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Coordinates :51290N 0003615W

WindsorCastle
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

WindsorCastleisaroyalresidenceat
WindsorintheEnglish
countyofBerkshire.Itisnotableforitslongassociationwiththe
EnglishandlaterBritishroyalfamily
andforitsarchitecture.The
originalcastlewasbuiltinthe1
1thcenturyafterthe
Norman
invasionofEngland
byWilliamtheConqueror
.Sincethetimeof
HenryI,ithasbeenusedbyallmonarchs,andisthelongest
occupiedpalaceinEurope.Thecastle'slavishearly19th
centuryStateApartmentsweredescribedbythearthistorian
HughRobertsas"asuperbandunrivalledsequenceofrooms
widelyregardedasthefinestandmostcompleteexpressionof
laterGeorgiantaste".[1]Insidethecastlewallsisthe15th
centuryStGeorge'sChapel,consideredbythehistorian
John
MartinRobinsontobe"oneofthesupremeachievementsof
[2]
EnglishPerpendicularGothic"design.

WindsorCastle
Windsor,BerkshireinEngland

ViewedfromtheLongWalk
Windsor

Originallydesignedtoprotect
Normandominancearoundthe
Castle
outskirtsofLondonandoverseeastrategicallyimportantpartof
theRiverThames,WindsorCastlewasbuiltasa
motteand
bailey,withthreewardssurroundingacentralmound.Gradually
replacedwithstonefortifications,thecastlewithstooda
LocationwithinBerkshire
prolongedsiegeduringthe
FirstBarons'Waratthestartofthe
13thcentury.HenryIIIbuiltaluxuriousroyalpalacewithinthe Coordinates 51290N0003615W
castleduringthemiddleofthecentury
,andEdwardIIIwent
Threebaileywardswitharound
Type
further,rebuildingthepalacetomakeanevengrandersetof
keep
buildingsinwhatwouldbecome"themostexpensivesecular
[3]
Siteinformation
buildingprojectoftheentireMiddleAgesinEngland".
Edward'scoredesignlastedthroughtheT
udorperiod,during
QueenElizabethIIinrightofthe
Owner
whichHenryVIIIandElizabethImadeincreasinguseofthe
Crown
castleasaroyalcourtandcentrefordiplomaticentertainment.
Operator

RoyalHousehold

Limitedaccess
WindsorCastlesurvivedthetumultuousperiodofthe
English
Opento
CivilWar,whenitwasusedasamilitaryheadquartersfor
thepublic
ParliamentaryforcesandaprisonforCharlesI.Atthe
Sitehistory
Restorationofthemonarchyin1660,
CharlesIIrebuiltmuchof
Late11thcenturypresent
Inuse
WindsorCastlewiththehelpofthearchitect
HughMay,
creatingasetofextravagant
Baroqueinteriorsthatarestill
BagshotHeathstone
Materials
admired.Afteraperiodofneglectduringthe18thcentury
,
FirstBarons'War,EnglishCivilWar
Events
GeorgeIIIandGeorgeIVrenovatedandrebuiltCharlesII's
palaceatcolossalexpense,producingthecurrentdesignofthe
StateApartments,fullof
Rococo,GothicandBaroquefurnishings.
QueenVictoriamadeafewminorchangestothe
castle,whichbecamethecentreforroyalentertainmentformuchofherreign.W
indsorCastlewasusedasarefugefor
theroyalfamilyduringthe
LuftwaffebombingcampaignsoftheSecondW
orldWarandsurvivedafirein1992.Itisa
populartouristattraction,avenueforhostingstatevisits,andthepreferredweekendhomeof
ElizabethII.Today,more
than500peopleliveandworkinW
indsorCastlethelar
gestinhabitedcastleintheworld.

Contents
1 Architecture
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1 Architecture
1.1 MiddleWard
1.2 UpperWard
1.2.1 StateApartments
1.3 LowerWard
1.4 Parkandlandscape
2 History
2.1 11thand12thcenturies
2.2 13thcentury
2.3 14thcentury
2.4 15thcentury
2.5 16thcentury
2.6 17thcentury
2.7 18thcentury
2.8 19thcentury
2.9 20thcentury
2.9.1 1992fire
2.10 21stcentury
3 Seealso
4 Notes
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 Externallinks

Architecture
[4]and
WindsorCastleoccupies13acres(5.3ha),
combinesthefeaturesofafortification,apalace,anda
smalltown.[5]Thepresentdaycastlewascreatedduringa
sequenceofphasedbuildingprojects,culminatinginthe
reconstructionworkaftera
firein1992.[6]Itisinessence
aGeorgianandVictoriandesignbasedonamedieval
structure,withGothicfeaturesreinventedinamodern
style.Sincethe14thcentury
,architectureatthecastlehas
attemptedtoproduceacontemporaryreinterpretationof
olderfashionsandtraditions,repeatedlyimitating
[7]Asaresult,
outmodedorevenantiquatedstyles.
PlanofWindsorCastle.Key:A:TheRoundTower,
architectSirWilliamWhitfield
haspointedtoWindsor
Castle'sarchitectureashaving"acertainfictivequality",theB:TheUpperWard,TheQuadrangle,C:TheState
Apartments,D:PrivateApartments,E:SouthWing,
PicturesqueandGothicdesigngenerating"asensethata
theatricalperformanceisbeingputonhere",despitelate F:LowerWard,G:StGeorge'sChapel,H:Horseshoe
20thcenturyeffortstoexposemoreoftheolderstructures Cloister,K:KingHenryVIIIGate,L:TheLongWalk,
M:NormanGate,N:NorthTerrace, O:EdwardIII
toincreasethesenseofauthenticity
.[8]Althoughtherehas
beensomecriticism,thecastle'sarchitectureandhistory Tower,T:TheCurfewTower
lendsita"placeamongstthegreatestEuropean
palaces".[9]

MiddleWard

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AttheheartofWindsorCastleistheMiddleW
ard,abaileyformedaroundthe
motteorartificialhillinthecentreofthe
ward.Themotteis50feet(15m)highandismadefrom
chalkoriginallyexcavatedfromthesurroundingditch.The
keep,calledtheRoundT
ower,onthetopofthemotteisbasedonanoriginal12thcenturybuilding,extendedupwards
intheearly19thcenturyunderarchitect
JeffryWyatvilleby30ft(9m)toproduceamoreimposingheightand
silhouette.[10]TheinterioroftheRoundT
owerwasfurtherredesignedin19913toprovideadditionalspaceforthe
[10]The
RoyalArchives,anadditionalroombeingbuiltinthespaceleftbyW
yatville'soriginallyhollowextension.
RoundTowerisinreality
farfromcylindrical
,duetotheshapeandstructureofthemottebeneathit.Thecurrentheight
ofthetowerhasbeencriticisedasbeingdisproportionatetoitswidtharchaeologistT
imTattonBrown,forexample,
[11]
hasdescribeditasamutilationoftheearliermedievalstructure.
ThewesternentrancetotheMiddleW
ardisnowopen,andagatewayleadsnorthfromthewardontotheNorth
[12]Thisgatehouse,which,despiteits
Terrace.[12]TheeasternexitfromthewardisguardedbytheNormanGatehouse.
name,datesfromthe14thcentury
,isheavilyvaultedanddecoratedwithcarvings,includingsurvivingmedieval
lion
[13]
masks,traditionalsymbolsofmajesty
,toformanimpressiveentrancetotheUpperW
ard. Wyatvilleredesignedthe
[14]
exteriorofthegatehouse,andtheinteriorwaslaterheavilyconvertedinthe19thcenturyforresidentialuse.

UpperWard
TheUpperWardofWindsorCastlecomprisesanumber
ofmajorbuildingsenclosedbytheupperbaileywall,
formingacentralquadrangle.TheStateApartmentsrun
alongthenorthoftheward,witharangeofbuildingsalong
theeastwall,andtheprivateroyalapartmentsandthe
KingGeorgeIVGatetothesouth,withtheEdwardIII
Towerinthesouthwestcorner
.ThemotteandtheRound
Towerformthewestedgeoftheward.Abronzestatueof
TheSouthWingoftheUpperWardtheOfficial
CharlesIIonhorsebacksitsbeneaththeRoundT
ower.[15]
EntrancetotheStateApartmentsisontheleft.
InspiredbyHubertLeSueur'sstatueofCharlesIin
London,thestatuewascastbyJosiasIbachin1679,with
themarbleplinthfeaturingcarvingsby
Grinling
Gibbons.[15]TheUpperWardadjoinstheNorthT
errace,whichoverlooksthe
RiverThames,andtheEastTerrace,
whichoverlooksthegardensbothofthecurrentterraceswereconstructedby
HughMayinthe17thcentury
.[16]
TraditionallytheUpperW
ardwasjudgedtobe"toallintentsandpurposesanineteenthcenturycreation...theimage
ofwhattheearlynineteenthcenturythoughtacastleshouldbe",asaresultoftheextensiveredesignofthecastleby
WyatvilleunderGeor
geIV.[17]ThewallsoftheUpperW
ardarebuiltofBagshotHeathstonefacedontheinsidewith
regularbricks,thegothicdetailsinyellow
Bathstone.[18]ThebuildingsintheUpperW
ardarecharacterisedbytheuse
ofsmallbitsofflintinthemortarfor
galletting
,originallystartedatthecastleinthe17thcenturytogivestoneworkfrom
disparateperiodsasimilarappearance.TheskylineoftheUpperW
ardisdesignedtobedramaticwhenseenfroma
distanceorsilhouettedagainstthehorizon,animageoftalltowersandbattlementsinfluencedbythe
picturesque
movementofthelate18thcentury
.[18]Archaeologicalandrestorationworkfollowingthe1992firehasshownthe
extenttowhichthecurrentstructurerepresentsasurvivalofelementsfromtheoriginal12thcenturystonewalls
[19]
onwards,presentedwithinthecontextofW
yatville'sfinalremodelling.

StateApartments

TheStateApartmentsformthemajorpartoftheUpperW
ardandliealongthenorthsideofthequadrangle.The
modernbuildingfollowsthemedievalfoundationslaiddownbyEdwardIII,withthegroundfloorcomprisingservice
chambersandcellars,andthemuchgranderfirstfloorformingthemainpartofthepalace.Onthefirstfloor
,thelayout
ofthewesternendoftheStateApartmentsisprimarilytheworkofarchitectHughMay
,whereasthestructureonthe
[nb1]
easternsiderepresentsJef
fryWyatville'splans.
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TheinterioroftheStateApartmentswasmostlydesigned
byWyatvilleintheearly19thcentury
.Wyatvilleintended
eachroomtoillustrateaparticulararchitecturalstyleandto
displaythematchingfurnishingsandfineartsofthe
period.[21]Withsomealterationsovertheyears,this
conceptcontinuestodominatetheapartments.Dif
ferent
roomsfollowthe
Classical,GothicandRococostyles,
togetherwithanelementof
Jacobethaninplaces.[22]Many
oftheroomsontheeasternendofthecastlehadtobe
restoredfollowingthe1992fire,using"equivalent
TheStateApartmentsintheUpperWard(ltor)Queen's
restoration"methodstheroomswererestoredsoasto
AudienceandPresenceChambers,theOfficialEntrance,
appearsimilartotheiroriginalappearance,butusing
StGeorge'sHalltheGuest'sEntrance[20]
modernmaterialsandconcealingmodernstructural
improvements.[23][nb2]Theseroomswerealsopartially
redesignedatthesametimetomorecloselymatchmoderntastes.Arthistorian
HughRobertshaspraisedtheState
Apartmentsas"asuperbandunrivalledsequenceofroomswidelyregardedasthefinestandmostcompleteexpression
oflaterGeorgiantaste."[1]Others,suchasarchitectRobinNicolsonandcritic
HughPearman,havedescribedthemas
[24]
"bland"and"distinctlydull".

Wyatville'smostfamousworkarethoseroomsdesignedinaRococostyle.These
roomstakethefluid,playfulaspectsofthismid18thcenturyartisticmovement,
includingmanyoriginalpiecesof
LouisXVdecoration,butprojectthemona"vastly
[25]Investigationsafterthe1992firehaveshownthoughthatmany
inflated"scale.
Rococofeaturesofthemoderncastle,originallythoughttohavebeen18thcentury
fittingstransferredfrom
CarltonHouseorFrance,areinfact19thcenturyimitations
[26]TheGrand
inplasterworkandwood,designedtoblendwithoriginalelements.
ReceptionRoomisthemostprominentoftheseRococodesigns,100ft(30m)long
[27]Thisroom,
and40ft(12m)tallandoccupyingthesiteofEdwardIII'sgreathall.
restoredafterthefire,includesahugeFrenchRocococeiling,characterisedbyIan
Constantinides,theleadrestorer
,aspossessinga"coarsenessofformandcrudeness
ofhand...completelyovershadowedbythesheerspectacularef
fectwhenyouareat

TheCrimsonDrawingRoom
in2007followingthe1992
fireandsubsequent
remodelling

adistance".[28]TheroomissetoffbyasetofrestoredGobelinsFrench
tapestries.[28]Althoughdecoratedwithlessgoldleafthaninthe1820s,theresult
[29]TheWhite,Green
remains"oneofthegreatestsetpiecesofRegencydecoration".
andCrimsonDrawingRoomsincludeatotalof62
trophies:carved,gildedwooden

panelsillustratingweaponsandthespoilsofwar
,manywithMasonicmeanings.[30]
Restoredorreplacedafterthefire,thesetrophiesarefamousfortheir"vitality
,
precisionandthreedimensionalquality",andwereoriginallybroughtfromCarltonHousein1826,somebeingorigin
importedfromFranceandotherscarvedbyEdwardW
yatt.[30]Thesoftfurnishingsoftheserooms,althoughluxurious,
[31]
aremoremodestthanthe1820soriginals,bothonthegroundsofmoderntasteandcost.

Wyatville'sdesignretainsthreeroomsoriginallybuiltby
HughMayinthe17thcenturyinpartnershipwiththepainter
AntonioVerrioandcarverGrinlingGibbons
.TheQueen'sPresenceChamber
,theQueen'sAudienceChamberandthe
King'sDiningRoomaredesignedinaBaroque,FrancoItalianstyle,characterisedby"gildedinteriorsenrichedwith
floridmurals",firstintroducedtoEnglandbetween164850at
WiltonHouse.[32]Verrio'spaintingsare"drenchedin
[33]TheseroomswereintendedtoshowaninnovativeEnglish"baroque
medievalistallusion"andclassicalimages.
[34]
fusion"ofthehithertoseparateartsofarchitecture,paintingandcarving.

AhandfulofroomsinthemodernStateApartmentsreflecteither18thcenturyorV
ictorianGothicdesign.TheState
DiningRoom,forexample,whosecurrentdesignoriginatesfromthe1850sbutwhichwasbadlydamagedduringthe
1992fire,isrestoredtoitsappearanceinthe1920s,beforetheremovalofsomeofthegildedfeaturesonthe
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pilasters.[35]AnthonySalvin
'sGrandStaircaseisalsoofmidV
ictoriandesigninthe
Gothicstyle,risingtoadoubleheighthalllitbyanolder18thcenturyGothic
vaulted
lanterntowercalledtheGrandV
estibule,designedby
JamesWyattandexecutedby
[36]
FrancisBernasconi
. Thestaircasehasbeencriticisedbyhistorian
JohnRobinson
asbeingadistinctlyinferiordesigntotheearlierstaircasesbuiltonthesamesiteby
bothWyattandMay.[37]
SomepartsoftheStateApartmentswerecompletelydestroyedinthe1992fireand
thisareawasrebuiltinastylecalled"DownesianGothic",namedafterthearchitect,
GilesDownes.[38][nb3]Thestylecomprises"theratherstripped,coolandsystematic
[39]
coherenceofmodernismsewnintoareinterpretationoftheGothictradition".
Downesarguesthatthestyleavoids"floriddecoration",emphasisinganor
ganic,
[40]
flowingGothicstructure. ThreenewroomswerebuiltorremodelledbyDownes
Apresentationdrawingfor
atWindsor.Downes'newroofofStGeor
ge'sHallisthelar
gestgreenoakstructure
thenewPrivateChapel,
builtsincetheMiddleAges,andisdecoratedwithbrightlycolouredshields
showingaGothicdesignby
celebratingtheheraldicelementofthe
OrderoftheGarterthedesignattemptsto
GilesDownes
createanillusionofadditionalheightthroughthegothicwoodworkalongthe
ceiling.[41]TheLanternLobbyfeaturesflowingoakcolumnsformingavaultedceiling,
imitatingan
arumlily
.[42]ThenewPrivateChapelisrelativelysmall,onlyabletofitthirtyworshippers,butcombines
architecturalelementsoftheStGeor
ge'sHallroofwiththeLanternLobbyandthesteppedarchstructureoftheHenry
VIIIchapelvaultingat
HamptonCourt.[43]Theresultisan"extraordinary
,continuousandcloselymouldednetof
[44]The
tracery",complementingthenewstainedglasswindowscommemoratingthefire,designedbyJosephNuttgen.
GreatKitchen,withitsnewlyexposed14thcenturyrooflanternsittingalongsideW
yatville'sfireplaces,chimneysand
[45]
Gothictables,isalsoaproductofthereconstructionafterthefire.

ThegroundflooroftheStateApartmentsretainsvariousfamousmedievalfeatures.The14thcenturyGreatUndercrof
[46]Atthetimeofthe1992fire,
stillsurvives,some193feet(59m)longby31feet(9.4m)wide,dividedinto13bays.
theUndercrofthadbeendividedintosmallerroomstheareaisnowopeneduptoformasinglespaceinanef
fortto
echotheundercroftsat
FountainsandRievaulxAbbeys
,althoughthefloorremainsartificiallyraisedforconvenienceof

use.[47]The"beautifullyvaulted"14thcenturyLarderiepassagerunsalongsidetheKitchenCourtyardandisdecorated
[48][nb4]
withcarvedroyalroses,markingitsconstructionbyEdwardIII.

LowerWard
TheLowerWardliesbelowandtothewestoftheRound
Tower,reachedthroughtheNormanGate.Originally
largelyofmedievaldesign,mostoftheLowerW
ardwas
renovatedorreconstructedduringthemidV
ictorian
periodbyAnthonySalvin
andEdwardBlore,toforma
[49]TheLowerWard
"consistentlyGothiccomposition".
holdsStGeorge'sChapelandmostofthebuildings
associatedwiththeOrderoftheGarter
.

OnthenorthsideoftheLowerW
ardisStGeorge's
Chapel.Thishugebuildingisthespiritualhomeofthe
TheLowerWard,(ltor) StGeorge'sChapel,theLady
OrderoftheKnightsoftheGarter
anddatesfromthelate
Chapel,theRoundTower,thelodgingsoftheMilitary
15thandearly16thcentury
,designedinthePerpendicular
Knights,andtheresidenceofthe Governorofthe
MilitaryKnights
Gothicstyle.[50]Theornatewoodenchoirstallsareof
15thcenturydesign,havingbeenrestoredandextended
byHenryEmlyn
attheendofthe18thcentury
,andaredecoratedwithauniquesetofbrassplatesshowingthearmsof
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[51]Onthewestside,thechapelhasagrandV
theKnightsoftheGarteroverthelastsixcenturies.
ictoriandoorand
[52]TheeaststainedglasswindowisV
staircase,usedonceremonialoccasions.
ictorian,andtheorielwindowtothe
[53]
northsideofitwasbuiltby
HenryVIIIforCatherineofAragon
. Thevaultinfrontofthealtarhousestheremainsof

HenryVIII,JaneSeymourandCharlesI,withEdwardIVburiednearby.[54]Thechapelisconsideredbyhistorian
[2]
JohnRobinsontobe"oneofthesupremeachievementsofEnglishPerpendicularGothic"design.
AttheeastendofStGeorge'sChapelistheLadyChapel,originallybuiltby
Henry
IIIinthe13thcenturyandconvertedintotheAlbertMemorialChapelbetween
186373byGeorgeGilbertScott.[52]Builttocommemoratethelifeof
PrinceAlbert,
theornatechapelfeatureslavishdecorationandworksinmarble,glassmosaicand
bronzebyHenrideT
riqueti,SusanDurant,
AlfredGilbert
andAntonioSalviati
.[52]
Theeastdoorofthechapel,coveredinornamentalironwork,istheoriginaldoor
from1246.[55]
AtthewestendoftheLowerW
ardistheHorseshoeCloister
,originallybuiltin1480,
neartothechapeltohouseitscler
gy.Ithousesthevicarschoral,or
layclerksofthe
TheHorseshoeCloister,built
in1480andreconstructedin
the19thcentury

chapel.[56]Thiscurvedbrickandtimberbuildingissaidtohavebeendesignedto
resembletheshapeofa
fetlock,oneofthebadgesusedbyEdwardIV.George
GilbertScottheavilyrestoredthebuildingin1871andlittleoftheoriginalstructure
remains.[56]OtherrangesoriginallybuiltbyEdwardIIIsitalongsidetheHorseshoe,

featuringstoneperpendicular
tracery.[57]Asof2011,theyareusedasoffices,a
libraryandasthehousesfortheDeanand
Canons.[57]
BehindtheHorseshoeCloisteristheCurfewT
ower,oneoftheoldestsurvivingpartsoftheLowerW
ardanddating
[52]
fromthe13thcentury
. Theinteriorofthetowercontainsaformerdungeon,andtheremnantsofa
sallyport,asecret
[58]Theupperstoreycontainsthecastlebellsplacedtherein1478,andthe
exitfortheoccupantsinatimeofsiege.
castleclockof1689.TheFrenchstyle
conicalroofisa19thcenturyattemptbyAnthonySalvintoremodelthetower

inthefashionof
EugneViolletleDuc'srecreationofCarcassonne.[59]
Ontheoppositesideofthechapelisarangeofbuildingsincludingthelodgingsofthe
MilitaryKnights
,andthe
residenceoftheGovernoroftheMilitaryKnights
.[60]Thesebuildingsoriginatefromthe16thcenturyandarestillused
bytheKnights,whorepresenttheOrderoftheGartereachSunday
.[61]OnthesouthsideoftheW
ardisKingHenry
VIII'sgateway,whichbearsthecoatofarmsof
CatherineofAragon
andformsthesecondaryentrancetothecastle.

Parkandlandscape
[62]Thecastle
WindsorCastle'spositionontopofsteepgroundhasmeantthatthecastle'sgardensarelimitedinscale.

gardensstretcheastfromtheUpperW
ardacrossa20thcenturyterrace.[63]WindsorCastleissurroundedby
extensiveparkland.Theimmediateareastretchingtotheeastofthecastleisa19thcenturycreationknownasthe
HomePark.[64]TheHomeParkincludesparklandandtwoworkingfarms,alongwithmanyestatecottagesmainly
occupiedbyemployeesandthe
Frogmoreestate.TheLongWalk,adoublelinedavenueoftrees,runsfor2.65miles
[66]Theoriginal17thcenturyelmswerereplacedwith
(4.26km)[65]southofthecastle,andis240ft(75m)wide.
[67]
alternatingchestnutandplanetrees.TheimpactofDutchelmdisease
ledtolargescalereplantingafter1945.

TheHomeParkadjoinsthenorthernedgeofthemoreextensive
WindsorGreatPark,occupyingsome5,000acres
(2,020ha)[68]andincludingsomeoftheoldest
broadleavedwoodlandsinEurope.[69]IntheHomePark,tothenorth
ofthecastle,standsaprivateschool,
StGeorge's,whichprovideschoristerstothechapel.EtonCollegeislocated
withinabouthalfamileofthecastle,acrossthe
RiverThames.
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Anaerialviewofthecastle:(ltor)theLowerWard,theMiddleWardandRoundTower,theUpper
Ward,withtheLongWalkinthelowerrighthandcorner.The RiverThamescanbeseenintheupper
leftofthepicture.

History
11thand12thcenturies
WindsorCastlewasoriginallybuiltby
WilliamtheConqueror
inthedecadeafterthe
Normanconquestof1066.[70]Williamestablishedadefensiveringof
motteand
baileycastlesaroundLondoneachwasaday'smarchabout20miles(32km)
[70]
fromthecityandfromthenextcastle,allowingforeasyreinforcementsinacrisis.
WindsorCastle,oneofthisringoffortifications,wasstrategicallyimportantbecause
ofitsproximitytoboththe
RiverThames,akeymedievalrouteintoLondon,and
[71]The
WindsorForest,aroyalhuntingpreservepreviouslyusedbytheSaxonkings.
nearbysettlementofClivore,or
Clewer,wasanoldSaxonresidence.Theinitial
woodencastleconsistedofa
keeponthetopofamanmademotte,ormound,
protectedbyasmallbaileywall,occupyingachalk
inlier,orbluff,rising100ft(30m)

abovetheriver.[72]Asecondwoodenbaileywasconstructedtotheeastofthekeep,
formingthelaterUpperW
ard.[73]Bytheendofthecentury
,anotherbaileyhadbeen
[73][nb5]In
constructedtothewest,creatingthebasicshapeofthemoderncastle.
design,Windsormostcloselyresembled
ArundelCastle,anotherpowerfulearly
Normanfortification,butthedoublebaileydesignwasalsofoundat
Rockinghamand
AlnwickCastle.[75]

TheRoundTowerinthe
MiddleWard,builtbyHenry
IIandremodelledinthe19th
century

WindsorwasnotinitiallyusedasaroyalresidencetheearlyNormankingspreferred
tousetheformerpalaceof
EdwardtheConfessorinthevillageof
OldWindsor.[76]
ThefirstkingtouseW
indsorCastleasaresidencewas
HenryI,whocelebratedWhitsuntideatthecastlein1110
duringaperiodofheightenedinsecurity
.[77]Henry'smarriageto
Adela,thedaughterofGodfreyofLouvain
,tookplace
inthecastlein1
121.Duringthisperiodthekeepsuf
feredasubstantialcollapsearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthat
thesouthernsideofthemotte
subsidedbyover6ft(2m).[78]Timberpilesweredrivenintosupportthemotteandthe
oldwoodenkeepwasreplacedwithanewstone
shellkeep,withaprobablegatewaytothenortheastandanew
[79]
stonewell.[79]Achemise,orlowprotectivewall,wassubsequentlyaddedtothekeep.

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HenryIIcametothethronein1
154andbuiltextensivelyatW
indsorbetween1165and1179.[73]Henryreplacedthe
woodenpalisadesurroundingtheupperwardwithastonewallinterspersedwithsquaretowersandbuiltthefirstKing
Gate.[73]Thefirststonekeepwassuf
feringfromsubsidence,andcrackswerebeginningtoappearinthestoneworkof

thesouthside.[79]Henryreplacedthekeepwithanotherstoneshellkeepandchemisewall,butmovedthewallsinfrom
theedgeofthemottetorelievethepressureonthemound,andaddedmassivefoundationsalongthesouthsideto
[79]InsidethecastleHenryremodelledtheroyalaccommodation.
[73]BagshotHeathstone
provideadditionalsupport.
[80]
wasusedformostofthework,andstonefrom
Bedfordshirefortheinternalbuildings.

13thcentury
KingJohnundertooksomebuildingworksatW
indsor,butprimarilytothe
[81]Thecastleplayedaroleduringthe
accommodationratherthanthedefences.
revoltoftheEnglishbarons
:thecastlewasbesiegedin1214,andJohnusedthe
castleashisbaseduringthenegotiationsbeforethesigningofthe
MagnaCartaat
[81]
nearbyRunnymedein1215. In1216thecastlewasbesiegedagainbybaronial
andFrenchtroopsunderthecommandofthe
CountofNevers,butJohn'sconstable,
[81]
EngelarddeCigogn
,successfullydefendedit.

Thedamagedonetothecastleduringthesecondsiegewasimmediatelyrepairedin
1216and1221byCigogneonbehalfofJohn'ssuccessor
HenryIII,whofurther
[82]ThewallsoftheLowerW
strengthenedthedefences.
ardwererebuiltinstone,
completewithagatehouseinthelocationofthefutureHenryVIIIGate,between

1224and1230.[73]Threenewtowers,theCurfew
,GarterandtheSalisburytowers,
wereconstructed.[81]TheMiddleWardwasheavilyreinforcedwithasouthernstone
[73]
wall,protectedbythenewEdwardIIIandHenryIIItowersateachend.

TheCurfewTower,partof
WindsorCastlewasoneofHenry'sthreefavouriteresidencesandheinvestedheavilytheLowerWard,builtunder
HenryIIIandremodelledin
intheroyalaccommodation,spendingmoremoneyatW
indsorthaninanyotherof
the19thcentury
hisproperties.[83][nb6]Followinghismarriageto
EleanorofProvence,Henrybuilta

luxuriouspalacein124063,basedaroundacourtalongthenorthsideoftheUpper
[73]IntheLowerWard,thekingorderedthe
Ward.[84]ThiswasintendedprimarilyforthequeenandHenry'schildren.
constructionofarangeofbuildingsforhisownusealongthesouthwall,includinga70ft(21m)longchapel,later
calledtheLadyChapel.[85]Thiswasthegrandestofthenumerouschapelsbuiltforhisownuse,andcomparabletothe
SainteChapelleinParisinsizeandquality
.[86]HenryrepairedtheGreatHallthatlayalongthenorthsideoftheLower

[85]Henry's
Ward,andenlargeditwithanewkitchenandbuiltacoveredwalkwaybetweentheHallandthekitchen.
workwascharacterisedbythereligiousovertonesoftherichdecorations,whichformed"oneofthehighwatermarks
[87]Theconversioncostmorethan10,000.
[82]Theresultwastocreateadivisioninthecastle
ofEnglishmedievalart".

betweenamoreprivateUpperW
ardandaLowerWarddevotedtothepublicfaceofthemonarchy
.[55]Littlefurther
buildingwascarriedoutatthecastleduringthe13thcenturytheGreatHallintheLowerW
ardwasdestroyedbyfire
[88]
in1296,butitwasnotrebuilt.

14thcentury
[88]In1344thekingannouncedthe
EdwardIIIwasbornatWindsorCastleanduseditextensivelythroughouthisreign.

foundationofthenewOrderoftheRoundT
ableatthecastle.[3]Edwardbegantoconstructanewbuildinginthecastle
[3]Chroniclersdescribeditasaroundbuilding,200ft(61m)across,andit
tohostthisorder,butitwasneverfinished.

wasprobablyinthecentreoftheUpperW
ard.[89]Shortlyafterwards,Edwardabandonedtheneworderforreasons
thatremainunclear
,andinsteadestablishedthe
OrderoftheGarter,againwithWindsorCastleasitsheadquarters,
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completewiththeattendant
PoorKnightsofWindsor.[3]Aspartofthis
processEdwarddecidedtorebuildW
indsorCastle,inparticularHenryIII's
palace,inanattempttoconstructacastlethatwouldbesymbolicofroyal
powerandchivalry
.[90]Edwardwasinfluencedbothbythemilitarysuccesses
ofhisgrandfather
,EdwardI,andbythedeclineofroyalauthorityunderhis
father,EdwardII,andaimedtoproduceaninnovative,"selfconsciously
[91]
aesthetic,muscled,martialarchitecture".

EdwardplacedWilliamofW
ykehaminoverallchar
geoftherebuildingand
designofthenewcastleandwhilstworkwasongoingEdwardstayedin
temporaryaccommodationintheRoundT
ower.[88]Between1350and1377

TheNormanGate,builtbyEdward
IIIandremodelledinthe19thcentury

Edwardspent51,000onrenovatingW
indsorCastlethiswasthelar
gest
amountspentbyanyEnglishmedievalmonarchonasinglebuildingoperation,andoveroneandahalftimesEdward'
[92]Someofthecostsofthecastlewerepaidfromtheresultsofransomsfollowing
typicalannualincomeof30,000.

Edward'svictoriesatthebattlesof
Crcy,CalaisandPoitiers.[88]WindsorCastlewasalreadyasubstantialbuilding
beforeEdwardbeganexpandingit,makingtheinvestmentallthemoreimpressive,andmuchoftheexpenditurewas
[93]Thecastlewas"themostexpensivesecularbuildingprojectoftheentireMiddleAgesin
lavishedonrichfurnishings.

England".[3]
Edward'snewpalaceconsistedofthreecourtsalongthenorthsideoftheUpperW
ard,calledLittleCloister
,King's

[94]AtthefrontofthepalacelaytheStGeor
CloisterandtheKitchenCourt.
ge'sHallrange,whichcombinedanewhall
andanewchapel.Thisrangehadtwosymmetricalgatehouses,theSpicerieGatehouseandtheKitchenGatehouse.
TheSpicerieGatehousewasthemainentranceintothepalace,whilsttheKitchenGatehousesimplyledintothekitche
[96]Therangehadanunusual,
courtyard.[95]Thegreathallhadnumerouslar
gewindowslookingoutacrosstheward.
[97]TheRose
unifiedrooflineand,withatallerroofthantherestofthepalace,wouldhavebeenhighlydistinctive.
[94]Theresultwasa"greatand
Tower,designedfortheking'sprivateuse,setof
fthewestcorneroftherange.
apparentlyarchitecturallyunifiedpalace...uniforminallsortsofways,astoroofline,windowheights,corniceline,
[98]WiththeexceptionoftheHall,ChapelandtheGreatChamber
floorandceilingheights".
,thenewinteriorsallshared
[99][nb7]Thedefensivefeatures,however
asimilarheightandwidth.
,wereprimarilyforshow
,possiblytoprovidea

backdropforjoustingbetweenthetwohalvesoftheOrderoftheGarter
.[91]
Edwardbuiltfurtherluxurious,selfcontainedlodgingsforhis
courtaroundtheeastandsouthedgesoftheUpperW
ard,
[7]TheNorman
creatingthemodernshapeofthequadrangle.

gatewasbuilttosecurethewestentrancetotheW
ard.[88]In
theLowerWard,thechapelwasenlar
gedandremodelledwith
AreconstructionoftheStGeor ge'sHallrangebuilt
byEdwardIII:(ltor)theSpicerieGatehouse,the
chapel,thehall,theKitchenGatehouse

[88]Theearliest
grandbuildingsforthecanonsbuiltalongside.
weightdrivenmechanical
clockinEnglandwasinstalledby

EdwardIIIintheRoundT
owerin1354.[100]Williamof
Wykehamwentontobuild
NewCollege,Oxfordand
WinchesterCollege
,wheretheinfluenceofW
indsorCastlecan

easilybeseen.[88]
ThenewcastlewasusedtoholdFrenchprisonerstakeninatPoitiersin1357,including
JohnII,whowasheldfora
considerableransom.[101]Laterinthecentury
,thecastlealsofoundfavourwith
RichardII.Richardconducted
restorationworkonStGeorge'sChapel,theworkbeingcarriedoutby
GeoffreyChaucer,whoservedasadiplomat
andClerkofTheKing'sW
orks.

15thcentury
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WindsorCastlecontinuedtobefavouredbymonarchsinthe15thcentury
,
[102]Henry
despiteEnglandbeginningtoslipintoincreasingpoliticalviolence.
IVseizedthecastleduringhiscoupin1399,althoughfailingtocatch
Richard

II,whohadescapedtoLondon.[102]UnderHenryV,thecastlehosteda
visitfromthe
HolyRomanEmperor
in1417,amassivediplomaticeventthat
[103]
stretchedtheaccommodationofthecastletoitslimits.

Bythemiddleofthe15thcenturyEnglandwasincreasinglydividedbetween
StGeorge'sChapel,begunin1475by
therivalroyalfactionsofthe
LancastriansandtheYorkists.Castlessuchas
EdwardIV
Windsordidnotplayadecisiveroleduringtheresulting
WarsoftheRoses
(145585),whichwerefoughtprimarilyintheformofpitchedbattles
[104]HenryVI,bornatWindsorCastleandknown
betweentherivalfactions.
[105]Hislongperiodofminority
asHenryofWindsor,becamekingattheyoungageofninemonths.
,coupledwiththe
increasingtensionsbetweenHenry'sLancastriansupportersandtheY
orkists,distractedattentionfromW
indsor.[106]
[106]
TheGarterFeastsandotherceremonialactivitiesatthecastlebecamemoreinfrequentandlesswellattended.

EdwardIVseizedpowerin1461.WhenEdwardcapturedHenry'swife,
MargaretofAnjou,shewasbroughtbackto
bedetainedatthecastle.[107]EdwardbegantorevivetheOrderoftheGarter
,andheldaparticularlylavishfeastin
1472.[108]Edwardbegantheconstructionofthepresent
St.George'sChapelin1475,resultinginthedismantlingof
severaloftheolderbuildingsintheLowerW
ard.[109]BybuildingthegrandchapelEdwardwasseekingtoshowthat
hisnewdynastywerethepermanentrulersofEngland,andmayalsohavebeenattemptingtodeliberatelyrivalthe
similarchapelthatHenryVIhadorderedtobeconstructedatnearby
EtonCollege.[106]RichardIIImadeonlyabrief
useofWindsorCastlebeforehisdefeatatthe
BattleofBosworthField
in1485,buthadthebodyofHenryVImoved
fromChertseyAbbeyinSurreytothecastletoallowittobevisitedbypilgrimsmoreeasily
.[110]
HenryVIImademoreuseofW
indsor.In1488,shortlyaftersucceedingtothethrone,heheldamassivefeastforthe
[111]HecompletedtheroofofStGeor
OrderoftheGarteratthecastle.
ge'sChapel,andsetaboutconvertingtheolder
[111]Inthe
easternLadyChapelintoaproposedshrinetoHenryVI,whosecanonisationwasthenconsideredimminent.
event,HenryVIwasnotcanonisedandtheprojectwasabandoned,althoughtheshrinecontinuedtoattractafloodof
pilgrims.[112]HenryVIIappearstohaveremodelledtheKing'sChamberinthepalace,andhadtheroofoftheGreat
[113]Healsobuiltathreestoriedtoweronthewestendofthepalace,whichheusedforhis
Kitchenrebuiltin1489.

personalapartments.[114]Windsorbegantobeusedforinternationaldiplomaticevents,includingthegrandvisitof
PhilipIofCastile
in1506.[111]WilliamdelaPole
,oneofthesurvivingY
orkistclaimantstothethrone,wasimprisoned
[115]
atWindsorCastleduringHenry'sreign,beforehisexecutionin1513.

16thcentury
HenryVIIIenjoyedWindsorCastle,asayoungman"exercisinghimselfdaily
inshooting,singing,dancing,wrestling,castingofthebar
,playingatthe
[116]The
recorders,flute,vir
ginals,insettingofsongsandmakingofballads".
traditionoftheGarterFeastswasmaintainedandbecamemoreextravagant
thesizeoftheroyalretinuevisitingW
indsorhadtoberestrictedbecauseof
[117]Duringthe
thegrowingnumbers.
PilgrimageofGrace
,ahugeuprisingin
thenorthofEnglandagainstHenry'srulein1536,thekingusedW
indsorasa
[118]
securebaseinthesouthfromwhichtomanagehismilitaryresponse.
ThroughouttheT
udorperiod,Windsorwasalsousedasasaferetreatinthe
TheHenryVIIIgatewayintheLower
[119]
eventofplaguesoccurringinLondon.

Ward

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Henryrebuilttheprincipalcastlegatewayinabout1510andconstructedatenniscourtatthebaseofthemotteinthe
UpperWard.[120]Healsobuiltalongterrace,calledtheNorthWharf,alongtheoutsidewalloftheUpperW
ard

constructedofwood,itwasdesignedtoprovideacommandingviewofthe
RiverThamesbelow.[113]Thedesign
includedanoutsidestaircaseintotheking'sapartments,whichmadethemonarch'slifemorecomfortableattheexpen
[121]Earlyinhisreign,Henryhadgiventheeastern
ofconsiderablyweakeningthecastle'sdefences.
LadyChapelto
[122]BenedettoGrazzini
CardinalWolseyforWolsey'sfuturemausoleum.
convertedmuchofthisintoanItalian
Renaissancedesign,beforeW
olsey'sfallfrompowerbroughtanendtotheproject,withcontemporariesestimatingthat
[123]Henrycontinuedtheproject,butit
around60,000(295millionin2008terms)hadbeenspentonthework.
[124]
remainedunfinishedwhenhehimselfwasburiedinthechapel,inanelaboratefuneralin1547.

Bycontrast,theyoung
EdwardVIdislikedWindsor
Castle.[125]Edward'sProtestantbeliefsledhimto
simplifytheGarterceremonies,todiscontinuethe
annualFeastoftheGarteratW
indsorandtoremove
anysignsofCatholicpracticeswiththeOrder
.[126]
Duringtherebellionsandpoliticalstrifeof1549,
Windsorwasagainusedasasafehavenfortheking

WindsorCastleinthe1670sfromacrossthe RiverThames,
showingtheNorthTerrace(left)builtbyElizabethIinthe
16thcenturyandthesteep,protectivegroundtothesouthof
thecastle.

andtheDukeofSomerset.[127]Edwardfamously
commentedwhilststayingatW
indsorCastleduringthis
periodthat"MethinkIaminaprison,hereareno
[125]Underboth
galleries,nornogardenstowalkin".
Edwardandhissister
,MaryI,somelimitedbuilding
workcontinuedatthecastle,inmanycasesusing
[128]
resourcesrecoveredfromtheEnglishabbeys.

[113]MaryalsoexpandedthebuildingsusedbytheKnights
WaterwaspipedintotheUpperW
ardtocreateafountain.

ofWindsorintheLowerW
ard,usingstonefrom
ReadingAbbey.[113]
ElizabethIspentmuchofhertimeatW
indsorCastleanduseditasafehavenincrises,"knowingitcouldstandasiege
[129]
[130]Itbecameoneofherfavourite
ifneedbe". Tennewbrasscannonswerepurchasedforthecastle'sdefence.
[131]Sheconductedsome
locationsandshespentmoremoneyonthepropertythanonanyofherotherpalaces.
[132]Sheconvertedthe
modestbuildingworksatW
indsor,includingawiderangeofrepairstotheexistingstructures.
NorthWharfintoapermanent,hugestoneterrace,completewithstatues,carvingsandanoctagonal,outdoor

banquetinghouse,raisingthewesternendoftheterracetoprovidemoreprivacy
.[133]Thechapelwasrefittedwith
[134]Abridgewasbuiltovertheditchtothesouthofthecastletoenableeasieraccess
stalls,agalleryandanewceiling.

tothepark.[131]ElizabethbuiltagalleryrangeofbuildingsonthewestendoftheUpperW
ard,alongsideHenryVII's

tower.[135]Elizabethincreasinglyusedthecastlefordiplomaticengagements,butspacecontinuedtoproveachallenge
[136]Thisflowofforeignvisitorswas
asthepropertywassimplynotaslar
geasthemoremodernroyalpalaces.

capturedforthequeen'sentertainmentin
WilliamShakespeare
'splay,TheMerryWivesofWindsor.[137][nb8]

17thcentury
JamesIusedWindsorCastleprimarilyasabaseforhunting,oneofhisfavouritepursuits,andforsocialisingwithhis
friends.[138]Manyoftheseoccasionsinvolvedextensive
drinkingsessions,includingonewith
ChristianIVofDenmark
[139]Theabsenceof
in1606thatbecameinfamousacrossEuropefortheresultingdrunkenbehaviourofthetwokings.
spaceatWindsorcontinuedtoproveproblematic,withJames'EnglishandScottishretinuesoftenquarrellingover

rooms.[139]

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CharlesIwasaconnoisseurofart,andpaidgreater
attentiontotheaestheticaspectsofW
indsorCastle
thanhispredecessors.[140]Charleshadthecastle
completelysurveyedbyateamincluding
InigoJonesin
1629,butlittleoftherecommendedworkwascarried
out.[134]Nonetheless,Charlesemployed
Nicholas
Stonetoimprovethechapelgalleryinthe
Mannerist
styleandtoconstructagatewayintheNorth
Terrace.[134]ChristianvanV
ianen,anotedDutch
goldsmith,wasemployedtoproducea
baroquegold
servicefortheStGeor
ge'sChapelaltar.Inthefinal
yearsofpeace,Charlesdemolishedthefountaininthe
UpperWard,intendingtoreplaceitwithaclassical
statue.[141]

Abird'seyeviewofWindsorCastlein1658,byWenceslas
Hollar,shownbefore HughMay'sreconstructionofthe
UpperWard

In1642theEnglishCivilW
arbrokeout,dividingthecountryintothe
RoyalistsupportersofCharles,andthe
Parliamentarians
.Intheaftermathofthe
battleofEdgehill
inOctober,ParliamentbecameconcernedthatCharlesmight
[142]
advanceonLondon. JohnVenntookcontrolofWindsorCastlewithtwelvecompaniesoffootsoldierstoprotect
theroutealongtheThamesriver
,becomingthegovernorofthecastleforthedurationofthewar
.[142]Thecontentsof
StGeorge'sChapelwerebothvaluableand,tomanyParliamentaryforces,inappropriately
highchurchinstyle.[142]
Lootingbeganimmediately:EdwardIV'sbejewelledcoatofmailwasstolenthechapel'sor
gans,windowsandbooks
destroyedtheLadyChapelwasemptiedofvaluables,includingthecomponentpartsofHenryVIII'sunfinished
tomb.[143]Bytheendofthewar
,some3580oz(101kg)ofgoldandsilver
platehadbeenlooted.[142]
PrinceRupertoftheRhine
,aprominentRoyalistgeneral,attemptedtorelieveW
indsorCastlethatNovember
.[142]
Rupert'ssmallforceofcavalrywasabletotakethetownofW
indsor,butwasunabletoovercomethewallsatW
indsor
[144]Overthewinterof16423,W
Castleinduecourse,Rupertwasforcedtoretreat.
indsorCastlewasconverted
[144]TheHorseshoeCloisterwastakenover
intotheheadquartersforthe
EarlofEssex,aseniorParliamentarygeneral.
[144]TheLadyChapelwas
asaprisonforcapturedRoyalists,andtheresident
canonswereexpelledfromthecastle.

turnedintoamagazine.[145]Lootingbytheunderpaidgarrisoncontinuedtobeaproblem500royaldeerwerekilled
[144]
acrosstheWindsorGreatParkduringthewinter
,andfenceswereburnedasfirewood.

In1647Charles,thenaprisonerofParliament,wasbroughttothecastleforaperiodunderarrest,beforebeingmoved
toHamptonCourt.[144]In1648therewasaRoyalistplan,neverenacted,toseizeW
indsorCastle.[146]The

[146]Charles
ParliamentaryArmyCouncilmovedintoWindsorinNovemberanddecidedtotryCharlesfortreason.
washeldatWindsoragainforthelastthreeweeksofhisreignafterhisexecutioninJanuary1649,hisbodywastaken
backtoWindsorthatnightthroughasnowstorm,tobeinterredwithoutceremonyinthe
vaultbeneathStGeorge's

Chapel.[147]

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WindsorCastlein1658,asseenfromthesou theast,by WenceslasHollar(ltor)theLowerWard,theMiddleWardand

RoundTower,theUpperWard

TheRestorationofthemonarchyin1660sawthefirstperiodofsignificantchangetoW
indsorCastleformanyyears.

[148]Atthe
Thecivilwarandtheyearsofthe
InterregnumhadcausedextensivedamagetotheroyalpalacesinEngland.
sametimetheshifting"functionalrequirements,patternsofmovement,modesoftransport,aesthetictasteandstandar
[148]Windsorwasthe
ofcomfort"amongstroyalcircleswaschangingthequalitiesbeingsoughtinasuccessfulpalace.
[148]
onlyroyalpalacetobesuccessfullyfullymodernisedbyCharlesIIintheRestorationyears.

DuringtheInterregnum,however
,squattershadoccupiedWindsorCastle.Asaresult,the"King'shousewasawreck
thefanatic,thepilferer
,andthesquatter,havingbeenatwork...Paupershadsquattedinmanyofthetowersand
cabinets".[149]ShortlyafterreturningtoEngland,Charlesappointed
PrinceRupert,oneofhisfewsurvivingclose
relatives,tobetheConstableofWindsorCastlein1668.[150]Rupertimmediatelybegantoreorderthecastle's
defences,repairingtheRoundT
owerandreconstructingthe
realtenniscourt.[151]Charlesattemptedtorestock
[144]
WindsorGreatParkwithdeerbroughtoverfromGermany
,buttheherdsneverrecoveredtheirprewarsize.
RupertcreatedapartmentsforhimselfintheRoundT
ower,decoratedwithan"extraordinary"numberofweaponsand
[152]
armour,withhisinnerchambers"hungwithtapisserie,curiousandef
feminatepictures".

Charleswasheavilyinfluencedbytheworksof
Louis
XIVofFrance,imitatingFrenchdesignathis
palaceat
WinchesterandtheRoyalHospitalatChelsea.[153]At
Windsor,Charlescreated"themostextravagantly
[153]Much
BaroqueinteriorseverexecutedinEngland".
ofthebuildingworkwaspaidforoutofincreasedroyal
[154]French
revenuesfromIrelandduringthe1670s.
TheUpperWardseenfromtheeast,after HughMay's
courtetiquetteatthetimerequiredasubstantialnumber reconstructionwork.May'snewEastT erraceisinthe
ofenfiladedroomstosatisfycourtprotocolthe
foreground
demandforspaceforcedMaytoexpandoutintothe
NorthTerrace,rebuildingandwideningitinthe

process.[155]ThisnewbuildingwascalledtheStarBuilding,becauseCharlesIIplacedahugegiltGarterstaronthe
sideofit.[155]MaytookdownandrebuiltthewallsofEdwardIII'shallandchapel,incorporatinglar
gerwindowsbut
[155]AlthoughW
retainingtheheightanddimensionsofthemedievalbuilding.
indsorCastlewasnowbigenoughtohold

theentirecourt,itwasnotbuiltwithchambersfortheKing'sCouncil,aswouldbefoundin
Whitehall.[156]Instead
Charlestookadvantageofthegoodroadlinksemer
gingaroundWindsortoholdhiscouncilmeetingsat
Hampton
[156]Theresultbecamean"exemplar"forroyalbuildingsforthenexttwenty
Courtwhenhewasstayingatthecastle.

fiveyears.[157]TheresultofMay'sworkshowedamedievalistleaningalthoughsometimescriticisedforits"dullness"
May'sreconstructionwasbothsympathetictotheexistingcastleandadeliberateattempttocreateaslightlyaustere
[158]
17thcenturyversionofa"neoNorman"castle.

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WilliamIII
commissionedNicholasHawksmoorandSirChristopherWrentoconductalarge,finalclassical
[159]QueenAnnewasfond
remodellingoftheUpperW
ard,buttheking'searlydeathcausedtheplantobecancelled.
ofthecastle,andattemptedtoaddressthelackofaformalgardenbyinstructing
HenryWisetobeginworkonthe
[159]Annealsocreatedtheracecourseat
MaestrichtGardenbeneaththeNorthT
errace,whichwasnevercompleted.

Ascotandbeganthetraditionoftheannual
RoyalAscotprocessionfromthecastle.[160]

18thcentury
GeorgeItooklittleinterestinW
indsorCastle,preferringhisotherpalacesat
StJames's,HamptonCourtandKensington.[161]GeorgeIIrarelyused
[162]Manyoftheapartmentsin
Windsoreither,preferringHamptonCourt.
theUpperWardweregivenoutas"
graceandfavour"privilegesfortheuse
[163]TheDukeof
ofprominentwidowsorotherfriendsoftheCrown.
Cumberlandmadethemostuseofthepropertyinhisroleasthe
Rangerof

WindsorGreatPark.[164]Bythe1740s,WindsorCastlehadbecomean
earlytouristattractionwealthiervisitorswhocouldaf
fordtopaythecastle
keepercouldenter,seecuriositiessuchasthecastle's
narwhalhorn,andby
the1750sbuythefirstguidebookstoW
indsor,producedbyGeorge
Bickhamin1753andJosephPotein1755.[165][nb9]Astheconditionofthe
StateApartmentscontinuedtodeteriorate,eventhegeneralpublicwereable

TheNorthTerraceatsunsetc.1790,
byPaulSandby

toregularlyvisittheproperty
.[167]
[163]GeorgedislikedHamptonCourt,andwas
GeorgeIIIreversedthistrendwhenhecametothethronein1760.

attractedbytheparkatWindsorCastle.[163]GeorgewantedtomoveintotheRanger'sHousebythecastle,buthis
[168]Instead,GeorgehadtomoveintotheUpper
brother,Henrywasalreadylivinginitandrefusedtomoveout.
Lodge,latercalledtheQueen'sLodge,andstartedthelongprocessofrenovatingthecastleandthesurrounding

parks.[168]Initiallytheatmosphereatthecastleremainedveryinformal,withlocalchildrenplayinggamesinsidethe
[167]Astimewent
UpperandLowerWards,andtheroyalfamilyfrequentlyseenastheywalkedaroundthegrounds.
[161]
by,however,accessforvisitorsbecamemorelimited.
[169]Asayoungman,hefavouredClassical,inparticular
George'sarchitecturaltasteshiftedovertheyears.
Palladian
styles,butthekingcametofavouramoreGothicstyle,bothasaconsequenceofthePalladianstylebecoming
overusedandpoorlyimplemented,andbecausetheGothicformhadcometobeseenasamorehonest,nationalstyle
ofEnglishdesigninthelightofthe
Frenchrevolution
.[170]Workingwiththearchitect
JamesWyatt,Georgeattemptedto
"transformtheexteriorofthebuildingsintheUpperW
ardintoaGothicpalace,whileretainingthecharacterofthe
[171]TheoutsideofthebuildingwasrestyledwithGothicfeatures,includingnewbattlements
HughMaystaterooms".

andturrets.[171]Inside,conservationworkwasundertaken,andseveralnewroomsconstructed,includinganew
[172]New
GothicstaircasetoreplaceMay's17thcenturyversion,completewiththeGrandV
estibuleceilingaboveit.
[173]Thecost
paintingswerepurchasedforthecastle,andcollectionsfromotherroyalpalacesmovedtherebytheking.
[174][175]Thekingundertookextensiveworkinthe
oftheworkcametoover150,000(100millionin2008terms).
castle'sGreatParkaswell,layingoutthenewNorfolkandFlemishfarms,creatingtwodairiesandrestoring
Virginia

WaterLake,anditsgrottoandfollies.[176]

AttheendofthisperiodW
indsorCastlebecameaplaceofroyalconfinement.In1788thekingfirstbecameillduringa
dinneratWindsorCastlediagnosedassuf
feringfrommadness,hewasremovedforaperiodtothe
WhiteHouseat
[177]Afterrelapsesin1801and1804,hisconditionbecameenduringfrom1810
Kew,wherehetemporarilyrecovered.
onwardsandhewasconfinedintheStateApartmentsofW
indsorCastle,withbuildingworkonthecastleceasingthe

followingyear
.[178]
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19thcentury
GeorgeIVcametothethronein1820intendingtocreateasetofroyal
palacesthatreflectedhiswealthandinfluenceastherulerofanincreasingly
[179]George'sprevioushouses,
powerfulBritain.
CarltonHouseandthe
BrightonPavilion
weretoosmallforgrandcourtevents,evenafterexpensive

extensions.[179]GeorgeexpandedtheRoyalLodgeinthecastleparkwhilst
hewasPrinceRegent,andthenbeganaprogrammeofworktomodernise
[179]
thecastleitselfoncehebecameking.

GeorgepersuadedParliamenttovotehim300,000forrestoration
[92][175]UndertheguidanceofGeor
(245millionin2008terms).
ge's

advisor,CharlesLong,thearchitectJeffryWyatvillewasselected,andwork

TheLowerWardin1840,byJoseph
Nash,showingthe MilitaryKnights
attendingchapelonaSundaymorning

commencedin1824.[180][nb10]Wyatville'sownpreferencerantoGothic
architecture,butGeor
ge,whohadledthereintroductionoftheFrench
RococostyletoEnglandatCarltonHouse,
preferredablendofperiodsandstyles,andappliedthistastetoW
indsor.[181]Theterraceswereclosedof
ftovisitors
[182]The
forgreaterprivacyandtheexterioroftheUpperW
ardwascompletelyremodelledintoitscurrentappearance.
RoundTowerwasraisedinheighttocreateamoredramaticappearancemanyoftheroomsintheStateApartments
[183]Thesouth
wererebuiltorremodellednumerousnewtowerswerecreated,muchhigherthantheolderversions.
[184]The
rangeofthewardwasrebuilttoprovideprivateaccommodationfortheking,awayfromthestaterooms.
[184]SirWalterScott
statueofCharlesIIwasmovedfromthecentreoftheUpperW
ardtothebaseofthemotte.
capturedcontemporaryviewswhenhenotedthattheworkshowed"agreatdealoftasteandfeelingfortheGothic
architecture"manymoderncommentators,including
PrinceCharles,havecriticisedW
yatville'sworkasrepresentingan
[185]TheworkwasunfinishedatthetimeofGeor
actofvandalismofMay'searlierdesigns.
geIV'sdeathin1830,but
wasbroadlycompletedbyW
yatville'sdeathin1840.Thetotalexpenditureonthecastlehadsoaredtothecolossal
[92][175]
sumofoveronemillionpounds(817millionin2008terms)bytheendoftheproject.

QueenVictoriaandPrinceAlbertmadeWindsorCastletheirprincipalroyal
residence,despiteVictoriacomplainingearlyinherreignthatthecastlewas"dulland
tiresome"and"prisonlike",andpreferring
OsborneandBalmoralasholiday
residences.[186]Thegrowthofthe
BritishEmpire
andVictoria'sclosedynastictiesto
EuropemadeWindsorthehubformanydiplomaticandstatevisits,assistedbythe
newrailwaysandsteamshipsoftheperiod.[187]Indeed,ithasbeenarguedthat
WindsorreacheditssocialpeakduringtheV
ictorianera,seeingtheintroductionof
[188]
invitationstonumerousprominentfiguresto"dineandsleep"atthecastle.
VictoriatookacloseinterestinthedetailsofhowW
indsorCastlewasrun,including
[189]Fewvisitorsfoundtheseoccasionscomfortable,
theminutiaeofthesocialevents.

QueenVictoriaandPrincess
BeatriceintheQueen's
SittingRoomin1895,
photographedbyMarySteen

bothduetothedesignofthecastleandtheexcessiveroyalformality
.[190]Prince
AlbertdiedintheBlueRoomatW
indsorCastlein1861andwasburiedintheRoyal
Mausoleumbuiltatnearby
Frogmore,withintheHomePark.[191]Theprince'srooms
weremaintainedexactlyastheyhadbeenatthemomentofhisdeathandV
ictoria
keptthecastleinastateofmourningformanyyears,becomingknownasthe
"WidowofWindsor",aphrasepopularisedinthefamouspoemby
Rudyard
Kipling.[192]TheQueenshunnedtheuseof
BuckinghamPalace
afterAlbert'sdeath

[193]Towardstheend
andinsteadusedWindsorCastleasherresidencewhenconductingof
ficialbusinessnearLondon.
ofherreignplays,operasandotherentertainmentsslowlybegantobeheldatthecastleagain,accommodatingbothth
[194]
Queen'sdesireforentertainmentandherreluctancetobeseeninpublic.

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SeveralminoralterationsweremadetotheUpperW
ardunderVictoria.AnthonySalvin
rebuiltWyatville'sgrand
[195]Salvinalsorebuiltthe
staircase,withEdwardBloreconstructinganewprivatechapelwithintheStateApartments.
[196]LudwigGrunerassistedinthedesignoftheQueen'sPrivate
StateDiningRoomfollowingaseriousfirein1853.
[197]BloreandSalvinalsodidextensiveworkintheLowerW
AudienceChamberinthesouthrange.
ard,underthe
directionofPrinceAlbert,includingtheHundredStepsleadingdownintoW
indsortown,rebuildingtheGarter
,Curfew
[198]GeorgeGilbertScott
andSalisburytowers,thehousesoftheMilitaryKnightsandcreatinganewGuardhouse.
[49]TheNormanGatehousewasturnedintoaprivatedwellingforSir
rebuilttheHorseshoeCloisterinthe1870s.

HenryPonsonby.[199]WindsorCastledidnotbenefitfrommanyoftheminorimprovementsoftheera,however
,as
Victoriadisliked
gaslight,preferringcandleselectriclightingwasonlyinstalledinlimitedpartsofthecastleattheendo
herreign.[190]Indeed,thecastlewasfamouslycoldanddraughtyinV
ictoria'sreign,[199]butitwasconnectedtoa
[200]
nearbyreservoir,withwaterreliablypipedintotheinteriorforthefirsttime.

ManyofthechangesunderV
ictoriaweretothesurroundingparklandsandbuildings.TheRoyalDairyatFrogmore
wasrebuiltina
Tudorbethanstylein1853GeorgeIII'sDairyrebuiltina
Renaissancestylein1859theGeor
gian
[201]TheLongWalkwasplantedwithfreshtreestoreplacethe
FlemishFarmrebuilt,andtheNorfolkFarmrenovated.

diseasedstock.[64]TheWindsorCastleandTownApproachesAct,passedbyParliamentin1848,permittedthe
closingandreroutingoftheoldroadswhichpreviouslyranthroughtheparkfromW
indsortoDatchetandOld
Windsor.[202]ThesechangesallowedtheRoyalFamilytoundertaketheenclosureofalar
geareaofparklandtoform
[200]
theprivate"HomePark"withnopublicroadspassingthroughit.TheQueengrantedadditionalrightsforpublic
[200]
accesstotheremainderoftheparkaspartofthisarrangement.

20thcentury
EdwardVIIcametothethronein1901andimmediatelysetaboutmodernisingW
indsorCastlewith"enthusiasmand
zest".[203]ManyoftheroomsintheUpperW
ardweredeclutteredandredecoratedforthefirsttimeinmanyyears,
withEdward"peeringintocabinetsransackingdrawersclearingroomsformerlyusedbythePrinceConsortandnot
touchedsincehisdeathdispatchingcaseloadsofrelicsandornamentstoaspecialroomintheRoundT
ower...
destroyingstatuesandbustsof
JohnBrown...throwingouthundredsof'rubbishyoldcolouredphotographs'...[and]
[204]
rearrangingpictures". Electriclightingwasaddedtomorerooms,alongwith
centralheating
telephonelineswere
[205]ThemarathonwasrunfromW
installed,alongwithgaragesforthenewlyinventedautomobiles.
indsorCastleatthe
1908Olympics,andin1911thepioneeringaviator
ThomasSopwithlandedanaircraftatthecastleforthefirst

time.[206][nb11]
GeorgeVcontinuedaprocessofmoregradualmodernisation,assistedbyhiswife,
MaryofTeck,whohadastrong

[207]Marysoughtoutandreacquireditemsoffurniturethathadbeenlostorsold
interestinfurnitureanddecoration.
fromthecastle,includingmanydispersedbyEdwardVII,andalsoacquiredmanynewworksofarttofurnishthestat

rooms.[208]QueenMarywasalsoaloverofallthingsminiature,andafamous
dolls'housewascreatedforherat
WindsorCastle,designedbythearchitect
EdwinLutyens
andfurnishedbyleadingcraftsmenanddesignersofthe
1930s.[209]GeorgeVwascommittedtomaintainingahighstandardofcourtlifeatW
indsorCastle,adoptingthemotto
[210]Alargestaffwasstillkeptatthecastle,witharound660servantsworking
thateverythingwastobe"ofthebest".
[209]Meanwhile,duringtheFirstW
inthepropertyduringtheperiod.
orldWar,antiGermanfeelingledthemembersof
theRoyalFamily
tochangetheirdynasticnamefromtheGerman
HouseofSaxeCoburgandGothaGeorgedecided

totakethenewnamefromthecastle,andtheRoyalFamilybecamethe
HouseofWindsorin1917.[211]
EdwardVIIIdidnotspendmuchofhisreignatW
indsorCastle.[211]Hecontinuedtospendmostofhistimeat
Fort
BelvedereintheGreatPark,wherehehadlivedwhilstPrinceofW
ales.[211]Edwardcreatedasmallaerodromeatthe
[211]Edward'sreignwasshortlivedandhebroadcasthis
castleonSmith'sLawn,nowusedasagolfcourse.
abdicationspeechtothe
BritishEmpire
fromthecastleinDecember1936,adoptingthetitleof
DukeofWindsor.[211]
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Hissuccessor,GeorgeVIalsopreferredhisownoriginalhome,the
Royal
LodgeintheGreatPark,butmovedintoW
indsorCastlewithhiswife
Elizabeth.[211]Asking,Georgerevivedtheannual
GarterServiceatWindsor,
drawingontheaccountsofthe17thcenturyceremoniesrecordedby
Elias
[212]
Ashmole,butmovingtheeventto
AscotWeekinJune.
OntheoutbreakoftheSecondW
orldWarin1939thecastlewasreadiedfor
wartimeconditions.Manyofthestaf
ffromBuckinghamPalaceweremovedto
[213]
Windsorforsafety
,securitywastightenedandwindowswereblackedout.
Therewassignificantconcernthatthecastlemightbedamagedordestroyed
duringthewarthemoreimportantartworkswereremovedfromthecastlefor
safekeeping,thevaluablechandelierswereloweredtothefloorincaseof
bombdamageandasequenceofpaintingsby
JohnPiperwerecommissioned

Thechangingcharacterofthe
UpperWard:thebaroquestyleof
StGeorge'sHallunderCharles
II...

[214]Thekingandqueenand
from19424torecordthecastle'sappearance.
theirchildrenPrincesses
ElizabethandMargaretlivedforsafetyinthecastle,
[215]
withtheroofabovetheirroomsspeciallystrengthenedincaseofattack.
ThekingandqueendrovedailytoLondon,returningtoW
indsortosleep,
althoughatthetimethiswasawellkeptsecret,asforpropagandaandmorale
purposesitwasreportedthatthekingwasstillresidingfulltimeatBuckingham

Palace.[215]Thecastlewasalsousedasastoragefacilityforexample,theonly
...thegothicalterationsmadeby
purifiedheavywateratthetimewasrescuedfrom
Franceinthefaceofthe
SirJeffryWyatvillefor George
imminent
Frenchdefeatin1940,andmostofitwassenttothecastletobe
IV...
storedinthebasementalongsidethe
CrownJewels.[216]Afterthewartheking
revivedthe"dineandsleep"eventsatW
indsor,followingcommentsthatthe
castlehadbecome"almostlikeavast,emptymuseum"nonetheless,ittook
[217]
manyyearstorestoreW
indsorCastletoitsprewarcondition.

InFebruary1952,ElizabethIIcametothethroneanddecidedtomake
[218]Theprivateapartmentswhichhad
Windsorherprincipalweekendretreat.
notbeenproperlyoccupiedsincetheeraof
QueenMarywererenovatedand
furthermodernised,andtheQueen,
PrincePhilip
andtheirtwochildrentookup

residence.[218]Bytheearly1990s,however
,therehadbeenamarked
deteriorationinthequalityoftheUpperW
ard,inparticulartheState

...andthe DownesianGothic
reconstructionoftheHallafterthe
1992fire.

Apartments.[219]Generationsofrepairsandreplacementshadresultedina
"diminutionoftherichnesswithwhichtheyhadfirstbeendecorated",a"gradualattritionoftheoriginalvibrancyof
[220]Aprogrammeofrepairworktoreplacethe
effect,aseachchangerepeatedamorefadedversionofthelast".

heatingandthewiringoftheUpperW
ardbeganin1988.[221]Workwasalsoundertakentounderpinthemotteofthe
RoundTowerafterfreshsubsidencewasdetectedin1988,threateningthecollapseofthetower
.[222]
1992fire
On20November1992,amajorfireoccurredatW
indsorCastle,lastingfor15hoursandcausingwidespreaddamage
[223]
totheUpperWard.
ThePrivateChapelinthenortheastcorneroftheStateApartmentswasbeingrenovatedas
partofalongtermprogrammeofworkwithinthecastle,anditisbelievedthatoneofthespotlightsbeingusedinthe
[224]Thefirespreadquicklyanddestroyednineoftheprincipal
worksetfiretoacurtainbythealtarduringthemorning.
[224]Firefightersappliedwatertocontaintheblaze,whilst
staterooms,andseverelydamagedmorethan100others.
[225]Manyoftheroomsclosesttothefirehad
castlestaffattemptedtorescuethepreciousartworksfromthecastle.
beenemptiedaspartoftherenovationwork,andthiscontributedtothesuccessfulevacuationofmostofthe

collection.[224]Thefirespreadthroughtheroofvoidsandef
fortscontinuedthroughthenighttocontaintheblaze,at
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[226]Itwasnotuntillateafternoonthatthe
greatrisktothe200firefightersinvolved.
blazebegantocomeundercontrol,althoughthefirecontinuedduringthenightbefore
[227]Alongwiththefireandsmoke
beingofficiallydeclaredoverthenextmorning.
damage,oneoftheunintendedef
fectsofthefirefightingwastheconsiderablewater
damagetothecastlemorethan1.5milliongallonsofwaterwereusedtoextinguish
[228]
it,whichinmanywayscausedmorecomplexrestorationproblemsthanthefire.

TwomajorissuesforW
indsorCastleemergedfollowingthefire.Thefirstwasa
[229]Traditionally
politicaldebateinBritainastowhoshouldpayfortherepairs.
,as
thepropertyoftheCrown,WindsorCastlewasmaintained,andifnecessary
repaired,bytheBritishgovernmentinexchangefortheprofitsmadebythe
Crown

Estate.[230]Furthermore,likeotheroccupiedroyalpalaces,itwasnot
insuredon
groundsofeconomy
.[231]Atthetimeofthefire,however
,theBritishpressstrongly
arguedinfavouroftheQueenherselfbeingrequiredtopayfortherepairsfromher OneoffourQueen'sBeasts
privateincome.[229]Asolutionwasfoundinwhichtherestorationworkwouldbe
paidforbyopening
BuckinghamPalace
tothepublicatselectedtimesoftheyear
,
andbyintroducingnewchar
gesforpublicaccesstotheparklandsurrounding
Windsor.[232]Thesecondmajorissueconcernedhowtorepairthecastle.Some
suggestedthatthedamagedroomsshouldberestoredtotheiroriginalappearance,

carvedbyBenHarmsand
RayGonzaleztoreplace
carvingsdestroyedinthe
1992fire

[233]Thedecisionwastakentolar
butothersfavouredrepairingthecastlesoastoincorporatemoderndesigns.
gely
followtheprefirearchitecturewithsomechangestoreflectmoderntastesandcost,butfreshquestionsemer
gedover
[23]
whethertherestorationshouldbeundertakento"authentic"or"equivalent"restorationstandards.
Modernmethods
[234]Therestoration
wereusedatWindsortoreproducetheequivalentprefireappearance,partiallyduetothecost.
[175][235]
programmewascompletedin1997atatotalcostof37million(67millionin2015terms).

21stcentury
WindsorCastle,partofthe
OccupiedRoyalPalacesEstate
,isownedby
QueenElizabethIIinrightoftheCrown,[236]anddaytodaymanagementis
bytheRoyalHousehold.[237]Intermsofpopulation,W
indsorCastleisthe
largestinhabitedcastleintheworldandthelongestoccupiedpalacein
[238]Asof2006,around
Europe,butitalsoremainsafunctioningroyalhome.
[239]TheQueenhas
500peoplewerelivingandworkinginthecastle.
increasinglyusedthecastleasaroyalpalaceaswellasherweekendhome
anditisnowasoftenusedforstatebanquetsandof
ficialentertainingas
[240]Inrecentyears,WindsorCastlehashostedvisits
BuckinghamPalace.
fromPresidentMbekiofSouthAfrica,KingAbdullahII
ofJordanand

WindsorCastleisoneofBritain's
majortouristattractions.

PresidentChiracofFrance.[241]Thecastleremainsanimportantceremonial
location.TheWaterlooceremonyiscarriedoutinthepresenceoftheQueeneachyear
,andtheannualceremonyofthe
OrderoftheGartertakesplacein
StGeorge'sChapel.[242]Whilethequeenisinresidence,theGuardMounting
[243]TheRoyalAscotprocession
ceremonyoccursonadailybasis.
leavesthecastleeachyearduringtheannual

meeting.[244]
DuringtheQueen'stenuremuchhasbeendone,notonlytorestoreandmaintainthefabricofthebuilding,butalsoto
transformitintoamajorBritish
touristattraction,containingasignificantportionofthe
RoyalCollection
ofart,whichis
managedfromWindsor.Archaeologicalworkhascontinuedatthecastle
,followingonfromlimitedinvestigationsinthe
[245]During2007,
1970s,theworkontheRoundT
owerfrom198892andtheinvestigationsfollowingthe1992fire.
[246]Thishashadtobeachievedincoordinationwith
993,000touristsvisitedthecastle.
securityissuesandthecastle's
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[237]Inlate2011twolargewaterturbineswereinstalledupstreamofthecastleonthe
roleasaworkingroyalpalace.
[247]InApril2016itwas
RiverThamestoprovide
hydroelectricpowertothecastleandthesurroundingestate.
announcedthattheRoyalCollectionT
rustistofunda27mprojectthatwillreinstatetheoriginalentrancehallofthe
castletovisitors,aswellasanewcafethatwillbehousedinthe14thCenturyundercroft.Theprojectwillbe
[248]
completedattheendof2018,andwillincludeavisitorcentreandadedicatedlearningcentre.

WindsorCastle,seenfromthenorth(ltor)U pperWard,MiddleWard,RoundTower,StGeorge'sChapel,LowerWard
andCurfewTower

Seealso
ConstablesandGovernorsofW
indsorCastle
TheSocietyoftheFriendsofStGeor
ge'sandDescendantsoftheKnightsoftheGarter
WindsorFestivalInternationalStringCompetition

Notes
1.TheQueen'sDrawingRoom,Queen'sBallroom,Queen'sAudienceChamber
,Queen'sPresenceChamber,Queen's
GuardChamber,King'sPresenceChamber,King'sAudienceRoom,King'sDrawingChamberandKing'sDining
ChamberresidinginMay's17thcenturystructureWyatvilletransformedthelayoutoftheeasternendoftheState
Apartments,formingtheGrandReceptionRoom,WhiteDrawingRoom,GreenDrawingRoom,CrimsonDrawing
Room,theWaterlooChamber,StateDiningRoomandOctagonalDiningRoom.
2."Authenticrestoration"involvesusingoriginalmaterialsandmethods"equivalentrestoration",asatW
indsor,can
integratemodern"firecompartmentation,serviceducting,hygienicmaterialsandstrengthenedfloors",providedthey
cannotbeseen.[23]
3.TheroomscompletelyorlargelydestroyedinthefirewereStGeorge'sHall,theLanternLobby,theOctagonalDining
Room,thePrivateChapel,andtheGreatKitchen.
4."Larderie"means"meatpassage".
5.TimTattonBrownarguesthatonlytheinitial,middlebaileywasbuiltbyW
illiamI,suggestingalaterconstructiondate
[74]
forthetwolargerbaileys.
6.TheothertworesidencesfavouredbyHenryIIIwerethePalaceofWestminsterandClarendonPalace.[82]
7.Theinteriorswereapproximately22ft11in(7m)inheight,and23ft7in(7.2m)wide.[99]
8.Falstaff'sroleinTheMerryWivesofWindsor,forexample,isbelievedtorepresentFrederickIthedukebecamean
unpopularfigureoffunatElizabethI'scourtforhisunwillingness,orinability,topayhisbillsandhisconstantattempts
tojointheOrderoftheGarter.VariouspartsoftheparksurroundingWindsorarealsorepresentedintheplay.[137]
9.TheWindsornarwhalhornhadbeenkeptsincemedievaltimes,whenitwasfirstbelievedt
obeaunicorn'shorn.It
[166]
narrowlyescapedbeinglostduringtheInterregnumaftertheCivilW
ar.
10.JeffryWyatvillewasthenephewofJamesWyattwhohadworkedforGeorgeIIIhechangedhisnametodistinguish
himselffromhisotherrelativesworkinginarchitecture.
11.Thisresultedinachangetotheofficialdistancetotheracethepreviouslengthofamarathonhadbeenaround
24milessince1908,thedistancehasbeensetat26milesand385yards,thedistancebetweenW
indsorCastleandthe
mainstadium.

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