
formed

of

by

the

was
beneath

majority

of

the

suddenness
often

unreinfarced

and

the

bearing

explosive
by

accompanied
plate

specimens

an
with

nature

audible
an

report.
apex-angle

of

58

from

ranging

30

Reinforced
they

cracked

subsequent

SERIES

The

the

was

edge

distance

In
with

the

As
top

was

originated

at

by

failed

with
specimens
of

vertical
at

about

two

with

the

failure

modes

of

of

block

halves

small

point

failure

the

distance

edge

is

are

E3/2,

along

which

by

was

penetrating

to
100

specimen,
angle
3.5.

apex

an

failed

the

axis

of

Wa,

the

the

3 times

about

from

to

lOOkN,

degs.

to

the

off

the

corner,

bottom

a crack

observed

loading

edge.

horizontal

the

the

of

was

the

from

mm.

as

the

(c)).

angle

below
ranging

below
the

the
from
immediately

audibly

cracks
SOmm

90

formed

wedges

shearini

almost

increased

was

an

and

(a)).

(Fig.

failure

pyramid-shaped

formation

the

increased

These

the

load
of

load

manner;

then

and

exception

loads

3.5.

E3/2,

cracks

the

beyond

cracks

propagated

controlled

more
load

of

into

For

up

block

This

All

With

(Fig.

vertical

of

vertically

lifted

specimen.
at

3.5.

plate.

block

line

cracks.

patterns

split

bearing

in

Fig.

specimens

the

the

of

general
in

shown

behaved

along

widening

degrees.

specimens

usually

3.8.2

40

to

CHAPTER

the
top.

loaded

loaded
30

area
to
after

surface.

40

were
degs.
the
This

59

: L'

1
1

WW
UU .x
m0
L
m
CU

]L
.U
O
->
0
v0O

nj
W
. ac
U

.a

L
m
v
mU
UO
C
v
L
v

av
CL
il,

`J

+I

','

1
li

LO

=
C)

LL.
r

elm!

O
irr

Irv

.. r

60

3.8.3

figs.
halves
of

patterns

3.6.

to

R3-H1

specimen

3.6(d)

and

R4-H2,

the

from

On

the

beam

supporting

Except

for

cracking

larger

with

sudden

3.8.4

and

SERIES

Crushing
subsequent
of

failure

cracks

associated

figs.

the

in

the

3.6(c),
blocks,
usually

settlement

the

of

this

of

of

slender

bottom.

the

shallow

away

Failure
loud

of

specimens,
took

specimens
further

top

splitting

to

small

blocks,

shallow

bending

plates.
with

mode
a

deep

from

place

the

these

loaded

specimens

noise.

of
splitting
of

bearing

for

comparatively

originated

for

in

shown

due

into
usual

the

in

shown

resulting

R<63,

the

of

the

and

hand,

creating

over

was

from

as

is

at

blocks

sides,

parts
other

loads

Cracks

two

plates,

failure

and

This

loading

simultaneously.

is

high

the

large

e.
occurred

their

the

bottom.

at

i.

are

However,

specimens.

bearing

initiated

which

surface

into

of
plate

splitting

block

failure

of

bearing
of

on

larger

and

occurred

the

plates,

3.7(d).

and

h/a<O.

block

bearing

modes
splitting

of

terminated

of

and

majority

of

and

splitting

axis

the

size

R4-H1,

cracks
Vertical

the
for

relative

of
3.9.

along

failure

R-H

SERIES

The

CHAPTER

Series

the

beneath

concrete
of

the

block

S specimens.

into

the
two

Although

bearing
halves
failure

plate
was

the

took

and
mode
place

61

(a

(b

(c)

(d)

F i. g. 3.6

Appearance after f aLLure of blocks

R-H
hei,
1000
th
es
wi.
gh
mm.
sere,
Ln
(b
(a
RI-Hi,
R2-Hi,
(d
R3-HI,
R4-HI.
c

62

RI H2

(a)

(b

ccI

(d)

Fi.,g. 3.7

Appearance after fai. Lure of blocks

in serees R-H with hei, gh - 800mm.
(b
RI-H2.
R2-H2,
a
(d
R3-H2,
R4-H2.
c

63

itrC

14w4-6.Y&
\Il " 1 r"1fi
v7"

R2-IF3
)

(b

(a)

r4

dg

"6"

7"

cc)

Fi, g. 3.8

Pf

7)

(d)

Appearance after f aLLure of bL oc ks

Ln serf es R-H wLth het,gh - 400 mm.
(b
RI-H3,
R2-H3,
a
(d
R3-H3,
R4-H3.
c

64

(a)

(b

cc)

(d)

F i, g. 3.9

Appearance after f aLLure of bL oc ks

Ln sere es R-H wLth hei, gh = 200 mm.
(b
RI-H4,
R2-H4,
a
(d
R3-H4,
R4-H4.
c

65

.
Cn

(v)

-)
L
m
N

C
N
U
0

U
0

V
v

Cu
N
W
Y

O
m

.o

r3

L
(D
O

C!)

U
C

V
0

vL ->
M
O
a

a
w

Lx

0
(T)
C6

all

*)+1

i-.

J'

U. -
v
_.

Z.

a'

lb

66

immediately

almost
more

controlled

loud

noise.

The

failure

patterns

of

observed.

was

cracks

of

formation

the

after

CHAPTER

failure

and

vertical

cracks,

They

failed

mode

are

without

shown

in

of

Series

Fig

3.10.

3.8.5

SERIES

Fig.

3.11

For

no

in

effect

the

block

concrete
82,
as

B2.
while

split
the

Fig.

3.12

shows

The

PTFE

at

compressive

into

two

bearing

3.11(c)
PTFE

of

similar
(d)).

and
had

little

or

specimens.

blocks,

H1

was

was

and

a different

mode
that

with

specimen

B1,

without

crushing

of

obvious

halves

B2,

plate

(Fig.

3.11(a)).

from

the

bottom

instead

mode

of

For
of

from

the

specimen
the

top

R4-H4.

specimen

the

sheet

these

of

It

occurred

failure

of

(Fig.

the

of

shallow

was

mode

them.

under

respectively

presence

observed.

the

H4

and

failure

of

PTFE

of

R4-Hi

was

under

type

sheet

behaviour

with

splitting
in

B3

the
the

on

failure

and

that

However,
of

with

R1-Hi

show

the

blocks

deep

those

These

indicates

tested

specimens

to

two
struts.

the
halves

the

bottom

of

of

the

Failure

for

splitting
the

specimen

of

these

was
block

concrete
blocks

Bi

specimens
acting
behaved
were

taking

as

and

a tie
as

two

place

67

(a

(b

....,
r

114

Ft.,g. 3.11

(d)

Appearance after f ai..Lure of bLoc ks Ln sere,es B.

(b)
(c)
(a)
(d)
B2,
B3,
Bi.
B4.

68

as

the

two

tie

of
in

shown
with

(block

pieces

surface

functioning,

ceased

it

fig.

loud

Bi)
(block

3.12(c).

or

by

either
by

B2).
All

CHAPTER

the

the

sliding

The

mechanism

specimens

breaking
of

the

struts
the

of
in

PTFE

the

this

on

into
the

failure
series

is
failed

noise.

SpUttmg
Crack

Compresswe

400
400 X

SpLi. ttLng J(a)

Crack

),. 200

(b)

BLock Bi

conPreasi. ve
strut

Block 82

conPreaatve
strut

\-TLe

action by the PTFE

(cl

Ft.g. 3.12

(a) & (b) Crack pattern before fai, Lure.

(c) FatAure mechantsm of block Bi & B2.

69

3.8.6

All

the

of

bearing

at

reinforcement

Fig.
this

3.13

reinforcement
crack

plate

and

This

crack

angle

of

edge

of

plates,

in

downward
cracks

degrees

cracks

bearing

plate
failure

flakes

of
be

seen

concrete
in

The
bearing

loading

increased.

was
150

edge.

from

mm.

downward

the

at

an

horizontal.

which

originated

downward

photographs

as
by

predominantly
spalling

the

the

radiated

was

of

amount

the

of

load

appeared,
and

in

similar.

extended
the

the

of

and

were

around

to

local

specimens

form

the

the

and

the

all

from

mm.

in

failed.

centre

appeared

radial

can

the

as

plate

Finally,

as

in

100

about

70

with

compression

for

failed
presence

it

patterns

was

bearing

increased.

The
as

crack

at

the

R)

differences

appeared

loads,

(Series

patterns

their

approximately

ductility

crack
the

the

higher

the

the

spalling
of

SERIES

load.

block

propagated

edge

loading

the

originated

inner

load

gave

which

Occasionally,

from

concentrated

used,

first

At

the

Despite

blocks

reinforced

shows

series.

BLOCK

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

CHAPTER

local

below

off
in

fig.

the

the
3.14.

70

\MP

56

-46
so

48
4
's

bo

so

46

so

45

Block

49
p5'
55
2

EN

Ri

EN

B6ock R2

r-i

r71

4l

bo

to

EN

T
72 to
TT
6{

66

77

aj
61+

EN

8Lock R3

Block

62
62
jj

62
1

60

so

49

45 53

fbl

I60
11

62

R4

ao
44

ae

48

so

so

f45
Jso

61

i2

63

EN

2
Stock

EN

R5

72 n

Block

A6

81

7s

?S
62

n
2

D40 I
BLock R7

FIG. 3.13a

END2

EN
BLock AS

Crack

of series

R.

71

'O
O
O
.C
rE
E

C.

c
j
t

lY
3

C.

t
,. a
-a
3

c0
c
C.

t
.U

oc

vL
0

O
v
0
0
J

c
O
a.
O

J
7

L
v

.0

m
c*i

0)
U-

Cl
00000
03

000
to

-NN UI

POO

72

I
1
i
ri

Uh/_

P.I/I

1
(a

cc)

FLg. 3.14

21

rr-

(b

(d

Crack pattern after faLLure for block

(a)
(b)
(c)
RI,
(d)
R2,
R3,

Ln series
R4.

R.

73

i'

i
I
.J
(.

R5/

R.5/Z

11

1?(i/>
?fi/I

(a

(b)

cc)

Fi, g. 3.15

Crack pattern after fat Lure for block t,n series

.
(b)
(a)
(c)
R5,
R6,
R7.

R.

74

EXPERIMENTAL

4.1

the

previous

CAPACITY

chapter,
in

more

detail,

concrete

experimental

and

behaviour
failure

is

The

OF CONCRETE

steel,

BLOCKS

analysed.

drawn

up

and

of

cracking

BEARING

4.2

in

EFFECT

4.2.1

The
finite

OF EDGE

deflected
element

280

mm.
seen

failed

are
that
by

the
shearing

Pc,

in

and

specimen

proposed

model

of

theories.

existing

and

this

discussed

and

affecting

dimensions

load

ultimate
material

Pu

are

properties

3.1.

OF PLAIN

CONCRETE

BLOCKS

DISTANCE

of

(FEM)

method
in

with

In

distributions

factors

load

shapes

given

shown

strain

Finally,

the

table

CAPACITY

and

compared

with

be

the

of

described.

will

the

and

be

specimens

been

stress

will

together

the

the

behaviour

general

has
results

as

values

tabulated

tests

the

such

the

chapter,

during

specimens

be

BEARING

--

INTRODUCTION

In

of

RESULTS

CHAPTER

fig.

specimen
off

4.1(a)
with
the

the
with
and

specimens

distances

edge
(b)

of

30
It

respectively.
load

concentrated
corner

by

analysed

as

near
result

the
and
can

the

edge

of

less

75

------------

J"tfr
fftJItfJtJ

l
,

:'

i
1/+J55I+J
+

I ''y

1_..

-.
t

tft`

is

_{_--

blocks
of
shape

Deflected

Ft. g. 4. la

S ~

f
1

i_.
i
7

-_

with

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
I

1
1

...

i" "

1
1

,
t.

...

t.
1

- -

j
1

Deflected

"

-t

!
1

'

1
1
'

I
i.

1
1

j
1

_. 3_

I-

__

Ft,g. 4. ib

1
t
f

I_.
,

30mm.

edge distance

2
1

1
'

1
I. .. .

shape of blocks

with

edge dtstonce

= 280mm.

CHAPTER

76

confinement
However,

specimens

splitting

the

The

line

experimental

followed

by

blocks.

occurs

tensile

at

From

Demec

gauge

stress

distributions

recorded
Demec
tensile

280

mm.

indicate

detect

that

small

High

blocks

points
stresses

E2

close

and
to

obtained

E3
the

edge

creating

130

at

due

to

loaded

experimentally

the

stress

the

not

the

use

of

sensitive

experimental

given

difficulties

are

with

from

to

the

with

block

by

stresses

surface.

larger

blocks
a

is

stresses

compressive

edge

obtained
due

the

of
with

in

mm

However,
the

surface,

in

which

the
each

tensile

surface

length,

follow

still

varies

probably

strains.

of

splitting

stresses

is

mm gauge

discrepancies.
in

but

trends

zone

loaded

This
50

with

to

three

mm.

fluctuate.

enough

with

30

of

A. 1-3

to

the

stresses

blocks,

transverse

maximum

below
of

distance

fig.

tend

mm

distance

edge
edge

tests

30

the

from

The

the

causes

The

the

loaded

the

the

A. 1-3.

three

to

near

fig.

general

all

tension

away

zone.

around

small
large

further

by

along

with

the
in

which
the

of

in

given

that

zone

zone

depth

loads

deeper

the

tension

is

similar

edge.

failed

depth

with

together

seen

compression

The

distance,

be

can

E3

plotted

are

high

contains

It

distributions

stress

FEM.

by

distance

stress

to

are

stresses

analysed

and

El

blocks

the

near

halves.

two

transverse

of
in

concrete
edge

into

block

concrete

the

larger

with

variation

loaded

by

side

one

on

higher

FEM

were
in

At

the

high
than

not

putting
loads,
those

77

by

estimated
micro-cracks
Stresses

the

bottom

the

FEM

Fig.

4.2

shows

block

concrete

while

the

dimensionless
the

meet

each

other

distance

of

smaller

than
loss

dramatic
leads

to

than

90

increase
higher

is

FEM

generated
to

assumed

in

decrease

be

decrease

in

the

bearing

the

hand,

mm,

the

the

confinement

in

increase
by
is

strength
block

with
edge

the

under

concentrated

edge

in

result

distances

distance

will

strip

the

of
greater
steadily

concrete
bearing

which

strength

edge

The

the

concrete

surrounding

obtained.

they

distances

edge
will

surrounding

be

can

to

distance

edge

It

as

lines,

with

the

other

5ai.

corresponds
that

the

of
plotted

straight

by

confinement

On

which

suggested

are

Wa/O.
two

of

strength

values

against

5a1=3.5
is

It

large

concrete

by

are

bearing

the

composed

Wa/O.

mm,

of

bearing

tension

suggested

which

of

analysis.

as

experiment

the

of

fb/f

is

mm.

block.

concrete

the

distance;

edge

at

90

is

beam

variation

graph

90

in

supporting

ratios:

that

recorded

analysis.

with

seen

were

presence
FEM

the

compression

stresses
the

in

blocks

the

by

explained

considered
the

of

of

in

be

can
not

tensile

deflection

fixed

the

are

The

the

two

which

experiment

analysis.
by

This

the

at

during

FEM.

CHAPTER

and

capacity
load

a
of

can

be

by

estimated

fb

0.12Wa/al

1.16

Wa/0.5a.

> 3.5
(4.1)

=i
fl

0.47W

/al

+ 0.55

Wa/0.5a1

< 3.5

78
2.0
1.9
1.8
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a

1.6

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1.4

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0

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10

Effect

(mm.
)

of edge dLstance Ln blocks

A-3.94

R-7.87

R-

it

i2

W,/0.5a,

Edge di.etance to halt' beart.ng w. dth ratio,

FIG. 4.2

(280)

i5.7

of series

R-

63.0

H-

1000

0.96

0.96

0.95

0.96

H-

800

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

H-

400

0.97

0.98

0.98

0.98

H-

200

1.57

1.62

1.64

1.64

Table 4.1

E.

Ratt, o of compressLve stress at Loaded Lene

to average stress at the bottom of the
blocks.

79

EFFECT

4.2.2

Fig.

mid-height
values

gauge

of

that

immediately
size

of

Again,

the
tensile

maximum
the

loading

25.3

and

to

specimens

with

is

zone,

at

the

from
bursting

bottom
two

large

bearing

of

plates

strains

is

they
particularly

are

actually
important

zone
for

those

with

this

tensile

are

mm below

surface

mm for

especially

These

plate;
10

loaded

region

zone.

bursting

below

specimens.

is

101.6,50.8,

with

300

and

the

with

bearing
and

the

top

zone

This

mm below

the

bursting

the

of

be

can

at

vary

the

plates.

specimens,

Firstly,
this

as

respectively

unstressed

the

zone

compression

Nevertheless,

shallow

sources.
zone;

350

increasing
it

sizes

Demec

thus

100,50,25,

at

loaded

of

plates.

For

specimens.

this

size

bearing

width

virtually

the

figures,

Their

the

on

depth

bearing

smaller

with

compression

described

when

mm
a

well

used
the

plate.

occurs

surface

extended

the

because

is

mm

Below

depends
strain

6.35

have

usually

size

with

agrees

observing

plate.

tension,

region

in

loading

the

bearing

the

of

the

across

together

fluctuation

100

specimens

below

platted

data

length,

Again,
the

are

less

with

gauge

all

They

experimental

and

sensitivity.

seen

vertical

distributions

strain
I
strains

FEM analysis.

values
larger

the

RATIO

AREA

transverse

and

the

general,

theoretical

the

specimen.
by

obtained
In

the

line

the

of

both

show

loaded

the

along

AND LOADING

OF HEIGHT

A. 4-19

CHAPTER

bursting
for
are

believed
the
for

high

recorded
to

tail

come

of
specimens

the

CHAPTER

8p

bearing

large

with

specimens

extends
by

caused
a bending

the

large

load;

increased

tensile

larger

at

zone

the

of

the

of
load

more

bottom

the

stresses

magnitude

takes

usually

plates

creating

tensile
the

with

are

thus

specimens,

A. 16-18.

4 ig.

Compressive
FEM

by

estimated

Modulus

Young's
R4-H3

and
same

high

demec

of

in

from

This

points.

to

the

should

be

R3-H3
from

cast

the

a
in

the
a

recorded

middle

of

ignored

of

R2-H3,

R1-H4

presence

those

estimation

were

around

the

than

R1-H3,

this,

strain
due

fact

the

they

as

Apart

compressive

is

this

specimen,

discrepancy

A. 12-15,

smaller

to

Blocks

specimen.

this

be

due

probably

concrete.

of

particularly

pair

the

of

exhibit

batch

is

This

FEM.

to

to

according

fig.

tend

strains

that

with

exceptions

circumstances,

some

compressive

experimental

few

with

well

agrees

mid-height

analysis

In

A. 4-19.

fig.

at

strain

by

obtained

is

these

they
this

beam,

consequent

and

for

zone
Secondly,

supporting

bottom

the

at

bearing
a

producing

the

of

Settlement

strains.

and

bursting

depth.

greater

settlement

moment

as

plates,
to

the

of

crack

the

across
this

reading

figure.

As

shown
at

uniform
As

the

height

increasingly
is

obvious

in

fig.

for

mid-height
of

A. 4-7,

the

high

specimen

more

concentrated

in

specimens

compressive
specimens
decreases,
below
with

strain
with

was
1000

compressive
the

load

position.

200

or

400

almost

mm height.
is

strain

This
mm

height

81

(fig.

A. 12-19).

Moreover,

height,

the

higher

concentration

Table

4.1

line

to

the

with
of

tabulates

the

average

the

within

loaded

one

CHAPTER

two

bearing

a smaller

compressive

ratios
compressive

vertical

the

others.
loaded

at
the

all

equal
had

plate

stress

for

stress

of

than

strain
the

of

specimens

sixteen

specimens.
The

is

strength
fig.

ratio

4.3.

plotted
It

height

there

is

due

probably
of

the

by

the

base
of

higher

bearing

estimated
in

graph

ratio,

the

the

fig.

4.3.

4.4

can

for

estimates

Fig.

It

become

shows

the

all
are

unsafe

how

the

as

the

force

which

bearing

118]

are

the

ratio

shown

values

of

high

a
of

with

others
This

by

the

the

falls

bearing

is
base

specimen
delays

the

thus

and

ratios

on

Kriz's
area

not

height,

strength

loaded
for

is

mm in

line

that

of

conservative

this

zone
of

The

other.

height.

bottom

recognized

values

200

with

each

but

loaded

in

ratio

specimens

tension

the

Kriz

area

to

in

compressive
along

crushing

comparison

greater

at

be

the

close

in

of

and

all

with

results.
E23

loaded

specimens

but

specimen

to

strength

strength

cylinder

bearing

restraint

strength
Shelson

very

disturbance

contributes

by

R but

for
in

The

conservative

Shelson's

higher

condition

specimen.

splitting

are

to

for

come

mm

increase

loading

similar

footing

results

Thus
30%

200
have

specimens
significant.

the

that

noted

to

strength

against

than

very

of

is

other

Shorter

bearing

of

the

same

estimates
ratio

while

loading

area

below

to

13.

cylinder

82

9
Hl a-0.5

---

Hl a-1.0
H/ a-2.0

V --

X --H/a-2.5

/
f
7

a'

1 30% Lncr.
1

d
.3

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L

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/

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/
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m

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/
3

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10

20

40

30
Footong to Loo&ng

FLg. 4.3

Bearing

strength

area rat*. q

50

60

R.

rati. o vs Loadt ng area ratio.

70

83

i
9'

Expt.

Mugurumo

-------

R=
R=

63.0
15.8

R=

7.9

7i

.J
V

CD
c
5
m
L

_. -

W
c

4
1\\

\\

--_

--

-_

0.5

1.0
HeL.ght to width

Ft.g. 4.4

Bearing

strength

2.0

1.5
ratio.

2.5

3.0

H; a of the blocks.

ratLo

vs height

to width rat

o.

CHAPTER

84

that

seen

the

the

bearing

to

for

height

with
height

the

more

rapidly

with

the

bottom

of

in

increase

in

strength

the

he

appears

with

specimens

those

under-estimating

specimens

bearing

to

bearing

of
(8I

are

also

trend
found

as

the

at

ratio

less

and

vertical

of

in

the

the

over-estimate

area

than

ratio
16

and

63.

than

greater

distributions
Sf-S3

blocks

coincident

similar

then

and

is

Muguruma

gives

to

this

EFFECT

SIZE

The

(fig.

short

However,

experiments.

4.2.3

with

slowly

values

by

also

unchanged

concentrated

The

be

can

Below

mm.

This

mm.
is

estimated

Muguruma

4.4.

400

4.1).

ratio

600

increase

force

(table

specimen

fig.

than

compressive

strength

shown

less

to

is

ratio

than

begins

It

specimens.

strength

higher

strength

that

way

the

of

cylinder

heights

at

the

height

specimens

bearing

cylinder

for

with

varies

strength

of

are

A. 20-22).

very

They

transverse
to

similar
well

agree.

those

in

those

with

of

strain

R-H

series

FEM

by

obtained

analysis.
The
C(1974),
the

of

He
the

R remained
the

was

effect

(19)].

size

ratio,
with

size

increase

stated

specimen
constant,
in

size

first

that
is

the

introduced
bearing

increased.
the

bearing

according

capacity
to

falls

strength
If

table

Niyogi

by

the

loading
would

4.2.

as
area

decrease
AI-Nijjam

CHAPTER

85

((1981),

(23)]

dependent

that

stated
a factor

on

a'

of

his

test

how

bearing

specimens.

It

was

found

their

On

the

figure

increases

strength

in

bearing

an

decrease

in

size

the

as

in

more

aggreement

this
gentle

It

decreases.
For

by

suggested

as

has
size

bearing

which

obtained

specimens.

adequate

nature.

in

what

of

size
specimens

exponential

way

with

the

of

the

larger
is

there

size

estimation

for

phenomena

in

along

strength

suitable

more

the

as

the

with

varies

4.5)

Al-Nijjam's

increase

scale

that

the

plotted

investigation.

strength

(fig.

with

is

Al-Nijjam,

specimen

increases

strength

same

(4.2)

results.

shows

decreases,

is

concrete

1/4

a'/a

original

4.5

Fig.

fact

the

width

to

according

the

of

strength

of
(

where

bearing

the

this

in

range

the

with

is

of

following

expression

fb/f'
where

EFFECT

4.2.4

In
specimen,
has

the
width
proportional

a=
k=

been

the

=k

OF BASE

mode

described

(4.3)

+ 0.9]
in

measured

mm.

FRICTION

of
of

-a/(30

the
specimen
constant.

of

presence
the

[1.45

a sheet

failure
in

chapter

for

of

PTFE

blocks
3,

splitting

at
81

the
and

bottom
B2
occurs

of

changed.
from

the
As
the

2.7
2.6
'

2.5
2.4

2.3
r
2.2

2.1
2.0
c-)
0

co

1.91.8
i. 7

1.6
1.5

1.4

! 00

Block

Ft.9.4.5

300

200
atze

a ma.

fb/ a vs size of the blocks a.

X of size Lncrease

X of decrease Ln
bearing strength

3.0

25

2.0

!5

1.5

12

1.3

TobLe, 4.2

400

St.ze effect

suggested by Ni.yogi

(i9)

CHAPTER

G7

bottom

the

of

specimen

place

without

plate.

This

is

in

block

recorded
it

fact,

bottom
of

the

of

the

of

from

this

well

with
is

discrepancy,

not

zero

strains

at

the

base

4.3

decreases

is

reduction

a
(22%)

specimens

depend

strength,

especially

because

the

needed

for

It

failure;

the

settlement

thus

the

th

of

bottom.

Apart
agrees

(fig.

A. 23-26).
transverse
Tensile

specimen.

tension

the

adversely

theoretical
of

that

PTFE

force

for

is

in

needed

understandable

plate
high

loaded

with

more

likely

is
means
loads

that
can

bearing

large

a higher
produce

large

that

short

their

bearing

bearing

plates,

extend
value
larger

This

with

gain

to

strength

friction.

in

to

of

strength

loaded

is

friction

the

base

specimen

when
zone

the

a short

base

bearing

that

seen
of

This
on

the

affects

be

can

reduction

tension

bearing

A larger

how

Bi).

(block

the

FEM analysis

bottom

the

from

base.

shows

with

by

crack

distribution

strain

that

indicate

blocks.

concrete

plate,

at

the

restrain

Table

tensile

note

from

specimen

value

to

is

the

the

theoretical

strain

to

the

presence

base,

the

In

coming

the

with

at

strain

because

experiment,

dominant

bearing

expected.

Moreover,

(PTFE)
of

interesting

order

included.

material
cracking

the

the

is
more

than

strain,

of

becomes

the

tensile

the

tensile

The

larger

much

stage

specimen

A. 23.

took

specimens
below

concrete

fig.

very

purely

early

softer

affecting

was

not

support

layer

It

Bi

the

at

by

confirmed

these

of
the

crushing

actually

was

occurring

failure

and

to
of

the

base.

load-

settlement

is
of

CHAPTER

88

the

beam

supporting

B2

Blocks

strength.
of

14

is

loaded

16%

and

loaded
strength
height

H3

further
show

is

b4,
loaded
hardly

the

tension

zone

much

bending

of

4.3

REINFORCED

CONCRETE

BLOCKS

The

crack

patterns

for

shown

in

had

been

In

idea

an

gives
this

the
how

of

the

the
small

the

all

is

high

it

bcause

bearing
and

bearing

plate.

reinforced

in

so

the
that

is

there

not

blocks

concrete

fig.

but

has

plate

bottom,

Fig-3.13b

3.13a.

width

varies

with

load.

of

each

test,

the

crack

compared

and

short,

reduction

in

distributions

strain

strength

crack

behaviour

discussed

smallest

chapter,

maximum

and

widths
be

previous

the

crack
will

with

The

small

reach

block

the

section,

patterns,
steel

can

in

B3

block

is

bearing

although

and

This

8%.

with

H2,

block

plate.
only

the

reductions

plate

bearing

also

similar

bearing

in

reduction

because

small

block

in

and

and

larger

is

thus

respectively,

with
with

and

with

concrete

each

and

others

in

detail.

RI/1,

Blocks

of

6,10

failed

with

(table

3.1b).

from

but

arrangement

similar
steel

RI/2

each

and
similar

other,

and
with

8 mm
load

Although
they

are

reinforced

different

their

of

These

three

600,590

and

crack

loads

believed

to

with

diameters

respectively.
of

are

R2/1

620
are

come

kM

transverse
specimens

respectively,
different

quite
from

steel

two

sources:

of

CHAPTER

89

<1>
of

differences
the

presence

crack

Blocks

these

a tension

occasionally,
the

of

ineffectiveness

of

transverse

reinforcing

can

be

transverse

it

R2/2

upward

has

Apart

the

of
form

bars
by

at

then

and

in

the

but

indicated

reinforcement

remainder
This

the

loading

yielding

of

one

have

not
the

suggested
In

vertical

reducing

followed

region,

the

the

the

loaded

strain

bottom

the

to

owing

the

unstressed

from

the

The

compressive

specimen.

of

dependent

have

reinforcement.

of

buckling

be

brittle

They

the

R2/1,

to

mm below

Strains

Block

improved

300

at

more

these

between

steel
lack

fact,

of

two

restraint.
between

spacing

the

steel.

Block

higher

recorded

A. 27-28.

plate

an

the

along

along

large

is

similar

reinforcement.

fig.

around

beam.

this
by

failed

in

zone

failure

specimens

steel

is

in

the
strain

to

one

have

loading

A. 35-37.

fig.

after

even

This

the

tension

stirrup

particular
yielded

below

supporting

in

shown

are

than

have

the

considered

shown

strain,

tension

bending

are

of

this

is

concrete

extending

zone

Below

surface.

again

recognition

They

test.

R1/2

and

rather

specimens

immediately

top

crack

is

which

distributions

the

vital

transverse

of

similar

the

R1/1

properties

concrete

during

the

<2>

and

properties

most

R2/1

than

for

by

cracks

line.

distributions
line

of
the

behaviour
the

concrete

patterns,

loaded

on

in

tension
a

lower

the

employs
so

that

region.
ultimate

it

has

idea

pushing

stronger

However,
load

of

the
at

the

transverse

result
590

kN

is
than

the

in

reinforcement
not

encouraging:

620

kN

in

R2/1.

CHAPTER

90

R2/2
a

has

central

crack

extending
low

to

similar

transverse
to

crack

At

specimen.
are

larger

is

reinforcement

left

the

in

Therefore,

line

has

been

fig.

A. 28.

is

an

400

but

kN),

extends
the

of

fig.

A. 38,

this

the

transverse

The

transverse

and

the

it

although
region

unreinfarced

lower

and

strain

Most

high,

within

width

crack

the

region

spacing.

still

of

than

yield,

top,

bottom

transverse

of

the

at

has

of

top

too

It

the

the

placed

kN.

to

-(larger

does

its

on

which
large

to

loaded

confinement

below,

load,

effectiveness

R2/2

effective

high

580

mm at

top

specimen,

depends

reinforcement

is

along

the

confined

the

reinforcement

an

the

that

suggested

has

of

bottom

At

not

1.12

distributions

the
R2/1.

Block

strain

the

from

load

to

up

width,

tension

zone.
has

load

ultimate

resulted.

Blocks

R3/1
in

reinforcement
They

R1/2.

used

stirrups

R3/2

used

stirrups

R3/1

has

R3/2

respectively,
400

diameter

and

steel

the

specimen

are

spread

and
fails,
more

and

is
590

kN

fig.

in

of

load
higher

much

closer

radially

load

ultimate

block

spacing
3.13b.
rather

R1/2.
increases

Cracks
than

in

steel

closer

26

mm spacing,

650

and
520

the
The
the
these

concentrated

in

as
spacing.
while

Block

mm spacing.

of
than

of

but

52

and

transverse

of

area
steel

ultimate

and

and

cross-sectional

8 mm diameter

load

amounts

6 mm diameter

of

which

of

similar

diameter

smaller

crack

have

of

of

a crack

has

values

terms

use

R3/1

R3/2

and

770

kN while

and

643

kN

corresponding
use

of

smaller

ductility
two

as

specimens
along

the

CHAPTER

91

loading

line

have

and

is

the

reinforcement

the

whole

reinforced

loading.

As

of
the

concrete

R3/2

loading

that
is

an

the

concrete

not

by
the

R4/1
fig.

reinforcements,
enclosed

all

the

further

away

from

stirrups

and

has

four

enclosing
their

compare

each

stirrups
shown

in

fig.

the

two

than

770

R4/2

the

bearing

the

has

crack

top,
have

phenomema
spaced

capacity

of

R3/1

is

in

but

by

sliding

block,

fact

because
R3/1

of

should

long
R4/1

R2/1
two

patterns

stirrups
has

vertical
position
to

designed

were

has

vertical
are

ones

smaller

loading

which

of
which

two

the
They

block

forms

enclosing

stirrups.

their

and

the

different

below

stirrups

enclosed

R3/1

line

block

line

loaded

which

R3/1.

closely

block

while

stirrups

with

in

kN.

Block

larger

lesser

these

more

speaking,

on

loading

all

of

strain

at

halves,

rear

3.1.

performance
of

into

block

block

and

of

have

vertical

3.13,

failure

R4/2

the

block

the

thinner

and

vertical

in

to

increasing

of

towards

load

zone

Above

Strictly

higher

is

those

next

and

with

the

but

in

line

the

R1/2

stirrups

to

stresses

of

especially

bottom

errors.

Block

the

of

Moreover,

plate

block

that

in

distribution

tension

line,

way

of

up

A. 29,
to

the

concentrated

significantly.

block.

withstand

most

effective

splitting

setting

than

the

reinforcing

bearing

distributing

similar

the

quite

stressed

suggested

of

the
at

in

fig.

in
that

Those

yielded.

steel

is

shows

along

been

in

shown

especially

A. 39-40

width.

rather

area

indicates

This

crack

effective

surface

magnitude
Fig.

smaller

only

small
As

stirrups.
slightly

different

CHAPTER

92

from

each

only

in

formed

they

and
fig.

steel,
stirrups

resisting

bearing

stresses.

greater

than

kN,

620

the

load

this

and

If

concrete.
Pu-Pc

the

largest

in

block

kN

effective

in

resisting

by

smaller

be

Block
and

two

R5/1

has

more

bearing
as

and

lateral

and

block

has

smaller

R4/2,60

stirrups

can

restraint

kN.

are

large

than

crack

R2/1

becomes

small

stress

more

distribution

the

simplest

designed

were

form

on

reinforcement

each

of

Block
side
at

the

to

the

of

stirrups.
one

of

R5/2

the

horizontal

reinforcement,
row

that

concluded

load

block

that

in

R4/1,

properties

load

this

in

confirming

the

ultimate

smallest

this

ultimate

in

and

steel,

block

of

low

found

kN,

loop

more

stirrups.
be

provided

stirrups.

with
R5/2

be

explained

Blocks
strength

be

the

small

kN,

rather

of
can

and

load

in

effective

more

difference

Pu -Pc=174

R4/1,130
can

can

it

the

R4/2,600

differences

difference,

it

the

are

Strain

in

ultimate

stirrups

cracks

the

is

the

plate.

generated

has

to

considered,

are

Therefore,

This

R2/1

the

more

when

block

of

due

R2/1,

stirrup

of

that

be

may

is

The

block

However,

idea.

this

of

is

kN

680

form

As

that

stress

this

that

suggested

higher

used

line.

loading

indicate

A. 37,41-42

are

and

pattern,

crack

simplest

loading

the

from

radiate

the

R4/1

blocks

in

size,

has
the

along

crack

single

decrease

R4/2

Block

other.

of

compare

fig.

reinforcement,
two

arrangement;
R5/1
the
bottom.

has

one

loading
They

bearing

the

more
line
are

3.13.

vertical
bay

of

and

one

used

to

93

their

compare
bay

of

more

reinforcement

row

28

it

similar,

is
in

All

the

considered,
R5/2,

block

which

had

Failure

was

It

width

block

at

do

Blocks
reinforced

this

as

load

is

increase

to

the

brittle

the

matrix

wide

is

the

R2/1.

are

again

in

block

before

the
are

found

applied
plain

in

of

the

at

the

concrete.
below

concrete
the

of

mode
of

block
of

reinforcement

is

R5/1,

capacity

As

plate.
only

R5/2

whether

failure.

of

loading

there

bearing

on

characteristic

the

as

and

bottom

of

the

blocks

the

failure

separation

with

decide

to

of

wedge

A. 31

patterns

of

the

concerned,

between

difficult

reinforcement

by

that

least

magnitude

therefore

of

one

and

found
point

load

block

blocks,

at

mode

if

as

failed

recommended

ultimate
in

It

is

crack

transferred

in

R5/2

yield

in

load

line.

R5/1,

their

and

strain

stirrup

as

fig.

A. 37,44-45,

reached

followed

concrete

the

different
is

loading

therefore

as

not

formation

the

of

further

one
line

From

blocks

one

failed

matrix,

have

of

its
and

to

plain

is

should
far

due

R5/1.

in

difference

loading

figs.

stirrup

reinforcing

the

distribution

However,

is

horizontal

all

the

had

others

matrix

the

block

has

which

the

of

than

yielding

there

bottom

along

side

similar

failed.

reinforcing

R2/1

reinforcement,

that

block

concrete

very

the

except

R2/1.

each

that

seen

surface
strains

the

on

be

can

block

with

reinforcement

of

concrete
The

performance

CHAPTER

and

wider
of

the

slight

R2/1.

It

spread

of

concrete

stage.

R5/1,
with

R6/1,
the

same

R6/2,
amount

R7/1,
and

R7/2
form

of

and

RB/2

reinforcement

were
but

CHAPTER

94

with

different

were

designed

to

transverse

line.

In

agree

strain

block

the
is

which

the

experimantal

to

plain

the

loading

More

cracks

fig.

the

show

can

with

be

that

to

correspond
this

than
can

be

of

small

shearing

with

as
that

soon

the

smaller

Blocks

as

the

with

block
is

reinforcement

corners

exhibit

distance

edge

distance

edge
at

distance

edge

as
to

it

can
cause

edge

distances,

is

failure.

cracks
to

plotted

ultimate
the

and

blocks.

larger

than

180

It
(PLL Pc)

mm

which

distances

larger

Therefore,

effective
prevent

below

of

4.6

of

FEM

increases.

edge

cracked.

more

by

zone

between
Wa

the

Similar

tension

Fig.

of

discrepancy

formation

earlier

the

load,

given

small

distance

edge

Wa/0.5a1=3.5.

failed
said

the

and

high

distance

edge

of

supporting

At

the

difference

the

the

decrease.

with

the

bottom

those

distances.

edge

smaller

blocks

blocks

loaded
values

This

of
the

the

bottom

analysis.
than

depth

of

between

"Pu-Pc)

seen
for

value

because

of

distances

as
for

small

relation

load

crack

is

This

blocks

with

increases
developed

bending

cracks.

edge

distribution

the
the

the

on

theoretical

at

FEM

of

the

the
along

near

greater

the

as

blocks,

are

the

presence

loads

plate

3.13.

are

the

concrete

to

They

mm.

distance

show

except

330

to

surface

during

rigid

edge

recorded

due

strains

lower

at

is

of

and

load

strain

tests

to

concrete

low

80

A. 32-34

experimental

at

assumed

due

analysis
happens

the

tensile

during

beam

the

from

effect

Figs.

on

other

each
Higher

block.

the

blocks.

general,

with

varying

investigate

concrete

reinforced
of

distances

edge

with
the
Strains

it
a

block

block

from
in

the

140
120
100
19
80
Y

60

a
40
20
0
s

Edge di.stonce to half bean. ng with ratLq

Ft,g. 4.6

Wa/O.5a1

Pu- P. vs edge distance

W0.

2.0
1.9

rb/r, - 0.22W,/o, + 1.01

1.8

10,
.

s- 1.7
a

,c

1.6
1.5

rp/r, -0.12W0/a,+1. ss
1.4

vr

1.3

v
fp/to

- 0.47 W0/ai + 0.55

I0

Load
ul.t.
.-Ptai. n
uLt. Load %R6nf
t.
crack Load

1.2
4)
co
I

i. i

m
X

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7

i23456789

10

Edge distance to half bearing wdah ratio.

FIG. 4.7

Effect

11

Wa/0.5as

of edge dLstonce t.n blocks.

12

CHAPTER

96

are

reinforcement
plotted

of

cracking

distance

to

half

Wa/O.

and

the

fails.

block

is

strength

cracks

the

conclusion,

agrees

corresponding

Foi r

Wa/O.

5ai>3.5,

of

Eq. 4.1,

its

as

strength

cracking

the
by

cracking

Eq. 4.1.
block

concrete

be

can

fb/f

Wa/0.5a1<3.5

+ 0.55

t 0.47Wa/a1
0.12Wa/a1

1.16

(4.4)

plain

r Wa/4.5a1>).
L 0.22Wa/a1

1.41

reft.

CONCLUSION

The
can

In

by

estimated

4.4

for

that

seen
with

soon

estimated

edge

well

as

that

than

higher

be

can

is

4.7

against

ratio

It

ratio.
strength

block

Fig.

A. 43,45-49.
strength

width

cracking

concrete

figs.

cylinder

bearing

concrete

plain

to

the

Sa1<3.5,

in

shown

be

behaviour
by

summarized

(A)

PLAIN

<1>

Specimens

CONCRETE

specimens
by

spliting

the

the

bearing

pressure

following:

load

concentrated
failed

with

under

BLOCKS

with

Wa/4.5a1<3.5,

blocks

concrete

of

larger
concrete

by

shearing

edge
block

the

off

distance
into

the

near

corner

Wa/O. 5a1}3.5
two

halves.

edge
while
failed

97

<2>

depth

The

increased

<3>

The

tension

the

of
the

as

bearing

load

strip

When

loading

region

in

<6>

Wa/4.5a1

> 3.5

the

splitting

of

the

at
this

than

the

specimens

size

a
the

of

increase

with

mm have
the

at

mm in

bottom

The

specimen.
height

is

similar

condition

similar

trend

their

force

a compressive
the

of

300

restraint

contributes

200

is

zone
the

zone

below

plate.

shorter

of

immediately

Both

plate,

compression

bursting

by

specimens

top

< 3.5

bearing

zone).

heights

This

with

bearing

the

Wa/0.5a1

loaded

the

confined

corresponding
in

is

and

specimen.

strength

under

by

estimated

+ 0.55

Below

of

size

zone

delays

blocks

concrete

1.16

(bursting

with

tension

be

generated

zone

Specimens

the

is

tension

compression

<5>

can

Wa/ai

plate.

of

increase

plain

block

zone

compression
the

plate

(4.1)

concrete

loading

=j
L 0.47

<4>

the

increased.

of

Wa/a1

r 0.12
fb/f

below

zone

distance

edge

capacity

concentrated

CHAPTER

30%

which
bearing

higher
but

of

than
greater

height.

Muguruma
bearing

E59]

describes

strength

with
the

over-estimte
area
greater

ratio
than

less
63.

a
short

than

16

but

specimens
for

strength

and

specimens
to

of
he
with

under-estimete

increase

in

appears

to

a bearing
those

CHAPTER

913

<7>

Kriz's
of

loaded

for

unsafe

the

as

Reducing

the

strength

high

value

the

known
(63]

Al-Nijjam

effect).
strength

the

of

is

concrete

(a'

<9>

A1-Nijjam's

estimation

bearing

as

strength

the

experiments,

the

to

proportional

<10>

Bearing
friction.

The

smallest
with

with

(B)

REINFORCED

<1>

Similar

CONCRETE

a more

of

expression
e

a/80+

with

the

corresponded

present

(4.3)

is

found

high

base

the

of

(block
to

be

to

0.9

(227.. )
plate

more

found

a reduction

reduction

is

and

is

in

increase

gentle

From

following

large

bearing

a factor

increases

capacity

(block

plate

strain

size

(07.. )

reduction
a small

the

the

scale

(4.2)

bearing

largest

loaded

specimens

/a)

1.45

(or

effect

by

bearing

1/4

has

become

its

that

increased

decreases

strength

size

specimens.

fb/f'

but

increase

stated

[63]

larger

for

suitable

the

has

are

13.

can

as

values

(76]
R

ratio,

below

specimen

the

all

estimates

area

R falls

is

this

and

loading

of

of

size

Shelson's

while

for

conservative

are

ratio

area

conservative

<8>

1491

estimates

with

Bi)

short
the

while

blocks

loaded

B4).

BLOCKS

distributions

are

obtained

in

reinforced

99

blocks

concrete
<2>

<3>

The

bearing

not

dependent

on

the

diameter

be

Lack

zone

concrete

the

reinforcement.
in

maintained

of

the
in

reinforcement
in

result

may

reinforced
of

blocks.

concrete
the

of

should
zone.

tension

plain

capacity

Reinforcement
tension

in

as

CHAPTER

large

crack

block

whole
any

the

of

part

widths

is

the

of

lower

and

strength.

<4>

Closely

spaced
in

effective
thick

steel

tensile

with

crack
crack

The

use

than

of

restraint

a
can

From

the

the

distribution

the
as

present

capacity

matrix
wide

of
as

the

the

and

it

in

the

loading

place

is
because

small

interlocking

is

difficult

should
plate

by
the

of

better

spread

Radial

cracks

of

single

to

It
have
prevent

effective
lateral

stirrups.

any

is

more
more

to

has

blocks.

reinforcement

stirrup,

of-reinforcement
of

more

width.

by

provided

spaced

buckling

block.

stirrups

long

more

reinforcement

provide

found

crack

widely

the

surrounding

much

reinforcement

prevent

are

tests,

of

vertical

interlocking

single
be

can

large

with

the

stages

widths

small

using

bearing

to

stress

small

vertical

early

than

form

to
This

at

force

this

provided

stirrups.

vertical

<6>

be

can

horizontal

<5>

With

is

reinforcement

bearing

resisting

reinforcement.

restraint

of

diameter

smaller

tell

whether

effect

on

recommended
its
brittle

width

at
failure

the
that

least
of

100

block

the

<7>

Reinforcement

is

distance,

Wa/O.

shearing

<8>

<9>

the

off

The

cracking

with

Wa/O.

of

plain

In

general,

blocks
can

the

below

more

estimated

can
block

can

the

of
be

of

small
blocks

prevent

bearing

reinforced

estimated
using

cracking

edge
from

Eq.

by

the

bearing

of

reinforced

strength

4.1.

strength
strength

block

concrete

of

plain

concrete

concrete

blocks

by

10.47Wa/a1
fb/f

it

as

blocks

with

corners.

concrete

the

effective

5a1<3.5

5a1<3.5

and
be

reinforcement.

strength

the

CHAPTER

=j0.12Wa/a1

+ 0.55
+

1.16

2Wa/a1<3.5
(plain)

)
r 2W/a1>3.5

L 0.22Wa/a1

1.01

(reinft.

(4.4)

101
Stock
no.

fp He

8i

1.30

X of reductt, on
in strength

22 X
R1-H4

1.67

B2

7.45
14 X

R4-H4

8.41

B3

0.98
16 X

Ri-HI

1. i6

B4

5.72

ex
R4-Hi

Tobte 4.3

6.22

Reductt. on to strength wt,th PTFE

at the bottom of the blocks.

Pu /2
01/4

F!

z
2-

F2

zi-0.4a
z3 - 0.75a

02/2

02/4
Pu /2

Fi. g. 4.8

StructuraL
model of a concrete block
subjected to concentrated Load.

102

4.5

Consider
4.8a

and

to

subjected
its

at

the

across

bottom,

top

full

vertical

concrete

4.8b

shows

as

through

surface

b of

block

the

is

steel

width

block.

supported

its

along

plate,

concrete

in

shown

force

compressive

thickness

the

(axbxH)

block

concrete

plain

line

centre

SOLUTION

PROPOSED

fig.

CHAPTER

the

At

its

over

al

entire

surface.
Fig.
and

its

have

bearing

is

stresses

rather

is

there

tension

and

reasons

of

distributed

to

is
the

bearing

then

an

unstressed

distributions,

the

it

is

dependent

on

the

showing
figs.

A. 4-19,

the

are

width

of

the
it

to

below

the
is

top

according
is

the

of
by

observed

to

be

line.

As

bearing

at

For
linearly
in

compression

plate.

experimental

transverse

is

to

reasonable

of

described
the

of

block

region

assumed

the

of
of

bottom.

depth

line

the

the

is

enough

the

It

region

that

it

made

followed

splitting

noted

are

at

plate

they

simplicity,

all,

distribution

experiments.

zone

the

along

graphs

assumptions

below

4.2.2,

section

and

compression

the

splitting,

the

from

a1/4

of

during

made

immediately

zone

complex

observations

that

line

halves

there

splitting

distance

rigid

two

immediately
after

at

of

and

distribution

acting

the

Along

splitting.

to

Pu/2

First
thick

Therefore,

plate.

force

resultant

is

into

split

considered.

plate

stress

rectangular

steel

are

bearing

the

that

block

concrete

forces

internal

assumed

the

assume

According
stress
that

the

103

compression

zone
Below

surface.
and

this

figs.

the

on

A. 4-19,

occurs

at

where

this

tension

before

it

zone

below

the

loading

surface.

for

and

high

distribution
bottom

the

of
the

where
behaviour
This

Furthermore,

the

the

tensile

concrete

as

Fig.
distribution.

base
their

to

block
stress
by

4. Gb shows
The

the
resultant

are

the
be

is

splitting

the

forces

model
and

B3
was

RI-H1
for
in
to

the

and

B4,

R4-H1,
blocks

this

fail

at

released,

and

high

tensile

and
their

the

as

soon

strength

assumed
centres

is

model.

stress
of

as
of

test.

cylinder

proposed

rectangular

blocks

ignored

reaches

0.75a

distributed

blocks

assumed

assumed

asumed

base

small

considered

is

therefore

the

at
can

concrete

75

by

of

is

distance

counterparts

friction

the

estimated

is

rather
of

A. 4-11.

demonstrated

therefore,

and

maximum

figs.

the

at

that

H/a>O.

is

it

stress

stress
As

similar

suggests

negligible

base,

block.

was

blocks

at

position

tail

However,

of

stress

it

long

help

The

and

usually

compressive

compressive

friction

distinct

ends

higher

only

the
of

surface.

effectively

blocks,

along

uniformly

loading

zero.

the

tensile

maximum

is

stress

With

this

is

tension,

of

tensile

loaded

the

region

plate.

not

become

tension

moment,

is

there

finally

the

the

the

as

that

At

bearing

ends

zone

is

maximum

that

below

determine

to

the

assumed
a1

the

from

0.4ai

of
zone

of

of

is

depth

difficult
stress

position
width

it

depth

compression

the

similarly

dependent

at

ends

CHAPTER

action

104

have

been

calci

ilated

block

and

they

are

taking

= F2

+ F3

F`

= ft-

(ziz

FT

= ft-

(z3-z`)

F4

=0

Pu-(ate

/2

position

diagram

Although

many

[2z2.

al)/8

= 4[4z2-F2

a,,

root

)/2

body

free

the

considering

+2

F2

(z

researchers

large

the

of

concrete

zi

= O. 4a1

z2

z3

= O. 75a

z4

=H

of

the

resultant

in

fig.

4-8b

aal

(4.5)

force

FI

and

(z3-z1+2z2)F3]/3

(4.6)

z1+2z2)F3]/3Pu

+ ai

(6,7,32,49,76]

adopted

the

cube

been

has

to

demonstrated
of

values

= R1/3

4.3).

(fig.

be

bearing

capacity

footing

to

of

the

the

loading

should

be

related

size),

a2

for

a2<a.

to

conservative

appears

formula
concrete

for

especially

that

reduced

(4.8)
for

block.

ratio

area
the

(4.7)

= R1/2

appropriate

a more

be
It

fb/f
would

L-ss

formula

fb/f.
this

thickni

unit

F4

the

at

moments

on

follows:

as

F1

By

based

CHAPTER

a/a1
dimensions

the

estimation
The

ratio
in

and
(or

this

effective

the

of
R

the

is
case

block

Therefore,

fb/f'

(a2 /a1)

1/2

(4.9)

it

105

Eq. 4.9

Substituting
(fb/f
Pu

since

')
c

r3

the
to

For

at

ends

the

with
by

using

of

the

width

the

Eq.

2Wa,

bearing

the

that

the

the

can

also

in

used

with

amount
loaded

of
block

Therefore,
the
loaded

eccentrically

zone

blocks

similar

for

the

tension

distance.

edge
be

0.75,

for

concentrically
as

strength

has

side

bearing

of

than

Moreover,

edge

obtained.

less

ratio

(4.11)

=O

ratio
be

can

specimen.

twice
4.11

f'

the

assumption

near

to

4.11)

width

corresponding

equal

a=

(Eq.

to

the

the

as

confinement

on

of

loading,

eccentric

1+2z2)

(4.10)

+1

-ai

+ fb/f

-F J, /3a1

strength

height

based

bottom

1+2z2)

-F3]/3a12-fb

splitting

with

is

calculation

therefore,

equation

cylinder

-F31 /3Pu

fb/f,

(z J-z

-F2+8

cubic

blocks

r=
(z3-z

[16z2

-r-

solving

strength

[16z2'F2+8

(z, -z
1+2z2)

+S

-F`

let

and

estimation
concrete

blocks.

4.6

COMPARISON

PLAIN

4.6.1

All

the

WITH

CONCRETE

test

4.6,

into
[16z2

= ai"fb

r2

By

2=

CHAPTER

TEST

RESULT

BLOCKS

results

available

from

various

sources

106

E32,49,62,653
and

are

also

(65]

Niyogi

4.4

table
for

for

all

the

of

the

group

Fig.

4.1O-18

are

plotted

with

different

table

4.4

and

Hawkins's
27.5

internal

the

and

Meyerhof's

degs.

which

angle

in

recommendated
Jensen's

gain

the

an

overall
table.

In
the

is

literature

with

the

data

bearing

of

deviation

calculation

values

be

(6,7,36]

when

37

to

assumed

Hawkins
to

with

m is

of

assumed

are

experimental

standard

the

by

suggested

conjunction

which

and

cylinder

calculation

values

mean

formulae

friction,

on

ratio.

to

how

of

for

width

the

in

idea

an

calculation

bearing

calculated

each

is

to

read

the

deviation

from

line,

to

of

the

be

from

by

standard

those

4.5

comparison,

obtained

of

in

table

and
easy

height

can

(62],

(14).
degs.

The
as

calculated

is

with

model.

It

can

Heyerhof's
0.98

of

end

and

to

Muguruma
presented

obtained

ratios

diagonal

equal

at

the

to

as

Furthermore,

shown

same

They

the

be

would

the

experiment

so

about

strength.

be

4.5,

mean

with

formulae.

distributed
values

with

from

For

capacity

the

[62],

specimens

values

with

data

obtained

strength

bearing

Meyerhof

are

specimen.

corresponding

of

results

loaded

of

together

tabulated

each

are

values

to

experiment

The

loaded

eccentrically

ratios

are

all

by

method

proposed

(49],

Kriz

concentrically

the

of
given

method

136].

Jensen

and

light

(76],

Shelson

132],

the

the

with

compared

Hawkins

in

analysed

CHAPTER

for

be

equation
all

the

seen
can
specimens

from
give

fig.
a
with

4.10

fairly
height

and
good
to

table
value
width

4.4d
of
ratio

the

that
mean,
greater

107

than

but

with

large
is

height

same

H/a

standard

reasonable

for

to

Muguruma's

using

=2

tends

Meyerhof

to

block

fig.

4.10).

1.224
the

with
It

but

block

of

the

height

Hawkins

with

H/a>1

of

Meyerhof.
0.888

Meyerhof,

the

standard

specimens

with

H/a>1

the

mean

under-estimated.

for

all
With

and

0.158

specimens
Hawkins'

has

considered
the

of

concrete

the

decreasing

the

as

for
is
formula

especially

the

width.

comparison
for

mean

good
is

than

as

the
smaller

all

specimens.
good
the

with
results

those

with
all

specimens

0.98

much

the

for

block

less

in

H/a<0.33.

accurate

concrete

of

increased

blocks

short
not

the

is

strength

very

result

deviation

of

specimens

with

height

not

and

decrease

Although
is

4.4b

method

is

their

obvious

(table
the

and

his

of

better

gives
by

calculated

have

which

specimens

blocks

becomes

capacity

for

strength

respectively.

Meyerhof

bearing

with

With

formula

bearing

of

estimation

has

specimens

high

all

the

trend.

fact,

except

Meyerhof's

Generally,

with

in

the

of

for

bearing

wrong

but

it

width

0.406.

strength

blocks

decreasing

the

instance,

data

its

mean
of

the

bearing

height

overall

on

with

phenomenon

than

the

specimens

strength

This

deviation

gives

calculation

with

less

height

of

effect

height
an

standard

and

ones.

However,

of

for

line

0.24.

Niyogi's
the

diagonal

of

for

0.08

and

and

lower

has

group
4.4),

over-estimate

for

under-estimate
for

each

0.04

only

of

the

around

deviation

(table

ratio

width

deviation

standard

scattered

of

value

deviation

rather

are

values

CHAPTER

by

given

for

0.101

at

Moreover,
only
are

5.4%
similar

108

to

those

obtained

trend

of

increasing

ratio

decreases.

bearing

bearing

to

due

the

the

the

decreasing

in

improvement

an

there

is

of

with

an

0.242,

(fig.

four

there

is
is

result

formula

empirical
207.

of

for

all

specimens.

for

under-estimation
His

Shelson's

with
of

0.387

the

gives

formula;
and

0.325

and

it
for

all

borne

the

gives

deviation

standard

the

on
if
has

best

only
a

graph
blocks
slightly

smaller

deviation

of

safest

estimate

which

even
has
the

in

empirical

scatter

specimens
is

result

of
It

developed

formula

and

an

be

should

somewhat

the

is

strength

Shelson

improved

0.958

splitting

over-estimation.

Niyogi

obvious

considered:
of

of

1.005

of:

the

height

estimation.
it

formulae,

mean

mean

over

deviation

these

are

over-estimating

percentage

its

to
in

bearing

but

and

probably

represents

Meyerhof's

estimation,

to

area

equation

with

Muguruma

is

reduction

the

in

test

cross-sectional

of

certain

overall

The

H/a>1

Kriz's

of

although

4.12).

with

those

Amongst

the

(mean

of

width

decrease

increased

weakening

Hawkins

comparison

Kriz,

formulae.

the

estimation

means

Shelson,

result

as

in

acceptable
that

mind

specimen

the

blocks

concrete

in

height.

with

has

Further

result

to

This

0.81).

height

data

which

decreases.

may

of

to

equal

is

there

sudden

Niyogi's

with

force,

height

specimens

strength

recorded
strength

the

H/a<0.33

with

restraining

as

maximum

is

is

strength

calculated

of

However,

the

as

under-estimation

that

in

formula,

Meyerhof's

from

CHAPTER

H/a>1

with

scattered

more
an

overall

specimens

0.208.
has
257.

and

than
standard

with

H/a>1.

CHAPTER

109

the

considers

effect

(mean

H/a<1,

with

specimens
becomes
is

the
for

particularly

Niyogi's

with
0.244.

of

the

mean

The

mean
those

becomes

the

good
blocks
Shelson

gives

including

those
even

estimator
upper

bound

Jensen's

In
of

but
a

are

0.329.

estimation
H/a>1

with

H/a<1,

at,

it

cannot

reasonably

specimens

bearing

model

with

good

used

blocks

specimens,

the

deviation

Muguruma's

for

of

blocks
all
is
it

concrete

with

for

and

is

formula

capacity

formula
H/a<1

all

but

estimate

Kriz's

standard

deviation,

standard

bearing

with

can

H/a<1.

specimens
the
be

safest
used

capacity.

is

based

on

and

the

concrete

when

general,

be

mean

large

for

considered

the

overall

over-estimates

0.946

good

H/a<1.

with
for

which

at,

specimens

respectively.

block

with

equation

the

The

0.368

4.4b),

his

all

for

capacity

(table

that

over-estimates
and

bearing
0.33

nearly

one

improved

with

worse
for

is

estimate

shows

concrete

H/a>1.

reasonable

H/a<1.

and

results

with

of

the

of

specimens

4.14
of

which

for

H/a

another

0.889

good

with

with

seriously

1,

including

an

is

reasonably

estimation

strength

0.751

capacity

gives

Fig.

formula

He

H/a?

block

are

capacity

deviation.

specimens

deviation

bearing

his

acceptable.

not

over-estimates

standard

to

and

for

negative,

which

0.121),

fails

formula

his

However,

bearing

the

gives
=

formula

empirical

on

This
deviation

0.915,

only

height

of

blocks.

concrete

the

is

formula

Muguruma's

the

equilibrium

of

internal

as

CHAPTER

110

blocks

H/a>1

with

(mean

less

formula

his

mean

standard

is

plots

the

in

the

tests

to

0.5%

and

The

to

values

number

beside

each

the

If
(test)

to

come

in
from

b=0.657
(cal

to

The

overall

represents
of

0.098

are

also

mean

decrease

and

in

bearing

of
the

is

H/a

capacity

proposed

model
to

height
the

number

This

shows

that

as

H/a

symbol

following

the

all

Moreover,

corresponding

of
the

decreases.

equation:

1.15H/a+

0.9

(4.12)

.)

bearing
three

the

H/a<1

by

exponentially

leads

with

ratio

group.

relevant

which

the

obtained
its

analysis

increase

the

of

mean

overall

for

deviation

with

In

respectively.

respectively.

increase

against

in

fb

good.

specimen

an

with

small

has

H/a<1.

with

1.005,

0.181

and

increases

Regression

so

he

the

results

specimens

data

of

group

under-estimate

believed

of

1.072

4.9

involved

The

mean

not

seems

ratio.

blocks

that

all

0.374

and

excellent

if

Fig.

each

width

only

are

under-estimate

obtained
for

has

result

deviation

ratio.

gives

of

results

0.884

deviation

shows

those

all

However,
the

considered,

the

strength

are

it

of

4.17).

standard

the

concrete

standard
4.16

scattered

model
H/a>1;

with

fig.

Fig.

deviation

under-estimate

(see

0.205).

gives

proposed

specimens

large

the

of

strength

under-estimated

and

general,

The

with

he

calculation,

of

method

bearing

over-estimated

H/a>1

and

and

deviation

0.643,

or

with

an

the

over-estimates

seriously

more

work.

external

and

energy

his

With

strength
sources:

for

shorter

blocks

is

CHAPTER

111

<1>

<2>

As

the

is

disturbed

zero

at

the

bottom

will

increase

the

The

vertical

will

not

be
or

distributed

linearly.

base

of

the

been

It

vertical

block,

increase

the
in

the

base

block.

the

to

stress

at
force

restraining
becomes

blocks
strength

dominant
the

of

stresses.

compressive

bearing

block

change
of

horizontal

high

forces

of

will

be

not

will

concrete

distribution

of

ignored

the

at

zone

restraining

the

of

trapezoidal

even

stress

These

strength

stress

the

will

block.

tension

the

of

end
tensile

compressive

rearrangement

this

the

bearing

the

had

transverse
of

With

which

the

shorter,

the

and

triangular

<3>

become

blocks

and

concrete

block.

The

the

solving
complexity

stress

the

restraining

of

analyse

systemtically.

improved

the

by

bearing

result

will
This

deviation

means

be

modified
of

standard

and

Moreover,
deviation

tension
it
the

Eq. 4.12.

Using

from

is

by
the

to

the

variable
to

difficult

quite

this
the

due
and

proposed

by

blocks

shorter

zone

However,

can

model

still

to

equation

proposed

modify

model,

the

considerably.

proposed

0.984

respectively.

the

calculated

improved

for

However,

force,

of

capacity

improved

problems.

in

of

source

be

three

above

be

can

model

proposed

model,

0.085
it
1.072

gives

for

all

the

improves
to

a mean

the
1.010

and

specimens
overall
and

4.191

standard

with
mean
to

H/a>1
and
0.137

112

i. 6
e
4

---

1.5

-- ---

Nt.yogt. ' a data

Nuguruna' a data
Krtz'a
data
Present data

!. 4

1.3

m.
2
.
.
O

m
V

1.0

0.9

0.8
0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Hei.gth to width ratu4

Fi. g. 4.9

2.0

2.5

3.0

H/a.

Effect of height on the bearing capact.ty

of concrete bLocks.
(Calculated by the proposed model)

113

--o

$ 'O -A

90.0 --o

90.0 --o

0'0

00.1 -3

00"; -

06'0 as

ZO'i -

Wo -

ti"O

N
0
g.

V
}
W

CL

m
.+

N
O

lh m
GD m

m tD
10

Ilf f0
+ g

-+ + 0o

-0

(}

" R1 N
co w +

o o e o
.;
"

aW
N

N
N

}
c
W

"
"

=W

m
O

N I[ to
O1 01 O

w+ + o

m
O

+ + o

60'0 -0
oo"i

o o o
_; 0 0
.: .:
.; .

O
0

01 m
Of m

m
N

O
O

N
O

m
O

N
0

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O
0

Ql

to's

N
0

N
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114

S. i
V

465

4.
C

L
p

3' 5

"a

0x

0f

5VAOO
0A+p
Of+
!Yf

y Dee

xo

oa

W
1. s/O

rox
O

t.

w.

P1.41

lats".

"

"

Mir"lle

x v

does

N5ir..

"o b. e

0.3

1.0

1.5

2.0

C. Lou lot od bear

F ig.

4.1

0.

Expt.

LO

33

1.0

b.

wr.. dwe
4.3

5.0

t rng as rouge h ratio

beer
ve
ca Lou Let ed
'a
(Meyer-hof
formu
La)

I ng

strength.

izo

0
M
a
L
t'
V

"
L
v
t7
C

0.5

1.0

1.3

2.0

2.5

Co lau tat ad ber

F19.4.1

1.

Expt.

&0
i ng

ei rwngt

55
h red

ca Lcu let ed
ve
formula)
(Hawkins'

4.0

4.5

5.0

bear

I ng

at rangt

h.

I1I

1.0

1. S

2.0
C. Loul.

FIg.

4.1

2.

Expt.

2.5
tod

b. wrtng

30
otr.

bS
ngsh

4.0

4.3

10

rssto

boor
ve
ca lcu Lat ed
(She Leon 'a
formu
La)

t ng

et rongt

h.

I ',Lz

ds

1.0

1.5

10

CatouLas.

Ftg.

4.13.

Expt

2.5

d b. wtna

30

3S

. trorVsh

lcu lat
ca
va
.
(Kr iz 'a
formu

4.0

4.5

so

res to

ed
la)

bearing

at rongt

h.

ILS

1.0

1.5

2.0
C. Loulot od

F19.4.1

4.

Expt.

25
bow-Ing

lcu
vs
ca
(Mugurums
's

LO
strength

33
rot

4.0

4.5

%0

to

Lat ed
bearing
formu
La)

st rangt

h.

c114

0
c
r

U!

0.3

1.0

1.5

10
C. Lou l. t.

FIS.

4.1

S.

Expt.

33

2.5
d b..

ve
(N I yog

-1 ng

.0
at r. ngs h rOt

Lcu
Lat
ed
ca
formula)
I 's

4.0

4.3

5.0

10

bearing

strength.

1
-5

4L9

Ftg.

4.1

1.0

6.

1.5

Expt.

2.0

2.5

C. Leu L. o. d

b. w

6o
9ng

.sr.

as
ng

4.0

4.3

so

r-. s to

beer
ve
cs Lcu let ed
's
(Jansen
mods L)

t ng

at rngt

h.

%2b

1.0

1.3

10

is

L0

CG Lou L. s. d bow- t ng "I rer4t

Fiq.

4.17.

Expt.

as

4.0

4.5

5.0

hr -as c

ce lcu let ed
vs
(Proposed
model)

bearing

strength.

1z7

so

--1
V

+
4. 1+
0

p
"L.

5,

aCi
i

"

OOX
Z s

O"e

Q+

J
"
EL

C'
+o

oa
.

Oea

epe

oa
al

pe

1. D.

0.5.
0.5

1.0

1.3

2.0
C. Lou Let .d

Fig.

4.1

8.

Expt.
(Modified

vs

Zs
bow

cs

o
Ing

proposed

w. 41

"

Ti

tt

"

"

v mil"mame'sAMID

&5

atr.

lcu

W0>1

lst

ngsh

sd

res

4.0

Krrs'"

M.

utrml Is does

wn..

n 4..

4.5

5.0

to

bearing
modal)

strength.

CHAPTER

128

Fig.

respectively.
in

factor

Eq.

4.18

4.12,

shows

most

the

of

after

data

by

multiplication

are

congested

around

the

estimation

of

the
the

line.

diagonal

Furthermore,

table

(test/cal.

capacity
the

that

the

that

the

bearing

capacity

of

REINFORCED

4.6.2

Table

sound

standard

compared
is

with

concluded

estimation

of

method

shows
for

and

mean

it

both

It

all

results

when

of

concentric

under

and

C49]

result

tested

with

the

and

Al-Nijjam

C63]

formula.

Al-Nijjam

have

They

of

the

strength

to

the

theory

and

itself,

have

calculated

the

reinforced
it

is

by

possibly

around
standard

However,

due

both

capacity
277.

of
and

deviations

7%
of

over-estimation

block
to

using

that

seems

bearing

concrete

reinforced

values

It

similar

respectively.

the

all

the

blocks

both

0.129
of

of

over-estimated

concrete

respectively.
0.130

BLOCKS

the

reinforced

around

blocks

CONCRETE

blocks

and

the

best

Therefore,

concrete

tabulates

4.6

concrete

Kriz

good

the

for

loading.

eccentric

Kriz's

produces

respectively

is

model

and
C30,49].

has

bearing

models

available

formulae.

other

proposed

It

0.140

and

from

estimations
that

blocks.

0.945

of

also

model

loaded

deviation

formulae

specimens

proposed

eccentrically

different

with

loaded

eccentric

tabulates

4.5

the

may

not

ineffectiveness

be

due

1'29

Na

Spec.

Kr. z

ft
r
e
(NIan 1 IN/nn )

Ast

tb/to

Eq.2.54

Eq.2.5 Proposed Eq. 4. i2

L-Ntjjan

GA8Ycot

tb/to

C88YCoL

cesyco,,

tb/to

no.

(on.)

(ma.)

R1/i
Ri/2

180
180

226
628

45.3
46.6

3.37
3.63

1.80
2.28

0.72

1.59

0.82

1.22

1.07

0.55

1.89

0.66

1.14

1.10

R2/i

180

402

46.0

3.70

2.04

0.65

1.61

0.83

1.21

1.10

R2/2

180

402

46.0

3.70

2.04

0.62

1.44

0.88

1.21

1.04

R3/i
R3/2

180

622

43.4

603

0.74
0.63

1.77
1.76

1.45
1.21

180

402

2.02

0.70

0.83
0.88

1.21
1.21

R4/i

43.4
47.0

2.35
2.33

0.99

180

3.50
3.50
3.45_

1.19

1.19

R4/2

180

402

47.0

3.45

2.02

0.68

1.61

0.86

1.19

1.16

R5/i

180

301

45.9

3.77

1.90

0.73

1.47

0.95

1.21

1.15

R5/2

180

301

R6/i

301

3.77
3.29

1.90
1.84

0.72
0.72

1.39
1.50

0.99
0.88

1.21
1.08

1.13
1.22

R6/2

130
80

45.9
39.5

301

39.5

3.29

1.56

0.83

1.50

0.87

0.97

1.34

R7/i
R7/2

280
230

301

45.3

2.22

0.73

1.47

1.11

1.48

1.10

301

45.3

3.36 3.36

2.08

0.75

1.47

1.06

1.33

1.17

R8/i

180

3.29

1.02

1.15

1.14

1.03

1.27

0.99

R8/2

330

301

463
463

3.29

2.32

0.75

1.47

i. 18

1.60

1.07

mean
standard

devi. att. on

-1.61

0.729

0.926

0.130

0.129

fb/fc caLcuLated by various researchers

for reinforced
concrete blocks.

Table 4.6

I\
O 40
L

C
m
I
ii 30

1
I

cc
,
.
cI'I'11
ip
m

11I11II111I1
IIIIIIIIIII111
i
1
(NI
cu
+I
.
..
..
1,
1
i
NI
,

Ft.g. 4.19

/I

II1IIIII1
II111

I
I\
11I1IIIiIIII1

II,
II

1II,
IIII

cvl
I

2.

NI
cil
I

.,
vl

cul
QI

I
..

NI
I

..
t1

NI
1

. +I
nl

cvl
NI

ml

NI
m1

Percentage t ncrease tn strength

forms of reinforcement.

for various

130

of

forms

some

formula

which

test

to

On

consisered

to

this

it

stage

reinforced

Table

used

4.6

tabulates

also

The

indication

ratio

bearing

the

found

extra-ordinary

increase

in

Fig.

gives

4.19

reinforcement

investigation.

as

if
to

strength

are
the

is

the

plot

of
for

thy?
all

This
form

which

presence

percentage
the

specimens

for

plain
of
can

bearing
give

an

reinforcement,

of
to

by

concrete

values

of

R3/1,

Al-Nijjam

estimated

were

10

at

calculation

of

table.

presence

is

which

or

capacity

mostly

block

with

Kriz's

each

good

bearing

R1/2,

calculated

of

Therefore,

they

the

on

to
one

bearing

test

there

due

block

means

the

effectiveness
that

strength

most

the

of
tabulsted

also
of

is

model

is

calculated

whether
as

with

which

reinforcement.

generally
blocks.

to
for

obtained

concluded

concrete

is

capacity

it

be

cannot

0.99

test

ineffective

proposed
.

and

is

0.66

have

modified

blocks.

hand,

block

of

reinforcement,
of

A1-Nijjam's

strength

effective

capacity

other
of

be

can

model

with

the

ratio

capacity

have

bearing

calculated

result.

to

said

bearing

the

estimates
be

may

instance,

For

reinforcement.

successfully

R3/1

the

of

CHAPTER

20%

increases

The

reinforcement.
has

more

of

reinforcement.

increase

in

in

in

than

the

strength
present

457.

131

LITERATURE

REVIEW

CONCRETE

5.1

DEEP

as

used

OF REINFORCED

STRENGTH

BEAMS

is

depth
a

to

as

of

the

deep

beam
for

account
and

the

deep
different

beam

They

previous

research

stresses
the

beam

deep

not

is

carried

need

beam

understand

the

stresses

whose

stresses

theory

induced

by

does

by

the

not

applied

deformations.

from

to

are

predicted

significantly

out

and

The

stresses

shearing

derived

is

on

basis

the

than

greater
beams.

simple
a

The

of

As

ultimate
behaviour

ultimate

beams.

of
a

new

techniques
results.

normal

deep

investigation

various

simple

expresions

of

is

because

often

beams

as

span.

as

from

are
works

defined

be

can

magnitude

for

panels

engineering

radically

is

concrete
civil

of

nor
of

there

The

beams.

vertical

design

strength

in

order

supports

increasingly
strength,

members

differ

using

predicted

reinforced

theory

strength

shear

span

same

beam

deep

ordinary

loads

short

structural

referred

and

SHEAR

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays,

in

ON THE

CHAPTER

investigation

on

deep

this

chapter,
beams

ultimate

Different

subject.

of
In

and

is

researchers
and

an
presented.

strength

have
overall

arrived
review

of
have
at
of

CHAPTER

132
5.2

SOLUTION

ELASTIC

Dischinger
the

[22,1932]

by

represented
to

later

investigation

of

conditions

and

principle

of

the

vertical

the

differential

and

presented

direct

single

span

deep

beam

by

another

span

deep

that

from

His

He

can

presence
photoelastic
a

simply

of

that

of

trajectories
give

web

some
beams

openings.

analysis
supported

for

to
deep

In

accurate

Uhlman

number

[80,1952]
a

single

equations
and

loading

of
for

discussion
1954,

the
of

Caswell

investigate
beams.

for

approximations

guidelines
with

solved

form

differential

successive

the
In

at

differences

investigate

to

governing
of

He

produce

beam.

period

the

solved

deep

concrete

the

not

the

left

tubular

and
could

boundary

stress

finite

of

the

by

function.

graphical

of

the

function

normal

method

Chow

two
of

of

one

stress

the

in

method

stress

solution

reinforced

by

cross-sections

beam.

the

computed

first

However,

researcher

the

elimate

the

results

Richardson's

using

to

work

the

superimposing

stress

another

Portland

the

function

but

all

were

undertook

stress

satisfied

constructed

design.
all

the

used

equation

at

was

in

118]

stress

results

by

pamphlet
Chow

virtual

in

a
1951,

then

the

His

condition.
in

constructed

In

beam

edges

use

results

boundary

He

deep

he

loading

periodic

with

[72].

functions.

continuous

of

beams

into

looking

researcher

and

graphically

Association

stress

deep

series
the

satisfy

published

Cement

the

in

Fourier

first

the

was

distribution

stress

function

stress
comparing

the
[16]

cases.
design

of

effect

of

made

use

distribution
the

fringe

133

'patterns
a

from

close

loading

was

small

deep

the

gradual

of

beams

agreed

beams

with

2.0

deep

ratio
beams

the

used

design

of

purpose

in

method
but

equation

of
with
that

He

discovered

the

mid-span

but

Hendry

[74,75]

and

load

central

large

used

They

summarized

and
made

direction
use

finer

much

or

tensile

the

of

face

the

simply

load.

gravitational
to

the

virtual

the

principal
work

to

the

simulate
in

results

In

figures

present

In
of

deep

beams

the

latter

method

at

not
1961,

Saad
of

series
with

either

case,

they

loading.

gravitational

Holmes

stress.

Chow.

occurred

showing

the
also

than

support.

supported

for

differential

grid

results

and

[25,1960]

stress
the

deep

1.5

form

the

solve

and

on

to

Geer

to

greatest

centrifuge

[3].

their

correction

tabular

computational

reported
on

cases

equal

in

paper

differences

near

of
of

later

finite

the

tests

photoelastic

the

but

with

ratios

of

Archer

loading

these

presented

Chow,

1 together

span/depth

solution

Later,

eight

stress

of

deep

very

Their

results

to

equal

with

They

respectively.

of

flexure

in

state

agreement.

solutions

span/depth

for

factors

good

linear

work.

the

on

recognized

constructed

virtual
with

in

not
the

summerized

of

well

were

stresses

Kitchen

means

He

1957.

stress

simple

experiments

simple

[4,1956]

to

subjected

in

steel
the

Kitchen

by

stress

shear

and

estimates,

performed

non-linear

and

directly

beams

[37,38]

from

highly

theoretical

with

deep

aluminium

departure

Archer

bending

Kaar

of

to

function

in

stress

obtained.

relationship
beam.

analysis

photoelastic

estimate

CHAPTER

the
and
in

magnitude
Mason
solving

[34]
the

134

problems

of

single

shearing

forces

loading

condition
the

around

does

for

generated

general

displacements
series

and

results

of

a
stress

Fourier

technique

uniform

loading

distribution

for

those
Barry

at

boundary

conditions
were

pure

(1)

differences

and
of

lost

functions

pure

Fourier
(3)

finite

in

analysis

beams

power

multiple

beams

to

maps

have

all

stress

of

regions

the

within
Method

5.1

finite

with

elastic
by

three
of

However,

fig.

They

fields.

stress

replaced

under

the

of

apearance

mentioned

theory.

the

order

(2)

his
spans

beam

in

(FEM),

of

three

edge.

the

the

bottom

technique.

been

deep

or

technique,

have

E11]

of

with

deep

fall

above

Bhatt

condition

applied

the

compression

the

element

elementary

illustrated

series

and

by

Contour

Photoelastic

value

beams

edge

analyses

computer,

some
of

stress

elastic

categories:

invention

top

be

However,

deep

EiO]

the

might

comprised

supported

either

and

and

Previous

simply

safisfied.

presented

tension

the

functions.

Ainso

as

much

magnitudes

solution

obtained
and

to

three

superimposed

method

hyperbolic

(1983),

Recently,

His

from

1973,

The

this

pressure

continuous

imposing

of

from

as
In

solving

by

support.

series

little

differed

have

the

at

by

theory

supports.

determined

were

Since,

differ

not

parabolic

bearing

high

a
did

for

procedure

edges.

proportions.

indeterminate

reactions

of

create

deep

of

vertical

beam

by

supported

results

shallow

beams

statically

field

not

their
by

beam

the

at

supports,

expected

in

applied

obtained

results

deep

span

CHAPTER

the

analyses
the

powerful
shows

the

135

4r*

T
1
in

O
a.

vL

y
C
CD
L
0
'4-

Ne

to
to
.4

0
C

.o
C
O

a.

.D
L
to

'O

N!

(0

w
L
a.)
U,

v
1

U,
DD
LL.

13(0

I
CL

.C1
a.

3
to
E
O

L
O
4to
to
O
C
O

x
W
LL
.a
C
0

y
7
Z

CL

L
y
Co
'O
to
(A

w
L
U,
N

0,
lt.

CHAPTER

137

horizontal
supported

beam

by

It

FEM.

with

Fig.

decreases.
the

to

equal
principal

vertical

together

tension

and

The

implies

prime

importance

in

stress

distributions

the
of

onset

of

failure

which
extensive

concrete

deep
are

summarized

Paiva

and

investigating

the

(span/depth
beams.

ratios
The

important

in
have

main

for
in

the
this

[69,1965]

shear

strength
2 to

variables

been

longer

of

beams

light

on
For

carried
decades.

of
to

up

the

modes

the

above

on

reinforced

Some

of

these

section.

Siess

from

deep
no

most

information

design.

two

past

no

gives

sheds

BEAMS

into

is

analysis

it

DEEP

analysis

concrete

also

the

of

5.2b).

CONCRETE

only

reinforced
and

are

It

ratio

span/depth

(fig.

state

elastic

experiments
beams

limit

at

contours

stress

OF REINFORCED

design.

cracking

stresses

of

in

reasons,

tests

compression

it

analysis;

distribution

with

the

with

that

FEM

of

5.2)

ratio

span/depth

stress

(fig.

introduction

codes

national

beam

ANALYSIS

gradual

result

horizontal

along

one,

the

the

analysis

dirtribution

stress

as

simply

4.0,

to

0.5

the

theory

also
and

EXPERIMENTAL

5.3

beam
is

5.2

sections

various

how

of

centre

from

ratio
clearly

elementary

the

at

span/depth

illustrates

from

deviates

gives

distributions

stress

were
and

6)

deep

involved

early

behaviour
reinforced
in

the

researchers
of

moderately
deep

concrete
study

were

the

CHAPTER

138

amount

of
to

span

depth

supported
to

and

main

span

to

give

at

load

at

the

constant

points

types

of

The

of

presence

load

for

the

smaller

this

deep

supported

(x/d)

the

at

beams

square

and

1600

mm,

leaving

beams
strip
from

up
the

tests

From

loaded

that

are

thick.

of

mm.

tensile

in

shown

600

ratios.

the

cracking
to

span

However,

for

increase

in

x/d
shear

tended

tests

All

was

mm from
stresses

0.9.

to

increased
the
in

was
tested

were
dimensions
In

one

by

bottom.
the

were

length

specimens

5.4.

simply
They

bearing

load;
fig.

five

of

of

The

top

area

concrete

load.

ratio

1440

of

results

reinforcement

span/depth

of

the

of

shear

3.

the

mm

on

with

reported

bearing

height

effect

plate

was

the

such

dimensions

large

a
Web

distributed

the
a

is

ultimate

100

details

to

it

than

load.

with

span

uniformly

(WT4),

and

beam

greater

cracking

mm

reinforcement

mm long

no

there

value,

1600

under

of

[53,54,19667

Leonhardt

bearing

used.

had

capacity

deflection

the

reduce

The

the

178
and

in

varied

area.

indicates

reinforcement

ratio

beyond

capacity

5.3

reinforcement

shear

than

were

4,3

of

ratios

and

from

in
that
the
concluded
an increase
but increasesthe
failing in flexure
shear strength
beam
low
particularly
at
span/depth

web

depth

effective

101

were

mm long

varied

was

beams

the

of

Fig.

they
tests,
the
has no effect on the beam
the
of
strength
n

depth

cross-sectional

points.
and

The

711

the

and

strength

were

span/depth

reactions

and

third

specimens

widths

beams

mm.

effective

The

concrete

the

610

of

three

mm with

respectively.
way

All

ratios.

on

330

reinforcement,

web

It
main

and
of

these

transverse
was

reinforcement

found

133
-1 iui

t--w

178 t
330

i78 t
330

610 --

lUl

t-

rTrr

'1ITrr1

11111

IIIII

iiltI

11111

JIILL

__J11LL
6t O ---+

178
33C
1

178
33C

i7

F..g. 5.3.

FIG. 5.4.

610

rf----

610

Test specl. mens of Patva and St.ess (1965)

Test speci..mens of Leonhardt

(1966).

CHAPTER

140

do

decrease

not

beams

but

remains

the

constant

almost

anchorage

provide

that

suggested
main
bars

from

weakening
the

reduced

fracture

deep

rectangular

span

of

mild

steel

Details

686

mm

under

concentrated

height

received

1968,

dimensions

fig.

5.5.

Different

in

their

investigation.

26

have

specimens
381

to

and

of
of

to

2.

and

two

constant
Plain

mm.

beams.

all

the

beams

failure

shear

They

in

reinforcement

span
1

762

reinforcement

modes

rods

single

point

as

up

"Ramakrishnan

single

used

were

Diagonal
and

tension

failure

fracture.

sudden

For

occurs

along

a line

loading

point.

For

is

along

nearest

a
third

as

classified

line
span

concentrated

joining
uniformly
joining

point.

by

characterized

the

support

distributed
either

support

a clean

loads,
and

are
were

follows;

ti)

up

hand,

bent

of

from

bent

other

ratios

All

and

the

span/depth
(at

the

compressive

on

varied

were

that

stressed

On

in

used

experiments

loads.

bars

the

of

reported

having

and

round

in

beams

be

through

In

to

order
Leonhardt

should

reinforcement

presented

distributed

and

points)

shown

tested

were

loops

purpose.

load.

(73]

Ananthanarayana

They

main

In

reinforcement,

He

no

slender

ordinary

supports.

mainly

serve
the

of

the

supports.

reinforcement

main
therefore

and

stresses

to

hook

the

in

as

main

horizontal
at

the

support

the

of
long

reinforcement

the

towards

it
the

loads,

it

with

the

CHAPTER

141

(2)

Diagonal

compression

formation

of

nearly

along
The

points.
first

one

beam

was

the

beam

Kong

in

reinforcement
types

of

the

web

from
span.

1972,

and

the

to

The

bearing

and-

length

the

of

the
of

by
zone

major

Kong

of

both

the

of

tests

et

on

the

in
mm,

normal

forms

of

loads

web

5.6.

762

mm

ratios
at
or

web
The

beams.

fig.

span/depth

support

with

presented

deep

concrete

point

reinforced

different

of

915

beam.

[29,44]

al

shown

the

tension

different

with

with
two

before

experiments

are

tested

steel

diagonal

out

length,

with

tensile
but

collapse

weight

overall

loaded

the

effectiveness

used

were

compression

the

and

normal

an

the

included

reinforcement

They

width.

mm

45

had

specimens

caused

on

to

portion

suddenly

This

study

experimental

the

yielded

carried

1970

Failure

Although

concrete

In

parallel

crack.

and

beams.

reinforcement.

of

flexure,

lightweight

and

weight

in

load

and

characterized

zone

considerably

139-47]

al

et
deep

concrete

had

developed

cracks.

inclined

developed

cracks

support

support.

fracture

fail

could

the

of

two

failure
beam

the

the

compression

the

of

one,

formed

the

with

first

destruction
these

the

is

to

closer

vertical
top

The

one

involved

joining

second

of

the

of

76

line

Flexure-shear

(4)

an

the

between

clear

at

cracks.

by

Splitting
the

two

but

concrete

(3)

failure

Each

of
and

span
varying

their

third

loading

point

1412

381
to
762

381
to
762

813

11

T
381
to
762

381
to
762

Test spect.mens of Ramakrt shnan G Anathanarayana

Rg. 5.5

76.2

T
254
to
762

Sen. es 4

Seri. es 2

Seri. es 3

Seri. es 5

Sert. es 6

C------
C------
Sert. es 7

Ftg. 5.6

Seri. es S&0

Test spect. mens of Kong (1972)

.

(1968).

CHAPTER

143

76

was

Anchorage

mm.
blocks

steel

(L/H)

depth

and

Xc/H

bottom

the

of

than

the

strength

inclined

web

near

the

(>3)

was

more

preferable
the

beams.
may

in

best

could

also

However,

they

and

reinforcement

L/H

L/H

was

the

of

low

higher

deflection,

and

the

for

reinforcement

widths

ultimate
that

out

reinforcement

web

crack

while

effective

web

Inclined

controlling

in

was

reinforcement

web

on
For

ratios.

the

that

dependent

(Xc/H)

depth

found

was

were

widths

horizontal

vertical

others.

pointed

span

to

specimen

(>0.7)

increase

crack

only

ratios,

Xc /H

and

clear

and

It

beams.

the

by

provided

was

reinforcement

main

of

ends

deflection

strength,

and

of

the

at

the

be

uneconomical

construction.

Fong

Robins

and

lightweight

concrete

[39,44]

They

most
widths
was
beams

deep

beams

to

with
deep

form

effective
and
found
were

in

that

the

not

that
of

deflection

tests
with

dimensions

with

normal

bars

were

inclined

used
as

web

higher

produced

formulae

for

normal

and

for
for

types

reinforcement.
weight

normal

the

was

crack

controlling
strength

of

concrete

weight

weight
for

suitable

necessarily

supported

reinforcement
in

reinforcement

and

simply

on

conclusions

similar

beams

those

deformed

except

arrived

concrete

reported

similar

reinforcement
beams

(42]

as

It

well.

deep

concrete

lightweight

concrete

beams.

Further
has

been

investigation
carried

out

on
by

Kong

lightweight
and

Singh

concrete.
(47].

deep
Results

beams
were

144

for

obtained
508

but

mm,

with

L/H

varying

ratios

as

types
in

fig.

Inclined

web

reinforcement

Xe/H

the

ratio,

horizontal
but

amounts

crack

all

ranges

next

higher

the

estimate
but

de

ultimate

Paiva

not

the

was

X /H
c

the

the

of

io

ratio
beams.

form

effective

of

For

tested.

the

bottom
web

vertical
formula

low

was
the

of

beam

reinforcement.
be

could

lightweight
for

as

were

reinforcement

Siess's

accurate

to

0.23

reinforcement

rat

to

of

tested

from

that

weight

to

used

deep

concrete

normal

depth,
were

ratios

load

Xc/H

strength
so

They

most

close

and

mm.

effective

it

ratios

ultimate

was

and

placed

Xc/H

The

Generally,

reported

most

constant

web

was

of

with

Xc/H

and
of

was

reinforcement

for

beams,

and

reinforcement
for

1 to

It

1524

to

from

the

beams

508

5.7.

affected

critically

from

span
ranged

shown

deep

rectangular

Different

0.7.
used

45

CHAPTER

concrete

beams.

Reinforced
loadings
were

heights

of

76
508

and
They

diagonal

(Xc/H

web

controlling
strength

the

762

mm

beam.

Kong

and

was
reducing
de

et

Paiva

[48].

al

mm span

and

3
It

clear
was

the

still
deflection
and

had

Siess

repeated

All

the

two

different
3

were

ratios

with

0.55).

to

subjected

(span/depth

loaded

reinforcement
width,

beams

1524

were

0.25,0.4

crack
of

by

mm thickness,

respectively).
ratios

tested

also

were

tested

deep

concrete

shear
found

most
and
design

beams

and

span/depth
that

inclined

effective
increase
formula

in
shear
was

05

{ f-76.2

T
I

50.8

50 to 152 -. -i

Series

iB

Serves iC

Sert. es IA

Series

2A

Sert. es 2B

Series 2C

Sert, es 4A

Sert. es 4B

Serves 4C

Sen. es 5A

Series

Serves 5C

Series

5B

6A

Ft.g. 5.7

Test spemmens of Kong (1972)

.

CHAPTER

146

more

for

accurate
load

Repeated
of

number

(within
had

the

Amongst

Splitting

(2)

Crushing

(3)

Penetration
zone
from

resulting

block

bearing

of

which

the

reported

no

due

failure

to
of

exception
by

clear

reinforcement
reinforcement

the

of

conclusion
span/depth
were
was

of

had

vertical

stiffening

suitable

load

ribs,

to

Kong

et

al

with

prevent
with

the

of

them

most

he

However,
147]
and

while
beams

fact,

supports;

horizontal
effective

to

ribs

stiffened
the

were

Amongst

reinforcement.

with

above

others
horizontal,

In

for

supported

the

supports.

ratios,
more

reduced

at

simple

the

similar

the

reinforcement;
web

concrete

beam

the

of

and

inclined

specimens

concrete

in

24

of

and

at

the

concrete

reinforcement,

forms

bearing

crushing
a

arrived

cracks.

mode).

tests

web

different

beams,

tested

the

crack.

diagonal

concrete

of

failure

(63]

orthogonal

vertical,

Crushing

crushing

had

the

follows

as

failure

and

four

diagonal

into

crack

of

are

two

plate

crushing

139-47]

Kong

by

between

bearing

and
shear

ultimate

They

two

diagonal

(4)

with

reinforced

small

(true

Al-Najjim

failed

near

zone.

compression

the

load

of

the

by

reported.

concrete

level

beams.

tested

into

history.

loading

on

deep

beams

beam

of

by

mean

effect

were

the

of

compression

deep

the

of

range,

overall

failure

of

repeated

concrete

the

all

(1)

no

with

tested

reinforced

modes

principal

beams,

the

cycles)
of

strength

beams

deep

in
diagonal
vertical
larger

that

for
web
web
clear

CHAPTER

147

span/depth

ratios.

Smith

with

the

of

beams

had

from

0.23

forms

of

to

that

concrete

in

inclined

crack

the

with

It

beam.

at

was

also

reinforcement

increased

deep

an
beams

exceptionally

Besser

(12,13]

concrete
corresponding

panels
to

zone

that

the

effectiveness

the

influence

at

carried
depth

span/depth

the

low

clear

tests

out

from

ranging
ratios

from

the

0.25

of

to

web
strength

strength

of

ratios.

deep
720

the

vertical

span/depth

could

horizontal

shear

on

and

load

Concrete

shear

the

of

Xc/H

of

ultimate

of

cracks

ultimate

decreased.

was

inclined

the

ratio

of

It

head

smaller

reduce

The

crushing

the

the

the

ranging

by

along

has

in

having

them

5.9.

fig.

at

concrete

Xc/H

Five

of

caused

and

parts

with

was

and

span/depth

respectively.

in

Increasing

as

important

beams

reinforcement

found

reinforcement

shown

of

failure.

rest

1.25%

are

fracture

clear

percentages

to

compression

web

diminished

played

the

deflection

the

increase

used

by

the

0.31

tested

were

respectively.

reinforcement

from

reduced
or

2.01

and

of

the

mm thickness

They

mm in

1470

deep

All

102

mm,
mm.

reinforcement,

and

failure

damage

to

web

0.91%

Beams

less

web

reinforcement

reported

crack.

no

vertical

and

2080

to

813

356

52

on

loading.

point

of

0.77,1.01,1.34

(Xc/H)

horizontal

1420

from

varying

two

depth

from

tests

presented

under

constant

lengths

spans

ratios
of

had

tested

E77]

beams

concrete

varying

and

Vantsiotis

and

reinforced
beams

reinforced
to
1.0.

2880
All

mm
the

vart, es

P-

148
v-t. es
6mm nomi,aL dta. att. rrupe
Hort. zontat spacing 152 mm.
Vertt. cat spaci. ng 76 mm.

508
or
762
T

J@f'{.

6S

6 am nom aL di. a. st t rrupa.

.
Hor. zontal, spacing 152 nn.
Vertical,
spacing 38 ma & 108 mm.

Serves B

6 mmnom.oL di.a. tncU. ned stirrup.

at 45 dogs. to hort. zontaL. at 76 mm
spaCi.ng hori. zontaLLU.
Series

Ft.g. 5.8

Test spect. mens by Kong (1974).

Lai
LAj

LU
Ft.g. 5.9

Type

used by Smith

(1982)

CHAPTER

149

had

specimens

span

thickness,

the

They

reinforced

were

which

ends

of
with

arranged
dimension

panel.

5.3

mm plain

was

increased

as

span/depth

thereafter

they

specimen

failure

Bearing

by

failure

to

by

the

the

support

to

equal

is

of

the

to

1,

failure

specimen

0.25

the
in
were

1/3

and
For

panel.
was

support

points.

the

specimens

0.67.

However,

in

0.28

at

shown

to

depth

and

main

loads

from

as

of

crack

dominant

from

the

of

specimen

load

was

ranging

buckling

Detail

equal

joining

ratios

bars.

diagonal

40.

to

orthogonal

was

decreased

ratio

the

ratios

span/depth

the

ratio

line

at

span/depth

with

that

span/depth
the

along

the

mm

blocks

steel

external

steel

of

unaffected

were

bars

reinforcement

mild

reported

with

shearing

Web

the

10

mm diameter

by

72

and

mm
from

varied

10

anchored

were

It

four

reinforcement

and

5.9.

fig.

ratios

with

872

length

overall

mm,

depth/thickness

reinforcement
the

720

to
was

reported

(height/thickness

RECOMMENDATIONS
DEEP

ratio

equal

5.4.1

the

DESIGN

OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE

BEAMS

A brief
for

FOR THE

summary

design

PORTLAND

of

of

reinforced

CEMENT

various

documents

concrete

ASSOCIATION

deep

C72,1946]

providing
beams

follows;

by

with

40).

5.4

guidance

150

This
not

is

the

on

results

reinforced
not

beams.
is

it

(p=H/L)
They

based

be

can

load

tests.

with

the

supported

Design

charts

are

two

parameters:

ratios

the

of

is

used

as

the

height

applicable

to

the

(L/H)

ratio
2.5

and

to

loading

for
design

of

method

to

width

to

and

beams

support

according

It

span

(E=a1/L).

span
and

ratios

supporting

follows;

r of/L

continuous

0.5
-{
I
a1/2L

U. D. L.

beams
(simple

load

point

f H/L

beam)
(simple

(5.

beam

continuous

(5. ib)
I HI2L

in

terms

Thus,

chart.

values

of

total

of

the

area

load
the

of

Ast
f5

is

suggested
placed

as

Shear

the

allowable

that

the

main

close

as

possible

stress

in

the

v=
where

from

and
be

can

found

from

longitudinal

main

5.1,

eq.

steel

tensile
design

can

be

by

calculated

where

beam

simple

the

obtaining

force

la)

beam)

p=i

After

analysis

elastic

span/depth

simply

calculated
as

conditions

beams

the

on

for

on

ther

and

ultimate

deep

1.25

exceeding

based

method

of

concrete

continuous
and

design

CHAPTER

v=

shear

stress

= T/fs

(5.2)

working
longitudinal
to

beam

8V/7b-d
of

the

steel.

reinforcement

the

lower

should
<

in

stress

be

(1+5H/L)v
beam

edge

limited
c

/3

of

It

should
the

was
be

beam.

by
(5.3)

CHAPTER

151

force
shear
shear
stress

V=
applied
vc = allowable

5.4.2

DE PAIVA

AND SIESS

Previously,
shear

Laupa

strength

of

where

v=
V=

151]

V/b-H

nominal
shear
cylinder

shear
force,

H=

depth

of

b=

thickness

f'

had

derived

an

+ 0.188f'

strength,
lb.

the

(5.4)

+ 21300Pt

psi.

compressive

strength

beam,

for

expression

beams;

concrete
= 200

the

beams.

slender

169.19651

reinforced

v=

for

of

concrete,

psi.

inches

of

the

beam,

Pt

= AS (1

inches.

and

in

which

As

= Total

sectional

Angle

m=

De
by

strength

inclination
the
beam
and
degress.

experimental
shear

Paiva's

Eq.
and

span/depth

5.4,

is

concrete

for
for

expression
deep

linear

load

Xc/H

was

crossing

point

of
should

and

reinforcement
be
not

data

to

relationship

such

)/V(cal.

computing
beams

steel

obtained

support.
to

the

greater

shear
between

found
with

the

= O. 8(1-0.6Xc/H)
0

and

ultimate
as

axis
than

clear

that

way

between
the

varied

a vertical

calculate

was
It

values.
in

ratio

valid

of

experimental

calculated

V(expt.
and

the

of

of
62.7
Using

area

between

section

(5.5)

+ sing)/b-H

follows.

(5.6)
1.

load

Therefore,
of

reinforced

an

CHAPTER

152
= 2-b-H-v

Pu

to

According
that

found

failure

of

mode
test,

results

equations

for

The

concrete.

of
the

Consider
beam

the

an
as

figure.

failure

of

the

This

splitting

to

the

predict
beams

deep

splitting

of

was

mode.

cylinder

concrete

strength

based
of

strength
ft

concrete

be

can

F/K-A

shown
It

strut

can
be

will

(5.8)

force.
the
splitting
splitting

eccentric

single
in

fig.

be

seen

5.

force.
test.

load

acting

at

resolve

it

according

point
lOa

and

that

the

force

splitting

the

top
to
the

of

to

equal

F=

Pu-cos4/sin

(5.9)

(e++)

4>e

where

area

the

resisting

substituting

concrete

deep

Eq. 5.8-10,
beams

force

splitting
A=

By

developed

evaluation

splitting

tension

of

reinforced

F=
Maximum
splitting
A=
Area
resisting
for
K=1.57
cylinder

where

The

diagonal

were

ft=

the

it

experiments,

as;

expressed

of

their

that

equations

strength

of

to

similar

was

shear

ultimate

in

failed

therefore,

and

the

the

beams

most

[73]

AND ANANTHANARAYANA

RAMAKRISHNAN

5.4.3

on

(5.7)

6Xc/H)

1.6(200+0.188f'+21300Pt)(1-O.

failed

is
(5.10)

b"H-cosec+
the
in

ultimate
diagonal

load
tension

of
will

the

reinforced
be

CHAPTER

153

For

central

load

concentrated

failureload

tension

+ tane-cat+)

= K(1

pu

loaded

two-point

and

the

resisting

the

as

fig.

in

shown

5.10b,

the

is

force

(5.14)

b-H-cosece
load

ultimate

(5.13)

-cosecs/2

splitting

A=
Therefore,

(5.12)

beam

deep

area

diagonal

ultimate

2K-ftb-H

F=P

the

the

is

force,

splitting

thus

be

will

Pu
For

(5.11)

-ft"b-H

e=+,

a deep

for

beam

two-point

with

is

load

P
For

distributed

uniformly

(fig.

5.10c),

as

superimposition

it

throughout
a

reached

= 2-b

the

load

of
the

can

series

of

maximum

the

when

the

of

span

total

the

load

ultimate

The
the

method

derivation

used

K can

of
for

for

all
of

lie

a
the

the

crack

on

beam
it

considering
integrating

and

The

splitting

plan

was

force
defined

by

beam

is

by

given

(5.17)

"b -H

the
value

(5.16)

the

between

tested
above

beam.

= 2K-ft

accessing

Generally,

concrete.
bound

value

by
loads

point

the

of

= 3H/L

Pu

Pu

top

found

be

diagonal

tans
and

the

on

load

ultimate

(5.15)

"H-K-ft

1.0
tensile

of

1.12

beams.
expression,

1.57

and

depending
strength

splitting
is

'reasonable

Moreover,
the

of
lower
the

during
effect

on

of

web

154

has

reinforcement
had

author

little

conclusion
for

beams

tool

to

deep

beam.

CEB-FIP
2

web

for

that

be

main

largest

bending

defined

as

FIP

beams

with

designed
deep

beams

in

the

concrete

1171

span-depth

deep

and

In

with

top

load

should

be

calculated

this

section
discussed.

are

from
lever

the

using

beams

continuous

beams.

span,

less

ratios

one

to

0.8

+ 2H)

I<

of

cracks

employed.

to

support
the

distributed

facilitate

bL

L/H

L/H

reinforcement

times

measured

<2
(5.18)

10.

from

the

arm,

z=i

main

follows:

f O. 2(L

The

be

provided

reinforced

beams

as

reinforcement
moment

of

supported

simply

supported
of

strength

DU BETON

it

However,

no
can

equations

the

Therefore,

these

whether

cr, acking

should

area

to

by

out

carried

reinforcement.

reinforcement.

EUROPEEN

2.5

and

simply

The

with

web

as

recommended

respectively
only

made

the

COMITE'

than

be

estimate

5.4.4

no

tests

and

neglected

or

can

used

been

CHAPTER

the

others

maximum

uniformly
from

the

anchorage
and

crack

Anchorage

be

should

and

force

the

of

with
It

depth
the

support

width,
by

without

anchored

face

at

extended

calculated.

over
lower

<1

means

of

a force
should

deep

beam.
limit

diameter

bars

vertical

hooks

be

(<0.2L),
In

the

equal
also

0.25H-0.45L

and

small

reduction

order

to

development
should
is

be
not

155

recommended

it

as

to

tends

CHAPTER

promote

in

cracking

the

anchorage

Zone.

For

top

loaded

stirrup
of

the

reinforcement

on

5.4.5

to

note

the

findings

of

COMMITTEE

318

ACI

The

that

proposed

Requirements

most

on

ACI

to

effective

be

reinforcement,

vc,

is

when

the

of
and

vs,

the

so

nominal
nominal

that

where

is

bars.

the
is

It

has

less

deep

strength

section

mambers

of

strength
provided

is

clear

loaded
The

shear.

be

will

with

5 and

beams,

Code

they

and

than
for

are

Building

to

shear
shear

smooth

(53,54].

beams

applicable

concrete

The

recommendations

E2]

designed

vertical

318-63:

deep

of

of

for

Walther

ACI

use

beam.

between

CEB-FIP

(Lo/d)

ratio

reinforced

composed

concrete,

Code

0.0025b.
bar,

and

of

design

face

the

of

the

Leonhardt

depth

compression

strength

of

the

the

of

spacing

of

revised

or

the

the

The
span

is

Concrete

here.

faces
by

Reinforced

briefly

discussed

consisting

high-bond

revision

for

recommendations

to

and

both

given

for

proposes

web,

on
is

beam

the

of

interest

O. 002b.

or

CEB-FIP
the

bars

horizontal

thickness

top

in

and

bar

round

based

beams,

reinforcement

orthogonal

area

deep

at

shear

believed

provided
by

by
shear

CHAPTER

156

v=v+v
Regardless

the

of

is

strength,

shear

by

limited

k=

The

the

nominal

the

following

nominal

expressions

(5.20)

0.5

-f,

the

Lo/d

<2
(5.21)

where

reinforcement,

vu

and

web

k- v

v=
ra

(5.19)

c5

of

amount

capacity

shear

factor

reduction

stress,

Lo/d

<5

is

taken

concrete

is

2<

2(1O+Lo/d)f'0.5/3

by

carried

vc

and

as

0.85

calculated

by
vc

(3.5-2.5M/V-d)

< 2.5

< 6f*
M, V

where

the

fc
The

remaining

and

it

can

v=
sc

(5.22)

-V -d/M)

0.5
c

design

the

500p

bending
setion

of

ratio

main

moment
respectively.

and

As

reinforcement

of the
concrete
section.
strength,
= compressive
cylinder
shear
be

is

stress

to

the

at

the

area

bxd

psi.

by

carried

force

shear

the

web

reinforcement

by

calculated

V-V
=f

where

"'+2

(1.9f

critical

p=

(1.9f'0.5+2504p"V-d/M)

+f

y-Awv(1+La/d)/(12Sv-b)
A=
wv

area

of

distance,
Awh

= area

of

distance
fy

= specified

vertical

(5.23)

y-Awh(11-Lo/d)/12Sh-b)
shear

reinforcement

within

reinforcement

within

Sv
horizontal

shear

Sh.
yield

strength

of

reinforcement,

psi.

157

However,

irrespective

cross-sectional
be

less

not

5.4.6

KONG [40.45]

Kong

has

ultimate
both

shear
normal

for

with

span/depth
The
Pu
where

Pu

than

strength

of

reinforced

concrete

concrete.

The

ratio

does

formula

is

ratio

load

and
splitting

for

be

used

can
3

the

if

the

clear

0.23

range

to

(5.24a)

-y"sin2a/H]

beam.

1.4

for

normal

weight

concrete

concrete.
to

130

and

deformed
bars
strength,

300

N/mm

for

plain

respectively.
N/mm2.

thickness
beam,
of the
mm.
depth
overall
of beam,
mm.
depth
from
top
of bar,
measured
of beam to the
point
it
interests
the
line
joining
the
inside.
where
edge
the
bearing
blocks
to the
of
at the
support
outside
loading
edge
of that
at the
point.

a=

angles

n=

numbers
of
that
cross
block.

between

bars

reinforcement.

Longitudinal

the

bending

also

moment

the

and

line

described

including
the
main
line
between
support

bars,
the

have

that

beams

b=
H=
y=

Recommendations

so

to

equal
bars

round
= cylinder

deep

lightweight

C2 = coefficient

from

+ C2 EA

the

of
equal

for

deep

than

widely

the

calculate

formula

greater

c/H)ft-b-H

C1 = coefficient

to

follows:

as

= 2[C1(1-0.35X

1.0

formula

not

depart

not

reinforcement

O. 25%b. d respectively.

L and

design

lightweight

the

stress,

horizontal

and

0.15%B.

shear

of

= ultimate

ft

vertical

span/depth

and

values

proposed

and

beams

0.7.

of

areas

should

the

of

CHAPTER

been

made
main

will

for

the

reinforcement
not

exceed.

above.

reinforcement
and loading

design
should

of

flexural
be

added

158

6As-fy-H/ym

M<O.
Since

the

beams

is

amount
small

and

reinforcement,
it

does

CIRIA

5.4.7

is

for
A

for
for

span

brief

use

of

web

as

conservative

gives

comprehensive

used

single

supports.

formula

wasteful

act

also

deep

reinforcement.

E68.1977]

most

be

can

can

above

to

available
It

the

recommendations
members.

lead

not

GUIDE

This

than

the

in

required

reinforcement

although

results,

reinforcement

main

(5.24b)

O. 6As-fy-L/rm

or

flexural

of

CHAPTER

the

design

beams

with

less

or

summary

set

of

rules

deep

of
span/depth

than

the

of

2.5

design

and

flexural
less

ratios
for

continuous
is

method

listed

below.

(a)

Design

The

for

area

flexure

of

reinforcement

main

can

be

by

calculated

AS = M/O. 87fy-z
M=

where
fy

Design
=

z=

bending

yield

strength

lever
given

arm
by
4.2L

at

moment.
the
of

which

+ 0.4H

(5.25)

reinforcement.

the-reinforcement

single

span

acts
L/H

<2
(5.26)

z=1
L O. 2L
For

reinforcement

simply

is

and

+ (). 3H

supported
should

be

L/H

continuous
single

distributed

span

deep

uniformly

< 2.5
beam,
over

the
a

depth

main
of

159

O. 2H
in

the

at

the

and

must

force

ultimate
of

of

span

bars

Design

(b)

beyond

should

For
defined

anchor

for

loaded

has

load.
than

more

clear
Xe.

beams

span
The

should

be

Vu

ri

the

face

of

beyond

a point

beams,

tl he

clear

to

develop

the

support.
0.21

curtailed

not
80%

of

maximum

Twenty

from

estimated

the
the

be

taken

of
case

total

for

effective

shear

50%

of

strength

percent

support.

shear
of

span

for

or

4.25L
than

more

the

top

loaded

1.3b"H-ri

weighted

effective

clear

which

uniformly

reinforced

but

none
of

average
shear
concrete

span,
deep

(5.27)

-fcu

for

normal

1.0.32

for

light

weight

concrete

=j
weight

1.95

N/mm2

for

deformed

0.85

N/mm2

for

plain

concrete
bars

r2 =1

load

by

f 0.44

Xe

load

one

bars

is

span

for

the

shear,

as

clear

= rl"b-H(1-0.35Xe/H)-fcu+r2-E100A5-y-sin2oa/H
<

where

In

50%

shear

can

anchored

than

more

distributed

be

the

either

contributes

is

Reinforcement

shear

top

as

beam.

the

bottom

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

160

Bearing

(c)

capacity

CIRIA
and

Guide

length

length

bearing

al

Al-Naijim

is

regarded

O. 4f'

the

of

actual

There

are

beams

with

a numbers

of

failure

of

model

of
web

without

and

they

and

assumptions

are

below:

listed

is assumed
a tie
and

(1)

Steel
develop

(2)

Steel
yield

(3)

is
Steel
assumed
the
bar
original

(4)

the
The size
compressive
of
the
by
of
yield
resistance
local
conditiona
at supports.

(5)

The struts
between
loads
and suports
are
the
For
presence
web reinforcement.
of
the
deflected
is
in parabolic
strut
steel,

(6)

The force
supports
stirrups.

(single

to
strut

is
assumed
fy
stress,

163]

Al-Najjim

with

to

stress

lesser

the

as

structural

deep

concrete

reinforcement.

bearing

(63)

proposed

reinforced

maximum

O. 2Lc.

and

AL-NAJJIM

5.4.8

the

limited

bearing

the

point,
different

in
and

be properly
action.

to be
in tension.

perfectly

to carry
direction.

only

the
this

presented

his

two

and

types

point
of

web

uni-axial

model

has

stress

in

uniformly
reinforcement.

many

along

is
determined
tension
steel

either
or by
by
web

deflected
uniform
form.

decreases
the
presence

to

as

and

plastic

strut
the

main
steel
is due
to

so

anchored

towards
the
of vertical
loading

distributed
To

conditions
load)

be

brief,

and
only

161

beams
two-point

load

dimenmsions

There

Failure
By

of

the

taking

following

Vu
yo

where
and

to

as

follows:

point

of

maintain

the

load

of

one

the

(point

A)

the

of

centre
and

struts,

+ 0.9d-Zw-H

+ 0.9d-NW

d-y0/2

&

AT

)/X

(5.28)

ATS)/(b-ft2-f

ZW = 0.45d

(5.29)
(5.30)

ya/2

Hw = Asw/b-Sh
w

Ts
ATs
y0

sv

/b -S

= Tensile
= Loss

force
of

yielding

Eqs.

of

tensile

presence
= Depth
of

Combining

where

the

shows

obtained.

are

(TS

of

equilibrium

(Ts -z

z=

V=A

the

direction

horizontal
equatons

and

failure

intersecting

the

at

the

with
the

of

modes

5.12

forces

the

and

under

and

steel

tie

moments

strut

Fig.

here.

notation
two

are

the

of

considering
the

beam,

the

web

orthogonal

discussed

are

of

equilibrium.

(A)

distributed

uniformly

with

CHAPTER

main

force

reinforcement.

towards

the

of vertical
reinforcement.
the
compressive
zone
at

5.28-30,

the

of

the

Vu

= Ts (d-K')/X
K'

the

tie

(TS

shear

strength

due

support
the

of

top
the

of
deep

to

the
beam

the

beam.
with

is
+ 0.9d-Hw(O.
0.9d-H

w-ATs)/2b-p2-fc

45d-K')/X

(5.31)

CHAPTER

162

Failure

(B)

the

of

Vu

Vert.:

By

in

force

tensile

the

solving

the

equation

/X2

B=4.73Hw

"d3/X2

ATs`

After
can

by

found

be

is

the

noted

by

forces
main

taking
from

+ H-T

0.9K-d

(5.34)
of

magnitude

Ts'

be

can

the
by

found

(5.35)

+C=0

the

"b -p2-fim/X

Hty2/X2

of

TS',

to

mid-span
and

mid-span

that

both
A

the
ATs

(fig.

to
main
5.12)

can

(5.313)

be

in

tension

the

support)
web

and

and
Integrating

support.
found-by

beam

thus

Eq. 5.28,

(decrease

from

at

the

of

strength

0.9Hw-Zw"d}/X

ATs

of

value

Hw"K-b"p2"f*/X

shear

into

back

assuming

the

2d -Ts

4.41d2.

{Ts'-z

moments

reinforcement

5
the

5.34,

reinforcement

substituting

reinforcement

main

determined
yield,

values

that

(5.33)

+1

Vu
It

'2
ss

+ 0.16d4.

the

getting

into

"sin(2e)/2

-p2-fc

below.

A=0.81d2

C=

(5.32)

(1-sin2(2e)]

main

A-T

where

[1

5.32,5.33

Eqs.

substituting

= K-b

-cose

singe

since

support.

= K-b-p2-fsin`s

-pL-f'

= wo-b

the

of

one

at

equilibrium

= wo-b-p`-f'-sine

TS-ATs

Hor.:

strut

the

Consider

solving

force

of

can

be

reinforcement
all

considering
it
the

along
equation

the

fF'S

720
to
2880

Fi. g. 5.10

Test specu,mens of Besser

(1984).

a -j X I-"

T
1

Ft.g. 5. i2

(1972)
by
Kong
model, proposed
.

Structural,
Vu

vu

TI
Zw

vu

FLg. 5.13

Structural

by
AL-Nojjtm
model proposed

(i981)

CA
Pu

Pu

fI

PU cos
cos(et0

Pu Cate
cot9+coto

P. cot$
cote+coto

/n

Pd2

Fi. g. 5. ii

P core
cos(et

/e

PU

P/2

0
seoo.
cot
P
cot0+cote

coto. aec8
cote+cot

2=

Coto

PU

cosecs

Effect of Load Ln deep beam by RamakrL shnan

(1968)
Ananthanarayana
and
.

2=

cosece

Coto

CHAPTER

165

below.
2b -d -p2 "f '-TS

6T52+(

5.5

(1)

4.9d

-HW

)6Ts-b

-/12-fim

(5.37)

=0

-X2

SUMMARY

Early
distribution

(2)

stresses

of

three

into

beams

deep

on

research

finite

of

(3)

and

falls

technique,

series

differences

the

and

structures

Fourier

(1)

categories

method

the

within

finding

on

concentrated

photoelastic

technique.

(2)

With

invention

the
of

method

(3)

The

the

all

above

introduction

behaviour

of

in

of

elastic

extensive

experimental

deep

beams

during

Paiva

and

web

with

increases

strength

Concrete

strength
low

span/depth

presence

from

ratio

non-linear

of

their

has

cracks

to

lead

has

concrete

the
but

>3

capacity

flexural

but

ratios.

span/depth

shear

deep

of

strength

ratios

clear

that

experiments

on cracking

smaller

increases

the

reinforced

span/depth

with

virtually

decades.

effect

clear

and

This

on

two

no

and

analysis.

concluded

had
large

the

past

E69]

reinforcement

beams

with

Siess

design

analysis

the

element

techniques.

state

concrete
value

introduced

been

limit

finite

the

computer,

mentioned

of

the

limited

(4)

has

analysis

replaced

the

of

slightly
strength

is

CHAPTER

166

unaffected.
(5)

do

reinforcement
ordinary
of

tie

(6)

bars

bent-up

Ramakrishnan
different

(3)

splitting

(2)

(4)

flexural-shear

found

He

reinforcement

for

vertical
of

failure

crack,
(3)

crushing

failure,
zone

tests

they

and
the

estimate

and
tension

diagonal

the

to

able

four
diagonal

(1)

were

their

= 2K"f

ultimate

the

t.

shear
on

also

pointed

out

web
low

crushing
of

most

that

was

(1)

of

concrete
in

splitting
along
the

of

span/depth
web

reinforcement
than

effective
different

along
the

and

inclined

more
Four

ratios.

reported;

clear

form

reinforcement

concrete

the

effective

span/depth

deflection

strength,

dependent

the

(5.12)

b-H

were

were
(2)

they

in

model

that

was

horizontal

and

strut

observed

compression

common

most

widths

ratios.

the

as

E39-47]

crack

weakening

of

(73]

However,

Pu

Kong

anchorage

any

failure

in

as

suport

compression

the

a failure
load

the

and

failure.

the

was

to

diagonal

of

constructed
"

(7)

important,

failure

of

modes

failure

very

main

beam.

failure,

mode

is

Ananthanaarayana

and

tension

stressed

lead

the

that

also

may

the

of

system

the

ti awards

He

reinforcement

main
to

owing
and

beams.

in

stresses

decrease

not

slender

the

tensile

that

found

Leonhardt

the

diagonal

compression

modes
diagonal
cracks,
zone

and

CHAPTER

167

(4)

crushing

the

experimental

the

estimation

deep

163]

horizontal

web

the

failure
the

can

be

the

strut

after

can

found

by

Eq.
its

where

the

shear
by

on
for

up
concrete

5.31,
shear

Kong's

the

affect

at
the

exception

shearing
tested

crushing

of

specimen

was

concrete
only

5.35.

the

failure

shear

strength
failure

found

by

The

of

Eq.

5.36

predicted

lesser

those

of

one

observed

with

strength
beams

deep

of

(L/H=1),
crack,

C12,13]
the

concrete

ratios.

diagonal

above

similar

strength

specimen

Besser

conclusions

that

added
shear

the
by

Eq.

at

span/depth

of

along

(L/H<1)

arrived

They

clear

be

of

methods.

ultimate
low

be

will

[77]

suggestion.

by

(1)

compression
can

beams

models

on

its

which

and

for

suitable

based

(2)

Ts'

of

two

above

more

strength

value

inclined

Structural

in
and

strength

the

(5.24a)

that

proposed

system

Vantsiottis

and

With
by

reinforced

ratios.

were

tie

especially
(10)

for

were

span/depth

and

obtained

to

drawn

was

conclusion

reinforcement

strut

ultimate

the

at

mechanism

obtained

Smith

arrived

clear

small

with

(9)

loads

ultimate

of

formula

empirical

Based

zone.

= 2[C1(1-0.35Xc/H)ft-b-H+C2EA5-y-sin2a/H,

Al-Najjim

of

data,

bearing

the

beams.

Pu

(8)

in

concrete

of

were

supports.
specimen

which.

failed

the

others

all

by

dominated
Buckling
having

of

the

L/H=4.25

CHAPTER 5

168

height

and
(11)

to

thickness

Recommendations

on

the

for
by

beams

deep

charts

tensile

steel

and

limited

the

be

should
the

span

calculated
lever

with

(13)

area

ACI

Code

the

CIRIA

Guide

is

design

of

deep

the

force
is

is
not

Eq.

5.18.

Shear

0.002b-s

and

is
with

reinforcement

0.0025b"s

in

moment

for

respectively.

taken

beams.

The

area

Eq. 5.21

be

to

concrete
of

and

by

shear

Eq. 5.23.

comprehensive

most

by

up

contribution
by

obtained

by

stress

shear

The

A=
sy
z

to

reinforcement

set
of

main

of

rules

reinforcement

for

the
can

by

calculated

where

5.3.

main

by

defined

stress

be

design

of

bending

web

Eq. 5.22.
can

reinforcement

help

the

(5.3)

largest

maximum

shear
by

calculated

be

the

limited

evaluated

(14)

bars

deformed

and

Eq.

of

area

the

equal

of

estimation
the

by

based

were

(1+5H/L)vc/3

orthogonal

cross-sectional
plain

<

arm,

by

controlled

the

stress

from

C72]

with

the

that

recommended

concretre

Association

required
shear

40.

reinforced

of

involved

8V/7b-d

v=

CEB-FIP

design

They

of

to

equal

Cement

Portland

analysis.

elastic

amount

(12)

ratio

is

the

limited

recommended

lever

arm

by

Eq. 5.27
to

M/0.87f
is

and

exceed

and
0.4f'.

given
bearing
c

by
and

Eq. 5.26.
bearing

Shear
stress

169

INVESTIGATION

EXPERIMENTAL
REINFORCED

CONCRETE

In

to

order

structural

DEEP

SHEAR

OF

STRENGTH

BEAM

of

than

are

the

using

redistribute

uniformly
low

with

(chapter

3)

this

are

put

made

into

the

region

beam's

predicted

its

to

special

usually
of

prevent

deep

of

1.1)

particular,

forms
to

that

strength

(0.7

failure

rather

failure.

shear

In

the

deep

of

before

top.

on

Special
this

of

the

because

ratios

bearing

ratios,

supports.

with

for

beams

takes

place

reinforcement
it

from

failing

mode.

DESCRIPTION

The

force

load

span/depth
the

internal

span/depth

distributed

around

beams,

been

has
different

with

slender

span,

longitudinal

than

greater

have

shear,

of

hand,

new

beams
and

by

amounts

other

significantly

deep

depth

controlled

the

buildings,

and
in

normal

On

for

Investigation
beams

that

expression
to

capacity

usually

used.

is

strength

frames

proportions

is

provided

reinforcement
shear

beams

in

spans

of

their

of

deep

flexure,

large

consisting

Because

strength

for

cater

systems

evolved.

6.2

OF THE

INTRODUCTION

6.1

in

CHAPTER

test

OF TEST

specimens

SPECIMENS

consisted

of

beams

with

different

varying

spans
1260

1000

length

100

central

the

over

which

beams

were

reinforced

6.1),

dimensions
in

varied
leaving

load

distributed

uniformly

section

tfig.

beam

the

same

5 mm which

of

a step

of

span

the

had

All

mm.

for

mm except
to

according

1100

to

700

from

CHAPTER

170

a
be

to

was

applied.
All
Main

longitudinal

bars

reinforcement
10

with
in

placed

layers,

The

spacing.
arrangement

of

diameter

plain

on

mild

steel

Vertical

spacing.
plain

mild

steel

Beams

D82

to

the

above

and

reinforcement
problems,

DB6

welded

6.3

MATERIAL

Basically

to

had

mm in

were

mild

were

placed

alternatively

(fig.

6.1).

In

form

AND MIX

similar

closed

mm

at
in

main

They

were

four

bearing

resist
6

around

the

avoid

the

zone

mm

nominal

horizontal
anchorage

all

stirrups

link.

DETAIL

materials

were

used

as

for

mm

mm spacing.
bearing

reinforcement,

mm

centre
was

66.7

bars,

to

50

orthogonal

to

centre

the
to

as

steel

order

was

support

each

diameter

so

steel

at
an

beam.

100

beams

plain

for

by

stirrups

the

of

the

above

mild

stirrups,

provided

of

plain

steel.

reinforcement

closed

with

additional

particularly

were

bars,

stirrups,

They

diameter

faces

both

reinforcement

supports

stresses.

was

reinforcement

bars

of

consisting

web

This

diameter.

nominal

mm

of

consisted

of

amount

similar

with

the

bearing

'7'
d

'

in

90

Cb

43
to

C0
m
Cl

5a

O
A.)

m
C

to
E
O
CD
.0
cc
m

A.)
ti-

0
O

JJ

'O

0
to
cu
M

C
m
E
m
U
L
O
C
m
L
CO

a
0

.C
(0
v

L
Co

E
O

w
C7

C6
0,
U..

o
u
N
EC
t0

172

capacity

Specification

British
North

was

BS

812.

Air-dried
was

882.

fig.

in

was

the

plain

as

as

zone

and

10

of

mm,
by

classified

as

quarry

fine

round

curve

concrete
in

specimens,

and

mild

the

coarse
to

according

coarse

aggregatea

bars

steel

strength

properties

so

mix
in

120

of

values

CASTING

placed

designed

mm

factor

compacting

The

that

weight

and
are

was
can

1:

shown

designed

V-B

time

less

with

give
the

tests

a
more

congested

gave

than

six

concrete.

2.03,

to

through

get

the

all
of

1.96

Workability

zone.
slump,

of

It

for
strengths

were

concrete

bearing

the

similar

0.54.

of

identical

was

obtain
by

ratio

workable
steel

to

proportions

mix

used

mix
order

water/cement

6.2,

classified

for

size

3.3.

The

6.4

same

aggregate

3.2.

stress-strain

fig.

The

maximum
texture

the

was

curves

Reinforcement
typical

with

surface

from
it

and

grading

in

shown

are

'smooth'
sand

used

The

gravel

and

Coarse

to

confirming

cement

throughout.

used

quartzite

shape

aggregate
BS

was

Notts

'irregular'

Portland

Ordinary

blocks.

CHAPTER

average

sec.

and

0.95.

AND CURING

reinforcing
in
cover

cage

position
for

was
on

the

the

prepared
mould

reinforcement.

as
and

shown
adjusted

An

oiled

in

fig.
to
steel

6.1
give

and
the
mould

X73

F L,g. 6.2

FLg. 6.3

Typ cal, cage ret of orcement

.

Deep beams cost

for

deep beams.

hors. zont aL Ly on a vibration

t abL e.

174

1260
on

1000

side

each

thick

(fig.

of

the

beam

were

strength
all

the

test

mix,

all

the

mm

depressions

The

throughout.

on

strip

1631,

by

provided
In

the

mould.

of

concrete

with

specimens

were

of
a5

attaching

mm

to

avoid

the

height

of

the

order

horizontally

cast

6.3).

For
the

350

each

kN

dry
15

weight

The

ensure

mould

and

mm

100

unform

10-0

compacted

from

the

on

moulds

The
3

and

days,

test

of

three

cast

in

mm

three
two

and

together

the

for

each

They

were

curing

percent,

were

covered

and

the

cubes,

95-100

constantly

to

order

table.

table.

placed

of

into

poured

cylinders

vibrating

of

in

100

mm

for

over
quantity

vibrating

specimens

watered

required

of

mixer

turned

then

on

were

humidity

relatively

for

curing

They

3 minutes

was

150

mm prisms.

casting.

hessian

300

also

C.,

layers

eight

500

It

consisted

specimens

stripped

after

two

the

for

mixed

into

were

of

weighed

were

fed

materials

mix.

in

materials
being

addition

workable

cubes,

degs.

the
were

compacted

and

mix

The

materials

Control
15C)

before

capacity.
before

secs.

water.

constituent

proportions

required

about

the

used

of

specimen

20

was

plastic

variation

in

100

CHAPTER

at

room
24

hours
damp

with

to

transferred

then

room.

Compressive

strengths

150

mm cubes

and

was

assessed

from

four
four

100
100

x
x

were

obtained

150

mm cylinders.

150

mm cylinders

three

by

Tensile
by

the

100
strength
splitting

and

CHAPTER

175

test

cylinder

Similar

and
the

strength
were

were

according

listed

in

6.5

when

E+S 1881.

on

Demec

TEST

the

surface
100

not
was

gauge

particular

to
1

section
Sections
1()

beams
of

to

concrete.
the

of

curing

indication
The

control

tested

and

specimen

are

were
each

the

centre

and

measure

were
the

mm gauge

horizontal

the

to
and

-3 were

the

beam
strains

were

the

beam
20

mm

the

and

vertical
sections
200

from

mm

respectively.
below

the
They

respectively.
at

and
both

vertical

they

support,

the

mm

1 was

reinforcement

obtain

sections

5()
twelve

on

the

edge

Section
of

of

the

length,

measured

line

by

measured

near

6.4).

of

horizontal
of

(fig.

that

centre

bottom
the

100

as

except

the

of

except

level
so

were

were

beam

the

concrete

length
a

the

Sections

section

mm above
to

relevant

the

for

horizontally

and
4

the

better

specimen.

gauge

at

made

strains.

similar

have

test

Strains

along

and

horizontal

mm

of

were

vertically

used

of
and

properties

of

used.

section

measurements

was

the

PROCEDURE

available

sections

vertical

The

AUD

with
is

space

the

by

6.1.

table

gauges

where

chosen

the

to

Strains

and

at

time

to

prism

prism

casting

as

in

INSTRUMENTS

Demec

so

mm

ratio

for

concrete

made

remaining

applied

of

500

Poisson's

and

specimens

100

The

were

control

tests

one

Modulus

Young's

procedures

tests

100

test.

rupture

the

obtain

of

and

of

modulus

from

top

and

top
were

bottom

7'C

Spec.

Span

SPA
dept h

no.

ratio

(an. )
Present

Con reseLve
tou(00) fo_Uso)

Tenst. Le
ft(oU.. )

fo

Young's Poast. on
tt(pm. ) Modulus
ratt. o

N/mn2

2
N/ ne

N/mat

N/ mat

N/mm2

Ii'/nn

Pu

IN

tnveatt. gatton

081

1000

1.0

67.5

62.7

46.9

3.57

4.06

34.2

0.149

1415

D82

1100

1.1

70.1

58.8

45.4

3.36

3.98

31.3

0.150

1400

083

1000

1.0

74.6

66.2

50.9

3.57

4.06

34.9

0.169

1700

084

900

0.9

69.9

59.4

50.2

4.03

4.53

34.9

0.175

1960

D85

800

0.8

71.4

62.8

47.5

3.82

4.24

35.4

0.173

1975

086

700

0.7

68.1

65.6

49.8

3.77

5.62

32.5

0.158

1980

Notes

For aLL the apeci. raen$ a-

T abL e 6A i

Concrete

1260mA b-

i00na

h-

i000ma.

beams (OBI-0B6)

propret t es of the test

20
span/3
Sectton4
-"

I\//

200 ne

\On
ioo

cu

'6

cn

0I

Um

ml

mN

C)

cn

tnl

wN\\

N
Sei

r\

m\

\\
00

e
Section

or%
T

5/

span

FLg. 6.4

Sect L ons on the surface

of the beam
where strains
were measured.

to

177

Spri

test
specLnen

;teal bean. ng
)Late

F i, g. 6.5

Loading
ng mechant sm of tests

wt,th deep beams.

176
wr

, r`yK

y
y
t

J,t'i'f

CL
r"

i+

y`s.

if"

'
:T

Oi
.}

`.k
.`c,

t}h'$..

71k' '.
.

"ar "i '

L
i

".';

i..

wI

O
.

r. SaW

i/
wig

CA

z:

'J

lot
4a
c

O
i

"

Ion

F t..

`Ya

CD

179

of

the

was

pointed

failures
tie

and

deep

of

loaded

the

and

Strain

the

of

section

12

Strains

were

the

Strain
gauges

and

was

measured

the

centre

reinforcement.

6-9
strut

the

support
mm

tensile

and

the

steel
by

recorded
in
of

three
the

the

centre-line

beams

with

bearing

and

was

in
of
steel,

the

strain

to

the

mm inside

and

centre

of

the

across

the

strut

passed

was

different

at

by

along

the

centre

parallel

and

so

the

in

compressive

resistance
the

the

end

of

was
strut.

also

main

steel

line,

centre

at

to

as

positions.

reinforcement

was

support.

electrical

Strain

web

the

100

a data-logger.

strut

and

the

measured

positions;

the

through

10

strains

compressive

Strain

along

along

the

of

6,7,8
from

was

the

to

measured

idea

an

lying

section

outside
both

measured

of

11

while

50

was

give

mm respectively

Section

beam.

to
were

Sections

were

the
designed

strains
to

as

10-12

between

of

specially

and
so

line

top

strut

uniformly

perpendicular

strain.
800

the

were

strut

strut.

compressive

give

were

Sections

of

centre

6-12

and

support.

direction

on

compressive

100,200,400

the

point

the

of

of

at.

span

for
the

on

163]
the

of

that

suggested
lies

sections

Al-Nijjam

and

failures

strut

compressive

direction

fact

the

Sections

this

of

distribution

of

on

[73]

in

were
had

third

this.

direction
along

beams

beams,

measurements

investigate

Ramakrishnan

Ramkrishnan

system.

support

by

out

distributed

were

specimens.
It

that

CHAPTER

measured

along
the

main

measured
For

those
at

the

180

measurements

the

curing

coat

of

into

positions.

of

emulsion

in

the

beam.

the

have

plaster

of

spreader

beam

The

base

and

horizontal

and

mechanism

increments

the

of

widths

it

gauges,

100

kN.

At

of

the

observed
cracks

beam

were

were

I-section

was

put

is

shown

for

noted

of

the

on
at

measured

and

between

plates

in

6.5-6.

figs.

vertically
both

in

readings

and
of

a hand

initial
constant

gauge

surface

under

deflection
the

applied

by

the

bearing

taking

end

In

concrete,

measuring

the

top

load.

adjusted

loading,

the

on

position,

was

stage

marked
was

two

two

After
load

each

by

the

mm,
span

underneath

surfaces

and

50

put

steel

for

respectively.

the

was

on

placed

the

of

all

cracks

and

checked
were

back

movement

recorded,
which

gauges

the

loading

of

then

on

to

on

correct

distributed

between

specimen

was

at

of

readings

The

The

dial

and

the

at

the

were

uniformly

applied

and

beam

verified

was

the

supported

contact

100

thin
fixed

were
placed

140

beam

from

out
A

points

give

roller

spreader

an

taken

carefully

to

were
A

was

each

half

strain

specimens.

plates,

they

better

then

was

and

obtain

it

Demec

applied.

floor.

paris

concrete.

control

position

and

to

specimen
to

the

bearing

roller

the

on

with

appropriate

plates

placed

order

were

bearing

beams

and

an

test,

specimen

Two

rig.

for

7.

chapter

ready

was

The

placed

the

of

white

was

together

room

testing

were

specimen

in

the

of

positions

individually

shown

are

When

the

Detailed

positions.

appropriate

CHAPTER

the

the

load
crack.

microscope

CHAPTER

lei

with

magnification

the

of

procedure

then

removed

final

crack

from

6.6

BEHAVIOUR

The

shown

at

the

order

to

obtain

crack

of

In

height

cracks

was

it

photographed

to

record

tested

were

specimens
in

Fig.

for

and
6.7-12.

figs.
be

should

kN.

load

load

in

the

6.13

three

middle

of

bottom

well

the

middle

the
the

on

their

crack

The

numbers

by

multiplied
the

shows

types

of

900

10

in

development
flexural,

crack;

of

support
with

the

bottom

edge

diagonal

direction

crack
at

an
of

than

angle

those

observed
of
imaginary

68

degs.

at

to
and

specimen,

the

in

Cracks

were

upwards,

the

of

was

the

beam

extended

quickly

more

the
cracks

increased.

was

was

flexural

more
They

extending
the

kN,

appear
of

section

beam.

extended
a

bottom

load

to

crack

the

as

kN,

first

500

to

mm above

beam

At
hand

the

gradually

the

supports.

6.7,

increased

500

of
widened

fig.

around

As

cracks

agrees

test
shown

in

load

DB1,

crack
M.

right

the

of

with

beam

observed
a

are

the

mm.

bearing.

flexural
400

ends

width

and

shear

the

of

failure

after

0.02

failed,

specimens

control

of

width

TESTS

DURING

appearance

patterns

and

scale

eyepiece

specimen

the

rig

The

pattern.

day.

test

the

crack

until

repeated

was

same

to

the

in

graduation

and

corresponded

microscope

This

40

of

near

the

above

the
which

compressive

182

strut

the

with

rapidly,

finally

specimen

at

formed

to

the

crack

diagonal
the

vertical

fell

away

more

load.

The
as

considered

Beam

specimen.

the

right

At
hand

in

shown

began

to

extend

again

in

the
when

In

presence

found
support
and

the

in
bearing

this

kN,

of

the

audible

to

DB1

was

further

was
cracks)

beam

were
slowly

than

took

pieces

which

an

crack

rapidly

that

could
report

reached

specimen
near

as

the

around

500

550

mm above

the

place

as

of

concrete

not

substain

and

this

was

of

shown
too
edge

near

mm above

less

vertical

in

fig.
to

were

the

found

and
is
and

strut,
the

support.

However,

uncontrolled.

kN.

which

cracks

edge

at

support

degs.,

6.8.

of

1000

at

compressive
600

the

at

vigorously

the

70

of

bottom

width

near
of

kN

was

found

was

stages

the

crack
its

angle

steel,

was

at

predicted

height

bearing

support,

first

crack
an

the
a

the

cracking

at

of

in

increased

flexural

length

direction

cracks

more

the

of

extended

bearing

this

Shear

end

of

even

vertical

a
and

6.13.

the

above

900

its

it

stopped

length

to

extended

and

the

at

Their

formed

crack

support

fig.

formed

This

with

load

(bearing

support

similarly

beam

As

much

top

failure.

bearing

behaved

the

of

failed

beam

the

widened

diagonal

similar

of

so

hand

flexural

the

as

DB2

loading.
bottom

widened

and

mm below

cracks

failure

right

length

support.

increased

cracks
the

supports.

Finally,

from

kN,

hand

width

cracks.

200

point

vertical

two

its

extended

1000

kN,

the

At
left

1300

above

but

M.
the

above

formed

to

coming
1300

increased

It

horizontal.

CHAPTER

of

the

were
the
beam
These

CHAPTER

183

bearing

cracks

bearing

zone

the

of
the

Beam

in

behaved
cracks
mm

gradually
and

an

the

specimen.

the

major

had

more

less

the

6.13).

form

to

mm

above
of

0.27

bearing

those
the

The

shear

the

(0.04
mm

at

the

used.

full

DB3,

(fig.

They

occurred
crack

beam

DB3

took

region
DB1

inclined

agreed

bearing

in

by

height

of

cracks

was

were

more

shows

the

With

this

at

more

DB3
or

remained
extensive

whereas
in

100

of

Beam

widths

beam

well

strut

6.9).

place

cracks

the

This

the

but

13DkN

beam

support.
steel

in

bearing
in

in

and

the

kN

900

and

was
and

to
of

DB1

mm)

flexural

compressive

cracks.
beam

kN

of

widened

of

cracking

almost

DB1

height

and

400

of

flexural

formation

horizontal

behaviour

in

as

concentrated

while

loads

to

specimen

The

It

zone.
of

upward

the

at

reinforcement

formation

predicted

bearing

Moreover,

and

of

extended

constant
up

edge

the

off

slid

bearing

the

the

with
extended

between

load

that

in

these

the

It

controlled
same

DB1

with

of

difference

widening

200

degs.

the

stability
it

but

except

support

DB1.

However,

approximately

support

beam

(73].

DB1

observed

direction

the

short

70

of

Ramakrishnan

(fig.

in

failed

increased.

was

was

as

the

to

load

the

kN,

abandoned.

the

near

1400

at

affecting

actually

to

bottom

cracks

angle

with

was

Again,

the

respectively,
at

DB3

kN.

as

shear

not

similarly

above

and

identical

beam

400

at

had

test

was

rather

distorted

DH2

and

DB3

added

widening

totally

rig

Beam

700

is

beam.

testing

was

were

that

quickly

so

DB1

beam
DB3

remained
the

mm above

widely

effectiveness
reinforcement,

spread
of

to
the
the

CHAPTER

184

bearing

above

zone

DB3

was
then

this

specimen
the

centre

failure

of

behaved

which

appeared
the

of

section

(fig.

beam,
they

with

failed.

At

inner
the

later

edge
support

the
and

by

either

side
and

stages

crack
of

DB6

and

was

of
failed

with

test,
This

in

as
similar

both

to

shown
loads

0.02

mm until

around

1800

height

two

in

fig.
of

until
concrete
6.10-12.
1960,1975

kN
the

of
a

height

of

As

load

was
to

1200
did

not
beam

the
1900

to

vertically
a

the

1000

widths

directions
the

of

to

direction

crack

at

and

of

Around

was

originating

shearing
crack,

at

formed.

extending

the

but

the

700

gradually.

remained

span

specimen.

emerged

support,

vertically

the

middle

length

the

rising

increased

of

the

first

the

The

DB6

and

bottom

at

in

of

width

kN.
with

strut,

bottom

dowel

DB5

the

appeared

approximately

cracks
load

vertical

failed

DB5

crack

bearing

increase

new

the

the

kN,

cracks

compressive

above

increased,
1600

inclined

were

600

to

decreased

Shear

of

the

general,

in

crack

cracks

crack

buckling

DB4,

In

other.

500

the

with

beams

flexural

of

kN.

1700

each

failure

the

with

span,

around

flexural

inclined

mm

at

6.10-13).

suggested
900

was

beam

these

of

width

to

similarly

Loads

along

together

at

in

finally,

and

beam

and

6.9b).

(fig.

strut,

reinforcement

unit

one

concrete

support,

differences

very

crack

the

kN
the

of

compressive

above

main

Despite

and

the

of

steel

vertical

shearing

as

bearing,

1415

beyond

by

was

in

failing

increased

be

held

was

support

from

prevented

could

in

the

kN,
the

above
600

mm above
the

beams

blocks
Beams
and

1980

on
DB4,
kN

CHAPTER

185

With

respectively.
specimens

failed

quite

the

exception
gently

with

of

beams

a reasonably

D81

and
audible

DB2,
report.

all

I8&

Lam. 2. -

1i :.

'

1. I

DB1
Vk load
Ito

100

k2o
90
90

10

60

srK

,p

ao
to

y\

50

.I

\
7b

is

4w

FLg. 6.7

Crack pattern

of beam D61.

"

IPI

P B2-

l
k A(
pct. ord = I4ooo

..

40

'7

..
a9

it

Tw-i
1

F t,g. 6.8

Crack pattern

of beam DB2.

i Stz

ii

IA
1d$

i.

(a)

I
L

:'.,
_
.-- ---

.
r

( b)

Ft.g. 6.9

Crack pattern
DB3.
beam
of

IF-S

DB.4..

:;

load
lt,
v

[so

i6o

100

tip

, 40

Ado
1,10

90

00

4t

Ito.

Ft,g. 6. i0

kto
100

Crack pattern

OW

of beam DB4.

%90

Al

A's

DB.5.
toad.
itt.

ti

k
&l.
= /976

r
..

-All

FLg. 6. it

Crack pattern

of beam DB5.

191

Ft,g. 6.12

Crack pattern

of beam DB6.

19-2

Laxurca

SFaar

B.
sr
-

crc

trat

t ng

or-.

Boom

DB I

Boom

DB2

B. sm

DB3

Boom

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193

EXPERIMENTAL
CONCRETE

7.1

SHEAR

STRENGTH

OF

REINFORCED

on

the

surface

BEAMS

DEEP

INTRODUCTION

In

this

concrete
the

RESULTS

CHAPTER

in

and

the

deflections

discussed
model
loads

both

are

STRAIN

values

behaviour

be

will

8.1

Fig.
section

beams.

In

by

discussed

in

the

tested

the

beams.
as

the

the

strain
Vertical

support

is

failure

are

shown

in

plotted

together

loads.

section

the

on

figs.

B. 1-18.
the

with

Details

analysis.

their

of

paragraphs.

distribution

strain
for

support,
distributions

the

all
are

compressive
approached

other

SURFACE

vertical

above

failure
from

measuring

later

proposed

predicted

every

FEM

and
and

formulae

and

are

obtained

6.4),

general,

6.4)

chapter,
and

tests

graphically

experimental

ON CONCRETE

for

shows

(fig.

the

distributions

strain

theoretical

model

with

(fig.

surface

Experimental

gradually

compared

up

the

of

the

shown

the

of

drawn

proposed

distributions

concrete

end
is

DISTRIBUTION

Strain

the

the

be

will

the

mechanism

by

researchers

7.2

At

during

measured

specimens

detail.

failure

strains

reinforcement
the

of
in

of

the

chapter,

and

six

tested
in

similar

all

increases

strain
have

in

maximum

at

CHAPTER

194

100

point
point,

the

Strains

obtained

the

figure

than

FEM

in

the

action

of

seen

well

for

regions

near
of

this

the
loads

beams.

At

than

predicted

the

supports.
in

wedge

compressive

wedge

the

strains

concrete

of

on

that
small

large

and

lines

the

larger

formation

the

to

dotted

of
is

slightly.

be

section
strain

plate

two

the

top

the

an

At

beam.

100

recorded

at

Analysis

from

over

in
maximum

mm above
shows
occurs

the

zero,

increases

FEM

strain

compressive

mm from

top

200

the

their

vertical

tensile
of

the

results,
the
and

top
then

beam
a

of

decreases

the

of
the

of

In

maximum

depth

beam,
tensile

the

bottom

of

strains
(DB3
maximum

the

but

1.

vertical

towards

similar

mm

has

magnitude

bottom

at

strain

bottom

are
beams,

section

the

the
and

test

in

towards

gradually

Occasionally,

the

all

compressive

becomes

and

with

in

distributions

distribution

100-200

strain

emerges

and

vertical

position

vertical

strain

the

distributions

strain
Strain

the

decreases

and

vertical

sections
from

3,

and

the

show

respectively.

different

sections

beam.

these

are

constant

can
agree

upper

bearing

B. 3

and
and

in

similar

the

the

B. 2

sections

the

the

in

plotted

values

maximum

block.

Figs.

at

It

due
the

to

concrete

they

B. 1).

particularly

above

correspond

(fig.

experimental

probably

concrete

are

on

the

analysis
is

This

kN)

BOO

loads,

higher

analysis

this

decreases

strain

FEM

theoretical

and

experimental

by

by

Below

plate.

compressive

vertical

same

(less

above

mm

bearing

the

were
DB6).

and

vertical
it

beam,
more

or

is
less

195

linearly

with

vertical

compressive
200

position
bottom

the

compressive

the

beam.
from

varies

250

to

100

the
3,

the

mm from

the

position

the

at

the
the

at
the

on

which
of

span

region

the

of

2,

mm from

constant

bottom

compressive

depends

larger

100

vertical

constant

have

spans

rapidly

a point

section

becomes

strain
Larger

until

In

constant.

section

more

Thereafter,

beam.

becomes

stress

decreases

bottom

the

In

beam.

the

of

strain

mm from
the

of

depth

the

CHAPTER

which

beam.

.i

horizontal

The
in

shown

figs.

B. 4-6

distribution

in

transverse

strain

bearing
(fig.

plate

and

then

distance

occurs

at

strain

gradually

the
bearing
tensile
strain
identical
cracks

and
B. 5

100

the

diminishes

that

in

wedge
at

and

strains

in

region

200

mm above

beam.

For

the

section

section

the

are
the

very
bottom

below

and
this

with

maximum

100
region,

the

It

This

kN)

tensile

tensile
from

mm

have

FEM
due
formation
be

the

approach
mm below

strain

900

can

of
from

seen
horizontal

zero
the

the

tensile

The

at

to

tensile

analyses
with
This is again
values..
to
the
maximum
A

and

of

surface.

zero

800

the

close

surface.
to

to

chapter

maximum

that

than
small

in

region

zone.

(less

strain

line

discussed

loaded

are

similar

loading

the

comes

bearing

load

low

the

loading

Theoretical
plate.
is not so high as the experimental
that
the
results
except
a

very

zone

from

mm

from

horizontal

compression

assumption
al

is

been

tension

the

with

has

high

at

well

8.4)
along

which

has

occurring

agrees

fig.

blocks
It

strain

(fig.

distribution

A. 27-34).

bearing

1-3

sections

The

respectively.

section

concrete

in

distributions

strain

top
strains

for
of

the
the
were

196

recorded

This

measured.

the

for

and

at

creating

large

strains

middle

section

tensile

strains

were

loads

greater
is

strains
of

strain

and

beam.

At

the

to

the

formation

top
In

affected

Fig.

8.7

shows

top

of

compressive

with

strain
tensile

is

compressive
tensile

found

than
over

the

strain

supports

over
strains

at

the

It

distribution

values

while

are

smaller

the
than

the

of

were

region

across
that

seen

between

two

the

compressive

beam.

Slight
However

supports.
distribution
and

supports

the

a rapid
beams

supports

are

experimental
the

of

most

In

supports.
between

the

be

the

flatter
the

the

for

of

the

over

span

horizontal

can

of

tensile

strain

beams

centre

the

strains

horizontal

six

between

strains

predicted
the

all

FEM produce

compressive

experimental

the

at

cracks
these

well

4).

parabolic

from

horizontal

agree

for

tensile

of
on

large

beam

experimental

of

in

3,

these

compressive
and

(section

flexural

small

1-3

found

of

the

in

the

of

dependent

distribution

were

results

strains

cracks.

a maximum

analytical

in

by

was

strains

increase

section

beams

the

There

beam,

in

bottom

magnitude

theoretical

the

strain

supports.

larger

the

general,

not

is

line

section

presence

the

beams.

strain

In

of

region

of

is

which

The

Therefore

distributions

strain

the

kN.

large

to

the

the

of

strain-measuring

beam.

at

800

affected

the

recorded.

recorded

beams.

the

bottom

the

of

than
due

the

correspond

which

section

behaviour

flexural

intercept

loads

higher

However,

the

to

strains

compressive

above,

section

due

is

CHAPTER

tensile

corresponding

197

theoretical

in

shown

8.8.

fig.

800

in

changes

rapid
analysis

which

It

was
beams

behaviour

in

was

6.4).

compressive
that

the

at

maximum

DD4-6,

beams
50

Fig.

B. 9-12

strut

in
of

further

mm to

the

6-9

respectively.

the

compressive

to

a sudden
left

800

section

is
zero

decrease
of

the

in

in
strut;

the

from

the
6-9

seen

dramatically
In

the

6,

section
of

centre

the

strut
In

centre.

strain
is

this
be

can

falls

compressive

support

across
It

are

measured

the

strain

mm from

this

of

system.

being

support.

150

at

mm

strain

found

tie

Sections

compressive

strain

FEM

investigate

strains

the

by

failure

and

to

strut.

from

that

strut

the

show

away

falls

and

However,

recorded

1737

transverse

100,200,400

loads.

practice.

designed

strut,

compressive

gradually

of

compressive

this

magnitude

sections

failure

this
to

in

between

made

are

Ramaskrishnam

specially

were

positions

(fig.

fact

be

support

unreasonable

by

suggested

of

perpendicular

be

to

flexural

of

higher

at

the

around

strain

seem

6-12

Sections

values

strain

existence

cannot

higher

At

experimental

the

comparison
analytical

and

experimental

to

due

Therefore,

cracks.

the

has

FEM.

by

kN),

400

supports

values

kN),

than

the

is

5)

(section

beam

(less

between

analytical

fluctuates

distribution

at

the

the

of
loads

small

than

(greater

bottom

strain

to

similar

load

and

At

tensile

magnitude

the

at

strain

experimental

at

values.

Horizontal

deep

CHAPTER

believed

is

found
to

be

198

by

affected

the

distribution

similar
smaller

the

of

the

strut

left

to

the

to

recorded

Sections

these

strain,
distribution

it.

of
line
9

and

are

much

of

strain

have
less

is
are

of

beams

DB3-5.

the

little

shear

found

compressive
magnitudes

high

crack
strain

was

shear

crack

strut

with

of

comparatively

the

7.

and

The

uniform

due

to

is

compressive

sections

is

It

no

or
the

present

left

at

but

in

the

is

of

than

at

cracking,

right

similar

with

in

in

the

decrease

sharp

Therefore,
of

depressions

occasionally,

the

and

presence

of

cracks.

shear

Figs.

6.13-15

is

at

similar

1600
to

increase

Below
Transverse

11-12

1 but

with

there

point
strain

have

compressive
distributions

the

along
700

micro-strain,

(fig.

at

100

strains
sections

as

the

mm

from

begin
10-12

10

section.

of

magnitudes
occurs

in

section

a distribution

larger

a maximum

strain

In

around

strain
is

6.4).

recorded

magnitude,

compressive

and
this

in

longitudinal

of
(fig.

was

Sections

section
of

approached

strain

small

M.

distributions

respectively

compressive

Compression

the

show

10-12

sections

uniform

even

the
found

are
left

shear

but

the

has

found

mm to

strut

to

dividing

the

actually

in

that

note
strains

compressive

the

of

is

100

at
6,

by

section
strain

zero

section

affected

the

interesting

beam.

to

in

maximum

Section

cracks.
as

becomes

Similar

to

mm

the

and

strain,

shear

strains

Again

strut.

compressive
100

of

magnitude.

centre

of

presence

CHAPTER

strains

8.1).
support

the
to
are

An
is

support.
decrease.
shown

in

199

figs.

B. 16-18.

three

zero

begin

to

strain
kN.

from

the

linearly

mm from

the

bars

of

these

The

distributions

in

figs.

B. 19-24.

given

by

figs.

B. 25-29.

marked
drawn

drawn;
on

the
the

together

IN

of

in

On
and

the

below

to

hold

block

main

back

the
in

recorded
is

not

rotating

10.

section

REINFORCEMENTS

in

main
in

strains

direction
and

variation

and

the

figure,

each

reinforcement
with

block

four

of

were

concrete

strain
The

position

the

strain

strain

help

strains

the

concrete

presence

which

rotating

DISTRIBUTION

shown

are

but

the

to

small
that

showing

sections

STRAIN

due

the

in

transverse

of

diameter
Only

11-12

sections

decrease

than

from

mm

increase
of

tensile

greater

300

rapid

and

strains
in

loads

bearing

every

numbered
strain

steel

are
details

strain

beside
in

are

steel

reinforcement
of

of

web

it.
each

is

gauge

is

It
gauge

with

loads.

Gauges

1-4

were

mounted

all

slowly

increases

point

movement

is

support

block.

concrete

This

The

larger

for

tensile

with

to

rotational

crack.

shear

Rapid
10

top

decrease

Transverse

section

decreases.

then

the

at

strains

point.

in

found

are

support.

this

increases

indicates

steel

7.3

mm from

recorded

and

actually

strains
compressive

below

emerge

It

support

900

at

are

800

along

These

sections.

become

300

Compressive

CHAPTER

on

the

reinforcement

in

the

centre

200

of

the

beam.

At

around

400

to

increased

strain
cracking
cracks,
rate

the

gauges

kN.
fail

not

main

beam

similar

rate

of

bearing

gauges

were

actually
They
Gauge

early

is
to

at

they

all

edge

small

the

end

of

the

bottom

anchorage

increase

strain

at

cracks

at

the

shear

the

except

main
problem

four

from

to

of

it

strain,
10

is

the

above

the

those

in

yielded

believed
Gauge
it

main

DB2,

virtually

support.

reinforcement,

enhanced

beam

is
the

gauges

an
In

characteristic

distance

the

reinforcement

characteristics

gauge

DB2,
exception

reinforcement

but

the

main

loads.

highest

of

the

demonstrated

main

which

With

These

plate.

this

Db2,

and

yielding

beams,

most

have

in

DB1

show

the
kN)

direction

of

beams

with

recorded
(400

again

on

different

outstanding

the

the

bearing

This

from

monitor

11

the

strains.

the

in

had

of

placed

strain

stage

unstrained.
stem

and
in

DB3-6.
an

of

of

the

In

are

none

along

gauges

larger

that

noted

in

of

all

9-12

increase

plate.

beams

exception

at

remains

reinforcement

formation

position.

edge
strains

9-12

gauges

the

flexural

of

rapidly
is

beam,

flexural

the

presence

It
main

They

exhibits

outer

have

at

steel

the

above

this

beam.

placed

shear,

the

the

of

span

indicates

more

the

after

the

in

D82,

In

of

were

and

in

load.

strut.

With

reinforcement

of

yielding

before

800-1000

This

the

of

5-8

rate.

increases

failure

compressive

rates,

that

at

the

on

linearly.

increased

strain

depending

strain

Gauges

upper

faster

shows

imaginary

did

beam

until

position.

two

kN,

course,

of

this

1000
at

the

of

increased,

is

load

As

CHAPTER

is

designed

reinforcement.

to
34

CHAPTER

201

Strain

in

there

is

this

the

two

in

cracking.
DB2

has

In

beam

not

failed

DB1

gauges

14-17

at

in

strain

at

Gauges

steel.

Bearing
is

in

either
strains

are

DB2-6

beams

the

above
side

the

B. 25-29).

(figs.

supports
stirrup

in

of

support

the
recorded

form
to

of

21-26
gauges

while
stirrups.
in

the

near

before

the

below

the

higher

bearing
are

compression
plate.

In
gauges,

stirrups

failure

beam

above
on

placed

27-29

steel
crack.

shear

bearing

web

web

interlocking

small

prevent

Gauges

central

the

near

steel

vertical

and

reinforcement

reinforcement

the

rapid

originates

imaginary

the

of

web

but
in

in

loads,

cracking

reinforcement

In

found

occurs

shear

shear

found.

are
higher

at

yield

installed

of

is

crack

Generally,

that

main

this

kN,

show

others

unstrained

strains

and

direction

the

steel

inserted

place.

were

in

at

recorded

was

taking

suggests

the

found

Compression

700-900

shows

formation

shear

no

the

virtually

are

small

strain

18-20

along

again

and

and

below

the

above

the

after

strain

13

gauge
all

while

14-17

shear

larger
This

point

and

only

is

fails.

specimen

in

loads

has

load

gauges

DB3-6,

and

bottom

the

DB2,

in

that

found

tensile

show

gauges

the

in

is

It

strain

with
before

increase

beams

increase

strain

reinforcement.

strut.

all

that

accepted

reinforcement

web

Compressive

increase
of

13,

gauge

of

is

main

compressive

reinforcement.

stages

horizontal

suggested

exception

constant

as

the

of
the

with

were

the

of

the

in

it

therefore,

low,

anchorage

good

direction

in

gauge

13-17

Gauges

is

and

the

30-32

DB2,
especially

the

centre
on

are
only

small
for

202

gauges
steel

corner
to

close

the

bearing
by

because

the

of

sliding
the
in
one

or

fact

prevent

concrete

failure

premature
the

around

first

the

indicates

This

steel.

too

strains

in

stirrups

more

is

larger

have

off

plate

position

DB3-6

bearing

bearing

the

supporting

beams

the

of

of

bearing

of
in

ineffectiveness

of

yielding

can

steel

that
beam

the

of

support.

DEFLECTION

7.4

Deflections
fig.

B. 30.

the

tests
for

shown

the

failure

of

beams

DB1

these

two

beams.

larger

patterns.

of

the

some

of

DB2,

no

lines

are

dial

the

the

larger

deflection

FEM

are

analysis
Both

figure.

same
show

during

gauges

by

results

in

shown

results

results

on

has

span

beams

experimental

Theoretical

theoretical

and
The

of

and

dotted

experimental

deflection

similar

the

at

middle

beam.

the

Horizontal
is

beams,

distortion
as
the

movement

shown

Beam

DB1.

beam

the

to

in

bottom

at
Due

shown

are

off

beam

layer

crushing

of

by

Gauges

show

secondary

or

fails

corner.

usually

and

the

of

the

shows

DD2

beam

and

the

This

10-12.

CHAPTER

DB2

in
has

around
described
test

rig.

fig.

recorded
B. 31.

in

chapter
Limited

zone
6,

did

horizontal

taken

was

horizontal

bearing

line

centre

No measurement

extensive
the

the

along

due

movement
above
not

the

fail
movement

of
in

beam

to

the
This

support.
in

shear
is

the

but

recorded

slid
in

203

beams

DB3-6

thickness

7.5

no

and

From

the

is

past

following

INTERLOCK

failure

believed
by

determined
of

in

behaviour
it

is

review

BY AGGREGATE

TRANSFER

investigation,

deep

the

in

this

dowel

is

this
deep

of

strength

and

area

in

beams

shear

interlock

aggregate

(dowel

two

by

or

the

interdependent

action.
in

discussed

the

important

in

parts

aggregate

interlock

not

to

shear

is

increased

the

diagonal

crack

the

rotation

and

shear

displacement

crack

tensile

meets
taken

leads

by

up
to

Therefore,

the

reduced.

action

force
Houde

taken
and

of
the

of

concrete
the

increases

shear

part

the

of
and

the

dowel

Mirza

crack

1353

the

force

shear

by

lengthened

and
the

beam.

the

shear

When

the

This

level
a

stated

the

of

higher

rate.
is

interlock

aggregate
that

the

resistance

reinforcement.

at

an

plays

external

width
by

action

interlock

at

up

dowel
During

widened
of

reinforcement,

splitting

reinforcement

As
is

reinforcement
and

aggregate

the

(aggregate

crack

separate.

resistance.

by

crack

tensile

of

easy

the

of

action

formation,

crack

of

across

surfaces

dowel

and

stage

transmitted

rough

However,

action).

initial

be

can

between

interlock)

further

to

depth

AND DOWEL ACTION

of

that

researches

forces

interaction

is

these

paragraphs.

Shear

are

for

observed

was

ratios.

SHEAR

beams

buckling

CHAPTER

for

beam

204

without

reinforcement

web

interlock,

aggregate
action
are

the

of

Some

main
as

them

of

effect
eliminated

the

across

in

had

been

dowel

action

crack.

the

crack

and

that

the

shear

dependent

the

seven

Paulay

and

under

constant

specimen

crack

width

size
of

Loebar

or

is

and

shear

carried

factor

affecting

Houde

with

et

mortor

in

resistance

no

ranged

was

mainly

the

square
it

the

concrete.

in

carried

variable

was

the

similar

at
size,

noticeable

shape,
an

effect

The

test

The

aggregate

largest

width

by

widths

crack

arrived

interlock.

was

out

forces.

the

found

was

However,

was

They

that
had

It

to

restraining
7.3.

across

stress

used

and

the

interlock

interlock

aggregate
shear

applied

concrete.

constant

fig.
al

was

the

and

restraining

proportional

aggregate

variable

cement
by

of

applying

block

measured.

of

was

and

by

by

aggregate

magnitude

of

in

shown
to

conclusions

by

aggregate

(70]

force

was

strength

tests

Twenty

Shear

(35]

reinforcement

the

of

maintained

7.2.

The

the

of

was

of

the

Mirza

and

introduced

ends

carried

cylinder

independent

either

N/mm`.

the

on

of

stress

Houde

was

of

action

investigate

absence

displacement

shear

1.2

to

0.5

the

the

then

and

crack

width

They

respectively.

separate

action

tensile

fig.

to

made

with

dowel

[79].

parameters.

on

in

shown

20%

and

by

and

zone

compressive

7.1,

dowel

force
crack

as

specimen

fig.

various

with

predetermined

hardness

shown

and

tensile

direct

root

was

interlock

the

50,30

steel

attempts

aggregate

in

carried

shear

cracking,

after

concrete

distributed

from

and

CHAPTER

of

the

single
a

crack

X05

Conpresai. on zone

Shear stress &atri. butt on

Ln the conpreee. on zone
(30%)
x

Shear etreae by
aggregate interlock
( 50% )

Cracked
regt, on

Shear stress by
dowel. oct i, on
( 20%)

Fi.,g. 7.1

0' st rt. but L.on of shear stress

along a shear crack.

__^

11
II

L
___=_

Ret.nforcenent
to prevent
fLexurol. & dkagonot crocks

_====J
Crack formed
by Cens. on

mLLd steel

Crock open. ng

AdJustobLe

IIII

IIII

et. de roLLer
J3

c=--==
g"Load

Ft,g. 7.2

Aggregate LnterLock

test

cell,

by Houde and Mt,rza.

dt.o. bars

TensLon crack
along shear plane
3-3/8'
dLa.
etLrrupe

FLg. 7.3

Aggregate

L nt erL oc k test

Shear surface

specL mens of P auL ay.

CHAPTER

206

across

shear

which

to

the

was

stress

forces

restraining
shear

Typical

considerable.
regression

relationship

obtained.

be

could

approximated

by

the

ACI

an

within

the

160,617.

crack

diminished
associated
initial

was

with

that

shear
that

sliding
model.

to

the
is
cannot

is

The

resisted
be

reinforcement
on
effect

by

represented

of
and
across

decreased

also
was

which
the

size

sensitive

Furthermore,
combination
by

the

as

stiffness

displacement

plane.

either

Millard

shear

was

the

of

stiffness

of

recommended

the

both

stress

regardless

stress
with

applied

shear

shear

crack

the

by

the

shear

was

testing

Crack-widening

width.

7.4.

following

action

placing

increased.

crack-widening

fig.

the

mean

Dowel

of

shear

in

width

(7.1)

p=1.4

employed

increasing

normal

believed

friction

width

crack

stiffness

and

ultimate

crack

and

force

that

angles

corresponding

while

method

found

the

with

line

shear

was
They

and

crack

initial

This

right

shown

the

C1].

with

(psi)

by

and

at

performed

straight

eliminated

interlock

are

p=1.7,

Tests

constant

purposes

Code

crack.

aggregate
Johnson

duct

oversize
the

of

side

by
of

be

can

acting

fa1.03

design

Building

reinforcement

force

was

for

friction

of

coefficient

transfered.

results

= 0.473

that

suggested

be

maintain

analysis

fL
was

to

required

Logarithmic

It

the

that

showed

plane

to

were

of
a

of

the

to

the

it

was

crushing

conventional

1200

ti7%
1000
a

"

i7

800

c
U

600

m
c
if

400

LfL

)
(Pet.
cr
)1.03
0.473
,

Se

0
L

rL - 0.582r,

0
.-

200

200

400
fL Hestroi. rn.ng stress

Ft g. 7.4

800

600

Shear vs restratning

(p.)

stress

by Paulay.

"N/:

dId
1

I.

V -

'f-

1
IL.

Plo-v

Hi

'l-VN

SHEAR
/j3
V-A,;

FLEXURE
211

34

V.

Ft.g. 7.5

KINKING
V-A,
coed

The mechancsm of dowel, action.

------------

and
Load ceLL

1
1
-1
Load
f
cell

--------

Load
ceLL

Stress di. atmbutt. on in

concrete along the retnft.

Ft. g. 7.6

Dowel, action

test

by Houde and Mi.rza.

CHAPTER

208

Dowel

flexure

of

(2)
(3)

the
the

shear
kinking

across
of

mechanisms

are

with

the

the

shear

the

shear
and

161]

keyed

surface

across

the
is

force

kinking

shearing

reinforcement).

are

the

principal

two

Thirty
Houde

and

Mirza

be

tensile
not

(35]

contradict
proportional

determine

The

bar

influence

any
with
to

the

size

total

finding

in
of

7.6

steel.

the

dowel
the

of
shear

and
the

as

is

strength
with

combined
loads

were
the

and

The

pull-out

did
This

load.
dowel

which

found

concrete
length

embedment
cracking

by

tested

were
dowel

width
the

and

to

reinforcement.

action

beam

dowel

area

the

cracking

the

on

Pauley's

the

smooth

action

ultimate

dowel
Dowel

on

fig.

by

reinforcement

of

in
the

or

forces.

dependent

dowel

diameter

tested

that

the

the

of

(square

infers

of

shown

alone

strength.
have

the

that

area

of

of

reinforcement

of

steel

flexure
of

to

pull-out

directly

total

specimens

acting

predetermined
to

cube

beam-end

dowel

under

the

from

found

was

This

by

were

amounts

large

strength

strength

preparation

mechanisms

produced

yield

of

are

the

specimens

It

diameter

dowels
by

the

type

the

the

to

than

surfaces.
to

the

associated

the

of

determined

different

of

proportional

is

surface

three

and

force

dowel

varied

with

terms
when

7.5

fig.

in
in

push-off

proportional

diameter

illustrated

rather

Thirty

reinforcement.

and

reinforcement.

dowel

concrete

surrounding

Pauley

the

bars,

However,
a

of

capacity

sources:

reinforcement,
the

strength.

three

from

come

expressed

strength

its

be

to
the

the

shear

bar

action

(1)

These

the

believed

is

is

force
farces

CHAPTER

209

had

no

the

shear

on

effect

dowel

the

the

of

capacity

capacity

Df

Similar

interlock

by

smoothed

casting
two

with

resulted
It

in

increase

in
the

on

effect

the

action

increase

the
if

considered

in

by

to
axial

to

the

cracks

override
tension

concrete

in

of
also

causes
force

in

for

tendency
damage

and

and

dowel
more

in

instance,

dowel
by

interlock
the

widening
the

in

and

concrete

aggregate
suppressed

force.

reinforced
For

only
force

interlock

aggregate

to

crack

stiffness

localized

tension

axial

ultimate

had

increased

the

of

axial

shear

separately.

which

in

some

effect

elimination
smooth

faces

due

between

combined

tests,

artificially
crack

interaction

makes
than

is

the

an

were

The

smooth

O\

with

was

separating

and

the

lower

duct

diameter

for

increase

an

in

sheeting.

stiffness

of

but

in

concrete

shear

strength

and

stages

the

tendency

together
This

However,

complex

the

stress

widening.
of

the

resulted

shear

action

be

surfaces

polythene

higher

two

increasing

behaviour

reinforcement

softening

that

show

increased

also

An

crack

may

C60]

no

shearing

in

thin

of

time

this

The

Johnson

and

that

specimen

layers

reinforcement

ultimate

of

(7.2)

Millard

except

each

results

stress.

by

reinforcement.

experimental

the

load

cracking

207.

1/3

used

tests,

the

surrounding

small

dowel

= 40-b-fc'

were

specimens

aggregate

widen.

The

beam.

exceed

not

by

expressed

them

did

which

tendency
of

the

reinforcement

for
crack,
and

210

reduction

in

aggregate

interlock

of

an

the

by

and

dissimilar

for

Hofbeck

be

combined

Their

action.
parallel

reinforcement

of

the

shear

diameter

spacing

and

the

linear

relationship

force

Vu.

yield

plateau

in

(1)

The

7.8,

stress

component
sides
of
reinforcement.
(2)

The

the

relative

in

the

high

yield

displacement

or

uncracked

is

found

did

not

that
affect

ultimate

shear

and

small

A structural

observed

mode

model

failure

of

shown

assumptions:
f

reinforecment,

of relative
the
shear

It

the

dowel

inclined

strength

resistance.

the

following

and

some
and

or

reinforcement

a
two

presented

interlock

7.7.

p. fy

shear
to

according
with

the

fig.

is

stiffness.

cracked

in

width

width

orthogonal,

initially

with

higher

give

included

between

Reinforcement

constructed
fig.

of

have

are

these

shear

aggregate

plane

crack

Crack

[33,57]

of

apecimens

the

was

effect

test

along

concrete

Mattock

and

widths

surface

similar

axial
provided

therefore

have

means

between

the

crack

same

interlock;
to

bond

stiffness

reinforcement.

expected

al

the

with

unbonded

shear
internal

the

aggregate

et

the

on

specimens

of

the

Also

and

cannot

specimens

tests

underestimate

two

factor

prime

thus

In
by

action

lower

could

action.

local

the

This

concrete.

dowel

of

removed

and

bonded

with

also

dowel

the

of

elimination

interlock.

aggregate

but

tests,
duct

reinforcement
stiffness

stiffness

shear

oversize

CHAPTER

displacement
plane

at

in

ultim

is

proportional

of
the

concrete
direction

ate,

Su

is

on

constant

to

the

the
of

two
the

and

3/e di.a.

i.
rrupi
a
vanes n

ord in no.
nd size of
Lupe
Shear
Plane

Shear
PLone

stLmips
1.5ms dL a.

Lo
P%.

yvv

Ft,g. 7.7

Push-off

test

F,

A
i"ia

yN%

"I

Hofbeck.
and

IFT
_
'

..
N.

by Mattock

cty
I

Y/

'1 (xy
I

Cr"

ro

0
rt

of
1F

F.

Shear model. of tnt. tt oL uncracked spect. men by Mattock.

Ft.g. 7.8

ppv

Ft. g. 7.9

Shear model, of c.ni tLal, cracked specumen by Mattock.

212

that

to

equal

During

in
tests

the

cracks

at

another

occurs

diagonal

cracks.

C=

where
therefore

were
halves

fs

can

be

across

the

specimen

the

of
the

strain

t
C
Total

force

steel

shear

to

relative

in

one

between

strut
Es

plane.

the

reinforcement

at

is

plane

Es

= C-Su*Cos

and

when

(9+a-e)

e+90,

(7.3)

cs=may
(7.4)

seca"cos(90+m-e)

expressed

fy.

=j

the

concrete

as:

r -fy
fs

the

diagonal

specimens,

formed
of

E=E
sy

stress

in

cy

strain

plane.

Therefore,

constant

uncracked

rotation

shear

produce

initially

two
by

the

to

angle

shear

intervals
the

of

the

on

short

Movement

to

necessary

reinforcement

CHAPTER

O<0<2m-90
secm.

2a-90<e<90

cos(90+(K-e)

fy

(7.5)

90<e<180
perpendicular

and

to

parallel

the

crack

are

respectively

At
plane
externally

as

F=

AS f

Fv

= AS -fs

failure,

the

direct

a result

of

the

direct

stress

stresses

(7.6)
(7.7)

-sin(2(3)

stress

aex

oaa

-sin

2e/Sb

ox
in

acting
the

across

reinforcement

the

shear
and

any

is

= F/b-d

+ aex

(7. A)

CHAPTER

213

b=
d=

where

Thus

Txy

can

be

can

plane
plane.

shear
shear
the

by

tensile

and

force

the
the
of

found

be

compressive
shear

of

width
length

Mohr

the

of
of

K-T

crack

faces

which

to

the

in

and

hence

when

The

separate.

assumed

(shear

crack

be

to

in

the

of

movement

two
The

plane).

slip

the

occurs,
displacement

relative
a direction

at

angle

(7.10)

'r" = arctan}t
= coef.
taken
using

at

the

similarly
the

angle

e to

crack
the

assumptions,

an

stress

the

Es

= C2-Su-cos(e+'")

at

ultimate

of

crack

faces,

strain

at

is

given

Es

ultimate
by
(7.11)

the

reinforcement

at

angle

is

crack

I -f
fs

friction
between
()f=38.7)
0.8

of
as

foregoing

the

reinforcement

e to

is

place

xy

crack,

where

Thus

takes

to

the

along

rough,

forced

were

ultimate

(7.9)

specimens,

was
was

The

given

0.84

cracked

crack

with

as

as

specimen

the

faces

taken

7.8)

concrete.

of

strength

estimated

initially

For
halves

be

may

(fig.

circle

V=F+
uv
where

=i

-f
L

O<e<90-2w

y
y.
fy

cosecw-cos(e+w)

90-2v<e<90
90<e<18O

(7.12)

214

It

has

reinforcement
shear

transfer

taken

as

been

proposed

crossing

C58]
crack

strength

CHAPTER

that
right

at
for

may,

the

u = 200 + O. ep-fy
first

The

term

for

value
is

the

of

action

force

Eq.

7.13

by

force

dowel
force

shear

to

perpendicular

Dowel

is

force

sine

times

Combining

steel

Eqs.

the

and

e. )

Df

strength

Eq. 7.13

is

dowel
bound

the

crack

reinforcement,
the

dowel

e. )
(7.14)

stress

dowel

force

in
is

the

direction
to

proportional

k"sine-fs

(7.15)

7.15,
"sin2e

=k

to

modified

(7.16)

-f
give

the

mean

value

of

shear

as
Vu

where

lower

times

sine
(i.

by

sine

steel

(i.

Vu
Therefore,

-D f'

thus

crack,

stress

7.14

=k
by

produced
to

perpendicular

to

be

design,

along
the

to

reinforcemment

Vu

the

force

shear

proportional

the

ultimate

transfer

gives

perpendicular

is

of

of

c7. i3)

shear

this

Since,

the

purpose

the
But

purpose.

to

angle

case

< 0.3fc'

represent

reinforcement.

design

resisted

therefore

in

the

for

F=

= 404b-h-sin2e

A5-h-fs-sin

ze

&

+ 0. OF +F
Fv

= -As-h-fs-sin(2e)

(7.17)

215

7.6

PROPOSED

FAILURE

MECHANISM

CHAPTER

OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE

DEEP

BEAMS

Consider

reinforcement
fig.

It

crack

shear
edge

was

the

of

Equilibrium
the

strength

of

are

they

(1)

are

any

analysis,

as

follows:

A crack
is
the
supporting

free

the

diagram

certain

formed

the

along
plate

line
the

and

the

along

in

7.1Ob.

have

joining

the

outer

by

interlock,

and

fig.

plate.

maintained

acting

assumptions

inner

loading

crack

forces

body

the

aggregate

the

the

that

were

zone,

Various

the

of

in

-shown

joining

crack

across

reinforcement

of

the

along

as

line

edge

compression

concrete.
by

shown

purpose

the

in
of

forces

orthogonal

experiments

the

outer

with

loading

from
along

the

and

beam

point

observed
formed

usually

the

shear

stresses

been

had

support
of

two

to

subjected

7.1Oa.

deep

concrete

reinforced

edge

been

inner
the
of

tensile

the

crack
For

the

made

and

of
edge
loading

plate.

(2)

Movement
of
centre
of
movement
of
the
direction

is
the
block
by the
concrete
rotation
about
forces
in
the
(point
A)
compression
zone
the
is
along
crack
each
point
perpendicular
of the
crack.

(3)

Strain

the

in

to

proportional
the
(4)

(5)

of

direction

Ultimate

reinforcement
the

displacement

the

reinforcement.

displacement
that

A reinforced
ultimate

concrete
displacement,

bottom-most

of

main

two
to

neccessary

the

of

between

to
equal
reinforcement.

deep

the

across

concrete,

concrete

produce

beam is
Su
has

reinforcement.

the

crack,

said
taken

surface,
yielding
to

fail
place

cs
Su

the
and
to

is

along

Su

is

of

the

when
at

the
the

>i(o
vu

vu

11

ca
Yu

I+1

-1 -, I-

lotto+ta,
X

I dh

6u

rL
al. nO

61-1

ro,

ducoseeb
rLh

I_
.

ca
Yu

(
FIg. 7. i0

Proposed faLture

mechanism.

217

As
angle

in

shown

fig.

3-5

assumptions

when

above,

we

degs.,

e=90

shear

may

is

crack

horizontal

Esh
if

the

7.10b,

the

with

CHAPTER

and

formed

at

an

to

according

the

write

k-Su-sine

(7.18)

Esh-Eyh

Eyh=k-Su

thus

Esh

Eyh-sine

(7.19a)

similarly,

Esv

Eyv'Cosa

(7.19b)

and

fsh

fyh'sine

(7.20a)

fsv

= fyv'Cosa

where

= Strain

Esh'Esv
Eyv

Eyh,

fyv

fyh,

in

respectively.

Yield

in

stress

about

the

(point

A).

centre

and

horizontal

and

vertical
vertical
vertical

the

of
rotation

force

in

the

the

of

in

compression

in

stresses

the

the
block

concrete

compression

reinforcement

zone
be

can

as
Th

Tv

where

of

and

vertical

respectively.

from

Tensile

calculated

the

distribution

resulting

reinforcement

and

respectively.
the
horizontal

reinforcement

triangular

horizontal

respectively.
in the
horizontal

reinforcement

Assuming

(7.20b)

the

reinforcement
= Yield
strain
reinforcement
in
= Stress

fsh'fsv

Th, Tv
d'

= Ash 'f

(yh-d

sh
= Ash . fyh -sine
= Asv -f

(H-Xv.

') / (d-d

')

(yh-d')

/ (d-d')

tane-d

sv
= Asv-fyv-cose(H-Xvtane-d')/(d-d')

= Tensile
reinforcement
= Depth
of

force

in

the

respectively.
the
centre

') / (d-d'

(7.21a)
)
(7.21b)

horizontal
of

compression

and

vertical
in

the

compression
beam.

= Depth

yh
X=
v

inner
Total

H=
Stresses

the

due

crack

to

the

of

top
of
Distance

the

from

A)

horizontal

beam.
of the

edge
height

the

(point

zone

CHAPTER

218

reinforcement
reinforcement

vertical

of

the

from

the

from

the

top

the

the
support.
beam.
of the

of

perpendicular

reinforcement

to

parallel

and

are
fLh

= Th-sine/(b-Sh.

cosece)

Ash-fyh-sin3a

yh-d'
(7.22a)
d -d '

b- Sh

fph

= Th -cose/

(b -Sh'

coseas)

Ash"fyh-sin2e"cose

yh-d'
(7.22b)
d-d'

b "Sh

fLv

= Tv"sine/(b"Sv-secs)
A

sv

-f

H-X

yv-cos'

-tans-d'
(7.22c)

b -S

fpv

d-d'

= Tv-sine/(b"Sh-Seca)
A

sv

-f

yv-cos2e-sine

where

fph

= Stresses

-tans-d'
(7.22d)

b -S
fLh,

H-X

d-d'

and

perpendicular

due
crack
respectively.

to

horizontal

parallel

to

reinforcement

the

219

fLv'fpv

Stresses

in

shown
from

0.7H
tensile

figs.
the

this

Below

reasonable

tensile

tensile

perpendicular

the
be

can

crack

r ft
ft'

is

in

the

the

to

assume

at

the

the

that
tip

zero
above

concrete

in

it.

of

maximum

the

of
and

assumed

depth

crack.

triangular
Therefore,
direction

the

as

written

)y<0.7H

(D. 7H-d'

-y/

to

is

reinforcement

extended

stress

stress

stress
to

is

to

parallel

vertical

cracks

concrete

the

of
tensile

the

is

the

point,

distribution

flexural

It
in

stress

to

due

6.7-12,

top.

and

perpendicular

crack
respectively.
As

CHAPTER

(7.23)

=1
L0y>0.7H

where

ft'

= Tensile

stress

ft

direction
= Tensile

of the
strength

Distance

y=
Stresses
taken

from

as

the

maximum

fL
Two

They

considered.
(2)

shear

MODE 1-

(fig.
the

7.1Ob)
concrete

along

the
(i.

ft

fLh+fLv,

crack

e. )

(7.24)
deep

concrete
failure

be

should

along

beams

are

crack

and

the

crack.

failure

Splitting

the
and

ft

and

splitting
the

the

beam.
of

reinforced

(1)

are

failure

Consider

of

the

of

direction

= max(

failure

of

modes

top

the

(fLh+fLv)

of

to

perpendicular

crack.
of concrete.

the

to

perpendicular

concrete

of

of

rotation
failure

block.

of
By

the

taking

the

block

concrete

beam

is

moments

due
about

to
point

about
the

splitting
A,

thus

point

A
of

220

r
Vui

fL'b

-cosec

Xc
Vu1

= Clear
=

Ultimate

the

of

the

the

the

of
by

reinforced

failure

concrete

1.

mode

the

components
in

stress
and

dowel

vc

= Shear

fa

Shear

fd

Shear

the

stress

in

stress

due

be

can

the

of

the

aggregate
By

reinforcement.
shear

strength

found.

interlock

to

of

zone,

aggregate

due

zone,

the

compressive

to

stress

the

forces,

beam

the

forces

of

of

these

deep

direction

compression

action
of

concrete

the

along

acting

equilibrium

reinforced

where

forces

stress

considering

capacity

estimated

shear

interlocking

(7.25)

span,

include

reinforcement,

')

failure

They

crack.

X-d'-cote

shear
beam

Shear

Consider

- (y-d

d(y)

shear

deep

MODE 2 --

2a

=I
1Q

where

CHAPTER

effect,

dowel

action

the

reinforced

of

the

reinforcement,

Vu2

= Ultimate
deep

However,
shear

beam

estimation
of

capacity
Shear

the

shear

stress

recommendation

estimated
of

a deep
in
of

capacity

the

fa

vc,
beam

of
by

failure

and

fd

can

compressive

ACI-318

(2),

be

mode
is

concrete

2.

necessary

before

the

found.

zone
Eq. 5.22.

can

be

estimated

by

22L

(3.5-2.5M/V

vom' _

< 61f

(stress

stress
It

stress

perpendicular
Paulay

by

suggested

was

stress

Eq.

7.1

k=

proportional

may

be

Paulay
of

strength

the

and

rt
Leber

5300

psi.

is

shear
of

that

recognized

happen

in

the

stress
the

the

of

crack).

that
(7.1)

(psi)

that

the

aggregate

the

square

root

interlocking
the

of

cylinder

shear

region
of

= k-, /fr,

(7.27)

the
stress

loss

much

= 0.582
[701

in

where

in

be

should

can

stress
# - (fLh+fLv)
C:

interlock

the

has

crack

the

effective.
concrete

concrete

cube

therefore,

the

taken
be

as

k=0.165

estimated

as

/O. 582

aggregate

is

concrete

average

experiment,

constant

the

to

accuracy

(7.28)
an

their

= O. 165&/f

of

fa

used

interlocking

aggregate
fa'

It

1'03

without

modified

proportional

appropriate
Thus,

170]

restraining

constant.

fL
Since

the

direction

Loeber

to

fa'
where

the

on

concrete

of

strength

to

stated

proportional

also

was

dependent

and

[24]

Paulay

and

(5.22)

-d/M)

is

= 0.473fa'

fL
Fenwick

+ 2500p "V -d/M)

'

+ 2500-V

c'

interlocking

Aggregate

9&/f

(I.

-d)

(1.9f

< 2.5

CHAPTER

(7.29)
effect

formed,

the

only
only

otherwise

Therefore,
and

can

the
aggregate

sum

222

interlocking

stress
interlocking

aggregate

Eq. 5.22

in

stress

be

should

fa+vc

Stresses
to

proportional

0.45

constant

is

suggested

of

130N/mm2

296N/mm.

Kong's

for

of

the

horizontal

fv

= Stress

of

the

vertical

fd

= Dowel

stress

capacity

of
2 can
The

be

shear

of

the

reinforced

capacity

of

minimum

of

7.26.

In

the

case

deep

load,

the

the

beam.

edge

used

stress

estimated

of

as

(7.31)

cos20)

reinforcement,
reinforcement,
reinforcement.

31

into

Eq. 7.26,
deep

the

beam

with

shear
failure

found.

the

inner

+ f.

He

yield

be

the

constant

5.23).

with

can

concrete

be

the

the
and

should

shear

fd

sin2e

= Stress

(Eq.

be

between

angle

proportional

bars

steel

stress,

= 0.45(fh.

7.22,30

to

considered
the

of

formula

plain

dowel

Eqs.

sine

e. )
(7.30)

are

7.16).

fh

Substituting

mode

the
(Eq.

by

(i.

shear

vc

action

of

crack

Therefore,

fd
where

square
the

and

reinforcement
of

the

fa'

= max(

concrete

crack,

the

of

maximum
the

or

the

of

dowel

to

due

Eq. 7.29

position

any

the

to

equal
in

stress
in

CHAPTER

of

crack
of

the

is

the

reinforced

the

values
beams

assumed

support

and

to
the

deep

concrete
by

obtained
with

uniformly

form

along

third

span

beam

Eq. 7.25

and

distributed
the

line
on

the

joining
top

of

223

7.7

COMPARISON

Test

WITH

by

given

proposed

Paiva

and

Ananthanarayana

(73],

effectiveness

of

168]

CIRIA

in

the

to

tests

during

as

given

values

Figures

with

calculated

values

are

given

45

degrees

line

values

the

Among
It

depth

to

in

have

higher
was

none

of

the

beams

CP110

and

most

of

its

estimates

much
the

better
three
of

1.706

and

CP11O,

experimental
a

design

capacity.
than

results
codes:

value

CIRIA

600kN

with

standard
guide

and

loads

varies

the

more

most

with

calculated

beams

with

of

lie

within

The

CIRIA

in

fact

ACI-316.

and

0.3G.

conservative

and

by
50kN

a
design
it

is
It

the
gives

7.12
results

high
shear

Fig.
British
range

even
gives

best
an

7.11
Code

guide

shear
Fig.

small

safety.

ultimate
of

conservative

6.5

of

over-estimated

calculated

deviation
gives

guides

the

factor

factor

CP110,
CIRIA

to

obtained

together

the

gives

safety

that

those

are

design

7.11-18

Generally,

4.4.

(19],

results
load

ultimate

represents

CP110

shows

for

figs.

The

ones.

average

of
ratio

different

which

guides,
an

gives

by

The

ultimate

experimental

design

deviation

standard
span

the

to

equal

results.

of

the

and

CP11O

guides;

of

experimental

methods

(63].

discussed.

also

ratios

with

Al-Najjim

and

are

are

Ramakrishnan

design

formulae.

diagonal

169],

(45]

C1]

7.1

compared

and

Siess

different

table

(44,42,47,73,69]

sources
method

Kong

ACI-318

and

presented

various

the

with

analysed

RESULTS

TEST

frort:

results

CHAPTER

among
average

strength
shows
for

of
that
higher

224

strength
for

beams

and

the

beams

except

all

Ananthanarayana's
in

flexure

2.054

with

It

Code.
CIRIA

the

Paiva
a

than

shear.

slight

the

guide

Siess's

deviation
beams

beams

Ananthanarayana's
(standard

deviation

0.316).

An

ultimate

shear

strength

standard

deviation

of

beams

the

k=1.57

cylinder

splitting

strength

of

concrete.

1.007

in

strength

of

0.103

of

deep

is

shear

the
beams,

it

is

the

This

can

the

the

ACI-318
than

only

gives

standard
Kong's

predict

loads

and
by

36%

those

with

deviation
to

0.671
is

of

calculated

(corresponding

obtained

their

with

respectively.

Ananthanarayana's

and
based

on

estimation

formula
of

but

reasonable

Ramakrishnan

in

ratio

and

flexure

and

test

average

(standard

0.127)

and

with
used

on

experimental

and

with

Ramakrishnan

117.

0.969

of

the

under-estimates

of
of

calculation

formula,

value

ratio

in

failed

which

In

average

by

safety

7.13.

formula

and

load

distributed

uniformly

in

concentrated

0.068)

failed

results

over-estimates
with

of

fig.

with

and
this

it

but

in

and

obtained

scattered

formula

2.27.

of

beams

strength

which

factor

deep

shown

beams

are

more

Generally,

well

quite

0.995

of

as

of

0.215.

of

of

empirical

over-estimation

deep

average

shear

Ramakrishnan

of

An

slightly

design

and

loaded

design

gives

few

deviation

for

recommendations

for
point

standard

the

under-estimates

single
rather

and

Design

it

deep

CHAPTER

experimental
standard

gives

an
to

the

use

of

the

tensile

excellent
calculated

deviation

is

the

of

mean
shear
high

at

225

0.26.

The

advantages,
estimate

of
be

should

and

therefore,

the

shear

strength

the

be

can

of

is

one

beams.

taken

primary

into

account

later

adopted

it

the

on

great

However,

reinforcement

na t

its

of
for

used

deep

of

effect

beams

deep

of

it
strength

that

n oted

is

formula

this

of

simplicity

CHAPTER

shear
by

this

formula.

The
with

modifications,

deep

beams

fig.

introduced

formula

It

7.16.

calculated

has

curved

strut

inside

reinforcement
Al-Najjim's
a
fig.

high
7.17

greater

theory

lie

in

than

the

of

and
its

therefore,
has

suggested

concrete

deep

no

explanation

beams

after

and
to
and

of

38%

of

except

for

shear
good

is

of
of

cracking.

the

of
table

web
7.1,

under-estimation
points

in

ultimate

load

is

Paiva

and

a few

of

This

region.
is

strength
can

be

rather

obtained,

However,

value.
behaviour

and

the

of

results

limited

in

this

outside

ultimate

present

Most

one,
fall

compression

shown

experimental

use

an

As

0.354.

particularly

practical

7.1

experimental

the

where

which
the

the

by

average
of

estimated

assessing

complicated

an

region

data

Ramakrishnan's
method

the

concrete

table

of

CIRIA

under-estimate)

on

beams.

deviation

standard

(3.7%

deflected

the
gives

in

shown

based

was
was

which

reinforced

values

1.037

by

0.208.

of

theory

Al-Najjim's

as

of

deviaton

for

average

overall

strength

shear
standard

modest

an

and

tool

results

good

gives

design

as

Kong

by

of

reinforced

it

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"
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J
9

E
L
a"
X
4l

100

200

300
C. Lou l. t.

Ftg.

7.1

1.

Expt.

va cal.
(CP11O

400
d . hNr

sheer
design

500

600

strength

700

e00

900

(kN)

strength
guide)

of

deep

beam.

a37a

c
v
"
t
"
"
"
J
S
Y

100

200

300
Cs Lou Lst od

Fig.

7.12.

Expt.

wo
wh.

Soo
r

vs os 1. shear
(CIRIA
design

600

"t r. nge h

700

ow

h of

deep

wo

(kN)

st rongt
guide)

bs. m.

133

a
z
r
v
a
C
L
Y

"
L
"
"
i
S
J
S
M

a"
X
W

t00

200

300
C. Lou L. t.

F 19.7.13.

Expt.

400
d

. hMr

vo aal.
ahoor
(ACI
design

90D

600

wt rongt

no

900

of

deep

boom.

(kM)

strength
guide)

700

.>-14

z
i
C
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L
n
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L
"
"
1
"
J

"
Y
C
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E
"

too

200

300
C. Lou L. t.

Ftg.

7.14.

Expt.

400
d

ve cu L.
(Ps t vs
&St

SIX

sh. w

cheer
ess

.tr.

600
ngt h

700

900

900

(kN)

strength
's
formu

of
Ls)

deep

beam.

236

z
v

c
"L
v
"
L
a
"
t

"

J
S

Y
"

E
L
"

$00

200

300
C. Lout.

Fig.?.

15.

Expt.

400
t.

d "hesr

500
"tr.

600
ngth

700

e00

900

(kW

va ca L. sheer
strength
(Rams kr t ahnen
's
formu

of
La)

deep

beam.

z36

C
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L
"
"
t
"
J
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p

E
L
"

100

200

300
C. lou

F 1!9.7.16.

Expt.

vs

400
Letal

. h. v-

90D
.tr.

600
ngs h

700

000

400

MM)

os 1. shear
strength
(Kong
'$
formu
La)

of

deep

beam.

- 37

z
rp
C
L
p
"
"
"

r
"
J

100

200

300
C. Loutotod

F IS. 7.17.

Expt.

400
. hNr

600

500
. tr.

1.
ve os
sheer
(A l-Nej
J1m 's

ngth

Too

800

900

(kN)

strength
modal)

of

deep

boom.

z36

z
r
r
C
"
L
V
"

"
t

L
"

IL
x
w

100

200

300
C. Lou L. t.

FIg.

7.18.

Expt.

400
d . h. sr

L.
ve ca
*hour
(Proposed

500
.tr.

600
ngt h

TOD

800

900

(kM)

strength
mode L)

of

deep

boom.

239

900
2000

x
X

1900

eoo

1000

7Do

ADD

1000 1500 2000

Z
v6

Do

v
W
"
L

DO..

"

O+D

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mL - a".

v
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f
0

f Kong's data (1972)

o Kong's data (19711

+ Kong'sdata (19701

xR

saw4 dots,

0
100

200

300
Cs Lou L. t.

Fig.

7.19.

Expt.

400
d

vs os 1.
(Proposed

. h. w

*hoar
dos

500
"tr.

600
ngth

700

wo

900

of

deep

boom.

(km)

strength
Igm
guIdo)

240

The

proposed

calculation
in

of

the

of

(3.47

best

for

results

those

over-estimates
those

good

in

series

of

the

C.

and

reinforcement
beam

is

This

and

a
in

apparent

main
lack
these

FOR THE

RECOMENDATIONS

to

0.8`/,

method

be

due

proper

two

series

DESIGN

of

0.181

which

of

0.966

The

conservative
for

ratio;
beams,

it

under-estimates
fails

analysis

Ananthanarayana's
to

the

large

failure
diameter

to

anchorage

to
beams

premature
a

is

7.1.

depth

and

reinforcement:
of

average

concrete

and

could

the

of

anchorage

This

Ranamkrishnan

for

results

10'%.

an

load

more

span

by

action

table

give

weight

Xc/H=4.23

by

in

to

shear

normal

with
7

Xc/H=g.

with

large

Kong's

with

formulae
seems

of

shear

dowel
of

deviation

different

with

results

the

on
the

and

ultimate

standard

analysis

beams

instance,

7.8

of

method

proposed

give

the

good

calculated

and

among

interlock

gives

to

experimental

over-estimate)

the

the

This

based

involved

which

crack

aggregate

reinforcement.

ratio

main

zone,

is

analysis

the

along

compression

the

of

of

method

shear

CHAPTER

the

of
end

of

beams.

of

OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE

DEEP

BEAMS

As

shown

mechanism

for

estimates
appropriate

in

the

previous

reinforced

of
factor

the

deep

concrete
ultimate

of

safty,

the

proposed

beams

gives

sections,

By

strength.
Eqs.

7.25

and

7.26

failure
excellent

introducing
can

be

the
used

for

241

the

design.

factors

Material
for

both

tensile

for

the

yield

Therefore,

factor

interlocking

the

for

the

calculation
beams

respectively.
will

The
for

ratios

against

the

exception

by

the

of

design

in

splitting

7.18

is

the

design

are

the

main

the

of

for

the

the

due

reinforcement.

from

the

and
in

modes
Eqs.

design

7.25

strength

tabulated

are

experimantal
be

can
are

seen

that

estimated
the

of

Ramakrishnan

other

previous

with
safely

of

the

in

ultimate

out

premature
The

used

beam.

Four

discussed
to

values

rest

be
reinforced

failure

beams

It

series

of

calculated

method.
in

aggregate

can

shear

the

of

7.4).

(7.32)
7.26

and

deep

all

(fig.

7.32

strength

to

As
is

over-estimation

7.25

strength.

design

Eq.

Paulay's

the

to

added

of

5e2}f1.17

strength

plotted

beams.

of

lesser

values,

nine

177.,

and

concrete

beams

Anathaanrayana's

anchorage

the

experimental

proposed

over-estimated

their

of

design

the

of

Fig.

7.1.

strength

Eq.

reinforced

various

table

be

within

become

to

factors,

the

Again,

from

fLh+fLV/o.

16s.

deep

7.29

1.15

and

Estimation

taken

be

should

Eq.

above-mentioned

concrete

7.26

in
[o.

bounded

1.17

of

strength
fa'

is

(703

datas

experimental

With

strength

1.5

as

concrete

reinforcement.

of

strength

taken

are
of

strengths

compressive

and

CP114,

by

recommended

interlocking

aggregate

and

CHAPTER

nine
and

section,

failure
over-estimated

of

the

242

beams

DB1

are

because

over-estimated
crushing

of

due

supports

an

to

average

factor

0.256,

which

70.6%

check

Eq.

bearing
4.11

proposed

is

web

reinforcement.

the

less
to

larger

used

diameters

in

than

3.5

widely

of

is
than

be
of

also
span.
by

estimated
closely

spaced
Edge

appropriate.
be

should

diameters,

small

and

average

greater

where

DB1

gives

supports

can

added

the

0.38.

the

form

of

deviation
an

of

in

and

formula

standard

height

with

supports;

beams

with

are

steel

design

of

steel
be

should

distortion

found

supports

bearing

advised

than

rather

of

the

guide

strength
beams

bearing

deviation

standard

the

of

and

CIRIA

for

2Wa/ai

is

bar

and

stirrups

it

than

bearing

4)

1.375

of

better

the

with

Moreover,

safety

and

(Chapter

distances

(1)

the

strength

interlocking

7.9

Generally,

especially

neccessary,

of
are

of

on

result

They

at

lack

distances

over-estimate

the

to
as

failure

edge

small

respectively.

of

The

beam

investigation.

present
bearing

due

the

of

the

of

concrete

instability

DB2

in

DB2

and

CHAPTER

avoided.

closely

spaced

steel

spaced
as

main

or

SUMMARY

A shear

crack

is

formed

edge

of

the

support

plate

in

the

case

With

uniformly

of

distributed

along

and

the

deep

beams
load,

the

line

outer

joining
edge

with

of

the

loading

the

loads.

concentrated

a shear

crack

inner

is

formed

243

at

(2)

Aggregate

interlock

the

shear

not

separate

Aggregate

interlock

is

The

restraining

width

force
to

found

was

fL

It

was

found

dowel

action

square
shear

that

of

mechanisms

the

cylinder

of

aggregate

independent

to

required
be

maintain

function

of

dowel
of

the

crack

and

= 0.473

shear

of

light
sine
the

Based
strength

on

aggregate
of

f1.03

constant

crack
interlock

aggregate

(psi)

The

the

interlock
reinforced

"sin2e

and
concrete

principal

between

the
the

by

provided
to

proportional

times

reinforcement
=k

stress

is

angle

the

are

shear

reinforcement
of

(7.1)

kinking

and

action.

vu

(7)

and

(70]

stress

(6)

of

width

hardness.

and

shape

crack

on

root

is

beams.

other.

dependent

It

parts

interdependent

are

each

square

concrete.

of

size,

the

to

proportional

from

mainly

deep

concrete

action

them

important

the

of

edge

play

action

dowel

and

inner

the

reinforced

of

to

from

dowel

and

strength

easy

strength

(5)

degrees

interlock

Aggregate

is

70

of
plate.

and
(4)

angle

supporting

in

(3)

an

CHAPTER

the

direction
steel

of

stress.
(7.16)

"fs

dowel
deep

the

action,
beams

shear
can

be

244

the

by

estimated

lesser

CHAPTER

the

of

values

Eq.

by

given

7.25

and

7.26.

(8)

(9)

Among

the

shear

strength

safety

factor

The

design
of

with

reasonable

use

as

primary

(10)

The

model

proposed

to

gives

shear
(11)

By

more

span

depth

introducing

concrete,
interlocking
calculated
beams.

for

strength,
the

design

7%

of

its

enables

shear

best
of

strength

of

(3.4%

result

0.181).

for

results

It

beams

seems
large

with

ratio.

appropriate
1.15

the

deviation

conservative

to

the

gives

standard

over-estimation,

beams.

deep

concrete

reinforced

average

0.26)

of

of

with
0.38.

of

(an

deviation

estimate

beams

of

Ananthanarayana's

and

accuracy

standard

under-estimation,

estimate

deviation

standard

Ramakrishnan

of

best
deep

concrete
a

and

the

gives

reinforced
1.7

of

simplicity

formula

CIRIA

guides,

factors;

material

steel
Eqs.
strength

and
7.25

1.17
and

of

for
7.26

reinforced

1.5
the

can

for

aggregate
be

concrete

used

to
deep

245

CONCLUSIONS

9.1

the
of

AND SUGGESTION

REARING

CAPACITY

Hearing

capacity

anchorage

zone

reinforced

footing
the

to

of

loading

cube

Eq.

that

the

The

4.7

square

and

those

has

formula

fb/fc

=k

affecting

the

to

value
be

be

to

R.

of

more

the

adopted

shown

large

would

R;

value
have

been

in

as
supports

factor

is

with

root

the

researchers
it

but

such

at

prime

blocks
Most

for

especially

found

beams.

ratio.

area

cases,

beam

concrete

formula,

root

conservative,
is

deep

strength

many

post-tensioned

concrete

bearing

the

in

RESEARCH

FOR FURTHER

important

is
of

CHAPTER

It

appropriate

Eq. 4.8.

Restraint
the

affect

bearing

frictional

between

specimens
and

(H/a<0.5)

there
are

shown

effects

have

been

Muguruma

(621,

specimens
H/a<l.
by

with
Specimens

the

condition

base

the

of

has

the

is

have

H/a>1
with
of

a 30%

He
but

by
was

able

base,

away
shorter
in

many

seriously

larger
the

increase

because

from

plates

estimate

are
larger

the
base.
the

These

researchers
to

also

specimens

strength.

over-estimated

bearing

be

the

at

further
but

effect

can

can

steel

area

neglected

Eq. 2.22.

restraint
and

loading
lesser

to
,

concrete

block

concrete

This

strength.

force

Higher
base

the

at

(4.8)

-JR

except
well

for

those

with

affected
loading

more
area

246

deeper

generates

the

The

base.

tension

size

zone
in

effect

fb/f

Closely

interlocking
of

bearing
the

can

intercept

easily

investigation

in

found

is

to

extended

least

at

width

as

the

should

be

avoided.

to

be

the

ultimate

and

be

below

and

loading
preferably

cracking

strength

of

of

concrete

strength

to

distances

plain

form

concentrated

maintained

Edge

in

effective

under

the

of

mm diameter

most

plate.

loading

general,

(10

blocks

concrete

width

(4.3)

the

provide

should

the

0.9

diameter

small

(0.75a

zone

a/80+

stirrups

Reinforcement

tension

In

mm)

reinforcement
loads.

blocks

this

1.45

(30

spaced

practice)

of

thus

and

to

proportional

form

CHAPTER

the

depth

surface)

and

to

the

with

twice
2Wa/a1<3.5

reinforced

concrete
block

be

can

by

estimated

t 0.47Wa/a1

fb/f

"1

+ 0.55

0.12Wa/a1

1.16

2Wa/a1<3.5
i

(plain)

(4.4)
2Wa/a1>3.5

L 0.22Wa/a1

The
bearing

capacity
r3

where

model

proposed

of

plain
[1672

-rF1

= FZ+F3

of

1.01

failure
concrete

(reinft.

mechanism
blocks

-F 2+8 (7-, -z 1+2z2)

F4

z1

suggested
can

-F,,

be

13a12.

= 0.4a1

calculated
f .

that

the
by
(4.11)

CHAPTER

247

F2

)/2

= ft"(z2-z1

F=

ft-(7

F4

)/2

t2

=0

and

gives

(H/a>1);

of

H/a

in

as

Eq.

(average

of

8.2

DEEP

After
inner

are

formed

Eq.

full

range

crack

is

of

the

shows

decreasing

with

0.657

an
ratio

e-1.15H/a+a.

this

of
4.11,

the

factor

to

modified

(4.12)

height

of

the

model

1.67.,

of
of

bearing
gives

all

good

deviation

standard

an

angle

plate.

reinforced

concrete
and

dowel

and

of
After
deep

action

70

the

outer
loaded

degrees

from
the

cracking,
beams
along

the

along

distirbuted

uniformly
at

formed

support

supporting

interlock

it

the

specimens.

line

joining

BEAMS

For

plate.

deviation

standard

(H/a<1),

over-estimation

shear

edge

0.5%,

specimens

reciprocal
from

the

for

0.085)

=
(cal.

the

multiplying

estimates

higher

all

under-estimation

(test)

obtained

=H

blocks

/fb

capacity

a1

4.12.

fb

By

z4

of

shorter

increasing

exponentially

= O. 75a

for

under-estimation
For

0.098.

of

z,

results

excellent

average

fb/f'

r=

This

z2

is
the

edge
beams,
the

shear

loading

shear

inner

maintained
crack.

the

of

the

edge

cracks
of

strength
by

aggregate

the
of

248

The

interlocking

aggregate

dependent

the

on

reinforcement

is

and

cylinder

strength

of

is

action

sine

the

of

restraining

stress

proportional

to

to

be

on

between

the

the

splitting

deep

concrete

square

be

by
root

the
of

the

of

the

the

the

square

reinforcement.
(7.16)

findings,

a
is

beams

failure

The

orthogonally
by

calculated

for

mechanism

proposed.

for

be

can

to
and

strength

beams

k"sin2e-f

deep

ahear

and

the

ai'03(psi.

crack

two

above

concrete

reinforced

to

provided

proportional

V=
us

Based

found

ultimate
reinforced

Eqs.

7.25

and

7.26

respectively.
I'
Vu

b -cosec2o
L.
xc

(fpm

ultimate

found
(average
among

by

(y)

7.25

(7.26)

sine

be

will
and

over-estimation
different

-cosecs

_'d

strength
Eqs.

(7.25)

d'-cots

fph+vc+fa+fd)

J
The

')
(y)

Vu2

- (y-d

=Id

rN

concrete.

taken

angle

is

strength

fL=0.473
Dowel

CHAPTER

formulae

7.26.

the

lesser

This

of

3.4%,

by

recent

gives

standard
researchers.

the

of
the

deviation

two
best

values
result

of

0.181)

249

By

introducing
the

for

can

be

The

appropriate

taken

certain

used

1.17

as

(fig.

recommended

by

for

The

steel.

effective

with

standard

deviation

which

supports

due
4

and

factor

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out

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beams.

strength

concrete

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9

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in

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152

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deep

concrete

The

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are

7.25

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7.4,

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reinforced

of

for

Eqs.

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material

design

factor

CHAPTER

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7.1),

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at

the

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8.3

SUGGESTIONS

The
capacity

of

effects

of

complicated

in

connections
investigated.

height

nature

of

and
on

deep

beams

base

and
need

further

interlock

aggregate

knowledge

RESEARCH

blocks

concrete

of

mechanisms

limited

FOR FURTHER

need
the

to
effects

and

this

bearing

investigation.
and

be

the

studied
of
subject

dowel

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action

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Expt.

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1200

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200
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1200

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800

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1200

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800

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