Drs-Compact Descriptionforgcp Revd

Protective Relaying
with
ELIN DRS
ProtectiveRelayingELINDRS_RevD.doc; 12.12.2006
VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Document No: DIC-023-1.03
Rev: D (revising)
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Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS
CONTENTS
1
DRS-WIN: Introduction ............................................................................... 6

1.1
Mode of operation..............................................................................................................6
1.2
Serial interfaces.................................................................................................................6
1.3
Display and Operation .......................................................................................................7
DRS-WIN: General....................................................................................... 8
2.1
Establish a connection with DRS-COMPACT ....................................................................8
2.2
DRS-WIN Data Management...........................................................................................11
DRS-WIN: Protective Functions .............................................................. 12

3.1
Password.........................................................................................................................13
3.2
View Settings...................................................................................................................14
3.3
Change settings...............................................................................................................16
3.4
Trip Matrix........................................................................................................................18
DRS-WIN: Directory Structure ................................................................. 20

4.1
Directory: Plants ..............................................................................................................20
4.2
Directory: Commissioning ................................................................................................21
4.3
Directory: EventLists........................................................................................................21
4.4
Directory: Hist ..................................................................................................................21
DRS-WIN: Commissioning Tools ............................................................ 22

5.1
Binary I/O Preset .............................................................................................................22
5.2
Function Outputs .............................................................................................................24
5.3
Typical Commissioning Window....................................................................................25

5.3.1
Internal measured values...................................................................................26
5.4
Save measurements in a file............................................................................................27
How to load a new software to the DRS ................................................. 30

6.1
Load a new software with the same label.........................................................................30
6.2
Load a new software with a different label .......................................................................33
Pre Commissioning Tests..................................................................... 36

7.1
CT secondary wiring test .................................................................................................36
7.2
PT secondary wiring test..................................................................................................38

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Tripping Outputs ....................................................................................... 40

8.1
Lockout relays..................................................................................................................40
8.2
Bistable relays .................................................................................................................41
DRS Features............................................................................................. 42
9.1
Analog Inputs...................................................................................................................42
9.2
Digital Inputs....................................................................................................................43
9.2.1
Hardware Inputs.................................................................................................43
9.2.2
Blocking Input ....................................................................................................43
9.2.3
Copy Inputs........................................................................................................43
9.2.4
Special Inputs ....................................................................................................44
9.3
Digital Outputs .................................................................................................................44

9.3.1
Hardware Outputs..............................................................................................44
9.3.2
Copy Outputs .....................................................................................................44
9.3.3
Special Outputs..................................................................................................44
9.4
MODBUS Interface ..........................................................................................................45

9.4.1
MODBUS RTU Protocol.....................................................................................45
9.4.2
MODBUS Interface Data....................................................................................45
9.4.3
DRS MODBUS Addresses .................................................................................45
9.4.4
Binary Outputs ...................................................................................................46
9.4.5
Analog Outputs ..................................................................................................46
9.4.6
Analog Outputs: Maximum Values .....................................................................47
10 Protective Functions ................................................................................ 48

10.1 General............................................................................................................................48
10.2 Alarm and Trip Philosophy...............................................................................................49
10.3 Generator Differential (87G).............................................................................................50
10.3.1 General ..............................................................................................................50
10.3.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................52
10.4 Inadvertent Energization (50G/27) ...................................................................................53
10.4.1 General ..............................................................................................................53
10.4.2 Inadvertent Energization with Current Memory...................................................54
10.4.3 Inadvertent Energization without Current Memory..............................................55
10.4.4 Commissioning ..................................................................................................55
10.5 Generator Inverse Time Overcurrent (51Ginv).................................................................56
10.5.1 General ..............................................................................................................56
10.5.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................56
10.5.3 Long inverse curve characteristic .......................................................................57
10.5.4 Normal inverse curve characteristic ...................................................................58
10.5.5 Very inverse curve characteristic........................................................................59
10.5.6 Extremely inverse curve characteristic ...............................................................60
10.6 Generator Overcurrent Voltage Restrained (51V) ............................................................61
10.6.1 General ..............................................................................................................61
10.6.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................62

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10.7 Underimpedance (21G) ...................................................................................................63
10.7.1 General ..............................................................................................................63
10.7.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................64
10.8 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46G)............................................................................65
10.8.1 General ..............................................................................................................65
10.8.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................66
10.9 Generator Overvoltage (59G) ..........................................................................................67
10.9.1 General ..............................................................................................................67
10.9.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................67
10.10 Generator Undervoltage (27G) ........................................................................................68
10.10.1 General ..............................................................................................................68
10.10.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................68
10.11 Under Frequency (81G.u) .............................................................................................69
10.11.1 General ..............................................................................................................69
10.11.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................69
10.12 Over Frequency (81G.o) ...............................................................................................70
10.12.1 General ..............................................................................................................70
10.12.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................70
10.13 Load Rejection.................................................................................................................71
10.13.1 General ..............................................................................................................71
10.14 Frequency Gradient (81dF/dt)..........................................................................................73
10.14.1 General ..............................................................................................................73
10.14.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................73
10.15 Reverse Power (32G) ......................................................................................................74
10.15.1 General ..............................................................................................................74
10.15.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................75
10.16 Overfluxing (24G) ............................................................................................................76
10.16.1 General ..............................................................................................................76
10.16.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................76
10.17 Underexcitation (40G)......................................................................................................77
10.17.1 General ..............................................................................................................77
10.17.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................78
10.18 Out of Step (78G) ............................................................................................................79
10.18.1 General ..............................................................................................................79
10.18.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................82
10.19 Stator Earth Fault (64G95)...............................................................................................83
10.19.1 General ..............................................................................................................83
10.19.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................83
10.20 Stator Earth Fault (64G100).............................................................................................84
10.20.1 General ..............................................................................................................84
10.20.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................85
10.21 Cable Earth Fault (64B) ...................................................................................................86
10.21.1 General ..............................................................................................................86
10.21.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................86
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10.22 Breaker Failure (50BF) ....................................................................................................87
10.22.1 General ..............................................................................................................87
10.22.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................89
10.23 Breaker opening too long (BF, 94GB) ..............................................................................90
10.23.1 General ..............................................................................................................90
10.23.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................91
10.24 Voltage Balance (60) .......................................................................................................92
10.24.1 General ..............................................................................................................92
10.24.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................93
10.25 Transformer Differential (87T) or Block Differential (87B).................................................94
10.25.1 General ..............................................................................................................94
10.25.2 Commissioning ..................................................................................................97
10.26 Main Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (64T.REF) ........................................................98
10.26.1 General ..............................................................................................................98
10.26.2 Commissioning ................................................................................................100
10.27 Trip Coil Supervision (TCS) ...........................................................................................103
10.27.1 General ............................................................................................................103
10.27.2 Commissioning ................................................................................................104
11 Index ......................................................................................................... 105

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1 DRS-WIN: Introduction
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The digital compact protection system DRS-COMPACT is a multifunctional protection relay for
protection of synchronous machines and/or transformers. All components which are necessary for a
complete protection system (interposing input transformers, measuring channels, various matrices,
trip and alarm outputs) are installed in one case.
1.1
Mode of operation
U
The signals generated in the plant (transformer current, transformer voltage, binary signals) are fed
via appropriate interposing transformers and transducers into the system.
The further operation is except the methods of suppressing and filtering fully digital. The
advantages of this digital processing are the extensive insensitivity of the system concerning aging,
temperature and also the possibility to reduce complex protection problems to relative simple
algorithms, which can be computed easily. Thereby the characteristically computed values of the
input signals can be used for further protective functions.
The protective functions which are implemented in the relay are being processed sequentially by the
software. In dependence of the working condition (fault-free running or fault case) the protection
system gives out the equivalent alarm or trip signal. The signals are being distributed via a software
matrix to the trip devices which corresponds to the tripping scheme. Optical indications signal the
alarm and trip respectively of a protective function.
With the PC there can be read out, displayed and processed further data about the fault event like
alarm protocol and/or fault recording.
Configuration and setting parameters are being saved in an E2PROM (fail safe): Each modification is
being recorded and can be printed out in a reference protocol. The DRS-COMPACT has integrated
following supervision functions:
1.2
Self supervision
Check of integrity of the memories by supervision of check sum
Program execution supervision via watch dog feature
Plausibility control of the analog input signals by comparison with the minimal values
Supervision of the digital outputs by impulse monitoring the output driver stages
Serial interfaces
U
The digital protection system DRS-COMPACT is equipped with 3 serial interfaces.

The RS232C interface at the front is used for the local operation. This interface enables all writing
and reading access. The writing access is protected with a password function.
The RS485 interface at the back is used for remote operation or for connection of more DRSCOMPACT and DRS-LIGHT relays.
The MODBUS interface at the back (RS485 interface) is used to connect the DRS-COMPACT to a
control system.

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1.3
Display and Operation

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With the 26 programmable and integrated LED's all protective function alarms and trips can be
indicated. The LED indication can be reset by pressing the blue acceptance push button.
The event list stores 265 events for later evaluation. Some or all protective functions (depending on
options in the setting) makes a record in the fault record. All analog and digital inputs are stored in
the moment when a function triggers.
For detailed visualization (reading out of actual measured values, digital conditions, fault records,
alarm protocol) or for parametering (reading out and setting of parameters, functional parameters,
software matrices, specific plant data) the user operation software package DRS-WIN is used.
With the integrated display and keypad all settings of the relay can be displayed and also changed.

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2 DRS-WIN: General
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For the communication with the relay the following is necessary:
DRS-WIN Software
DRS Communication cable
The operation software DRS-WIN must be installed on a PC.

The DRS communication cable is used to connect the PC with the DRS-COMPACT. If an optical
interface is used, it must be plugged in on the PC side. The cable side can be plugged at the DRS.
WARNING!
It is strongly recommended NOT to connect the optical interface to the communication port of the
DRS-COMPACT.
This will cause a destroy of the communication port of the DRS-COMPACT.
2.1
Establish a connection with DRS-COMPACT

U
Step 1: Start DRS-WIN
The software starts with an empty screen. No data's are loaded yet. The following choices are
possible:
read out data from PC's hard disk described later in this description
read out data from DRS continue with step 2

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Step 2: Communication port configuration
The communication port with the connection to the DRS-COMPACT must be activated and the profile
name must be "All".
Close the window with "Ok"
Step 3: Establish the connection PC DRS with the communication cable
Connect the communication cable between the PC and the DRS.
If an optical interface is used, it must be plugged in on the PC side. It is strongly recommended NOT
to connect the optical interface to the DRS-WIN, this will cause a destroy of the communication port
of the DRS-COMPACT.
Step 4: Automatically built up communication
The communication PC DRS will be built up automatically.
To read out all data from DRS the option "Read data from DRS" must be activated, this is the default
selection.
Press button "Continue" or wait the delay time which is displayed inside the button.

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Step 5: Read data from DRS
All settings from DRS will be read out:
Protective functions
Settings
Trip Matrix
LED Matrix
Step 6: Window with Protective Functions

A window with all protective functions installed in the DRS is displayed.

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2.2
DRS-WIN Data Management

U
The following picture describes which DRS-WIN command loads the settings to which device. The
middle is the memory of the PC (RAM). All settings which can be seen and changed are stored in this
memory. The left box shows the PC's hard-disk. Only with a DRS-WIN command the settings from
the PC's memory is stored or loaded out. The right box shows the DRS. Also only with a DRS-WIN
command the settings from the PC's memory is sent or read out.
Save Data to File
PC's
Hardisk
VE - File
Load Data from File
Read Data from DRS
DRS-WIN
PC's
Memory
DRS
Send Data to DRS
When starting communication with DRS, the setting data is read out from DRS to PC's memory. After
changing some data, the setting must be sent to DRS with the button "Send Data to DRS".
When starting DRS-WIN without connection to DRS, first the screen is empty. To show the setting of
a DRS relay, it must be loaded from hard-disk with the button "Load Data from File". Then a VE-file
will open, and the setting data will be stored in PC's memory.

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3 DRS-WIN: Protective Functions

U
After reading out the data from DRS the window with the protective functions installed in the DRS is
displayed.
Save data from PC on VE-file
Read Fault Record
Print out all setting data

Measured Values
Trip matrix
LED matrix
DRS System time
Send data to DRS

Read data from DRS
DRS is Online
DRS Label
1 Fault Record stored in DRS

Protective Functions
Event Records stored in DRS
After changing one of the settings the new value is only available in the PC's memory, both the DRS
and the VE file on the hard disk still have the old setting.
To change the setting in the DRS, use the button "Send data to DRS"
To change the setting in the VE file, use the button "Save data from PC to VE-file"

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3.1
Password
U
All settings are protected by a password.

The password can be entered as following:
Menu: System Password...

Username: <Any input, typical: first letter of your name>
Password: <DRS> or <A> (default password)

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3.2
View Settings
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To view settings of any DRS function simply click the function with the mouse:
A second window with the settings of the selected function will open:
Triggersettings
Internal measured values
Send data to DRS
Input matrix
Read data from DRS
DRS is Online
DRS Label
Settings of the protective function

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With the button "Input matrix" the following window will open:
Send data to DRS
Read data from DRS
Analog inputs of the function
Digital inputs of the function
The analog inputs of the function are current and voltage inputs from CT's and PT's. The number of
current and voltage inputs depend on the type of DRS function and the window adapts automatically.
The digital inputs of the function are the following:
blocking inputs to block / unblock the function with a binary input
test input to force the function with a binary input

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3.3
Change settings
U
The change of the settings is protected by a password.

To change the settings, press on the button with the setting to change:
In the new window change the setting and press "OK"
The setting window has a red triangle, which indicates that a setting was changed.

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By pressing on the triangle in the bottom of the window a new window with all modified data will be
displayed:
IMPORTANT !
After changing of a setting the new value is only available in the PC's memory, both the DRS and the
VE file still have the old setting.
To change the setting in the DRS, use the button "Send data to DRS"

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3.4
Trip Matrix
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In the "Protective Function Window" the button "Trip Matrix" will open the "Trip Matrix" window:
The left column shows all outputs of all DRS functions.

The top row shows all digital outputs of the DRS-COMPACT.
The dots show which DRS function output is connected with which digital output. All dots in one
column are logical OR connected.
One click with the mouse on a dot removes it or makes a new one. The red circle shows the modified
data
The following symbols are possible:
black dot: connection between DRS function output and digital output, no difference with the
reference file
black dot and red circle: connection between DRS function output and digital output, the
reference file shows no connection
red circle: no connection between DRS function output and digital output, the reference file
shows a connection

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4 DRS-WIN: Directory Structure

U
The software DRS-WIN is located on the hard disk in the directory DrsWin4. The subdirectory has
the following structure:
4.1
Directory: Plants
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The directory "Plants" stores the setting data from DRS. If you press the button "Save Data to File"
this is the directory where the file is stored. The name of the file is according the rule:
DRS_XXXX.VE
XXXX means the label of the DRS (ARZ1). Every DRS-COMPACT in the plant has its unique label.
The settings and files of different DRS-COMPACT cannot be mixed.
VE is the type of the file

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4.2
Directory: Commissioning
U
The directory "Commissioning" contains the text files with the stored measurements during
commissioning. The name of the file is according the rule:
[XXXX] yyyyyy.tpc
XXXX means the label of the DRS (ARZ1).
yyyyyy means the plant specific name of the DRS
TPC is the type of the file
4.3
Directory: EventLists
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The directory "EventLists" stores the event records of the DRS
4.4
Directory: Hist
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The directory "Hist" stores the fault records of the DRS

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5 DRS-WIN: Commissioning Tools

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For commissioning the following DRS-WIN features are very useful:
5.1
Binary I/O Preset

U
Menu: System Binary I/O Preset ...
With this window all binary inputs and outputs can be checked.
Additional all inputs and outputs can be forced to "0" or "1"

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A click with the mouse on the input or output to force will open a new window:
This feature is very usefull for the following

check of inputs according the actual situation on the plant
check of outputs, e.g. CB trips
force of inputs according commissioning simulation (e.g. CB open)
force of outputs to 0 during commissioning not to make real trips
The forced signals don't need to be reset, after closing of the window all forced outputs are changed
back to normal operation.

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5.2
Function Outputs
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Menu: System Function Outputs ...
With this function the actual status of a whole protective function can be shown.
The outputs of a whole function can be disabled. The LED indication is still active, but no outputs
(trips and alarms) are activated. This is very usefull to disable functions which are not under test.
All simulations don't need to be reset, after closing of the window all simulations are changed back to
normal operation.

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5.3
Typical Commissioning Window

U
During commissioning several windows can be open at the same time. The binary I/O preset window
is used to check the inputs and outputs and to disable unwanted trips. The several measurement
windows are used to check the current and voltage inputs and the calculated values.

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5.3.1 Internal measured values

Every function window has an icon which is called "Internal Measured Values". Pressing this button
opens an additional window which shows internal calculated values from this function.
Some functions do not calculated internal values, they just work with the direct measured values.
Nevertheless it is possible to open the "Internal Measured Values" window, but it does not show any
value. The sense of the windows is to use the button "Save" to store the measurements of the
function in a file, please refer to the according chapter in this document.

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5.4
Save measurements in a file

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Actual and internal measurements can be saved in a text file for later evaluation.
Open the window "Measured values" and press the button "Save".
All measurements are saved in a TPC-file additional to the old content.

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With a text editor the file can be displayed:
The "Internal Measured Values" of any protective functions have also the possibility to save the
measurements.

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The analog inputs of the functions and the internal computed values of the protective function is
recorded additional to the old content of the file:

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6 How to load a new software to the DRS

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The DRS can be loaded with a new software with DRS-WIN. New software means a new VE-file with
different settings or also with different protective functions. A new VE-file can only be produced by
VA TECH SAT.
Every DRS has its unique label (ARZ1 for ARZEW Unit 1). That means only a VE file for ARZ1 can
be loaded into the DRS (DRS_ARZ1.VE).
If it is necessary to change the label, first the DRS has to cleared to a SPARE PART. Then every VEfile can be loaded into the DRS. The DRS takes the label from the new VE-file.
6.1
Load a new software with the same label

U
The label of the DRS can be shown on the main window with the protective functions in DRS-WIN.
The new software means a new VE-file with the same label. All other VE-files are not allowed to be
send to the DRS.
Step 1: New VE-file
Copy the new VE-file to the "Plants" subdirectory in the DRS-WIN directory. It is recommended to
save the "old" VE-file anywhere in your project directory for backup purpose.
Step 2: Establish a communication with the DRS
Please refer to the corresponding chapter in this documentation.
DRS-WIN asks to read data from DRS.

As this is the default, it is possible to choose this option. Please note that now the DRS settings are
stored in the computer's memory.

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The better option is to choose "Read data from file" and open the new VE-file. Only the correct VEfile (with the same label) can be selected. Now the new VE-file settings are stored in the computer's
memory.
Step 3: Load the new VE-file in the computer's memory

This step can be skipped, if the option "Read data from file" was used in "Step 2" !
Otherwise the new VE-file must be opened with the following command:
DRS Data Load Data from File ...
Select the correct VE-file, the label must fit to the DRS-label.

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DRS-WIN asks to overwrite the setting data in the computer's memory (DRS data) with the data of
the selected file (new VE-file). Push YES. In case of NO, the old DRS data is still in the computer's
memory. The file has to be opened again.
Now the settings of the new VE-file is copied to the computer's memory
Step 4: Send Data to DRS
The settings from the computer's memory must be sent to the DRS with the command:
DRS Date Send Data to DRS...
or the equivalent button on the main window in DRS-WIN. If not done before, you have to enter the
password first.
After initialising the DRS, the relay has the new software stored.
Step 5: Check the correct working of the relay
Check measurement display
Check trip outputs with Binary I/O Preset
Check protective functions with test inputs (Binary I/O Preset)

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6.2
Load a new software with a different label

U
This chapter is only for experienced users. With this commands all the settings and programming in
the DRS is deleted. The operation of the DRS is stopped, no protective functions are working and the
watchdog output will change to "Relay Fault".
The following commands may only be executed after agreement of VA TECH SAT.
Because of the unique DRS label it is only possible to load a VE file with the same label to the DRS.
If for any circumstances another file with a different label must be stored in the relay, the DRS relay
must be cleared to a "SPARE PART"
Step 1: No Communication DRS-WIN with DRS
The DRS shall not have a communication with DRS-WIN.
Step 2: Clear a DRS to a SPARE PART
To clear a DRS to a SPARE PART, this can be done with the DRS-keyboard and display.
ATTENTION !
After finishing this step all data in the DRS will clear and the DRS will stop working !
DRS Keyboard
Display
Enter the Menu: System Functions
Menu
System Functions
Press 4 times the Button "down" until

Menu "Spare Part"
System Functions
Spare Unit
Press the Button "OK" to start the

functions
Spare Unit
Enter Password
Enter the Password for the Spare Part

Function.
ATTENTION !
There is a time supervision. If you enter
too slow you must start again !
SPARE Vx.xx/xx
SETUP REQUIRED

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Step 3: Start DRS-WIN

The DRS-WIN software will start with an empty screen.
Step 4: Connect DRS to the PC
Connect the DRS to the PC
DRS-WIN found a not programmed DRS, it is called SPARE PART. The software asks to initialize
the DRS with a VE-file. Answer with OK
The system asks for a VE-file to initialize the DRS. Make the correct selection and answer with OK
DRS-WIN asks to reconfirm the selection. If the selection is correct, answer with OK.

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The DRS is cleared and will be initialized with the selected data.
After initialising the DRS, the relay has the new software stored.
Step 5: Check the correct working of the relay
Check measurement display
Check trip outputs with Binary I/O Preset
Check protective functions with test inputs (Binary I/O Preset)

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7 Pre Commissioning Tests

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The following test are carried out before hot commissioning, that means before FSNL (full speed no
load).
7.1
CT secondary wiring test

U
The secondary wiring of the CT has to be tested.

Step 1: CT data
The technical data of the CT has to be checked according the type plate. The protection has to be
connected to the core with the correct data. Sometimes the data of the cores do not fit to the
drawings. The correct core with the correct data (protection characteristic) has to be used. Record
the CT's data in the commissioning report.
Step 2: Earthing on secondary side
The earthing of the secondary side of the CT has to be checked. Every secondary wiring has to be
earthed on one point, mainly on the CT connection. Also check the correct point of the earthing
according the drawings in connection with the position of the CT. For example if the earthing must be
on the line side, check the primary indication of the CT on the line side, the earthing must be on the
adequate secondary side.
Step 3: Secondary wiring test
The secondary wiring to the protection must be checked. The connection must fit to the correct
terminals according the drawing.

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Therefore the following test has to be performed:
about 1 AAC
A1DC
1s1
A2DC
Display -1ADC
P1
P2
1s2
Open the terminals in the protection cubicle between internal and external side, very easy with a
screw-breaker in the terminals.
Connect an AC Current Supply to the external side of terminals in the protection cubicle. Because
of the diode only the positive pulses of the AC current supply the wiring to the CT. The CT don't need
to be disconnected because of the high burden. Only a very small current flow through the CT.
Nearly no current is indicated on the measurement A1.
A second person will measure with a second measurement A2 direct on the secondary terminals of
the CT in the direction shown on the picture in coordination with the diode. The measurement setting
must be ADC, that means DC measurement. If the display is negative, the connection CT secondary
side and protection terminals is correct.
B

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7.2
PT secondary wiring test

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The secondary wiring of the PT has to be tested.

Step 1: PT data
The technical data of the PT has to be checked according the type plate. The protection has to be
connected to the core with the correct data. Sometimes the data of the cores do not fit to the
drawings. The correct core with the correct data (protection characteristic) has to be used. Record
the PT's data in the commissioning report.
Step 2: Earthing on secondary side
The earthing of the secondary side of the PT has to be checked. Every secondary wiring has to be
earthed on one point, mainly on the PT connection.
Take special care with an open delta winding. Only one phase must be earthed, if all three phases
are earthed, the PT secondary side is short circuit.
Step 3: Secondary wiring test
The secondary wiring to the protection must be checked. The connection must fit to the correct
terminals according the drawing.

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Therefore the following test has to be performed:
about 30 VAC
disconnect
VDC
The terminals in the protection cubicle don't need to be disconnected between internal and external
side.
The secondary PT connection must be removed during this test.
Connect an AC Voltage Supply to the terminals in the protection cubicle.
A second person will measure with a voltage measurement direct on the secondary terminals of the
PT. Only the correct phase should indicate a voltage.

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8 Tripping Outputs
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The tripping outputs have to realize the following features:

Each tripping output has to be able to carry the whole current from the connected tripping
device (circuit breaker, shutdown valves).
After initiating a trip, the output must keep closed until a person made a reset which is
possible only locally at the cubicle
At the moment the following realizations had been made
bistable relays
lockout relays
8.1
Lockout relays
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The classic realization is the use of lockout relays. Every relay combines a complete tripping scheme
as following:
Lockout #1: 52G + 41
Lockout #2: 52G + 41 + 86N
Lockout #3: 52G + 41 + 86TGT
Lockout #4: 52L
Every relay is directly tripped with one output from DRS. The contacts of the lockout relay makes the
trip to the according devices.
A protective function in the DRS can trip all necessary devices with only one output.
The reset of the relay is made by hand with the big handle. The trip coil of the relay carries a big
current only for a short time. Therefore internal NC contacts are used to switch off the current when
the relay has tripped.
Attention !
Never hold the handle when the trip circuit is energized, otherwise the trip coil burns. Also the DRS
internal trip contacts are not able to switch off the trip current.
The lockout relay (GE, type HSA) is shown in the picture below.

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8.2
Bistable relays
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The lockout scheme is realized with a bistable relay, which has two coils, one trip coil and one reset
coil. The trip coil is connected to one DRS output. Every relay makes only one trip to one device, that
means one coil of one circuit breaker.
A protective function in the DRS has to set several outputs to trip all necessary devices.
The reset of the relay(s) is made by a pushbutton in front of the cubicle, which energizes the reset
coil.
The bistable relay (Telemecanique, type RHK) is shown in the picture below.

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9 DRS Features
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9.1
Analog Inputs
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The DRS-COMPACT has 15 analog inputs which consist of 10 current inputs and 5 voltage inputs.
All ten current inputs and all five voltage inputs are completely equivalent and can be used by all
protective functions if possible.
The next picture shows a typical configuration
Every protective function has an input matrix which makes the arrangement of the analog current and
voltage inputs to the function. In principal all current and voltage inputs can be arranged to the
function. It is the task of the design engineer and commissioning engineer to make and check the
correct arrangement.

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9.2
Digital Inputs
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The DRS has 32 digital inputs which have different properties. The different properties can be seen
by the type of the input declared with 3 characters:
AXI ......... signal input can be used for signal function
VAX........ virtual signal input can be used for signal function
ALL......... general input can be used for all type of inputs
VAL ........ virtual general input can be used for all type of inputs
BLK ........ blocking input can be used to block functions
VBK........ virtual blocking input can be used to block functions
NON ....... input not used
VCK........ virtual check input can be used to test functions
EQT........ input to reset LED indication (same as blue button in front of relay)
The word "virtual" means that the input is not available physically, but with use of the "Binary I/O
Preset" feature of the DRS-WIN the input can be set or reset temporary.
Every protective function has an input matrix which makes the arrangement of the digital inputs to the
function.
9.2.1 Hardware Inputs

The inputs number 01 to 08 are hardware inputs. External signals can be connected to the terminals
of the relay and the corresponding input show the actual situation.
9.2.2 Blocking Input

The input number 28 "BLK ON" is always active. It is mainly used to always block protective
functions. This can be used either for not needed stages of multiple stage function or during
commissioning to prevent unwanted trips.
9.2.3 Copy Inputs

The inputs 25, 26 and 27 are the copy - feedback of the digital outputs 25, 26 and 27. Sometimes
they are inverted. This depends on the VE file and is not changeable by the commissioning engineer.
This feature can be tested very easily with the "Binary I/O Preset" feature of the DRS-WIN; attention,
a trip could appear!
This input is used if a digital output has to be connected to a digital input
This input is used by the following functions:
Breaker Failure
Blocking of Overfrequency at load rejection

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9.2.4 Special Inputs

The input number 29 "Minute Pulse" is used to reset the DRS system time to the next full minute.
The input number 30 "LED Quit" is used to reset the LED indication, it is the same function as
pressing the blue button in front of the relay
The input number 31 "NMI 1" and 32 "NMI 2" is internal use for older version of the DRS protection.
9.3
Digital Outputs
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The DRS has 32 digital outputs which have different properties. The different properties can be seen
by the type of the input declared with 3 characters:
TRP ........ trip output
WNG ...... warning output
NON ....... output not used
VRT ........ virtual trip output
AXO........ general output
The "Trip Matrix" makes the arrangement between the protective functions and the digital outputs.
9.3.1 Hardware Outputs

The outputs number 01 to 24 and 31, 32 are hardware outputs. External signals can be connected to
the terminals of the relay and the contact is closed if the output is active. All 26 contacts have the
same electric data.
The outputs number 01 to 24 are used for trip or alarm circuits.
The outputs number 31 and 32 are used to supervise the DRS fault and watchdog. See the next
chapter "Special Outputs".
9.3.2 Copy Outputs

The outputs 25, 26 and 27 are copies to the digital inputs 25, 26 and 27. Sometimes they are
inverted. This depends on the VE file and is not changeable by the commissioning engineer. This
feature can be tested very easily with the "Binary I/O Preset" feature of the DRS-WIN; attention, a trip
could appear!
9.3.3 Special Outputs

The output number 31 is the "DRS fault" output.
The output number 32 is the "DRS watchdog" output.
Both outputs are active, if the relay is working properly. Because the internal connected relay works
with a N/C contact, a closed contact indicates a fault at the relay.

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9.4
MODBUS Interface
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9.4.1 MODBUS RTU Protocol

The DRS implements a subset of the AEG Modicon Modbus RTU serial communication standard.
The DRS provides a special MODBUS interface on terminals of the relay.
The DRS is always a slave. It cannot be programmed as a master. Computers or PLCs are
commonly programmed as masters. The MODBUS protocol exists in two versions. Remote Terminal
Unit (RTU, binary) and ASCII. Both versions are provided by the DRS.
Two types of information are provided via MODBUS. The first are the binary outputs of all functions,
which are mainly alarm and trip outputs. The second are analog current and voltage outputs.
The interface data depends on the functions in the VE file. The plant specific data can be seen in the
MODBUS memory map in the plant specific MODBUS interface list.
The MODBUS interface data and the MODBUS addresses can be changed with DRS-WIN as
following:
Menu: DRS Functions Modbus Settings
9.4.2 MODBUS Interface Data

The MODBUS interface connection to the DRS-COMPACT is with RS485. The following terminals
are used:
X2 8:TX+
X2 9:TX X2 10:
GND
The interface data for the MODBUS RS485 are as following:
communication speed:
9600 bd
(alternatively: 2400, 4800, 19200, 38400)
data bits:
8
(alternatively:7)
stop bits:
1
(alternatively: 2)
parity:
odd
(alternatively: no, even)
protocol:
RTU
(alternatively: ASCII)
9.4.3 DRS MODBUS Addresses

In GCP cubicles usually the MODBUS addresses for DRS-COMPACT starts with 3 for the first
device, 4 for the second device and so on.
The MODBUS addresses 1 and 2 are reserved for the excitation system.

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9.4.4 Binary Outputs

All binary outputs of all DRS functions are provided via MODBUS by reading the MODBUS function:
input status. The address can be found in the MODBUS memory map.
The address depends on the sequence of the DRS functions, which can be seen in the main window
of DRS-WIN. The first function uses the first 15 bit (one word) of the input status. Within this word the
first bit (LSB) gives the status of the alarm of stage 1, the second bit gives the status of the trip of
stage 1, the third bit gives the status of the alarm of stage 2 and so on.
For each protective function one data word is supplied and the bits represent the actual status of the
binary outputs.
Find below an example of a single stage overcurrent function:
Data word: 0000 0000 0000 00yx
The alarm status of the function is represented by bit "x"
The trip status of the function is represented by bit "y"
9.4.5 Analog Outputs

All analog current and voltage inputs are provided via MODBUS by reading the MODBUS function:
input registers. The address can be found in the MODBUS memory map.
The address depends on the sequence of the 15 analog inputs. The first analog input (current) has
the address 0 or 1, depending on the base value of the master's MODBUS settings. The last analog
input (voltage) has the address 14 or 15.
For each analog measurement one data word is supplied which must be interpreted as unsigned
decimal.
Additional this integer value must be multiplied by the following factor :
15
* CTsec ondary * CTratio
8191
5
Voltage := Integer *
* VTsec ondary * VTratio
65528
Current := Integer *
Current:
Voltage:
"Integer" means the word supplied by the input register, but only 15 bit. Bit #16 is not the sign
bit. It is used to identify the validity of the data. If the bit is 1, the data is not valid because of
an internal problem of the DRS.
"CTsecondary" and VTsecondary means the nominal inputs of the DRS.
For CT the standard value is 1A and for VT 100V.
B
"CTratio" and "VTratio" means the ratio of the current respectively voltage transformer.
B

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9.4.6 Analog Outputs: Maximum Values

The maximum analog values are calculated as following:
Current:
Voltage:
15
*1A = 60 A
8191
5
MaxVoltage := 32767 *
* 100V = 250V
65528
MaxCurrent := 32767 *
(secondary value !)
(secondary value !)

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10 Protective Functions
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10.1 General
U
The following describes the protective functions used in the GCP. They are part of the library of DRS
functions.
Please consult the manual DID-001-1 for description of these DRS functions. Every DRS function
has a unique DRS function identification, which can be found in DRS-WIN as following:
Menu: View Treeview
In the picture above the first item is as following:

Protective function:
64G95
DRS function:
Current 1-ph. 1-st.
DRS function identification:
MI111
Some protective functions needs more than one DRS function. The belonging DRS functions are not
necessarily one after the other. To enable maximum CPU speed the DRS functions have to be sorted
in a specific order.
Not all protective functions are implemented in all GCPs. This information is only an overview and will
assume basic protection knowledge.
The calculation of the setting values is not the task of this document. Please refer to the plant specific
calculation note.
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10.2 Alarm and Trip Philosophy

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Every DRS function has an alarm and a trip output per stage. Both outputs can be used for the
activation of the binary outputs (trip matrix) and the activation of the LED's in front of the device (LED
matrix).
The alarm output will be set by the function immediate after the setpoint is reached. Now the time
delay is started and after the end of the time delay the trip output will be set. The exception to this is
the differential relay which has no time delay and no alarm output. This is the DRS internal working
philosophy.
In the GCP an alarm shall be sent to the control system after the time delay together with the
activation of the trip. The realization is very easy. With the trip matrix the binary outputs with the
alarms to the control system are connected to the trip output of the function. Also the yellow LED of
the function should be connected to the trip output.

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10.3 Generator Differential (87G)

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10.3.1 General
The Generator Differential function protects the generator between the CT's connected to system 1
and system 2.
System1 is the "base system" and should be connected to the CT's on the generator output side.
System 2 is connected to the CT's on the neutral end side.

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The difference current is calculated by the function, it is the phasor addition of the currents of
system 1 and system 2, phase by phase. Therefore the CT's of system 1 and system 2 must be
connected in 180 degrees phase shift.
I difference = I system1 + I system 2

The restrained current is the scalar value (magnitude) - addition of the currents of system 1 and
system 2, phase by phase:
r
r
I restrained = I system1 + I system 2
The differential function has a stabilizing feature. Depending on the restrained current the setting
increases according the following picture. The slope of the rising curve is selectable with the
parameter "Bias".
Differential Current / Rated Current (of Prot. Relay)
6,0
Set Value
BIAS
5,0
OPERATE REGION
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
S=
B IA
BASIC SET
VALUE
OPERATE
VALUE
Set Diff
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
1,0
S=
BIA
SLOPE ACC.
TO SET VALUE
BIAS
BIA
S=
BIAS
%
60
%
50
40%
= 30
FIXED SLOPE
(BIAS= 0,3)
2,0
FIXED SLOPE
(BIAS= 0)
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
Restraint Current / Rated Current

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10.3.2 Commissioning
For commissioning it is necessary to carry out two tests:
Trip test
Stability test
For both tests the measurement display of the differential function of DRS-WIN is necessary. It
shows both the difference current and the restrained current. For the tests it is good practice to use
the display in secondary value modus.
The first test is a trip test with a fault inside the protection range, one system leads current and the
other system is zero. Increase the current; which is the same as the difference current, until the
function trips.
The second test is a stability test with no fault inside the protection range. Both systems have the
same current but with opposite phase angle, the phasor - addition must be zero. The difference
current must be close to zero, the restraint display must show the scalar value (magnitude) - addition
of the current of both systems which is twice the value of one system. The measurements should be
similar to the picture below.

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10.4 Inadvertent Energization (50G/27)

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10.4.1 General
The Inadvertent Energization function is an Overcurrent function with a current setting below the
nominal current. Additional the function is blocked with the voltage level. If the voltage is higher than
the setting level, the Overcurrent function is blocked.
The Overcurrent function is active during generator standstill (voltage about zero volts), and blocked
during normal operation with nominal voltage.
The following settings should be as used:

Current Memory:
No
End of Current Memory:
Block. Signal
Blocking inputs:
Unused

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10.4.2 Inadvertent Energization with Current Memory

Iactual
I set
t
V actual
V set
t
(I>) & (V<)
[CURR. MEMORY=YES]
2
ALARM
CU RR. MEMORY
(=YES) takes over
(I>) & (V<)

fulfilled
TRIP
DELAY TIME
(set value)
1
BLOCK I (opt.)
fixed length
(by firmware)
3
LEGEND:
1
Termination of CURRENT MEMORY feedback circuit by END OF TRIP PULSE acc. to set value:
END OF CURRENT MEMORY = End of Trip Pulse
Note: Length of trip pulse is fixed (DRS firmware).
Termination of CURRENT MEMORY - feedback circuit by external applied BLOCK SIGNAL

Note: BLOCK SIGNAL usually to be derived from
CB = OFF - aux. contact.
The function starts, if both Overcurrent and Undervoltage criteria is fulfilled. This starts the alarm
output. and after the delay time the trip output. The trip output has a fixed length.
The current memory keeps the function active, even if the current decreases below the setpoint.
If the parameter "End of Current Memory" is set to "End of Trip Pulse", the function terminates with
the end of the trip pulse according to mark 1 in the picture above.
If the parameter "End of Current Memory" is set to "Block Signal", the function terminates with an
external input according to mark 2 in the picture above. The external signal is normally the CB-Off
contact.

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10.4.3 Inadvertent Energization without Current Memory

Iactual
I>
Iset
In
t
Vactual
Un
Vset
V<
t
(I>) & (V<)
[CURR. MEMORY=NO]
(I>) & (V<)
ALARM
(I>) & (V<)

fulfilled
TRIP
DELAY TIME
(set valu e)
fixed length
(by firmware)
Without current memory the current must be above the setpoint and the voltage must be below the
setpoint to start the function.
For commissioning the function must be checked during the current tests. Because the voltage is
about zero, the function must trip if the value exceeds the setpoint.
During the voltage tests or load tests the function can be tested for stability.

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10.5 Generator Inverse Time Overcurrent (51Ginv)

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10.5.1 General
The first stage of the Inverse Time Overcurrent function has a selectable curve characteristic:
extremely, very, normal, long inverse.
The second stage has a definite characteristic. If this stage is active, the first stage is blocked.
For commissioning the function must be checked during current tests. In most cases the setting
values have to be reduced for test.

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10.5.3 Long inverse curve characteristic

The formula for the time delay is as following:
t = TMS *
120
I
I set
The graph for different TMS values is as following:

Long Inverse
1.000,000
100,000
t / sec
10,000
TMS=1,0
1,000
TMS=0,5
TMS=0,1
0,100
0,010
0,001
1,00
10,00
100,00
I / Iset

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10.5.4 Normal inverse curve characteristic

t = TMS *
0,14
I
I set
0 , 02

Normal Inverse
1.000,000
100,000
t / sec
10,000
TMS=1,0
1,000
TMS=0,5
TMS=0,1
0,100
0,010
0,001
1,00
10,00
100,00
I / Iset

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10.5.5 Very inverse curve characteristic

t = TMS *
13,5
I
I set

Very Inverse
1.000,000
100,000
t / sec
10,000
TMS=1,0
1,000
TMS=0,5
TMS=0,1
0,100
0,010
0,001
1,00
10,00
100,00
I / Iset

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10.5.6 Extremely inverse curve characteristic

t = TMS *
80
I
I set

Extremely Inverse
1.000,000
100,000
t / sec
10,000
TMS=1,0
1,000
TMS=0,5
TMS=0,1
0,100
0,010
0,001
1,00
10,00
100,00
I / Iset

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10.6 Generator Overcurrent Voltage Restrained (51V)

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10.6.1 General
The setting of the Overcurrent Voltage Restrained function is dependent on the measured voltage.
Below 10% of nominal voltage the setting value is constant 10% of the "Operate Value". Above 90%
of nominal voltage the setting value is constant equal to the "Operate Value". Between 10 and 90%
of nominal voltage the setting value is multiplied by a factor according the graph below.

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The following picture shows the multiplier of the setting value over the voltage level.
OPERATE VALUE MULTIPLIER
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
PHASE-PHASE VOLTAGE (ACTUAL)

RATED PHASE-PHASE VOLTAGE (SET VALUE)
For commissioning the function must be checked during current tests. In most cases the setting

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10.7 Underimpedance (21G)

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10.7.1 General
The Underimpedance function consists of 2 stages. The first stage is the Underimpedance function.
In the impedance area it has a circle characteristic around the origin. The stage will be active if the
locus is inside this circle.
The second stage is an Overcurrent function. It will block the first stage if the current is below the
"Current Interlock" value. Additional with the setting "Time Delay Current" it can also be used as a
definite time Overcurrent function.

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Trip test
Stability test
shows the impedance of all 3 phases in ohm. For the tests it is good practice to use the display in
secondary value modus.
The first test is a trip test with a fault inside the protection range, a short circuit at the generator
terminals. The impedance is about zero, because the voltage is zero Volts. The current must be
higher than the setpoint, otherwise the impedance stage is blocked. For this test the setpoint of the
current stage must be reduced.
The second test is a stability test with a fault outside the protection range, a short circuit at the high
voltage side of the transformer. The measured impedance should be slightly higher than the setpoint
and the function should not trip.

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10.8 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46G)

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10.8.1 General
The Negative Sequence Overcurrent function calculated the negative sequence of the current. The
values in the DRS are based on the DRS nominal values which are 1A (or 5A). The generator has a
different nominal value (e.g. 0,75A). Therefore the value of the generator must be multiplied with a
compensation factor to get the DRS value.

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Trip test
Stability test
The first test is a trip test with negative phase sequence current during the current tests. There are
several possibilities to carry out this test and to simulate negative phase sequence current.
Modify the input matrix of the function by exchanging two phases of the CT (software solution)
Exchange two phases of secondary CT wiring at the terminals of the GCP (secondary
hardware solution)
Make a single phase short circuit with a copper bar on the output terminals of the generator
(primary hardware solution)
The second test is a stability test with no negative phase sequence current during the current tests.
The internal calculated negative phase sequence current should be close to zero. The display of the
internal measured values should be similar to the picture below.

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10.9 Generator Overvoltage (59G)

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10.9.1 General
The Overvoltage function measures all 3 phase phase voltages. The DRS nominal value is always
100V. Plants with different nominal values (110V or 120V) have to be adjusted with the setting value.
For commissioning the function must be checked during voltage tests. In most cases the setting

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10.10 Generator Undervoltage (27G)

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10.10.1 General
The Undervoltage function measures all 3 phase phase voltages. The DRS nominal value is always
100V. Plants with different nominal values (110V or 120V) have to be adjusted with the setting value.
With the input matrix the function is blocked with "52G open".
For commissioning the function must be checked during voltage tests. In most cases the setting

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10.11 Under Frequency (81G.u)

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10.11.1 General
The Underfrequency function takes the measured frequency from the internal sampling frequency.
The DRS has 2 channels which frequency it follows. The first channel is one of the voltage inputs and
the second channel is one of the current inputs. The default channel is the first and if the first is not
available it changes to the second channel. If both inputs are not available, the DRS samples with the
DRS nominal frequency (50Hz or 60Hz).
The function is automatically blocked if the measured voltage on the sampling input is lower or higher
than the set value of the corresponding parameters of the function.
With the input matrix the function is blocked with "52G open". Not used stages of the function are
always blocked with the digital input number 28 "BLK ON" which is always active.
For commissioning the function must be checked during voltage tests. The speed of the turbine has
to be decreased. In most cases the setting values have to be reduced for test.

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10.12 Over Frequency (81G.o)

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10.12.1 General
The Overfrequency function takes the measured frequency from the internal sampling frequency. The
DRS has 2 channels which frequency it follows. The first channel is one of the voltage inputs and the
second channel is one of the current inputs. The default channel is the first and if the first is not
available it changes to the second channel. If both inputs are not available, the DRS samples with the
DRS nominal frequency (50Hz or 60Hz).
With the input matrix the function is blocked with the virtual input number 27 "Load Rejection". Please
refer to the according chapter in this document. Not used stages of the function are always blocked
with the digital input number 28 "BLK ON" which is always active.
to be decreased. In most cases the setting values have to be increased for test.

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10.13 Load Rejection

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10.13.1 General
The Load Rejection function is used to make a logical pulse at the moment when the generator gets
offline. The duration of the pulse is 60 seconds, selectable by the signal function "Load Rejection t".
This feature is used to block the Overfrequency protection to prevent a tripping of the generator when
it gets offline.

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The following picture shows the logic for the Load Rejection:
BI.04: Generator Offline
Signal
Signal function
Alarm
"Load Rejection
raising: 0sec
VI.26: Load Rejection t

Blocking
Signal
VO.27: Load Rejection

Trip
Signal function
Alarm
"Load Rejection t
raising: 60sec
Blocking
VO.26: Load Rejection t

Trip
The event "Generator Offline" is detected by opening one of the breakers 52G or 52L. This
information is connected to the binary input BI.04 "Generator Offline". This binary input starts two
signal functions: "Load Rejection" and "Load Rejection t".
The first signal function "Load Rejection" sets both the output and input "Load Rejection" VO27 and
VI27 without time delay. The input VI27 is the direct copy of the output VO27. Please refer to the
chapter "Copy Inputs" in this document.
The second signal function "Load Rejection t" sets both the output and input "Load Rejection t" VO26
and VI26 after the time delay of 60 seconds. This signal blocks (stops) the first signal function "Load
Rejection".
The input "Load Rejection" VI27 can be used to block a protective function for a duration of 60
seconds.
BI.04: Generator Offline
VO.26: Load Rejection t
VO.27: Load Rejection
60 sec

Rev: D (revising)
72/106
10.14 Frequency Gradient (81dF/dt)

U
10.14.1 General
The Frequency Gradient function takes the measured frequency from the internal sampling
frequency. The DRS has 2 channels which frequency it follows. The first channel is one of the
voltage inputs and the second channel is one of the current inputs. The default channel is the first
and if the first is not available it changes to the second channel. If both inputs are not available, the
DRS samples with the DRS nominal frequency (50Hz or 60Hz).
The function starts if the frequency change level is higher than the setting. The frequency change is
calculated from the number of periods given in the setting "Average Time Constant". This setting
shall be as big as possible to avoid faulty calculations.
to be decreased or increased within short time. In most cases the setting values have to be reduced
for test.

Rev: D (revising)
73/106
10.15 Reverse Power (32G)

U
10.15.1 General
The Reverse Power function prevents the generator of working as motor- The function measures the
active power calculated of the three current and three voltage inputs.
The function has the setting input "Power Direction" which has to be checked during commissioning.

Rev: D (revising)
74/106
For commissioning this function must be checked shortly after synchronizing the generator to the
grid.
For the test the measurement display of the reverse power function of DRS-WIN is necessary. It
shows the apparent, real and reactive power. For the tests it is good practice to use the display in
primary value modus.
Because the function was not properly tested before, the synchronization should be done with
disabled trip outputs of this function. After synchronizing the generator to the grid check the display of
the function for correct values of real and reactive power. If the display is wrong change the setting of
"Power Direction".
Reduce the speed or active power until the function trips, there is no real trip because of disabled trip
outputs.
After checking the function enable the trip outputs.

Rev: D (revising)
75/106
10.16 Overfluxing (24G)

U
10.16.1 General
The Overfluxing function protects electric equipment from operating with too high magnetic flux.
to be decreased and / or the voltage level in creased. In some cases the setting values have to be
reduced for test.

Rev: D (revising)
76/106
10.17 Underexcitation (40G)

U
10.17.1 General
The Underexcitation function detects failures in the excitation system. The function measures a
virtual rotor angle . This angle is compared with the setpoint and by exceeding the setpoint, the
function starts.
The function has the setting input "Voltage Direction" which has to be checked during commissioning.

Rev: D (revising)
77/106

The virtual rotor angle is the angle of a line between a base point (represented by the quadrature
axes reactance) and the actual load point (locus).
Active Power (p.u.)
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,8
Norm
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
-1,0 -0,9 -0,8
al O
pera
tio
Trip
0,5
0,7
0,6
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,7
0,6
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,4
0,4
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1
-0,6 -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
Reactive Power (p.u.)
For commissioning the function must be checked during load tests.
For the test the measurement display of the underexcitation function of DRS-WIN is necessary. It
shows the rotor angle . The window also shows the rotor current, but this feature is currently not
used in GCP applications.
the function for correct values of the rotor angle . Reduce the excitation or reactive power and check
that the angle gets bigger, then increase the excitation or reactive power and check that the angle
gets smaller. If the display is wrong change the setting of the "Voltage Direction".
The trip (with disabled trip outputs) can be checked with reversed "Voltage Direction" in
overexcitation modus.
After checking the function enable the trip outputs and change the "Voltage Direction" to the correct
value.

Rev: D (revising)
78/106
10.18 Out of Step (78G)

U
10.18.1 General
The Out of Step function calculates the impedance vector with the positive sequence voltages and
currents. The function supervises the movement of the vector.
The function has the setting input "Current Direction" which has to be checked during commissioning.

Rev: D (revising)
79/106

The function uses the following setpoints according the following picture:
two blinders R1 and R2, represented by the real (x) value of R1 and the real (x) offset to R2
one impedance circle; represented by the center and the diameter.
B
IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
2 xT ADAPT.
zS
xT
p
R [p.u.]
0.5
BASE
POINT
(R1)
IMPEDANCE
CIRCLE
-0.5
IMP. CIRCLE DIAMETER
xd
-0.5
IMP. CIRCLE
CENTER
3 xd ADAPTED
X [p.u.]
OFFSET (R1-R2)
-1.0
VERTICAL BLINDER R2
VERTICAL BLINDER R1
LEGEND
xd
xT
zS
p
R1
R1-R2
[p.u.]
adapted transient generator reactance

adapted transformer reactance
adapted external system impedance (line)
rotor angle (between Ep and Uline): 120/240
phase angle (between Ep-Uline and Igenerator)
distance between coordinate zero-point and blinder R1
distance between blinder R1 and blinder R2
refered to RELAY NOM. VALUES/
all imp. set values to be adapted to RELAY NOM. VALUES

Rev: D (revising)
80/106

The following picture shows a movement of the locus which initiates a trip of the function:
Point 1 shows the normal operation point before a fault
At point 2 the locus reaches the impedance circle
At point 3 when the locus passes the first blinder R1, the function activates the alarm output
If the locus passes the second blinder R2 at point 4, the fault is definitive an out of step
situation. If the setpoint "Slip pulse numbers = 1" and the setpoint "Trip = instantaneous ", the
function activates the trip output. At this point the stator current is very high.
It is better to delay the trip until the locus leaves the impedance circle at point 5, setpoint
"Trip = delayed"
If the setpoint " Slip pulse numbers > 1" then the function waits for a second slip by reaching
point 6 and 7
B
7
5
LOCUS
(IMP. VECTOR)
2
4
IMP.
CIRCLE
VERTICAL BLINDER R2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
VERTICAL BLINDER R1
LOCUS AT NOM. OPERATION OF GENERATOR

LOCUS ENTERS IMPEDANCE CIRCLE
LOCUS CROSSES BLINDER R1 (1. SLIP STARTS)
LOCUS CROSSES BLINDER R2 (INSTANTANEOUS TRIP)
LOCUS LEAVES IMPEDANCE CIRCLE (DELAYED TRIP)
LOCUS ENTERS IMPEDANCE CIRCLE
LOCUS CROSSES BLINDER R1 (1. SLIP ENDS; 2. SLIP STARTS)

Rev: D (revising)
81/106
For commissioning this function must be checked shortly after synchronizing the generator to the
grid.
For the test the measurement display of the out of step function of DRS-WIN is necessary. It shows
the position of the locus.
the function for correct values of the position of the locus. For normal load the angle should be close
to zero degree. If the angle is close to 180 degree, the setting "Current Direction" must be changed.
After checking the function enable the trip outputs.

Rev: D (revising)
82/106
10.19 Stator Earth Fault (64G95)

U
10.19.1 General
The Stator Earth Fault 90% function is an single phase Overcurrent function which measures the
current trough the neutral point of the generator.
Trip test
Stability test
The first test is a trip test with a single phase earth fault at the generator terminals.
The second test is stability test with no earth fault during the voltage test. Check the current through
the neutral point of the generator for a value close to zero Amps (secondary value).

Rev: D (revising)
83/106
10.20 Stator Earth Fault (64G100)

U
10.20.1 General
The Stator Earth Fault 100% function measures the 3rd harmonic of the zero sequence voltage at the
generator terminals and the 3rd harmonic of the voltage at the generator neutral point.
P
In case of a stator earth fault at the generator, 3rd harmonics in the voltage are produced. If the both
voltages are same level, the difference is zero. If the earth fault is close to the neutral point of the
generator, the 3rd harmonic at this point is zero, while the 3rd harmonic at the output of the generator
is not zero. If the difference voltage is higher than the setpoint, the function trips.
P

Rev: D (revising)
84/106
For commissioning the function can be checked for stability.
For the test the measurement display of the stator earth fault function of DRS-WIN is necessary. It
shows the 3rd harmonic at the output and at the neutral of the generator. Also the triggervoltage,
which is the difference between the two voltages is shown. The triggervoltage must be very close to
zero Volts.
P

Rev: D (revising)
85/106
10.21 Cable Earth Fault (64B)

U
10.21.1 General
The Cable Earth Fault function is a single phase Overvoltage function which measures the zero
sequence voltage at the low voltage side of the main transformer.
Trip test
Stability test
The first test is a trip test with a single phase earth fault at the generator terminals.
The second test is stability test with no earth fault during the voltage test. Check the zero sequence
voltage for a value close to zero Volts (secondary value).

Rev: D (revising)
86/106
10.22 Breaker Failure (50BF)

U
10.22.1 General
The Breaker Failure function is an Overcurrent function with very low setting which is blocked during
normal operation. A trip of another protective function inside the same DRS will activate the function.
Then the Breaker Failure function supervises the generator current, which shall decrease close to 0A
if the CB opens all 3 poles. If the CB does not open, the current keeps high and the breaker failure
function will trip another CB.
The blocking of the Breaker Failure function is done with the input VI.25. This is a virtual input, it is
not physically available, but it can be used for internal use. This input is an inverted copy of the
output VO.25, that means output logic 0 will copy to the input logic 1. This is normal operation. If a
protective function will activate the breaker failure function it sets the output to logic 1, which copies
to the input logic 0 and the Breaker Failure function is active.

Rev: D (revising)
87/106

The next picture shows the internal copy of output VO.25 to VI.25 in normal operation. This copy is
inverted, which means output logic 0 copies to input logic 1.
[VI.25]: BF Start
[VO.25]: BF Start
INVERSION
1 = NOT(0)
The next picture shows the flow chart of the Breaker Failure function.
No Trip: VO.25 logic 0 copy to VI.25 logic 1 Overcurrent function blocked
Trip of any protective function: VO.25 logic 1 VI.25 logic 0 Overcurrent function active
If CB opens in time, Breaker Failure function makes no trip
If CB does not open, Breaker Failure function makes a trip to another CB

Rev: D (revising)
88/106
50BF
NO
TRIP
?
YES
VO.25 = 0
VI.25 = 1
VO.25 = 1
VI.25 = 0
Overcurrent
blocked
Overcurrent
free
OK
YES
52G
opened
NO
50BF
Alarm
50BF
Trip
OK
52L - TRIP
For commissioning the function must be checked during the current tests.

Rev: D (revising)
89/106
10.23 Breaker opening too long (BF, 94GB)

U
10.23.1 General
The Breaker opening too long function is a logical function which detects the circuit breaker tripping
command and waits for the opening of the breaker.
The realization is done with a signal function. With every trip command of the circuit breaker the
function starts. The trip has a time delay of 250 ms. A trip is only issued if the circuit breaker does not
open within this time.

Rev: D (revising)
90/106

The following picture shows the logic for the Breaker opening too long:
BF.Alarm
BI.05: 52G tripped

Signal
Signal function
Alarm
"BF
raising: 250 ms
BI.01: 52G open

Blocking
BF.Trip
Trip
Both trip commands to the circuit breaker are connected to one binary input BI.05 "52G tripped". This
input starts the signal function "BF". The time delay for the trip is 250 ms. Within this time delay the
signal function must be blocked with the input BI.01 "52G open". If the circuit breaker does not open,
the input will not block the function and a trip is issued.
For the case of properly opening circuit breaker the following timing diagram is valid (no Trip):
BI.05: 52G tripped
BI.01: 52G open
BF.Alarm
BF.Trip
For the case of not properly opening circuit breaker the following timing diagram is valid (Trip):
BI.05: 52G tripped
BI.01: 52G open
BF.Alarm
BF.Trip
250 ms
There are no special tests necessary for commissioning.

Rev: D (revising)
91/106
10.24 Voltage Balance (60)

U
10.24.1 General
The Voltage Balance function checks the voltage for negative phase sequence. If the level is higher
than the setpoint, the function trips.
Additional the function is blocked if the negative sequence current is higher than the setpoint,

Rev: D (revising)
92/106
For commissioning the function can be checked during the voltage tests.
For the test the measurement display of the voltage balance function of DRS-WIN is necessary. It
shows both the negative phase sequence voltage and the negative phase sequence current. For the
tests it is good practice to use the display in secondary value modus.
Check the display of the function for a negative sequence voltage close to zero Volts (secondary
values).

Rev: D (revising)
93/106
10.25 Transformer Differential (87T) or Block Differential (87B)

U
10.25.1 General
The Transformer Differential function or Block Differential function protects the transformer between
the CT's connected to system 1, system 2 and system 3. The function covers 2 or 3 systems. The
theory is always the same.
System 1 is the "base system" and should be connected to the CT's at the high voltage side of the
transformer.
The difference current is calculated by the function, it is the phasor addition of the currents of
system 1, system 2 and system 3, phase by phase, with vector group correction and CT ratio
compensation. Therefore the CT's of system 1, system 2 and system 3 must be connected in 180
degrees phase shift. If this is not possible it can be corrected by turning the vector group 180
degrees.
r
I difference = I system1 + I system 2 * CT21 + I system 3 * CT31
The restrained current is the scalar value (magnitude) - addition of the currents of system 1, system 2
and system 3, phase by phase:
r
r
r
I restrained = I system1 + I system 2 * CT21 + I system 3 * CT31

Rev: D (revising)
94/106

The differential function has a stabilizing feature. Depending on the restrained current the setting
increases according the following picture. The slope of the rising curve is selectable with the
parameter "Bias".
Differential Current / Rated Current (of Prot. Relay)
6,0
Set Value
BIAS
5,0
OPERATE REGION
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
S=
B IA
BASIC SET
VALUE
OPERATE
VALUE
Set Diff
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
1,0
FIXED SLOPE
(BIAS= 0)
S=
BIA
SLOPE ACC.
TO SET VALUE
BIAS
BIA
S=
BIAS
%
60
%
50
40%
%
= 30
FIXED SLOPE
(BIAS= 0,3)
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
Restraint Current / Rated Current
The function also has a zero sequence filter. It is used to eliminate the zero sequence system from
the calculation. If this filter is ON, the current is reduced by its zero sequence current. The zero
sequence filter can be selected separately for every system. It should be turned ON for solidly
grounded systems.
ATTENTION! During secondary injection tests all zero sequence filters should be turned off, for
checking of setpoints. If the zero sequence filter is turned ON and only one phase is injected by
secondary tests, the display of the internal measurements shows a current for all three phases.

Rev: D (revising)
95/106

The following drawing shows the internal logic for a 2 legs 3 phase differential function:
High Set OC
2,00 A
FFT 1H>>
HIGH SET 5
On
ISYSTEM1 L1 - I0
ZERO
SEQUENCE
SYSTEM1
Remark: I0 = (I L1 +IL2+IL3)/3
I SYSTEM1 L1
I SYSTEM1 L2
I SYSTEM1 L3
Bias
FFT 1H
45 %
|IA|+|Ia|
1
CALCULATION
OF RESTRAINT
CURRENT 3
Operate Value
BIAS
ACT. OPER.
VALUE
Zero Sequ.Fil.Sys. 1
0,30 A
RESTR. CURR.
CALC. OF ACT.
? I-SET VALUE
& TRIP DECISION
FFT 1H
CALCULATION
OF DIFF.
CURRENT
2nd Harmonic
25 %
FFT 2H > set

5th Harmonic
Zero Sequ.Fil.Sys. 2
Off
15 %
>=1
FFT 5H > set
ISYSTEM2 L1 - I0
ZERO
SEQUENCE
SYSTEM2
Remark: I0 = (IL1+IL2+IL3)/3
I SYSTEM2 L1
I SYSTEM2 L2
I SYSTEM2 L3
Vector Group 1-2
&
VECTOR
GROUP
1-2
CT Ration Comp. 2-1
CT RATIO
COMPENSATION
2-1
&
TRIP
1.00
FFT 1H
L1
L2
L3
LEGEND
1
2
3
4
5
RELAY PARAMETERS (SET VALUES)

FFT 1H...FOURIER TRANSFORM./ 1 st HARM.
RESTRAINT CURRENT...USED FOR BIAS CALC.
|IA|...HV-SIDE OF TRANSF.
|Ia|...LV-SIDE OF TRANSF. (COMPENSATED)
ANGLE OF SLOPE OF BIAS CHARACTERISTIC
BLOCKING BY 2nd HARM. OR 5th HARM. IS
CANCELLED IN CASE: ? I > HIGH SET.

Rev: D (revising)
96/106
Trip test
Stability test
The first test is a trip test with a fault inside the protection range, one system leads current and the
other systems are zero. Increase the current; which is the same as the difference current, until the
function trips.
The second test is a stability test with no fault inside the protection range. All systems have the same
current, with respect to the vector group and the CT ratio, but with opposite phase angle, the phasor addition must be zero. The difference current must be close to zero, the restraint display must show
the scalar value (magnitude) - addition of the current of all systems. The measurements should be
similar to the picture below.

Rev: D (revising)
97/106
10.26 Main Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (64T.REF)

U
10.26.1 General
A simple overcurrent and earth fault system will not give good protection coverage for a star
connected primary winding. The degree of protection is very much improved by the application of a
restricted earth fault system. The residual current of three line current transformers is balanced
against the output of a current transformer in the neutral conductor.
The Main Transformer Restricted Earth Fault function protects the transformer in case of an earth
fault between the CT's connected to system 1 and system 2. Outside this area the function is stable.
For the realization a transformer differential function with 2 inputs and 3 phases is used. The
advantage of this is the bias characteristic which makes the system more stable against outside
faults.
The setting "Vector group" is used to make a simple 180 degree rotation of one of the current
systems. In that case the vector group setting is 6. In case of a different situation on site it is also
possible to change the setting to 0. All other choices (vector group 1, 5, 7 and 11) should not be
used.
All 3 phases of a system are connected to the same current inputs.
The setting "CT ratio compensation" is set to 1,0 in case of equal CT ratio, but can also be adapted
to different ratios.

Rev: D (revising)
98/106

In the example below the restricted earth fault function share the high voltage current transformers
with the transformer or block differential function.
The high voltage current transformers are first used by the differential protection 87T or 87B, the zero
sequence part of the current is connected to a separate current input which is system 1 of the 64REF
protection. System 2 of the 64REF protection is the neutral CT of the transformer.
The calculation of the difference current and restrained current is explained in the chapter
"Transformer Differential" in this document.

Rev: D (revising)
99/106
Trip test
Stability test
The trip of 64REF can be checked by applying a single phase earth fault inside the protection range
according the following picture.
87T
System 1
64REF
I > 0
One system carries a current and the other system is zero. If the differential current exceeds the
setpoint the function will trip.

Rev: D (revising)
100/106

The stability of 64REF can be checked by applying a single phase earth fault outside the protection
range according the following picture.
87T
System 1
64REF
I = 0
Both systems have the same current but with the same phase angle, the phasor - addition must be
zero with correction of vector group 180 degrees. The difference current must be close to zero, the
restraint display must show the scalar value (magnitude) - addition of the current of both systems
which is twice the value of one system. The measurements should be similar to the picture below.

Rev: D (revising)
101/106

If the differential current shows a value equal to the restraint current check that both current inputs
shows a current (with the measurement display). If YES, then it seems that one system has the
wrong current direction. To avoid wiring changes inside or outside the cubicle, there is a possibility to
change the setting "Vector Group" from 6 to 0 or reverse.

Rev: D (revising)
102/106
10.27 Trip Coil Supervision (TCS)

U
10.27.1 General
The Trip Coil Supervision function detects a fault in the electrical circuit of the trip coil of a circuit
breaker. The same function can also be used to supervise the electrical circuit of the trip coil of a
lockout relay.

Rev: D (revising)
103/106

The electrical connection is according the picture below. The binary input of the DRS is in parallel to
the trip contacts of the supervised trip circuit which is one input of the TCS function. The second input
is the CB-open input to block the function.
trip circuit supervision of a circuit breaker
trip circuit supervision of a lockout relay
The following conditions are possible:

CB open:
If the circuit breaker is open, the supervision is not possible because the internal NC contact
of the breaker is open. As a result the input "CB open" is active and the function is blocked. In
case of a lockout relay the function is also blocked with the generator circuit breaker because
there is a possibility that the lockout relay is tripped.
CB closed and no trip:
If the circuit breaker is closed, the supervision is active and the internal NC contact of the
circuit breaker is closed. If the trip circuit of the circuit breaker or lockout relay is closed
properly, the full voltage can be measured at the binary input of DRS, which shows logical 1.
Otherwise the binary input is logical 0.
CB closed and trip
In the first moment of a trip when the circuit breaker is still closed, the input of the DRS shows
logic 0 because of the closed trip contact. The TCS function starts working, but within the time
delay (1 second) the breaker opens and the CB open feedback blocks the function.
There are no special tests necessary for commissioning.

Rev: D (revising)
104/106
11 Index
U
A
alarm output, 49
analog inputs, 42
B
Binary I/O Preset, 22
bistable relay, 41
BLK ON, 43
Block Differential, 94
Breaker Failure, 87
Breaker opening too long, 90
C
Cable Earth Fault, 86
commissioning, 25
communication cable, 8, 9
communication port, 9
CPU speed, 48
D
difference current, 51, 94, 99
digital inputs, 43
digital outputs, 44
DRS fault, 44
DRS watchdog, 44
DRS function identification, 48
DRS functions, 48
DRS-WIN, 8
E
E2PROM, 6
event list, 7
F
fault record, 7
Frequency Gradient, 73
Function Outputs, 24
G
Generator Differential, 50
I
Inadvertent Energization, 53
input matrix, 15
interposing transformers, 6
Inverse Time Overcurrent, 56
L
LED, 7
LED Quit, 44
Load Rejection, 71
lockout relays, 40
M
Main Transformer Restricted Earth Fault, 98
Measured values, 27
minute pulse, 44
MODBUS, 6, 45
MODBUS addresses, 45
MODBUS interface, 45
Modicon, 45
modified data, 17, 18
multifunctional protection relay, 6
N
Negative Sequence Overcurrent, 65
NMI 1, 44
NMI 2, 44
O
Out of Step, 79
Overcurrent Voltage Restrained, 61
Overfluxing, 76
Overfrequency, 70
Overvoltage, 67
P
password, 13
protective functions, 48
R
red triangle, 16
Remote Terminal Unit, 45
restrained current, 51, 94, 99
Reverse Power, 74
RS485, 6
S
secondary wiring, 36, 38
serial interfaces, 6
settings, 14
spare part, 30, 33
stabilizing feature, 51, 95
Stator Earth Fault 100%, 84
Stator Earth Fault 90%, 83
supervision functions, 6
synchronous machines, 6
T
transducers, 6
Transformer Differential, 94
transformers, 6
trip matrix, 18
trip output, 49
tripping outputs, 40
U
Underexcitation, 77
Underfrequency, 69
Underimpedance, 63
Rev: D (revising)
105/106

Undervoltage, 68
V
VE-file, 30
Z
zero sequence filter, 95

Rev: D (revising)
106/106

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Protective Relaying

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

DRS-WIN: Introduction ............................................................................... 6

Display and Operation .......................................................................................................7

Establish a connection with DRS-COMPACT ....................................................................8

DRS-WIN Data Management...........................................................................................11

DRS-WIN: Protective Functions .............................................................. 12

DRS-WIN: Directory Structure ................................................................. 20

Directory: Plants ..............................................................................................................20

Directory: Commissioning ................................................................................................21

Directory: Hist ..................................................................................................................21

DRS-WIN: Commissioning Tools ............................................................ 22

Binary I/O Preset .............................................................................................................22

Function Outputs .............................................................................................................24

Typical Commissioning Window....................................................................................25

Save measurements in a file............................................................................................27

How to load a new software to the DRS ................................................. 30

Load a new software with the same label.........................................................................30

Load a new software with a different label .......................................................................33

Pre Commissioning Tests..................................................................... 36

CT secondary wiring test .................................................................................................36

PT secondary wiring test..................................................................................................38

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

Tripping Outputs ....................................................................................... 40

Bistable relays .................................................................................................................41

Digital Outputs .................................................................................................................44

MODBUS Interface ..........................................................................................................45

10 Protective Functions ................................................................................ 48

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

11 Index ......................................................................................................... 105

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

The digital protection system DRS-COMPACT is equipped with 3 serial interfaces.

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

Display and Operation

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

For the communication with the relay the following is necessary:

The operation software DRS-WIN must be installed on a PC.

Establish a connection with DRS-COMPACT

Step 1: Start DRS-WIN

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

Step 6: Window with Protective Functions

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

DRS-WIN Data Management

Save Data to File

Load Data from File

Read Data from DRS

VA TECH HYDRO-PRT / Proschek

Protective Relaying with ELIN DRS

3 DRS-WIN: Protective Functions

Read Fault Record

Print out all setting data

DRS System time