M AU

Trong cong nghiep cung nh trong dan dung dau nhn la chat boi
trn chu yeu trong cac qua trnh van hanh may moc thiet b, cac
ong c. Vi vai tro het sc quan trong nh vay, dau nhn a tr
thanh mot loai vat lieu cong nghiep khong the thieu cac nha
may, x nghiep, cho qua trnh van hanh cac thiet b, may moc,
cong cu. Cung vi s phat trien cua xa hoi, cac thiet b may
moc ngay cang c a vao ng dung trong cong nghiep va
dan dung het sc a dang, do o nhu cau ve dau nhn boi trn
khong ngng tang ke ca ve so lng lan chat lng.
Viet Nam toan bo lng dau nhn nay ta phai nhap t nc
ngoai di dang thanh pham hoac dang dau goc cung vi
cac loai phu gia roi t pha che.V vay viec tai che dau nhn
mang tnh chat rat quan trong trong van e ve mat kinh te. Trong
o an nay nhom em xin trnh bay e tai thiet ke day chuyen
tai che dau nhn bang Propane sieu ti han

Phan I: TONG QUAN LY THUYET

Chng I. KHAI QUAT VE DAU NHN
I. Muc ch, y ngha cua viec s dung dau nhn.
Qua trnh tiep xuc gia be mat cua tat ca moi vat va s
chuyen ong cua vat nay so vi vat khac lam xuat hien mot
lc goi la lc ma sat.Lc ma sat gay can tr rat ln oi vi s
hoat ong cua may moc, thiet b, lam cho hieu suat cua may
moc thiet b giam xuong.
Do vay viec lam giam tac ong cua lc ma sat luon la muc tieu
quan trong cua cac nha san xuat ra cac loai may moc thiet b
cung nh nhng ngi s dung chung. e thc hien ieu nay,
ngi ta chu yeu s dung dau hoac m boi trn. Dau nhn
( hoac m nhn) lam giam lc ma sat gia cac be mat tiep
xuc bang cach cach ly cac be mat nay e chong lai s tiep
xuc gia hai be mat kim loai. Khi dau nhn c at gia hai be

mat tiep xuc, chung bam vao be mat tao nen mot mang dau
mong u sc tach rieng hai be mat khong cho tiep xuc trc
tiep vi nhau. Khi hai be mat nay chuyen ong, ch co cac lp
phan t trong lp dau gia hai be mat tiep xuc trt len nhau
tao len mot lc ma sat chong lai lc tac dung, goi la ma sat noi
tai cua dau nhn , lc nay nho va khong ang ke so vi lc ma
sat sinh ra khi hai be mat kho tiep xuc vi nhau. Neu hai be mat
c cach ly hoan toan bang mot lp mang dau phu hp th he
so ma sat se giam i khoang 100 - 1000 lan so vi khi cha co lp
dau ngan cach [26].
Qua trnh boi trn cua dau nhn e lam giam lc ma sat va
cng o mai mon, an mon cac be mat tiep xuc, lam cho
may moc hoat ong em, qua o am bao cho may moc co
cong suat lam viec toi a.Ngoai ra dau nhn con co tac dung
khac:
- Lam sach, bao ve ong c va cac chi tiet boi trn chong lai s
mai mon, am bao tuoi tho s dung cua may moc.
- Lam mat ong c, chong lai s qua nhiet cua cac chi tiet.
- Lam kn ong c do dau nhn co the lap kn c nhng cho h
khong the khac phuc trong qua trnh gia cong, che tao may moc.
Nh vay, nh co dau nhn mc tieu thu nang lng cua thiet
b, chi ph bao dng sa cha cung nh thi gian chet do hong
hoc cua thiet b giam. Hieu suat cua qua trnh lam viec tang
len ro ret.
II. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua dau nhn.
Nguyen lieu chnh e san xuat dau nhn la phan oan can sau
chng cat kh quyen co nhiet o soi tren 350oC. Trong phan oan
nay co cha cac hp chat hidrocacbon vi so nguyen t cacbon
t 21 en 40 hay cao hn. Do vay nhng hidrocacbon trong phan oan
nay co trong lng phan t ln va co cau truc phc tap, ac
biet la cac hidrocacbon lai hp tang len rat nhieu. Trong phan
oan nay ngoai nhng hp chat hydrocacbon khac nhau con co
cac hp chat d nguyen to ma chu yeu la cac hp chat cha
nguyen t oxy, nit, lu huynh va mot vai kim loai (Niken,Vanai...).
Noi chung cac hp chat phi hidrocacbon la cac hp chat co hai,
chung tao ra mau sam cho san pham, lam giam o on nh oxy
hoa cua san pham. V vay trong qua trnh san xuat dau nhn,
ngi ta phai ap dung cac bien phap khac nhau e loai chung ra
khoi dau goc.
1. Cac hp chat hydrocacbon [1].

 Cac hydrocacbon naphten va parafin.

Cac hydrocacbon nay c goi chung la cac nhom hydrocacbon
naphten-parafin. ay la nhom hydrocacbon chu yeu co trong dau
goc dau mo. Ham lng cua nhom nay tuy thuoc vao ban
chat cua dau mo va khoang nhiet o soi ma chiem t 41%
en 86%. Nhom hydrocacbon nay co cau truc chu yeu la cac
hp chat hydrocacbon vong naphten ( vong 5 canh va 6 canh ) so
vong naphten co the t 1 en 4 oi khi cung tm thay so vong
t 7 en 9. Nahpten co so vong 1 hoac 2 co ket hp cac nhanh
alkyl hoac izoalkyl la nhng cau t co tnh on nh nhiet va hoa
hoc rat cao. ay la nhng cau t quy e san xuat dau nhn
co chat lng cao.
Ngoai hydrocacbon vong naphten, trong nhom nay con co cac
hydrocacbon dang n-parafin va izo-parafin. Ham lng cua chung
khong nhieu va mach cacbon thng cha khong qua 20 nguyen
t cacbon v neu so nguyen t cacbon ln hn 20 th parafin se
dang ran va thng c tach ra trong qua trnh san xuat dau
nhn. Izoparafin la cau t rat tot cho dau nhn v co o nht
va ch so o rat cao.
Nhom hydrocacbon thm va hydrocacbon naphten-thm
Thanh phan va cau truc cua nhom hydrocacbon nay co y
ngha quan trong oi vi dau goc. Mot loat cac tnh chat s dung
cua dau nhn nh tnh on nh chong oxy hoa, tnh ben nhiet, tnh
nht nhiet, tnh chong bao mon, o hap thu phu gia phu thuoc
chu yeu vao tnh chat va ham lng cua nhom hydrocacbon nay.
Tuy nhien ham lng va cau truc cua chung con tuy thuoc vao
ban chat dau goc va nhiet o soi cua cac phan oan.
+ Phan oan nht nhe (350oC en 400oC) co mat chu yeu cac hp
chat day ong ang benzen va naphtalen.
+ Phan oan nht nang hn (400oC en 450oC) phat hien thay
hydrocacbon thm ba vong dang n hoac kep.
+Trong phan oan co nhiet o soi cao hn co cha cac hp chat
thuoc day ong ang cua naphtalen, phenatren, antraxen va mot
so lng ang ke loai hydrocacbon a vong.
Cac hydrocacbon thm ngoai khac nhau ve so vong thm, con khac
nhau bi so nguyen t cacbon mach nhanh va v tr mach
nhanh. Trong nhom nay con phat hien s co mat cua cac vong
thm ngng tu a vong. Mot phan cua chung ton tai ngay trong

dau goc vi ty le thay oi tuy thuoc vao dau goc cua dau
mo, mot phan no c hnh thanh trong qua trnh chng cat do
cac phan ng trung ngng, trung hp di tac dung cua nhiet
o. Mot thanh phan na trong nhom hydrocacbon thm la loai
hydrocacbon hon tap naphten-aromat, loai hydrocacbon nay lam giam
pham chat cua dau nhn thng pham v chung co tnh nht
nhiet kem va rat de b oxy hoa tao ra cac chat keo nha trong
qua trnh lam viec cua dau nhn ong c.
Cac hydrocacbon ran
Trong thanh phan dau nhn chng cat ra t dau mo con co cac
hydrocacbon ran bao gom cac hydrocacbon day parafin co cau truc
va khoi lng phan t khac nhau, cac hydrocacbon naphten co
cha t 1 en 3 vong trong phan t va co mach nhanh dai vi
cau truc dang thang hoac dang izo, cac hydrocacbon thm co so
vong, so mach nhanh khac nhau. Chung eu co tnh chat la de
ong ac lai dang ran khi nhiet o thap. V vay cac
hydrocacbon ran nay can phai c tach loc ra trong qua trnh san
xuat dau nhn nen ham lng cua chung trong dau nhn thng
rat thap.
2. Cac thanh phan khac.
Trong phan oan dau nhn, ben canh thanh phan hydrocacbon
con co cac thanh phan khac nh cac chat nha atphanten, hp
chat cha lu huynh, nit, oxy...

Cac chat nha asphanten.

Cac chat nha-atphanten bao gom: Chat nha trung tnh, asphanten,
sunfuacacbon, cac axit atphantic, cacbon va cacboit. ac iem cua
cac hp chat nay la co o nht ln nhng ch so nht lai rat
thap. Mat khac cac chat nha co kha nang nhuom mau rat
manh, nen s co mat cua chung trong dau se lam cho mau cua
dau b toi. Trong qua trnh bao quan va s dung, khi tiep xuc vi
oxy khong kh nhiet o thng hoac nhiet o cao, nha eu rat
de b oxy hoa tao nen cac san pham co trong lng phan t
ln hn tuy theo mc o b oxy hoa. Nhng chat nay lam tang
cao o nht va ong thi tao can khong tan ong lai trong cac
ong c ot trong, neu ham lng chat nha b oxy hoa cang
manh th chung cang tao ra nhieu loai cacbon, cacboit, can coc, tao

tan. V vay viec loai bo cac tap chat nha ra khoi phan oan dau
nhn trong qua
trnh san xuat la mot khau cong nghe rat quan trong.
Cac hp chat cua lu huynh, nit, oxy.
Nhng hp chat cha S nam lai trong dau nhn chu yeu la lu
huynh dang sunfua khi c dung e boi trn cac ong c ot trong
se b chay tao thanh SO2 va SO3 gay an mon cac chi tiet ong
c. Nhng hp chat cha oxy, chu yeu la cac hp chat axit
naphtenic co trong dau gay an mon cac ng ong dan dau,
thung cha lam bang cac hp kim cua Pb, Cu, Zn, Sn, Fe. Nhng
san pham an mon nay lai lang ong lai trong dau, lam ban dau
va gop phan tao can ong cac chi tiet cua ong c.
Tom lai, cac hp chat phi hydrocacbon la nhng hp chat co hai
lam anh hng en chat lng cua dau goc. e tang thi gian
s dung, cung nh cac tnh nang s dung cua dau nhn ngi ta
phai pha them vao dau goc cac phu gia khac nhau, tuy thuoc
vao tng lnh vc cu the ma nha san xuat se them vao cac
phu gia tng ng. Do o thanh phan hoa hoc cua dau nhn rat
phc tap. V du theo [3] dau nhn ong c s dung pho bien tren
the gii co cong thc tong quat nh sau:
Bang 1: Cong thc hoa hoc tong quat cua dau nhn ong
c.

Thanh phan

Phan tram theo khoi

lng

Dau goc (SAE 30 40)

71,5% - 96,2%

Phu gia tay ra

2% - 10%

Phu gia phan tan

1% - 9%

Zn ithiophotphat

0,5% - 3%

Chat chong oxyhoa

0,1% - 2%

Chat giam ma sat

0,1% - 3%

Chat chong bot

2 15ppm

Chat ha iem ong ac

0,1% - 1,5%

III. Cac tnh chat va tnh nang s dung cua dau nhn
1. Cac tnh chat.
o nht. [4]
o nht cua mot so phan oan dau nhn la mot ai lng vat
ly ac trng cho tr lc do ma sat noi tai cua no sinh ra khi
chuyen ong. Do vay, o nht co lien quan en kha nang boi
trn cua dau nhn. o nht la mot yeu to trong viec tao thanh
mang boi trn hai ieu kien boi trn thuy ong (mang day) va
boi trn thuy ong an hoi (mang mong). No anh hng en
o kn kht, lam mat, ton hao cong suat, kha nang chong mai
mon, kha nang tao can trong ong c... Do vay trong cac ong c,
o nht cua dau co tac ong chnh en lng tieu hao nhien
lieu, kha nang tiet kiem dau va hoat ong chung cua ong c.
o nht cua dau nhn thng c o bang poaz (p), cp (oi vi
o nht ong lc), hoac stoc (St), cSt (oi vi o nht ong
hoc).
Ch so o nht (VI) [2, 4].
Ch so o nht (VI) la mot tr so chuyen dung e anh gia s
thay oi o nht cua dau boi trn theo nhiet o. oi vi dau
boi trn th khi nhiet o cang tang o nht cua dau cang giam.
Mc o giam o nht cua dau nhn khi nhiet o tang phu
thuoc vao thanh phan cua dau. Trong qua trnh s dung dau co
bieu hien thay oi ch so o nht la do b lan cac san pham
khac. oi khi ch so o nht tang la do qua trnh oxy hoa cua
dau, ch so o nht giam co the do b pha v cau truc cac
phan t phu gia polyme trong dau.

Tr so axit va kiem [4].

Tr so axit va ch so kiem lien quan en tr so trung hoa dung
e xac nh o axit va o kiem cua dau boi trn.
o axit thng c bieu th qua tr so axit tong (TAN ) cho biet
lng KOH (tnh bang miligam ) can thiet e trung hoa tat ca cac
hp chat mang
tnh axit co mat trong 1 (g) mau.
o kiem trong dau boi trn c bieu th bang tr so kiem tong
(TBN), cho biet lng axit clohydric hay percloric, c chuyen sang

lng KOH tng ng (tnh bang miligam), can thiet e trung hoa
het cac hp chat mang tnh kiem co mat trong 1(g) mau.

Mau sac [4].

S khac nhau ve mau sac cua dau boi trn co nguon goc t s
khac nhau ve dau tho dung e che bien ra no, ve khoang nhiet
o soi, ve phng phap va mc o lam sach trong qua trnh tinh
luyen, ve ham lng va ban chat phu gia pha vao dau o.
Da vao mau sac cua dau nhn ta co kiem tra trong qua trnh
san xuat, qua trnh tinh luyen co tot hay khong. oi vi ngi
tieu dung th mau cua dau cung la mot ch tieu quan trong v
ngi ta nhn thay c va thng th cac dau thng pham co
mau toi hay mau xau eu khong c a chuong.

Khoi lng rieng va ty trong [2, 4]

Khoi lng rieng la khoi lng cua mot n v the tch cua mot
chat nhiet o tieu chuan. Ty trong la ty so gia khoi lng
rieng cua mot chat a cho mot nhiet o quy nh vi khoi
lng rieng cua nc nhiet o quy nh o. Ty trong va khoi
lng rieng cua mot loai dau bang nhau, neu khoi lng rieng
cua nc bang 1, nhng y ngha vat ly th khac nhau.
Da vao ty trong ta co the biet c dau nang hay dau nhe,
gop phan nh gia gia tr cua dau. Xay dng be cha dau cho
phu hp

iem chp chay va bat la.

iem chp chay cua dau la nhiet o thap nhat ma tai ap
suat kh quyen, mau c nung nong en boc hi va bat la trong
nhng ieu kien ac biet
cua phng phap th. Mau se boc chay khi co ngon la va lan
truyen tc th
len khap be mat cua mau. Nhiet o thap nhat ma tai o mau
tiep tuc chay c trong 5 giay c goi la iem bat la.
Khi nhiet o iem chp chay va bat la cang nho th mau
cang de bat chay nen nhiet o chp chay c coi la ai lng
bieu th cho tnh an toan chay no trong qua trnh s dung va bao
quan dau boi trn.

3. Cac tnh nang s dung cua dau nhn.

Vi cac thanh phan chu yeu la cac hidrocacbon, cac loai
dau boi trn se co cac tnh chat hoa ly ac trng cho mnh. Trong
qua trnh lam viec, cac tnh chat nay se thay oi theo thi gian.
Cac tnh chat s dung cua dau boi trn c hieu la cac tnh
chat ly hoa cua no c the hien gan lien vi qua trnh s
dung cua dau nhn trong thc te. Tnh chong ma sat, tnh chong
mai mon, tnh bao ve an mon, tnh lu ong, can va tnh tay
ra.

3.3.1. Tnh chong ma sat.

Tnh chong ma sat cua dau nhn ac trng bi kha
nang giam tieu ton nang lng do ma sat cac cum
chi tiet khi dung dau e boi trn. oi vi vat lieu boi
trn noi chung, e anh gia tnh chong ma sat cua
chung ngi ta thng s dung cac tnh chat lu bien,
cac tnh chat thay oi cau truc di tac ong c hoc.
Cac tnh chat nay c xac nh bi o nht, tnh deo,
tnh an hoi [17, 18, 21]. oi vi cac loai dau nhn ch
can da vao o nht va cac van e lien quan en s
thay oi cua o nht la u e anh gia tnh chong ma
sat.
Gia tr o nht cua cac loai dau nhn phu thuoc vao
thanh phan cu the cua moi loai. ac iem cua cau
tao phan t cua cac thanh phan cung nh khoi lng
phan t cua cac hidrocacbon co mat trong dau luon chi
phoi nhieu ti o nht va s thay oi cua no trong
qua trnh s dung. o nht cua dau nhn la o nht
cua hon hp cac hidrocacbon co mat trong dau va no
la ai lng khong co tnh chat cong tnh. o nht cua
hon hp nhieu thanh phan c tnh theo cong thc:
lg = m1lg 1 + m2lg2 + m3lg3 +...
Trong o , 1, 2, 3... - o nht cua hon hp va cua cac
thanh phan.

m1, m2, m3...- Ty le phan mol cua cac hp phan

trong hon hp.
Bi vay bat ky mot s thay oi nho nao cua o nht
cac hp phan eu dan ti ln cua o nht hon hp.
oi vi cac loai dau boi trn goc khoang o nht cua
chung la ham so cua khoang nhiet o soi va cung
la phan t lng. Khoi lng phan t cang ln o
nht cang cao. Da tren cac quy luat nh vay ngi ta
tien hanh chon la cac thanh phan hidrocacbon phu hp
trong dau e co c cac gia tr o nht thoa man
yeu cau s dung. o nht cua dau phu thuoc nhiet
o va ap suat. Cac moi phu thuoc nay khong phai la
cac moi phu thuoc tuyen tnh ma thng la tuan theo
cac ham mu. Quy luat chung la khi nhiet o giam, ap
suat tang th o nht tang.
Ngi ta ac biet quan tam en kha nang thay oi o
nht cua dau khi nhiet o thay oi. ac tnh nay c
goi la tnh nht nhiet cua dau nhn va c anh gia
thong qua ch so o nht. Dau co ch so o nht
cang cao th khi nhiet o s dung thay oi o nht cua
no se thay oi trong mot khoang cang hep va cang t
anh hng en qua trnh boi trn trong khi lam viec
cac cum chi tiet may. Ch so o nht cua dau c
tnh da tren gia tr o nht o hai nhiet o khac
nhau theo cac cong thc hoac theo cac toan o lap
san.
Viec la chon o nht phu hp cua dau boi trn khi s
dung can can c vao cac tnh toan, hng dan cua
nha chuyen mon. o nht cua dau s dung cung nh
ac tnh nht nhiet cua no can bao am c kha
nang bam dnh cua dau tren be mat cac chi tiet, ong
thi phai ap ng c mot loat cac yeu cau khac
nh: Kha nang chu tai cua mang dau, kha nang luan
chuyen trong he thong ong dan, kha nang lam mat,
ra troi...
e cai thien o nht va tnh nht nhiet cua dau goc,
ngoai viec la chon cac thanh phan phu hp, ngi ta
con s dung rong rai cac loai phu gia cai thien o
nht va ch so o nht. Cac phu gia nay co thanh

phan chu yeu la cac polime tan trong dau vi trong

lng phan t nam trong khoang 10.000 500.000 vC.
Cac phu gia hay dung nhat hien nay la: poliizobutylen,
polimetacrylat, copolime etylen-propylen, copolime cua
ankylmetacrylat va vinylpyrolydon...
3.3.2. Tnh chong mai mon. [4, 18]
Tnh chat nay co y ngha ac biet trong viec
bao am o lam viec tin cay cua cac cum chi
tiet khi co tai trong ln. Tnh chat nay ac trng
bi kha nang hnh thanh cac lp mang mong
tren cac be mat ma sat ranh gii dau nhn
kim loai. Ve ban chat, lp mang nay hnh thanh
theo c che hap thu va c quyet nh khong ch
bi cac thanh phan co mat trong dau nhn ma
ca bi ban chat cua be mat kim loai tiep xuc
vi dau boi trn. Cac thanh phan co anh hng
quyet nh en tnh chong mai mon co mat trong
dau la cac hp chat co o phan cc ln, cac
hp chat co kha nang tac dung vi be mat kim
loai tao hp chat mi vi tnh c hoc khac han
vi kim loai. Cac loai dau goc thng co tnh
chong mai mon thap do o ngi ta thng pha
them cac phu gia e tang tnh chat nay. Cac phu
gia cho them trong trng hp nay thng la cac
axit beo, mot so dau ong thc vat hoac cac
hp chat hu c co cha Pb, Zn, Mo, S, Cl, P... Trong
trng hp dau dung boi trn cac cum chi tiet

lam viec di cac tai trong nang ngi ta phai

s dung cac phu gia chu ap (EP). Cac phu gia
chong

mai

mon

thong

dung

nhat

la

cac

dithiocacbamatmolipen,dialkyl dithiophotphat (ZnDDP),

tricresylphotphat, cac hidrocacbon c clo hoa...
3.3.3. Tnh on nh
Tnh chat nay c ac trng bi kha nang bao toan
thanh phan, tnh chat ban au cua dau boi trn trong
qua trnh lam viec. oi vi cac loai dau boi trn thong
dung hien nay ngi ta quan tam nhieu nhat ti on nh
ly hoc va on nh hoa hoc [18].
Cac ac tnh quan trong nhat trong on nh ly hoc bao
gom tnh kh nhu va mc o tao bot cua dau nhn.
Tnh kh nhu cua dau phu thuoc vao sc cang be mat
cua dau- nc. Do o no c quyet nh bi nong o
cac chat hoat ong be mat co trong dau. Cac chat
nay co ty le rat thap trong dau boi trn, bi vay e
tang tnh kh nhu ngi ta thng cho them cac phu gia
kh nhu. Cac phu gia thong dung dung cho muc ch nay
bao gom trialkylphotphat, polietylenglycol, ankylamin...[4, 18].
S tao bot trong dau boi trn khi s dung la mot van e
bat li cho tnh chat cua dau cung nh mc o cung cap
dau ti cac v tr boi trn. Mc o tao bot trong dau phu
thuoc o nht, ty trong, nong o cac chat hoat ong
be mat... Viec ngan nga s tao bot trong dau thng
giai quyet bang cach cho them cac phu gia chong tao
bot: polimetylsiloxan, polimeacrylat, naphtalen ankyl hoa, cac
polime c clo hoa...[4, 17, 18, 20].
Tnh on nh hoa ac trng bi kha nang chong lai s
oxi hoa cac thanh phan cua dau boi trn trong qua trnh
lam viec. Bi vay, thanh phan dau va cac yeu to
tac ong la cac van e chi phoi chu yeu ti cac tnh
chat nay. e duy tr tnh on nh cua dau boi trn
mc o thoa ang, ngoai viec chon la thanh phan
dau phu hp ngi ta con s dung rong rai cac phu gia
c che oxi hoa, cac phu gia chong lai s tao can bam

va can bun (phu gia tay ra), cac phu gia gi cac tap
chat ban co trong dau dang phan bo eu trong toan
bo the tch dau (phu gia phan tan).
Cac phu gia c che oxy hoa thng dung la phenol va
cac dan xuat cua no, cac amin thm, cac phenol cha N
hoac S, ZnDDP va mot so cac loai hp chat khac [4,17,
18, 20].
Cac phu gia tay ra thong dung bao gom cac sunfonat,
fenolat, salixilat...
Cac phu gia phan tan pho bien hien nay la
ankylhidroxybenzylpolyamin, ankenylpolyaminsunxinimit...
3.3.4. Tnh bao ve, an mon.
Kha nang bao ve kim loai cua dau nhn bieu hien qua
viec hnh thanh cac lp mang mong tren be mat kim
loai. Cac lp mang nay co tac dung ngan nga s
tham thau cua cac chat kh, hi nc...vao be mat kim
loai. Viec hnh thanh cac lp mang nay khi co s tiep
suc dau va kim loai xay ra theo c che khac nhau va
c quyet nh bi cac thanh phan co hoat tnh cao,
co o phan cc ln co mat trong dau s dung. Cac
loai dau goc thng co tnh bao ve thap. Do o e
tang cng tnh chat nay, dac biet la cho nhom dau
bao quan, cac chat phu gia chong g c s dung
rong rai. Hien nay cac phu gia chong g thong dung
nhat c cho them vao dau la cac amin hu c, cac
muoi canxi va magie cua ankylsunfonat, cac este, axit
beo...[4, 17, 18, 20].
Ban than cac thanh phan co trong dau nhn t gay an
mon kim loai. Tuy nhien trong qua trnh lam viec cac
thanh phan nay se b oxi hoa tao ra cac chat co kha
nang an mon kim loai. Mat khac viec s dung cac to
hp phu gia khac nhau cho them vao dau cung la mot
nguyen nhan khien cho tnh an mon tang len bi s co
mat cac chat co kha nang gay an mon kim loai. Tnh
an mon cua dau con b chi phoi nhieu bi cac ieu
kien lam viec cu the cua cum chi tiet nh nhiet o, loai
nhien lieu s dung, thi gian tiep xuc... Nham han che

tnh an mon cua dau cac chat c che an mon c

cho them vao dau: ZnDDP, cac ankensunfua hoa,
benzothiazol...[4, 17].
3.3.5. Tnh lu ong.
Dau trong ong c hoat ong trong moi trng nhiet o
thap phai co kha nang lu ong e co the de dang di
chuyen t thung cha sang cacte ong c va chay ngay
vao bm dau khi ong c khi ong. Trong trng hp
nay, nhiet o ong ac cua dau khong phai la mot
ch tieu tin cay cho biet dau co vao bm dau c hay
khong ma dau can phai c th nghiem trc tiep
tren cac thiet b mo phong s khi ong nguoi va
thiet b th nhiet o gii han cua bm.
3.3.6. Can va tnh phan tan tay ra
Trong qua trnh lam viec, cac loai can c hoc sinh ra la
mot trong nhng moi hiem hoa oi vi cac thiet b
may moc ac biet la ong c ot trong. Chung la bui,
muoi than, va cac mat kim loai. Cac can c hoc nay co
the bam tren be mat can boi trn lam tang ma sat
gia cac be mat, gay hien tng mai mon manh.
Khong nhng the, lng nhiet do ma sat gay ra ln con
co the gay qua nhiet cuc bo lam ong c hoat ong
thieu chnh xac, hieu suat ong c giam manh. e
chong lai hien tng nay, dau nhn phai co kha nang
keo c nhng chat can nay ra khoi be mat boi trn
va gi chung trang thai l lng, khong cho chung
lang tr lai. V vay dau nhn thng c pha them vao
cac phu gia phan tan tay ra. Cac phu gia tay ra co
chc nang gi cho ben trong ong c sach se con cac
phu gia phan tan gi cac can cng trong cacte dang
keo van, ngan khong cho chung ket tu tao thanh can
vecni, can bun. Ngoai ra, a so cac chat tay ra va
mot so chat phan tan eu co kha nang trung hoa
cac san pham axit trong qua trnh chay nhien lieu va
trong dau b oxi hoa nh vay chung giam c kha
nang tao can.

Do cha co phng phap o chnh xac o tay ra va

phan tan cua dau ong c nen thong thng chung
van c anh gia da vao ket qua thc nghiem cac
tnh chat cua dau, qua o xem chung phu hp vi loai
hnh s dung nao cua ong c.
Vecni: Can mong, khong tan c, ong tren cac chi tiet
chuyen ong trong ong c xang.
Can lang: Can mong, khong tan c, ong tren cac chi
tiet chuyen ong trong ong c diezel.
Can bun: Can mem, day, mau sam, tch tu tren cac chi
tiet khong chuyen ong.
IV. Phan loai dau nhn.
Dau boi trn thng c chia thanh cac nhom da tren
lnh vc s dung chung cung nh c cau s dung cua
cac nhom dau trong thc te. Toan bo dau boi trn
thng c chia thanh 2 nhom chnh:
Dau ong c.
Dau cong nghiep.
4.1. Dau ong c.
Nhom dau ong c la nhom dau quan trong nhat trong
thc te s dung cua Viet Nam va cac nc phat trien
khac, nhom dau nay chiem c 60-70% tong lng dau
boi trn tieu thu hang nam [4, 7]. Cac loai dau ong c
(bao gom loai dung cho ong c xang va ong c diezen)
ch dung boi trn cho cac chi tiet cua ong c va co
rat nhieu loai khac nhau. Chung thng c phan loai
da tren o nht va pham chat chat lng. Cac kieu
phan loai dau ong c ang c s dung pho bien hien
nay bao gom: SAE J300a, SAE J183 (con goi la phan loai
API), phan loai ACEA.
Phan loai SAE J300a do SAE (Society of Automotive Engineer
Hoi cac ky s oto) e xng va chia dau ong c theo
cap o nht SAE da tren o nht cua dau 100 0C
va -180C [4, 7, 9, 19]. Theo cach phan loai nay dau ong
c co 11 cap o nht khac nhau bao gom: 0W, 5W, 10W,
15W, 20W, 25W, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60. Dau co cac cap o

nht co ch W dung cho vung co kh hau lanh, cac cap

con lai dung cho vung co kh hau co nhiet o cao hn.
Cac loai dau nay c goi la dau n cap (n chc)
va co pham vi s dung tnh theo nhiet o khong rong
lam. Cac loai dau a cap (a chc) thoa man cac ieu
kien quy nh ca hai cap o nht SAE co va khong
cha ch W. V du 15W/40- co pham vi s dung tnh theo
nhiet o rong hn han so vi loai n cap.
Phan loai SAE J183 la ket qua nghien cu hp tac cua
SAE, ASTM (America Society for Testing and Materials Hoi th
nghiem vat lieu My) va API (America Petroleum Institute
Vien dau mo My) va c a ra t 1971, thay the cho
cach phan loai API 1952 khong con phu hp vi thc te
luc o. Theo cach phan loai SAE J183 dau ong c c
chia theo pham cap chat lng cua chung. Moi pham
cap chat lng c quy nh da tren ket qua cua cac
phep th tnh nang ap dung cho loai dau o. Cac loai
dau cho ong c xang co cac cap chat lng SA, SB, SC,
SD, SE, SF, SG, SH,....Cac loai dau dung cho ong c diezen
co cac cap chat lng CA, CB, CC, CD, CD II, CE,... [4, 7, 9,
19, 25]. oi vi ca 2 loai dau va neu, cac cap chat
lng cang ve cuoi day cang cao, ty le phu gia trong
dau cang tang. Moi loai dau co cap chat lng ng
sau trong day eu co the c cho cac loai dau khac
cung loai co cap chat lng thap hn ng trc. He
thong nay la he thong phan loai m, do o nh ky
theo thi gian ngi ta se ban hanh cac phien ban mi
co bo sung cac pham cap chat lng cao hn. Cac cap
chat lng cua cac loai dau ong c neu tren c quy
nh trong phien ban ban hanh thang 6/1989.
Phan loai ACEA (Assocition of Eurpean Automobile Constructor
Hiep hoi cac nha san xuat oto chau Au) ap dung cho
cac loai dau s dung cho cac ong c do mot so hang
xe hi ln chau Au san xuat (BMW, BL, Alfaromeo,
Peugeot, Porsche, Renault, Rolls Royce, Volvo, Fiat,
Wolkswagen...). He thong phan loai nay ra i nam 1983
va chia cac loai dau ong c thanh cac nhom theo
pham cap chat lng [8, 25]. Cac loai dau ong c xang
c chia thanh 3 nhom co cap chat lng lan lt la

G1, G2, G3...(cac cap G1, G2 tng ng vi cap SE trong

phan loai SAE J183, cap G3 tng ng vi SF). Cac loai
dau ong c diezen co 4 cap chat lng: D1, D2, D3, PD
1... (tng ng vi cac cap CC/SE, CD/ SD, CE/SD, CD/SE
cua phan loai SAE J183). Kieu phan loai ACEA cung la
mot kieu phan loai m. Trc ay kieu phan loai nay
mang ten goi la phan loai CCMC (Committe of Common
Market Automobile Constructors Hoi san xuat oto trong
khoi Th trng chung) [24]. Ben canh cac kieu phan loai
tren, do thc te s dung nc ta can lu y them
cach phan loai dau nhn cua Lien Xo cu. Cac loai
dau ong c cua Lien Xo cu c phan loai theo OCT
17479 72 [8, 19]. Cach phan loai nay cung chia dau
ong c theo cac cap o nht cua dau 18 0C en
1000C va theo tnh chat s dung cua dau da vao lnh
vc s dung cua chung tren cac loai ong c khac
nhau. Cac cap o nht bao gom: 4z, 6z, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,
20, 4z/8, 4z/10, 6z/10. Theo lnh vc s dung co cac nhom
dau A, ,B,,, trong o cac nhom ,B, c chia
thanh 2 phan nhom ng vi cac ong c xang (mang
ch so 1, v du 1,B1)va ong c diezen (mang ch so 2 v
du 2,B2...).
Tat ca cac kieu phan loai dau ong c neu tren eu
khong ap dung cho cac loai dau dung cho ong c may
bay, ke ca ong c piston va ong c phan lc.
4.2. Dau cong nghiep.
Nhom dau cong nghiep co chung loai phong phu hn
nhieu so vi nhom dau ong c. Dau cong nghiep
thng c chia thanh cac phan nhom nho da tren
lnh vc s dung: Dau banh rang (dau chuyen ong),
dau may nen, dau bien the, dau may cong cu, dau
thuy lc, chat long gia cong kim loai... Kieu phan loai
chung thng dung cho tat ca cac loai dau cong nghiep
ang s dung hien nay la phan loai ISO 3448 (International
Standart Organization To chc tieu chuan hoa quoc te).
Cach phan loai nay da tren gia tr o nht trung bnh
cua dau o 400C. Theo kieu phan loai nay dau cong

nghiep co 18 cap o nht khac nhau bao gom: 2, 3, 5, 7,

10, 15, 22, 32, 46, 68, 100, 150, 220, 320, 460, 680, 1000, 1500.
[4, 7, 9, 24]. Cac cap o nht nay chnh la gia tr trung
bnh cua o nht cao nhat va o nht thap nhat xac
nh 400C.
Mot so loai dau cong nghiep co chung loai ln con co
cac kieu phan loai rieng nham tao thuan li cho ngi
s dung dau. Quan trong nhat trong so nay la cac phan
loai SAE J306c va phan loai AGMA ap dung cho dau banh
rang, phan loai ISO 6743/4 ap dung cho dau thuy lc.
Phan loai SAE J306c ve thc chat cung gan giong nh
phan loai SAE-J300 dung cho dau ong c. Cac loai dau
truyen ong c phan loai theo kieu nay da tren cac
cap o nht SAE bao gom cac cap 75W, 80W, 85W, 90,
140, 250. Theo kieu phan loai nay ngi ta cung chia ra
cac loai dau truyen ong n dung va a dung tuy
thuoc viec dau o co thoa man yeu cau at ra oi
vi 1 hoac 2 cap o nht SAE (v du loai n dung: SAE
75W, SAE- 90... loai a dung: SAE 85W/140, SAE 80W/90...) [8,
24].
Phan loai AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association
Hoi cac nha san xuat banh rang My) chia cac loai dau
truyen ong theo pham cap chat lng cua dau. Kieu
phan loai nay chia cac dau truyen ong thanh cac
nhom GL-1, GL-2, GL-3, GL-4, GL-5, GL-6. Cac nhom ng
cang ve cuoi day cang co chat lng cao hn va thay
the c cho cac nhom ng trc no trong cung day.
ay cung la mot kieu phan loai m, cho phep bo xung
cac nhom dau truyen ong mi co chat lng cao hn.
oi khi ngi ta con goi kieu phan loai nay la phan loai
theo tnh nang s dung.
Phan loai ISO 6743/4 chia cac loai dau thuy lc thanh cac
loai khac nhau da tren nguon goc, tnh chat ac trng
cua chung. Cac loai dau thuy lc thong thng co
nguon goc t dau khoang va nguon goc tong hp.
Mot so t dau thuy lc co nguon goc t dau thc vat.
Nhn chung, oi vi cac loai dau thuy lc co nguon goc
t dau khoang tinh che (vi cac loai mang ky hieu HH,
HL, HM, HR, HV, HG), cac dau thuy lc co nguon goc tong

hp co kha nang chong chay khac nhau (vi cac loai

mang ky hieu HS, HFAE, HFAS, HFB, HFC, HFDR, HFDS, HFDT)
[4].
Tom lai, tuy khoi lng s dung khong nhieu song so
lng chung loai cua dau boi trn la rat ln. e s
dung ung cac loai dau boi trn oi hoi cac nha s
dung phai nam c cac cach phan loai cu the ap
dung cho moi loa dau khac nhau, t o chon la cac
chung loai phu hp vi ieu kien s dung cua cac
trang thiet b e phat huy c cac chc nang chu yeu
cua dau, at c hieu qua kinh te cao nhat trong viec
s dung dau nhn boi trn cung nh trong viec phat huy
toi a cong suat cua may moc, ong c. ay la mot
van e ln, e giai quyet mot cach tron ven oi hoi
phai co cach nhn nhan tong the va s cong tac chat
che cua cac nha chuyen mon khong ch trong lnh vc
san xuat va s dung dau nhn ma con ca mot
loat cac lnh vc khac co lien quan nh lnh vc thiet ke,
che tao may moc, ong c, lnh vc ma sat hoc...

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