ky FH cc Compressor Refresher wn rer a P ok Fee mee tT Tr SYMBOLS < ‘Specific heat at constant pressure mattesouerwen * + wn as " Enthalpy (BTU per ib.) ‘Adiabatic exponent (¢5/<) ‘Molal specific heat at constant pressure Molecular mass Polytropic exponent Reduced pressure (p/p) Pressure (psia) nN KE ouP BHP Critica pressure (ps Capacity (cfm) Gas constant (1544/M) Pressure ratio (p2/p1) Entropy (BTU per Ib. mass per Rankine) ‘Absolute temperature (Rankine = °F + 459.6) Critical temperature (*Rankine) Reduced temperature (T/T,) ‘Temperature (°F) oR Roe Ho BR seat ante (BES Internal energy ‘fi force mass SYMBO Velocity (ft see.) Specific volume (cu.ft. per Ib.) Weight flow (Ib. per min.) Temperature rise factor Compressibility factor Height above datum (ft) Gas horsepower Brake or shaft horsepower Efficiency SUBSCRIPTS Adiabatic process (Ha) Polytropic process (H,) Isometric Iuobarie Isothermal Ieentropie Steady flow Inet conditions (ps) (Qn (4) Discharge conditions (Ts) (pe (te)BASIC LAWS, Eliott Compressor Refresher BASIC LAWS 1. Boyle's Law The P, product remains constant at constant temper- ature (Pave = Pave) 2 Charles’ Law The volume of a gas varies directly as the absolute temperature at constant pressure. (2 =f m7 Th 3. Dalton's Law In a mixture of gases, the summation of partial pres- sures equals the total pressure of the mixture. 4. Avogadro's Law I gases will have the same number of mols in the same volume at the same pressure and temperature. (F-—| i. Bernouill's Equation does not include heat transfer. Therefore, the General Energy Equation (First Law of Thermodynamics) is applicable: vi tuted ty UtutPmt et ME =WtutPret oot an 5. From Charles’ and Boyle's Laws it can be deduced that all perfect gases have a relationship Py = RT, where R is a constant (42) From this expression, and the expression Pv" = ¢ (more about this later), we can obtain these relationships: Pr Try Paget By PT Pov (F Substituting Be # (By pT AP, aoe Py (Pal #*(F) Be wes(Y)' a Te ao T= BY wien gna)" = B ‘These three expressions: By z T y"-8 are wed very frequently in compressor calculations.we _—————— ee eae THE EQUATION FOR SHAFT WORK 1, This is actual shaft work. less bearing and seal losses. Eliminating the unimportant elements from the General Energy Equation, we find: Rk op - Ayan ) ee —W = up —uy + Pave Ps vs (steady flow only) since h = u + Py, 2. -W = (heb) 778 W is defined as work done by a system: —W as wi done 10 a system.1 Elliott Compressor Refresher EFFICIENC EFFICIENCY DEFINITIONS (Only Wy will be considered from here on) 3. lsothermal: Compressor efficiency is defined as the theoretical work divided by the actual work, or; ‘The same comments apply as for Nag, above. ‘This equation states that 7 defines the ratio of <2 to rand is independent of gas properties or wheel per- formance with respect to pressure ratio. 2. Isentropie: This expression shows that Tag not only defines the selationship between n and k, but that this relationship is dependent upon wheel performance with respect 10 Pressure ratio. This, in effect, makes the Ti of a wheel dependent upon the properties of the gas which the impeller is compressing.14, THEORETICAL WORK Eliott Compressor Refresher DERIVATION OF THEORETICAL WORK (in all cases, for simplification, W. will be considered as work to a system) L. Non-flow (Reversible) ~ ff ese 2. Steady flow (Reversible) wes afte fen = afte fis fe Sis 3. By observation and deduction, we find that all processes follow a form of the equation: Wa = AW, pvize Polytropic when n =n ‘sentropic when n = k ‘obaric when n = 0 Isothermal whea a Isometric when n = co Seccresee any fen Way = ne frra= w, bute = py Wy = MP Wat =! As noted under D2, the difference between Way and Wy is the differential flow work expression. ‘Woy = Way + Pave ~ pave = ote = SST + em a (P2v2 = piv) This an ao be aed at oy perme fp from D2. 5. ISENTROPIC (Reversible adiabatic: constant entropy) ‘Adiabatic is used interchangeably with Isentropic in out industry. The derivation of Adiabatic or Isentropic Wa (oF Wer is identical to the method for Polytropic, except using: pe instead of py"= Wor 6. ISOBARIC (constant pressure, n= 0, and ISOMETRIC (Constant volume, n = <2) are not compression of ex- pansion processes and therefore do not have work expressions. 7. ISOTHERMAL (Reversible. 1 = 1) Must be arrived at differently due to the exponent (1). It is also interesting to note that since the difference between Wry and Wy is Apv. and, by definition. pv = c, for isothermals. there is no difference between the Way and Way expressions: ieee ee een caters 1Wa =o fe WS This last expression is easier to work with as the former deals with volumes, and vy is generally unknown. Po yin BE Wy = eln BE = pvin 2 Ps Rt aft1-6 THEORETICAL WORK a Elliott Compressor Refresher THEORETICAL PROCESSES USED Wa Ha We _ Hy _We (Shaft work) W= T= 72 = Tt at Tt where all W expressions are on a per pound basis. As noted earlier, ny is the only efficiency independent of the gas being handled, therefore H, is the only H independent of the gas being handled. In general, Hand m\, are used only for selection of some, air machines since the pressure ratio from any single impeller compressing air cannot be greatly dif- ferent for different conditions of the ait. Therefore, Hie is affected only insignificantly. Hy is seldom used. However, on multi-ccoled air machines, an overall My is used to make a rough check fon performance of either various alternatives, or from one job or frame size to another. Since and 7 vary with the gas handled, the entire industry uses H, and 1, for selection of equipment. ‘nce a given impeller at a given speed will perform a elven W on a per pound basis (at design point), and since my is independent of the gas being handled, Hy for design points can be tabulated for all wheels, since Hy mew. Variations of Hy and 1), for wheels as 2 function of load (CFM) 2:e graphically presented either for each individual wheet or for a family of wheels. Such infor- ‘mation is confined to manufacturers data. Contractors’ and users’ engineers do only overall calculations. Here again, an analysis of previous defini tions will determine that for a group of wheels (one or ‘more compressor casings) the 1 is the only efficiency which can be used. It is possible to average the Tp, oF from experience to assume an average 7), for an overall calculation. ig OF Me cannot be averaged because both are de- pendent on the overall pressure ratio and an average efficiency will be considerably higher than the overall My OF Mee Horsepower Horsepower is the rate of doing work and can be calculated from the shaft work expression (WW) as in: wx GHP = “53000 (gas horsepower) To the GHP, the parasitic losses of bearings and seals must be added to obtain BHP (brake horsepower). ‘This method of calculation, however, is generally not used. Since any of the work expressions — on a per pound basis — are identical to the associated head ex- pression, the common method of determining GHP is Hx w Hy X w px 33000