I HC THI NGUYN

TRNG I HC NNG LM
PGS.TS. NG VN MINH (ch bin)
PGS.TS. TH LAN, TS. NGUYN CH HIU,
ThS. DNG TH MINH HA
ISBN 978-604-60-1099-9
GIO TRNH
NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
(Dng cho o to bc i hc)
NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP
H Ni - 2013
1

MC LC
LI NI U
5
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
6
Chng 1. GII THIU CHUNG V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
7
1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v s pht trin nh gi tc ng mi trng
1.2. Mc ch, ngha ca nh gi tc ng mi trng
1.3. nh ngha v ni dung c bn ca nh gi tc ng mi trng
1.4. Mi quan h gia nh gi tc ng mi trng vi pht trin kinh t
v cc cng c qun l mi trng
1.5. T chc v qun l cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng
1.6. Phn cp d n phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Vit Nam
7
11
13
Chng 2. LP CAM KT BO V MI TRNG
2.1. i tng phi lp, ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.2. Thi im ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.3. Ni dung bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.4. H s ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.5. T chc ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.6. Quy trnh ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.7. Cch vit bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.8. Qun l thc hin bn cam kt bo v mi trng sau khi bn cam kt
bo v mi trng c ng k
Chng 3. NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
3.1. Chu trnh d n v trnh t thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng
3.2. T chc thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng
3.3. Cu trc, yu cu v ni dung ca bo co nh gi tc ng
mi trng
3.4. Cc bc thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit
3.5. V d v nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mt s d n c th
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22
26
28
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29
29
34
34
35
35
37

39
39
48
49
51
64
3

Chng 4. NH GI MI TRNG CHIN LC

4.1. Khi nim v nh gi mi trng chin lc
4.2. Vai tr v ngha ca lp bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc
4.3. Cc nguyn tc cho mt nh gi mi trng chin lc hiu qu
4.4. Cc mi lin kt trong qu trnh xy dng chin lc, quy hoch,
k hoch v qu trnh nh gi mi trng chin lc
4.5. Cc iu kin tin quyt thc hin nh gi mi trng chin lc
4.6. Cch tip cn v phng php nh gi mi trng chin lc
4.7. Quy trnh nh gi mi trng chin lc
Chng 5. PHNG PHP NHN DNG V NH GI TC NG
MI TRNG
5.1. Nhn dng tc ng
5.2. Ch th v ch s mi trng
5.3. Phng php nh gi cc tc ng mi trng
Chng 6. QUN L V GIM ST CC TC NG MI TRNG
6.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng
6.2. Chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng
TI LIU THAM KHO
4
77
77
77
78
80
82
83
84
108
108
113
114
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134
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145

LI NI U
Trong nhng nm qua, ni dung mn hc nh gi tc ng mi trng lun lun
thay i cng vi s thay i ca chng trnh ging dy, c bit l sau khi i mi
chng trnh o to ph hp vi yu cu pht trin ca ngnh gio dc trong giai
on hin nay. y l mn hc quan trng trong chng trnh o to i hc ngnh
Khoa hc Mi trng v mt s chuyn ngnh khc c
lin quan.
Ti Vit Nam, cng vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi, mi trng v ti nguyn thin
nhin ngy cng chu nhiu tc ng tiu cc. nhim mi trng, s c mi trng v
s suy gim ti nguyn thin nhin l hu qu trc tip ca tc ng do cc d n,
chnh sch, chng trnh, k hoch pht trin thiu s thn thin vi mi trng. Mn
hc nh gi tc ng mi trng s cung cp cc kin thc c bn v thc tin cho
sinh vin v lnh vc ny.
Gio trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng c bin son bi tp th tc gi
Khoa Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Trng i hc Nng Lm - i hc Thi Nguyn:
PGS.TS. ng Vn Minh ch bin v bin son chng 4,5; PGS.TS. Th Lan bin
son chng 2, 3; TS. Nguyn Ch Hiu bin son chng 1; ThS. Dng Minh H a
bin son chng 6. Gio trnh phc v cho vic ging dy mn nh gi tc ng mi
trng thuc chuyn ngnh Khoa hc Mi trng v cc chuyn ngnh khc c
lin
quan bc i hc.
Ni dung chnh trong gio trnh ny bao gm 6 chng.
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v nh gi tc ng mi trng
Chng 2: Lp cam kt bo v mi trng
Chng 3: nh gi tc ng mi trng
Chng 4: nh gi mi trng chin lc
Chng 5: Phng php nhn dng v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng
Chng 6: Qun l v gim st cc tc ng mi trng
Trong qu trnh bin son, chng ti tham kho nhiu ti liu khoa hc, cc bo
co v vn bn php quy cng nh kt qu nghin cu c
lin quan ti lnh vc nh
gi tc ng mi trng trong v ngoi nc. Tuy c
nhiu c gng, song chc
chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu s
t. Tp th tc gi mong nhn c s g
p ca
cc nh chuyn mn, thy c gio, hc vin v c gi trong v ngoi trng cun
gio trnh ny ngy cng c hon thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n
Cc tc gi
5

DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
6
T vit tt
Vit y
AQI
Ch s cht lng khng kh
BSI
Ch s ng vt y
BTNMT
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
BVMT
Bo v mi trng
CKBVMT
Cam kt bo v mi trng
CP
Chnh ph
CQK
Chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
MC
nh gi mi trng chin lc
TM
nh gi tc ng mi trng
DSH
a dng sinh hc
GDP
Ch s tng trng kinh t theo tng thu nhp quc ni
GT
Giao thng
HDI
Ch s pht trin nhn lc

KT-XH
Kinh t - x hi
MT
Mi trng
N
Ngh nh
PSI
Ch s tiu chun nhim
PTBV
Pht trin bn vng
QLMT
Qun l mi trng
QCKT
Quy chun k thut
QCVN
Quy chun Vit Nam
QHSD
Quy hoch s dng t
QHKTXH
Quy hoch kinh t x hi
TCVN
Tiu chun Vit Nam
TNTN
Ti nguyn thin nhin
UNEP
Chng trnh Mi trng Lin hp quc
UBND
y ban nhn dn
VSTP
V sinh thc phm

WQI
Ch s cht lng nc

Chng 1. GII THIU CHUNG V NH GI

TC NG MI TRNG
1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v s pht trin nh gi tc ng mi trng
1.1.1. Trn th gii
Xt v tnh cht cng vic th hot ng nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) c

t rt lu. Song, nu xt thi gian m cng vic ny c gi tn, c tha nhn th
ngi ta thng ly nm 1969, nm thng qua o lut chnh sch mi trng ca M
lm thi im ra i ca TM. Trong o lut ny c
nhng iu quy nh, yu cu
phi tin hnh TM ca cc hot ng ln, quan trng, c
th gy tc ng ng k ti
mi trng.
Mt s thut ng c a ra lin quan ti qu trnh tun th o lut chnh
sch mi trng ca M. Trong
, ba thut ng quan trng nht l:
Kim k hin trng mi trng - Environmental Inventory
nh gi tc ng mi trng - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Tng trnh tc ng mi trng - Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
- Kim k hin trng mi trng l hot ng nhm m t ton din v mi trng
ang tn ti vng d nh t d n hoc vng c
cc hot ng v mi trng xy ra.
Vic kim k phi cp n mi trng l h
a nh: th nhng, a cht, a hnh, kh
hu, nc mt, nc ngm, cht lng khng kh, cht lng nc,...; Mi trng sinh
hc nh: cc loi ng vt, thc vt, a dng sinh hc, kh nng pht trin, suy thoi
ca cc loi; Mi trng nhn vn nh: cc im kho c, di tch lch s, vn h
a, danh
lam thng cnh, bo tng v th vin,...; Mi trng kinh t x hi nh: xu th tng dn
s, phn b dn s, mc sng, h thng gio dc, mng li giao thng, c s h tng,
cp thot nc, qun l rc, dch v cng cng nh cng an, cu ho, bo him y t,...
- nh gi tc ng mi trng c nh ngha l s xc nh, nh gi cc tc
ng (hoc nh hng) c
th xy ra ca cc d n, cc quy hoch pht trin hoc ca
cc quy nh, lut php lin quan ti mi trng. Mc ch ca TM trc ht l
khuyn khch vic xem xt cc kha cnh mi trng trong vic lp quy hoch hoc ra
quyt nh i vi cc d n, cc hot ng pht trin c
th la chn, thc thi d n
hot ng c
li cho mi trng hn.
- Tng trnh tc ng mi trng hay bo co TM ca mt d n l vn bn
chnh yu, tng trnh tt c kt qu ca cng tc TM.
7

Nh vy, r rng vi s ra i ca o lut chnh sch mi trng ca M, mc

tiu, ngha, th tc thi hnh TM c xc nh bng vn bn. H thng php l
cng vi cc c quan qun l, iu hnh c ban hnh v thnh lp m bo cho vic
thc hin TM nhanh ch
ng i vo n np.
Sau M, TM c p dng nhiu nc. Nh
m cc nc v vng lnh th
sm thc hin cng tc ny l: Nht, Singapo v Hng Kng (1972), tip n l Canaa
(1973), c (1974), c (1975), Php (1976), Philippin (1977), Trung Quc (1979). Nh
vy, khng phi ch c
cc nc ln c
nn cng nghip pht trin m ngay c cc nc
nh, ang pht trin cng nhn thc c cc vn mi trng v vai tr ca TM
trong vic gii quyt cc vn ny. Ch trong v ng 20 nm, TM c rt nhiu
nc xem xt, p dng. Tuy nhin, yu cu i vi TM, th tc thc hin c
khc
nhau gia cc nc v thng th hin cc im sau:
- Loi d n cn phi TM.
- Vai tr ca cng ng trong TM.
- Th tc hnh chnh.
- Cc c trng lc duyt.
Ngoi cc quc gia, cc t chc quc t cng rt quan tm n cng tc TM. Ta
c
th k ra nhng t chc c
nhiu
ng g
p cho cng tc ny:
- Ngn hng th gii (WB)
- Ngn hng pht trin Chu (ADB)
- Chng trnh pht trin quc t ca M (USAID)
- Chng trnh mi trng ca Lin hp quc (UNEP)
Cc ngn hng ln c
nhng hng dn c th cho cng tc TM i vi cc d
n vay vn ca mnh. Ting n
i ca cc ngn hng c
hiu lc ln v h nm trong tay
ngun ti chnh m cc ch d n rt cn trin khai d n ca mnh. Mt cng vic
m cc t chc ny thc hin rt c
hiu qu l m cc kh
a hc v TM nhiu ni
trn th gii, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin.
1.1.2. Ti Vit Nam
Vit Nam, vo thi im hnh thnh TM, chng ta cha c
iu kin tip cn
lnh vc ny. Phi n u nhng nm 80, cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam mi tip cn
cng tc TM thng qua cc hi tho khoa hc v cc kh
a o to. Chnh ph Vit
Nam cng sm nhn thc c vn bo v mi trng v TM nn to iu kin
cho cc c quan, c nhn tip cn cc lnh vc ny. u nhng nm 80, mt nh
m cc
nh khoa hc Vit Nam, ng u l Gio s L Thc Cn n Trung tm ng Ty Ha - Oai n
hung v
TM n
i ring.
8

Sau nm 1990, Nh nc ta cho tin hnh chng trnh nghin cu mi trng

mang m s kinh t 02, trong
c
mt ti trc tip nghin cu v TM, ti
mang m s KT 02 - 16 do Gio s L Thc Cn ch tr. Trong khun kh ti ny,
mt s bo co TM mu c lp, ng ch l bo co TM ca nh my giy
Bi Bng v TM cng trnh thu li Thch Nham. Mc d cha c
Lut Bo v mi
trng v cc iu lut v TM song Nh nc yu cu mt s d n phi c
bo
co TM, chng hn nh cng trnh thu in Tr An, nh my lc du Thnh Tuy H.
Vic bin son, thng qua v ban hnh Lut Bo v mi trng m ra mt bc
ngot trong cng tc bo v mi trng n
i chung v TM n
i ring nc ta. Lut
c Quc hi thng qua ln u tin vo ngy 27121993 v Ch tch nc ra Quyt
nh cng b s 29LCTN ngy 10011994. Hn 10 nm sau
, Lut Bo v mi
trng sa i, b sung c Quc hi nc Cng h a x hi ch ngha Vit Nam
thng qua ngy 29 thng 01 nm 2005.
Trong Lut Bo v mi trng quy nh r cc d n ang hot ng v d n
mun hot ng trn lnh th Vit Nam phi lp bo co TM v trnh cc cp c
thm
quyn xt duyt.
Sau khi lut ra i, nhiu bo co TM c thm nh g
p phn gip nhng
ngi ra quyt nh c
thm ti liu xem xt ton din cc d n pht trin Vit
Nam.
Cng vi vic ban hnh lut, Nh nc cng ban hnh rt nhiu vn bn php
lut di dng cc ngh nh ca Chnh ph, cc quyt nh, thng t ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, trong
quy nh c th vic thc hin v hng dn cc n
v, t chc, c nhn thc hin TM trong thc t. Nh
, TM cho n nay tr
thnh mt cng vic ph bin, nm trong khung php lut ca Nh nc m tt c cc
d n u thc hin.
Hin nay, Vit Nam c
mt i ng tng i ng o nhng ngi lm
cng tc TM, trong
c
nhiu chuyn gia c o to trong v ngoi nc,
bc u tp hp c nhng kinh nghim qu bu qua nhng cng trnh
nh gi thc t. Vic thc hin TM Vit Nam cng c n nhng vn tn ti
cn tip tc gii quyt, tuy nhin, c
th n
i cho n nay h thng vn bn php l
cho thc hin TM tng i y v tip cn c yu cu ca thc t. Vic
thc hin TM dn i vo n np v
ng g
p ng k cho s nghip pht trin
bn vng ca t nc.
Ni dung v quy trnh thc hin TM ti Vit Nam c
nhng thay i v pht
trin theo tng thi k. Quy trnh thc hin TM trc y Vit Nam c n n gin v
lc hu so vi quy trnh chung ca th gii, nhng cho n nay c iu chnh ph
hp hn. Cc yu cu v cht lng ca cc bo co TM cng c nng cao r rt
nhm p ng mc tiu pht trin KT-XH v yu cu bo v mi trng.
9

T
m lc ni dung thc hin TM Vit Nam qua cc thi k:

a) Giai on 1993 n 2005
Trong thi gian t sau khi c
Lut Bo v mi trng (nm 1993) cho n trc khi
c
Lut Bo v mi trng sa i (nm 2005), th vic thc hin TM Vit Nam
c quy nh chm hn mt bc so vi th gii, c th l:
- Giai on lp bo co u t (Nghin cu tin kh thi): ch sng lc d n xem
d n loi no phi thc hin TM. Sng lc d n da theo quy nh ca Nh nc
c quy nh trong Thng t s 4901998TT-BKHCNMT ngy 2941998 ca B
Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng hng dn lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng i vi cc d n u t;
- Giai on lp d n u t (Nghin cu kh thi): quy nh thc hin nh gi tc
ng mi trng s b;
- Giai on thit k k thut: quy nh lp bo co TM chi tit v trnh thm nh,
ph duyt;
Nhn xt: Vic thc hin lp bo co TM nc ta trong giai on ny chm
hn cc nc trn th gii mt bc. iu
gy nn mt s kh
khn v bt cp,
nh hng n kt qu ca vic thc hin TM, c th nh sau:
 Phn ln cc d n thit k xong th mi lp bo co TM trnh thm nh.
Khng t d n thi cng mt s nm mi lp xong bo co TM v trnh thm nh.
V th, nu trong thm nh c
yu cu d n phi c
mt s thay i hoc b sung bin
php gim thiu, b sung thit k cho ph hp vi yu cu bo v mi trng th mt s
phn trong thit k phi lm li gy chm tr thi gian v tn km kinh ph. iu ny
khin cho vic lp bo co TM v thm nh bo co nhiu khi tr thnh hnh thc v
cng trnh thit k xong, rt kh
thay i;
 Do khng c
bo co TM ti thi im Nh nc ph duyt bo co nghin
cu kh thi v chun b ngun vn cho d n nn phn ln cc d n u khng d tr
c kinh ph cho thc hin lp bo co TM chi tit cng nh kinh ph cho cc bin
php gim thiu. V th, cc kinh ph ny phi xin b sung sau ny rt kh
khn v
chm ch, thng phi mn trong kinh ph ca thit k k thut. Kh
khn nhiu cho
thc hin TM.
b) Giai on t 2006 n nay
khc phc s bt cp trn, Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 c
s iu
chnh vic thc hin TM trong chu trnh d n nc ta cng gn ph hp vi
trnh t thc hin ca th gii c th nh sau:
- Giai on quy hoch v lp bo co u t: Trong hai giai on ny, hin nay Nh
nc khng quy nh bt buc c
phi sng lc mi trng hay TM s b hay khng.
10

Tuy nhin, ch d n phi da vo phn cp ca Nh nc (quy nh trong Ngh nh s

292011N-CP ngy 1842011 ca Chnh ph v nh gi mi trng chin lc,
nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng) sng lc d n xem d
n ca mnh c
phi lp bo co TM v trnh thm nh hay khng. Nu d n thuc
din phi lp bo co TM th phi lm cng vic chun b nh lp cng TM,
chun b i ng cho vic lp bo co TM giai on tip sau.
Ring i vi cc d n lp quy hoch (nh d n quy hoch pht trin KT-XH
vng, d n quy hoch lu vc sng,...) th Nh nc quy nh cc d n ny phi
lp bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc (MC) v trnh thm nh ph duyt.
- Giai on lp d n u t: nu cc d n qua sng lc trn thuc din phi lp
bo co TM, th giai on ny phi tin hnh TM chi tit cho d n v trnh thm
nh, ph duyt.
- Sau khi bo co TM c ph duyt th ch d n phi thc hin ng cc cam
kt nh trong bo co TM, c bit l thc hin cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng
tiu cc trong cc giai on thi cng, qun l vn hnh cng nh thc hin chng trnh
gim st mi trng d n.
1.2. Mc ch, ngha ca nh gi tc ng mi trng
Tuy ra i chnh thc cha lu, nhng thut ng TM c s dng rng ri
trn th gii. iu
chng t kh nng p dng cng c ny vo cng tc bo v mi
trng mi quc gia v trn ton th gii. thy r hn iu ny, ta xt k ti mc
ch v ngha ca TM.
TM c
th t c nhiu mc ch, Alan Gilpin ch ra vai tr , mc ch ca
TM trong pht trin kinh t - x hi vi 10 im chnh sau:
(1) TM nhm cung cp mt quy trnh xem xt tt c cc tc ng c
hi n mi
trng ca cc chnh sch, chng trnh, hot ng v ca cc d n. N
g
p phn loi
tr cch
ng ca ra quyt nh nh trc y vn thng lm, khng tnh n nh
hng mi trng trong cc khu vc cng cng v t nhn.
(2) TM to ra c hi c
th trnh by vi ngi ra quyt nh v tnh ph hp
ca chnh sch, chng trnh, hot ng, d n v mt mi trng, nhm ra quyt nh
c
tip tc thc hin hay khng.
(3) i vi cc chng trnh, chnh sch, hot ng, d n c chp nhn thc
hin th TM to ra c hi trnh by s phi kt hp cc iu kin c
th gim nh tc
ng c
hi ti mi trng.
(4) TM to ra phng thc cng ng c
th
ng g
p cho qu trnh ra quyt
nh thng qua cc ngh bng vn bn hoc kin gi ti ngi ra quyt nh. Cng
11

chng c
th tham gia vo qu trnh ny trong cc cuc hp cng khai hoc trong vic
h a gii gia cc bn (thng l bn gy tc ng v bn chu tc ng).
(5) Vi TM, ton b qu trnh pht trin c cng khai xem xt mt cch
ng thi li ch ca tt c cc bn: bn xut d n, Chnh ph v cng ng. iu

g
p phn la chn c d n tt hn thc hin.
(6) Nhng d n m v c bn khng t yu cu hoc t sai v tr th c
xu hng
t loi tr, khng phi thc hin TM v tt nhin l khng cn c n s cht vn ca
cng chng.
(7) Thng qua TM, nhiu d n c chp nhn nhng phi thc hin nhng iu
kin nht nh, chng hn ch d n phi m bo qu trnh o c, gim st, lp bo
co hng nm, phi c
phn tch sau d n v kim ton c lp.
(8) Trong TM phi xt c n cc kh nng thay th, chng hn nh cng ngh,
a im t d n phi c xem xt ht sc cn thn.
(9) TM c coi l cng c phc v pht trin, khuyn khch pht trin tt hn,
tr gip cho tng trng kinh t.
(10) Trong nhiu trng hp, TM chp nhn s pht thi, k c pht thi kh nh
knh cng nh vic s dng khng hp l ti nguyn mc no y, ngha l chp
nhn v s pht trin v tng trng kinh t.
Qua phn tch mc ch, vai tr ca TM ta thy r ngha to ln ca n
trong s
pht trin chung ca nhn loi, th hin ch TM l cng c qun l mi trng quan
trng. Song n
khng nhm th tiu, loi tr, gy kh
d cho pht trin kinh t - x hi
nh nhiu ngi lm tng m h tr pht trin theo hng m bo hiu qu kinh t,
bo v mi trng. V vy, n
g
p phn vo mc tiu pht trin bn vng.
C
th t
m tt ngha ca TM l: lm cng vic ny tt th qun l mi trng
tt, qun l mi trng tt th cng vic gi gn, bo v mi trng s tt, c bit l
trong tng lai. iu
th hin qua mt s im c th sau:
- TM khuyn khch cng tc quy hoch tt hn. Vic xem xt k lng d n v
nhng d n c
kh nng thay th t cng tc TM s gip cho d n hot ng c
hiu
qu hn.
- TM c
th tit kim c thi gian v tin ca trong thi hn pht trin lu di.
Qua cc nhn t mi trng tng hp, c xem xt n trong qu trnh ra quyt nh
giai on quy hoch, m cc c s v Chnh ph trnh c nhng chi ph khng cn
thit, i khi trnh c nhng hot ng sai lm, phi khc phc trong tng lai.
- TM gip cho Nh nc, cc c s v cng ng c
mi lin h cht ch hn.
Cc
ng g
p ca cng ng trc khi d n c u t, hot ng c
th nng cao
mi lin h cng ng v m bo hiu qu u t. Thc hin cng tc TM tt c
th

ng g
p cho s pht trin thnh vng trong tng lai. Thng qua cc kin ngh ca
12

TM, vic s dng ti nguyn s thn trng hn v gim c s e da ca suy thoi

mi trng n sc kho con ngi v h sinh thi.
1.3. nh ngha v ni dung c bn ca nh gi tc ng mi trng
1.3.1. nh ngha nh gi tc ng mi trng
C
rt nhiu cch hiu, hay nh ngha v TM. Tuy vy, cho n nay vn cha c

mt nh ngha chung y , vn nng v TM. Ta c
th nu ra mt vi v d
c trch dn trong cc ti liu chng t tnh a dng ca nh ngha TM.
TM hoc phn tch tc ng mi trng l s xem xt mt cch c
h thng cc
hu qu v mi trng ca cc n, chnh sch v chng trnh vi mc ch chnh l
cung cp cho ngi ra quyt nh mt bn lit k v tnh ton cc tc ng m cc
phng n hnh ng khc nhau c
th em li (Clark. Brian D...1980).
TM c coi l mt k thut, mt qu trnh thu thp thng tin v nh hng mi
trng ca mt d n t ngi ch d n v cc ngun khc, c tnh n trong vic
ra quyt nh cho d n tin hnh hay khng (Do E.coli, 1989).
TM l qu trnh thu thp thng tin v nh hng, tc ng ca d n xut,
phn tch cc thng tin ny v gi kt qu ti ngi ra quyt nh (IChemE, 1994).
TM ca hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi l xc nh, phn tch v d bo
nhng tc ng li v hi, trc mt v lu di m vic thc hin hot ng c
th gy
ra cho ti nguyn thin nhin v cht lng mi trng sng ca con ngi ti ni c

lin quan ti hot ng, trn c s
xut cc bin php ph ng, trnh, khc phc cc
tc ng tiu cc (L Thc Cn, 1994).
Trong Lut Bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam nm 2005, TM c nh ngha nh
sau: TM l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi trng ca d n u t c
th a ra cc bin php bo v mi trng khi trin khai d n
.
Trong hng dn chung v TM nm 2010 ca Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc
ng mi trng, thuc Tng cc Mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ch r:
nh gi tc ng mi trng v bn cht l qu trnh d bo, nh gi tc ng ca
mt d n n mi trng, bao gm mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi v a ra cc
bin php ph ng trnh, gim thiu tc ng ln mi trng.
T cc nh ngha trn, c
th thy s nht tr v mc ch v bn cht TM. Mt
s im khc bit trong chng th hin s khc bit trong nhn thc v ngha ca t
mi trng v bn cht ca d n c nh gi.
Mt s im trong cch hiu v TM c
th thng nht nh sau:
- TM l qu trnh xc nh kh nng nh hng n mi trng x hi v c th l
n sc kho ca con ngi.
13

- nh gi tc ng n cc thnh phn mi trng, vt l, sinh hc, kinh t - x hi

nhm gip cho vic ra quyt nh mt cch hp l v logic.
- TM a ra bin php, nhm gim bt nhng tc ng c
hi, k c vic p dng
cc bin php thay th.
1.3.2. Ni dung c bn ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Ni dung ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c quy nh trong Lut Bo
v mi trng nm 2005, bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- Lit k, m t chi tit cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n km theo quy m v
khng gian, thi gian v khi lng thi cng; cng ngh vn hnh ca tng hng mc
cng trnh v ca c d n.
- nh gi chung v hin trng mi trng ni thc hin d n v vng k cn; mc
nhy cm v sc chu ti ca mi trng.
- nh gi chi tit cc tc ng mi trng c
kh nng xy ra khi d n c thc
hin v cc thnh phn mi trng, yu t kinh t - x hi chu tc ng ca d n; d
bo ri ro v s c mi trng do cng trnh gy ra.
- Cc bin php c th gim thiu cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng; ph ng nga,
ng ph
s c mi trng.
- Cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng v
vn hnh cng trnh.
- Danh mc cng trnh, chng trnh qun l v gim st cc vn mi trng
trong qu trnh trin khai thc hin d n.
- D ton kinh ph xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh bo v mi trng trong tng
d ton kinh ph ca d n.
- kin ca U ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn (sau y gi chung l U ban
nhn dn cp x), i din cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n; cc kin khng tn
thnh vic t d n ti a phng hoc khng tn thnh i vi cc gii php bo v
mi trng phi c nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
- Ch dn ngun cung cp s liu, d liu v phng php nh gi.
1.4. Mi quan h gia nh gi tc ng mi trng vi pht trin kinh t v cc
cng c qun l mi trng
TM c coi l cng c hu hiu trong qun l mi trng v s pht trin bn
vng. y l mi quan h hai chiu c minh ha hnh 1.1.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc cng c ny mi nc cng khng ging nhau, c

th mt cng c c p dng hiu qu nc ny li t ra km hiu qu hn cc
nc khc.
14

Php lut
Sch lc
Kinh t
Thng tin
d liu
Quy hoch
TM
K ton
mi trng
Qun l tai bin
mi trng
Gio dc
o to
Hnh 1.1. Mi quan h gia nh gi tc ng mi trng
v cc cng c bo v mi trng khc
1.4.1. Cng c chnh sch, chin lc
Mi quc gia u c
h thng cc chnh sch, chin lc pht trin ring ca mnh.
y l cng c ch o ton b hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi cng nh bo v
mi trng. R rng, chnh sch pht trin c
quan h mt thit vi chnh sch, chin
lc bo v mi trng. Nu tch ri chng th khng th thc hin tt vic pht trin
cng nh bo v mi trng. Chnh v vy, chng ta xt cc chnh sch, chin lc ny
nh mt th thng nht.
Trong xu th ton cu h
a cng tc bo v mi trng, hin nay v ang hnh
thnh chnh sch, chin lc phm vi lin quc gia, chu lc v ton th gii.
Vit Nam cng c
nhng chnh sch pht trin kinh t - x hi v bo v mi
trng. Nm 1986, nc ta xut chin lc quc gia bo v thin nhin, mi
trng.
Cng c chin lc, chnh sch c
mi quan h hai chiu vi TM. Mt mt, TM
cc d n c th phi c thc hin trong khun kh cc chnh sch, chin lc, mt
khc cc chnh sch, chin lc li l i tng ca TM chin lc (MC).
1.4.2. Cng c php ch
Cng c ny bao gm cc lut, quy nh, ch nh lin quan ti bo v mi trng.
thng th mi quc gia c
mt lut chung (Lut c bn) v TM v cc lut khc lin
quan nh cc Lut v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin, v d nh: Lut Bo v
rng, Lut Khong sn, Lut t ai...
Quy nh, ngh nh l nhng vn bn di lut nhm c th h
a hoc hng dn
thc hin cc ni dung ca lut, quy nh, ngh nh c
th do c quan lp php hoc
hnh php ban hnh.
15

Ch nh l cc quy nh v ch , th l, t chc qun l bo v mi trng.

Nhng lut, quy nh, ch nh nu trn c
mi quan h rt khng kht vi TM.
Lut quy nh cng tc TM gip cng tc ny c
c s php l thc hin.
Cc Lut t ai, Lut Bo v rng, Lut Khong sn... cung cp nhng c s php
l cho vic thc hin TM i vi cc d n lin quan n lnh vc s dng cc ti
nguyn ny.
Mt vn bn ht sc quan trng c
tt c cc quc gia v mt s t chc th gii

l tiu chun mi trng. Tiu chun mi trng rt a dng, bao gm nhiu yu t,
i lng c trng cho cht lng mi trng. Danh mc cc tiu chun l mt trong
nhng cn c quan trng xc nh mc ng k ca tc ng.
Lut Bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam quy nh tiu chun mi trng l nhng
chun mc, gii hn cho php, c quy nh, dng lm cn c qun l mi
trng. Do
, cc d n khng c gy tc ng ti mi trng vt cc tiu chun
quy nh.
Nh vy, cng c lut php gip cng tc TM tr thnh mt cng vic bt buc,
ng thi n
cung cp c s tin hnh cng tc ny thun li hn. Khi tin hnh
TM nht thit phi thu thp v nghin cu tt c cc vn bn lut cng nh cc quy
nh, ngh nh lin quan. i khi cng vic ny kh vt v v s lng cc vn bn ny
kh ln li hay thay i, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin.
1.4.3. Cng c k hoch h
a
Vi nn kinh t pht trin, k hoch h
a l cng c khng th thiu c. Ngay
c vic bo v mi trng trn quy m ln cng cn phi c quy hoch nhm m
bo kh nng thc t cho vic thc thi. Quy hoch mi trng c
mi quan h mt
thit vi cc quy hoch pht trin kinh t, quy hoch pht trin lnh th, quy hoch
s dng ti nguyn. Trong cc quy hoch tng th, ti nguyn mi trng c xem
xt mt cch khi qut, di hn, c n trong cc k hoch di hn, trung hn, ngn hn
chng c cp chi tit hn, ng b v cn i hn gia mc tiu v ngun lc.
cc nc pht trin, cc k hoch c lp v thc thi rt hiu qu. Song cc
nc ang pht trin, cng tc ny c n hn ch v thiu kinh nghim v ngun lc v
kinh t, k thut.
TM cc d n c th phi bm st cng tc k hoch h
a, trn c s
m c
cc
nh gi ph hp. Chng hn, vic nh gi mt tc ng vng c quy hoch
cung cp ngun nc cho sinh hot phi khc vng khng quy hoch.
Ngc li, cc quy hoch lnh th li l i tng ca TM, ngha l phi xem
xt s ph hp ca n
i vi vic bo v mi trng. Nu bc quy hoch ng,
16

th cc d n thc thi s khng gy tc ng ng k n cht lng ti nguyn v

mi trng sng, khi
, n
s mang li li ch cho con ngi. Ngc li, quy
hoch bt hp l c
th mang li tn tht v ti nguyn v mi trng, cn n chi
ph khc phc.
Nh vy, tng ng vi chnh sch, chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi, cn c

chnh sch, chin lc bo v mi trng, m bo pht trin bn vng. Hai loi chnh
sch, chin lc ny thng nht, h tr nhau m bo cc mc tiu pht trin chung.
Nhng ngi lp chnh sch h tr pht trin s phi g
p phn iu chnh chnh sch
kinh t ph hp vi iu kin thc t hn.
H thng php lut v mi trng cng phi a ra trn c s hiu bit v cc iu
kin mi trng v phng hng pht trin kinh t. Nu lut php khng ph hp c

th gy cn tr pht trin kinh t hoc gy tn tht cho thin nhin v mi trng.
1.4.4. Cng c thng tin, d liu
Bo v mi trng l cng vic i hi c s khoa hc lin ngnh, c khoa hc t
nhin ln khoa hc x hi. Ch tnh ring khoa hc t nhin, ta thy mi lin h ca
cng tc ny vi cc ngnh sinh vt hc, thu vn hc, kh tng hc, lm nghip, hi
dng hc,... Ngha l, khi x l mt vn mi trng ta cn tng hp kin thc ca
nhiu ngnh. Mi ngnh khoa hc li cn c
mt h thng thng tin, d liu ring,
chng hn nghin cu kh hu hc, ta phi c
s liu o c di hn ca rt nhiu trm
vi nhiu yu t nh nhit , m, gi
, ma, p sut kh quyn... Do vy, s lng
cc yu t cng nh di cc dy s liu cn cho cng tc nghin cu bo v mi
trng cha c
trong cc php o ca cc ngnh ny.
cc nc pht trin hnh thnh mng li o c cc yu t mi trng, c
gi l h thng monitoring. H thng ny bao gm nhiu trm o c, thu thp cc yu
t nh: nng cc cht nhim khng kh, nhim nc, nhim t, ting n... Ty
theo mc ch, quy m nghin cu m ngi ta b tr v tr o, son tho quy trnh o v
tn sut o thch hp, m bo s liu thu c c
th tr li c cc cu hi, vn
t ra.
S liu thu c t cc ngun khc nhau s c tng hp, chnh l, x l
nng cao tin cy v d s dng, to ln c s d liu thng nht ca quc gia hoc
khu vc. Ngoi s liu o c mt t, chng ta c n c
th s dng cc s liu quan
trc t v tinh, s liu vin thm. Vi k thut khai thc hin i, cc s liu vin
thm tr thnh c s tin cy cho cc lun c khoa hc n
i chung v bo v mi trng
n
i ring.
Cng c thng tin d liu c
tnh cht quyt nh n s ng n v chnh xc
ca cc nhn nh v hin trng ti nguyn, d bo din bin cc yu t mi trng
17

cng nh tc ng mi trng ca cc d n , ang v s hot ng. S liu gip

chng ta nh gi hin trng mi trng, lm nn cho nh gi tc ng ca cc d n
s hot ng n mi trng khu vc. S liu o c khi d n hot ng s gip
iu chnh hot ng ng hng hn, hiu qu hn. y l cng c phc v nhiu lnh
vc khc nhau v khng th thiu c trong TM.
1.4.5. K ton mi trng
y l cng c mi c p dng trong qun l mi trng, c
l cng c ny m
phng cng tc k ton, ti chnh c s dng trc
. K ton mi trng l s
phn tch, tnh ton nhm xc nh mt cch nh lng vi chnh xc nht nh v
s gia tng hoc suy thoi mi trng, d tr ti nguyn thin nhin trong mt khong
thi gian no y do cc hot ng pht trin mang li.
K ton mi trng c
khc hn vi thng tin d liu ch nu cng c thng tin
cho bit hin trng cht lng mi trng thng qua s liu o c c chnh l
th k ton mi trng c n xc nh gi tr ti nguyn mi trng qua n v tin t.
Nh vy, vi s thay i gi tr ti nguyn thin nhin, mi trng c tnh bng
tin theo thi gian s gip ta xc nh c li ch, mt mt do hot ng pht
trin mang li. Vic xc nh cc gi tr cc ti nguyn mi trng bng tin nhiu khi
rt kh
bi v nhiu loi ti nguyn mi trng rt kh
nh gi. Mt s loi nguyn
vt liu nh: g, khong sn, t,... c
th nh gi qua th trng, song, cht lng
khng kh, cht lng nc, a dng sinh hc... li khng th hoc rt kh
nh gi
thng qua th trng. Tuy nhin, cc nh khoa hc vn c
th dng mt s phng
php khc c tnh gi tr ti nguyn mi trng bng tin. Mt s nc a ra
cc phng php k ton c th i vi mt s loi ti nguyn trn c s cc d liu
quan trc ti nguyn mi trng. Tt nhin, cc con s nh gi ny ch l c tnh,
khng th phn nh ht gi tr ca ti nguyn thin nhin, nhng nu s dng ng
nht cch nh gi s cho php chng ta so snh xu th thay i ca ti nguyn mi
trng theo thi gian.
1.4.6. Qun l tai bin mi trng
Lut Bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam a ra khi nim v s c mi trng s
c mi trng l cc tai bin hoc ri ro xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng hoc s bin
i tht thng ca thin nhin, gy suy thoi mi trng nghim trng. Cc nguyn
nhn c th dn n tai bin, ri ro mi trng cng c cp trong lut.
Hai c trng c bn ca tai bin cn ch l:
- Xy ra bt thng, vi tn sut thp.
- Hu qu nng n.
18

Trong lch s loi ngi chng kin rt nhiu tai bin nh: ni la, ng t,
chy rng (tai bin thin nhin) hoc n nh my in nguyn t, v p nc, trn
du... (tai bin nhn to). Hng nm, tn tht v ngi v ca do cc tai bin gy ra rt
ln. Do vy, vic qun l tai bin mi trng l rt cn thit v khi lm tt cng tc ny
s trnh c nhng s c ng tic.
Trong qu trnh pht trin, con ngi tin hnh nhiu hot ng sn xut trong

c
nhiu hot ng cha ng tim nng gy tai bin ln. Mun lm gim tim nng
cng nh thit hi khi tai bin xy ra, cng tc qun l tai bin mi trng phi lm tt
nhng hot ng sau:
- Xc nh cc loi tai bin
- Xc nh cc c trng tai bin
- nh gi xc sut xy ra tai bin
- nh gi thit hi do tai bin gy ln.
Trong TM, nh gi tai bin c cp nh mt phn quan trng. Bo co TM
cng phi nu c 4 hot ng trn, ngoi ra phi ra cc bin php khc phc. V
d: Khi xy p thy in, ngi ta phi ngh ngay ti kh nng v p do ng t
kch thch, do r r trong a hnh Kaster, do ph hoi hoc do bo dng khng tt,...
gim bt phi a ra c cc bin php nh xy p chc, c
bin php theo
di, o c ng t, kim sot lin tc trn phm vi p, c
bin php thng bo, tr
gip khc phc hu qu khi p v,...
1.4.7. Gio dc, o to, nng cao nhn thc ca nhn dn
Mi trng sng l ti sn chung ca mi ngi, mi ngi u c
trch nhim gi
gn, nng cao cht lng mi trng. Th nhng, ng o nhn dn tham gia mt
cch t gic vo cng tc ny phi nng cao nhn thc cho nhn dn. Khi nim nhn
dn y bao gm mi tng lp trong x hi, mi ngi s
ng g
p vo s nghip bo
v mi trng theo nng lc, nhn thc, kin thc ca mnh. Phn
ng g
p ca cc nh
khoa hc c
th khc vi phn
ng g
p ca cng nhn, nng dn hoc ca ngi lnh
o t nc nhng u v mc tiu chung v u phi da trn c s nhn thc c
trch nhim ca mnh.
Cc kin thc v mi trng ca nhn dn c
th thu thp c thng qua o
to cc cp hc hoc t o to. Hin nay, cc kin thc v mi trng v trch
nhim bo v mi trng ang c a vo chng trnh ging dy tt c cc cp
hc. cc cp hc ph thng, nhng kin thc c bn, d hiu v mi trng v bo
v mi trng c trnh by nhm nh hng v tng bc nng cao thc cho
hc sinh.
19

Khoa hc mi trng l khoa hc lin ngnh v mi ra i, v vy khng th mt

lc c
c ngay i ng khoa hc ln mnh, c o to chuyn v mi trng m
phi o to tip t cc ngun khc v m thm cc kh
a hc ngn hn hn v mi
trng cho cc cn b cc c quan qun l mi trng, ra quyt nh v mi trng.
Hng ny ang c cc t chc quc t quan tm, c bit cho cc nc ang pht
trin. Vit Nam, nhiu kh
a hc c m ra nhiu a phng vi s ti tr ca
nhiu t chc quc t v quc gia. Ring cc kh
a hun luyn v TM, do cc vin,
trng m ra hng nm o to, nng cao kin thc cho hng trm cn b.
Vic nng cao kin thc cho ng o nhn dn s gip cho h
ng g
p c
hiu
qu hn vo cng tc TM. Nhng kin ca nhn dn s xc ng hn, c
c s khoa
hc hn, gip cho nhng ngi thc hin TM c
th iu chnh nhng sai s
t mc
phi trong qu trnh thc thi.
Tuyn truyn, gio dc mi trng trn cc phng tin pht thanh, truyn hnh,
sch bo hoc t cc nh
m t nguyn cng rt quan trng. Hin nay, trn cc phng
tin ny, thi lng pht thanh, truyn hnh cng nh s lng trang vit lin quan ti
mi trng n
i chung v TM n
i ring khng ngng tng ln, g
p phn nng cao
thc ca cng chng i vi cng tc ny.
1.4.8. Nghin cu v trin khai khoa hc, cng ngh
Nghin cu, trin khai khoa hc, cng ngh thu c nhng kt qu ht sc to
ln v c coi l cu cnh i vi s pht trin ca loi ngi. Thnh tu y gip
gii quyt nhng vn tng nh nan gii: tng nng sut lao ng, nng cao mc
sng cho s lng ngi ngy mt tng trn ton th gii. Tuy nhin, lm dng cng
ngh li c
th dn ti tc ng n mi trng, gy nhim mi trng. V vy, phi
xt pht trin cng ngh c hai mt ca n
.
Trc ht, cng ngh tin tin gip chng ta tn dng tt hn, hiu qu hn v tit
kim hn ti nguyn mi trng. Hng h
a sn xut ra ngy mt nhiu, a dng v
chng loi. Cng ngh sinh hc gip ta lai to c nhng ging nng sut cao, chng
chu c su bnh. Cng ngh in t gip con ngi c
thng tin nhanh hn. C kh
h
a vi nhng my m
c tinh xo lm gim nh lao ng cho con ngi.
l nhng v
d d thy v thnh tu trin khai nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh.
Vic tng cng sn xut, p dng cng ngh cao, tt yu dn ti khai thc ti
nguyn nhiu hn v x thi vo mi trng nhiu cht nhim hn. Vi chc nng
ng h
a cht thi, mi trng ch cha c lng rt nh, phn c n li phi c x
l. Khng phi ai khc, m chnh li l cng ngh s gii quyt vn ny. Mt mt cn
p dng nhng cng ngh mi, c
li cho mi trng (chng hn cng ngh sch), mt
khc phi c
cc cng ngh x l cht thi trc khi thi ra mi trng.
20

Tuy nhin, hin nay nhiu ngi c n nghi ng, khng bit gii php cng ngh c

th gii quyt ht c cc vn t ra khng, hay chnh n
li gy ra nhng vn
nan gii khc. Chng hn, vo nhng nm 60 khi c
c thuc tr su DDT, nng sut
nng nghip tng v n nh, nhng ch hn 20 nm sau, cc nh khoa hc ch ra kh
nng tch lu cht ny trong lng thc, c
th gy bnh cho ngi.
Cho d c
nhng nghi ng nh vy, chng ta vn tin vo kh nng pht trin khoa
hc, cng ngh v tc ng to ln ca n
i vi s pht trin ca loi ngi.
Kin thc v pht trin khoa hc, cng ngh rt cn thit cho cng tc TM, v nm
vng kin thc v cc cng ngh ny s c kh nng phn tch cc tc ng ca hot
ng sn xut n mi trng. Cng sn xut in nhng tc ng n mi trng ca
nh my thu in khc rt xa vi nh my nhit in, cng sn xut mt loi hng h
a
nh nhau c
th c
nhiu cng ngh khc nhau. V vy trong TM phi nh gi c
cng ngh no t gy tc ng hoc gy ra nhng tc ng d khc phc. iu ny rt
quan trng, c
th gip ngi sn xut thay i cng ngh lc hu bng cng ngh tin
tin hn.
Mt trong nhng ni dung c bn ca TM l xut cc gii php ph ng trnh,
khc phc, x l cc tc ng tiu cc. Gii php cng ngh s l mt trong cc gii
php chnh c
th m nhn cng vic ny. Cc cng ngh x l cht thi c nghin
cu v p dng cho php loi b mt s loi cht c c
trong cht thi trc khi thi ra
mi trng. Ngi thc hin TM phi ch r nhng cng ngh no l thch hp vi
vic x l cht thi ca d n gy ra.
1.4.9. Cng c kinh t
C
th coi cng c kinh t l cng c tng hp, n
khng ch da trn c s cc
cng c nu trn, m c n ch ra kh nng thc thi v mt ti chnh. Kt qu nghin cu
trong kinh t mi trng ch ra rng, hot ng sn xut lun to ln ngoi ng ti mi
trng xung quanh. Chi ph gii quyt cc ngoi ng ny cha c tnh trong chi ph
sn xut. V vy, trong kinh t mi trng a ra cch tip cn cng c kinh t c

tnh n chi ph ngoi ng tm ra c mc sn xut ti u,
l mc sn xut cho
tng li nhun x hi (bao gm c h sn xut v mi trng xung quanh) t cc i.
m bo hot ng sn xut mc ti u, nhiu nh khoa hc a ra cc
bin php kinh t, chng hn theo Ronall Coase th c
th s dng th trng, thng qua
mc c n b gia ngi sn xut (ngi gy nhim) v ngi chu nhim hoc t
ra th thu buc ngi sn xut iu chnh mc sn xut v mc ti u.
Nh nc cng c
th p dng cc bin php buc ngi sn xut gim mc thi nh
nh ra tiu chun hoc pht hnh quota nhim. Cc quota nhim da trn tng
21

quota xut nhp khu, ngha l ngi sn xut mun thi, phi mua quota v quota ny c

th chuyn nhng c. Vi h thng quota nh vy c
th gip nhng ngi sn xut
tnh ton, chuyn nhng quota cho nhau nhm ti thiu h
a ton b chi ph pht thi.
Kinh t mi trng cng ch ra nhng nguyn l c bn ca vic s dng ti
nguyn thin nhin, c ti nguyn ti to c v khng ti to c, hng ti pht
trin bn vng m vn thu c li nhun cao. Nhng nguyn l ny, cn c tnh n
trong cc bo co TM.
Nh vy, cng c kinh t v ang c p dng trong qun l mi trng hin
nay l: thu, ph, quota, qu mi trng. Trong nhng trng hp c th, c
th xut
cc gii php ny nh l gii php gim bt, khc phc hu qu v ngn chn tc ng
c
hi. Chng hn trong TM ta c
th xut mt bin php cng ngh x l, song
vn ti chnh li khng cho php. Khi
c
th p dng gii php lp qu mi
trng to ngun vn cho cng tc ny trong khu vc. Ngun vn ny va gip, va bt
buc ch d n phi p dng cc bin php x l nhim, khc phc hu qu c
ra trong bo bo co TM.
Ngc li, chnh thng tin thu thp c trong qu trnh TM li c
th gip thc
hin cc cng c kinh t tt hn, vic xc nh cc ch tiu chnh xc hn.
T
m li, TM l cng c qun l mi trng, c
mi quan h hai chiu vi tt c
cc cng c khc.
1.5. T chc v qun l cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng
TM l cng c trong qun l mi trng, n
c
mi lin h hai chiu vi cc cng
c khc, cng c
ngha l vic t chc v qun l cng tc ny phi c
s thng nht
ca cc c quan lin quan. C
th tch cc c quan ny thnh 4 nh
m c
4 chc nng v
s tham gia khc nhau vo qu trnh TM.
1.5.1. Cc c quan ban hnh lut, quy nh v bo v mi trng v nh gi tc
ng mi trng
Nhim v ca cc c quan ny l:
- Ban hnh lut, quy nh, ngh nh, thng t v bo v mi trng.
- Lp, duyt cc ch trng, ng li, chnh sch bo v mi trng vi quy
m ln.
- Theo di qu trnh thc hin cng tc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng.
Quc hi hoc c quan tng ng c
quyn thng qua v ngh Tng thng,
Ch tch nc ban hnh cc lut c bn nh: Lut Bo v mi trng, Lut Bo v khai
thc ti nguyn thin nhin.
22

Chnh ph, b, cc chnh quyn a phng c
th ban hnh cc ngh nh, quy nh
lin quan ti bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng.
R rng lut php nh hng cho cng tc TM, gip cho cng tc ny c
tin hnh mt cch d dng v hiu qu.
Cc c quan ny khng nhng ban hnh lut, ch trng, chnh sch m c n theo
di vic thc hin trong thc t c
th iu chnh cho ph hp.
H thng cc c quan ny cc nc pht trin hnh thnh v hot ng tng
i ng b v c
hiu qu. cc nc ang pht trin, cc c quan ny hnh thnh
nhng hot ng vn c n b hn ch.
1.5.2. C quan qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng, nh gi tc ng
mi trng
Cc c quan ny bao gm chnh ph, cc b, ngnh, chnh quyn a phng. H c

trch nhim qun l ton b ti nguyn thin nhin, mi trng n
i chung v cng tc
TM n
i ring. Ring i vi TM, cc c quan ny c
nhng chc nng:
- C th h
a v a ra cc vn bn hng dn vic thi hnh cc iu lut v TM.
- Duyt, thm nh cc bo co TM hoc cc ti liu lin quan.
1.5.3. C quan thc thi nh gi tc ng mi trng
Cc c quan thc thi nh gi mi trng bao gm:
- C quan qun l.
- Ch d n hoc c quan ch tr d n.
- C quan c lp khc.
Nu c quan qun l mi trng thc hin TM cc d n th c
th khch quan
hn, h khng v quyn li ca d n m c
nhng kt lun sai v cc tc ng. Nhng,
h li hiu bit t v d n, k c cng ngh, nguyn, nhin liu u vo ln sn phm
u ra. V vy, h c
th b s
t nhng tc ng ng k. Hn na c quan qun l mi
trng l c quan thm nh bo co TM nn khng th h thc hin TM c v
khi
chnh h li thm nh cng vic ca mnh. Hn na kinh ph cho cng tc ny
thng li do ch d n cung cp ch khng th ly t ngun ngn sch c, nn
ngi nh gi s gp kh
khn v cung cp kinh ph.
Nu thnh lp cc c quan c lp, chuyn thc hin TM th h cng gp kh

khn v mi c quan dng ny ch c
th nh gi tt mt vi loi d n, vi loi d n
khc h phi tn thm chi ph tm hiu v rt c
th b qua nhng tc ng ng k.
Vn kinh ph thc hin cng s gp kh
khn, bi v rt kh
xc nh mc kinh ph
23

c th cho mt d n v vy, i lc do cnh tranh, h c
th chp nhn khon chi ph t

nhng thc hin TM khng c chi tit hoc b qua nhiu tc ng ng k. i khi
nhn c nhiu tin, h c
th lit k hoc tin hnh nh gi c tc ng khng
ng k, rt lng ph.
Nhiu ngi vn cho rng vic giao cho c quan c lp vi ch d n tin hnh
TM th khch quan hn, nhng trong thc t nu c
s m
c ngoc gia h th tnh
khch quan s khng cn na. m bo quyn li ca mnh h vn c
th b qua
nhng tc ng ng k m d n gy nn i vi mi trng.
Mt im na cn lu l khi thnh lp nhng c quan nh vy, h thng c quan
TM s rt cng knh, kh
qun l.
Hin nay a s cc kin ng nht cho rng ch d n thc hin TM l hp l
hn c. Lut Bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam cng xc nh trch nhim ny cho cc
ch d n v c quan ch tr d n. Khi
c
th k ra mt s u im sau:
- Ch d n l ngi am hiu cc hot ng d n v kh nng tc ng ca d n
ti mi trng.
- Nhng kin thc c n thiu, h c
th yu cu cc t chc, c quan c th gip .
- H s l ngi thc thi cc bin php gim thiu, x l tc ng mi trng nn
cc gii php a ra s c tnh kh thi cao.
- H c
th ti thiu h
a c chi ph cho TM khi ghp cc hot ng nh gi
cng vi cc hot ng sn xut ca h.
- Tnh khch quan ca cng tc TM vn m bo nu c
c ch nhn xt, thm
nh thch hp.
1.5.4. Cc c quan tham gia, h tr v nhn xt
Trch nhim thc hin TM thuc v ch d n. Song, vn cn s h tr, t vn,
nhn xt, nh gi ca cng ng v cc c quan. Kin thc s dng trong TM rt
rng, v vy, cn c
s tham gia ca cc vin nghin cu, cc trng i hc v ca
tng chuyn gia. Sau y l mt h thng kin thc cn cho TM lm v d cho tnh
a dng, lin ngnh ca cng tc ny.
- Khi kin thc v cc hot ng pht trin
Khi kin thc ny bao gm kin thc v loi d n, cng ngh sn xut, quy hoch
pht trin, c s h tng... Khi kin thc ny khai thc ch yu t ch d n thng qua
lun chng kinh t - k thut. Tuy nhin cn phi m rng hn thng qua chuyn gia
quy hoch, k hoch pht trin ngnh hoc khu vc. Mi mt d n c th cn phi nm
bt c quy m, nguyn nhin liu u vo, quy trnh sn xut v sn phm u ra.
24

Khi kin thc ny s gip nh gi kh nng tc ng n ti nguyn (thng qua pht

thi cht nhim), n mi trng kinh t - x hi qua lc lng lao ng, sn phm
u ra.
- Khi kin thc khoa hc k thut v ti nguyn v mi trng
y l khi kin thc m ch u t cn s hp tc ca cc chuyn gia t nhiu
pha. Dng ti nguyn m d n s dng (ti to hay khng ti to), kh nng cung cp,
kh nng thay th cn c cc chuyn gia a cht, lm nghip, nng nghip cung cp.
Chng s gip ch d n iu chnh quy m thch hp nhm pht trin lu di. Hin
nay, chng ta c
th thy s kt hp nhun nhuyn gia d n sn xut v vn qun
l ti nguyn cung cp cho d n. Ch nh my ng phi u t cho vic trng ma,
ch nh my giy qun l lun cng tc trng rng cung cp tre, g, nguyn liu...
Cc kin thc v sinh thi, v s lng, cht lng cc loi, v a dng ng, thc
vt... ti khu vc t d n rt cn thit cho cng tc TM. Cc loi kin thc ny
thng do cc nh sinh vt cung cp, thng qua thu thp ti liu v kho st iu tra.
Cc kin thc v cht lng mi trng vt l, c bit l khng kh v nc cn
cho vic nh gi tc ng nc thi, kh thi n mi trng. Vi khi kin thc ny
rt cn ti s h tr ca cc nh khoa hc kh tng, thu vn v mi trng.
- Khi kin thc v vn h
a, x hi vi cc thng s v dn c, dn s, phn b dn
c, v li sng, mc sng, truyn thng cng ng.... cng rt cn cho cng tc TM.
- Khi kin thc v TM m ni dung ca n
s c cp trong gio trnh ny.
Vit Nam c
nhiu vin, trung tm nghin cu, cc trng i hc, y l ngun
cung cp chuyn gia v cc lnh vc k trn. Thc t cho thy, s kt hp gia ch d
n vi cc c quan ny gip cho vic thc hin TM i n kt qu.
1.5.5. Vai tr ca cng ng
Cng ng ni t d n l nhng ngi chu tc ng trc tip ca d n, v
vy, h c
quyn c bit v c tham gia vo cng tc TM. Cng ng y
bao gm ton b c dn sng trong khu vc, ngha l h c
kin thc a dng, c

trnh hiu bit nht nh. Nhiu ngi trong h l bc s, k s, nh khoa hc,
cng nhn, sinh vin... nn h c
nhng nhn thc nht nh v kh nng tc ng
ca d n. Vn l phi to c ch nh th no c
th dn ti s
ng g
p ca
cng ng c
hiu qu.
Hin nay, cc nc pht trin, s tham gia ca cng ng c ghi nhn nh mt
th tc khng th thiu trong qu trnh TM. cc nc ang pht trin, s
ng g
p
ca cng ng c n b hn ch, song trong tng lai s
ng g
p ny s pht huy tc
dng ca mnh.
25

1.6. Phn cp d n phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam

Theo quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng, tt c cc d n khi xut u phi
xem xt nh gi v mt mi trng. Ty theo loi d n cng nh quy m ln nh ca
d n m mc tc ng ti mi trng ca cc d n c
th khc nhau. C
nhng d
n c
nhiu tc ng tiu cc ng k, tuy nhin, c
nhng d n khng c
tc ng tiu
cc no l ng k. V th, qun l vic thc hin TM, Nh nc phi a ra quy
nh phn cp cc d n v thc hin TM, trong
c
d n phi lp bo co TM
v trnh thm nh ph duyt, nhng cng c
d n khng phi lp bo co TM m
ch cn lp bn cam kt bo v mi trng.
Do s lng cc d n rt nhiu nn vic phn cp nh trn s gip cho vic qun l
TM cc d n thun li hn.
K t sau khi Quc hi ph duyt Lut Bo v mi trng sa i nm 2005, phn
cp thc hin TM ca Nh nc c quy nh trong Ngh nh s 802006N-CP
ngy 0982006 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca
Lut Bo v mi trng, v gn y nht l trong Ngh nh s 292011N-CP ngy
1842011 ca Chnh ph v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi
trng, cam kt bo v mi trng (sau y gi tt l Ngh nh s 292011N-CP) v
Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 292011N-CP ngy 1842011 ca
Chnh ph v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt
bo v mi trng (sau y gi tt l Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT).
Danh mc cc d n phi lp bo co TM c quy nh c th trong Ngh nh
s 292011N-CP ngy 1842011 ca Chnh ph v nh gi mi trng chin lc,
nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi. Trong h thng TM ca Vit Nam
hin nay phn thnh 3 cp da vo quy m, tm quan trng v tnh cht c th ca cc
d n. C th nh sau:
(1) nh gi mi trng chin lc (MC)
nh gi mi trng chin lc l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi
trng ca cc chng trnh, quy hoch, k hoch c
quy m ln ca nh nc hoc ca
cc tnh. Cp qun l thc hin MC ch yu l cp b, trung ng v mt s d n ln
ca cp tnh.
(2) nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) cc d n
y l hot ng nh gi tc ng mi trng cho cc d n thuc danh mc cc
d n phi lp v thm nh bo co TM c xc nh trong Lut Bo v mi trng
v cc vn bn quy nh ca chnh ph v TM. Cp qun l, thc hin cc MT ch
yu l cp tnh.
26

(3) Cam kt bo v mi trng (CKBVMT)

Nhng d n khng thuc danh mc cc d n phi lp v thm nh bo co MC
hoc bo co TM th ch d n phi lp bn CKBVMT. Bn cam kt ny cng phi
trnh cho c quan qun l mi trng xem xt v xc nhn. Phn loi v ni dung bn
CKBVMT c quy nh c th trong ph lc ca Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT
ngy 1872011 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca
Ngh nh s 292011N-CP. Cp qun l ph duyt cc CKBVMT l cp huyn hoc
Ch tch UBND x nu c s y quyn ca Ch tch UBND huyn.
27

Chng 2. LP CAM KT BO V MI TRNG

2.1. i tng phi lp, ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng
Cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v quy m h gia nh v i tng khng
thuc quy nh phi lp TM phi c
bn CKBVMT.
Theo iu 29 ca Ngh nh s 292011N-CP ngy 1842011 ca Chnh ph v
nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi
trng v iu 45 ca Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 292011N-CP
th i tng phi lp, ng k bn CKBVMT l:
- Ch cc d n, t chc, c nhn xut cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch
v (sau y gi chung l ch d n) sau phi lp, ng k bn CKBVMT:
 D n c
tnh cht, quy m, cng sut khng thuc danh mc hoc di mc quy
nh ca danh mc ti Ph lc II, Ngh nh s 292011N-CP; xut hot ng sn
xut, kinh doanh, dch v khng thuc i tng phi lp d n u t nhng c
pht
sinh cht thi sn xut.
 D n, xut ci to, m rng, nng cp, nng cng sut ca c s sn xut,
kinh doanh, dch v ang hot ng c ng k, xc nhn bn cam kt bo v mi
trng hoc xc nhn bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng hoc ph duyt, xc nhn
n bo v mi trng nhng cha ti mc lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
quy nh ti im b Khon 1 iu 10 Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT.
- D n, xut hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v c ng k bn
CKBVMT nhng cha i vo vn hnh phi lp v ng k li bn CKBVMT trong cc
trng hp sau:
 Thay i a im thc hin;
 Khng trin khai thc hin trong thi hn hai bn (24) thng, k t ngy bn
CKBVMT c ng k;
 Tng quy m, cng sut hoc thay i cng ngh lm gia tng phm vi gy tc
ng hoc lm gia tng cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng khng do cht thi gy ra
hoc lm gia tng tng lng cht thi hoc pht sinh cc loi cht thi mi, cht thi c

thnh phn gy nhim cao hn so vi d bo trong bn cam kt bo v mi trng
c ng k nhng cha ti mc phi lp bo co TM.
28

2.2. Thi im ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng

- i vi d n thm d , khai thc khong sn, ch d n phi ng k bn cam kt
bo v mi trng trc khi ngh c quan c
thm quyn cp, iu chnh giy php
thm d , giy php khai thc.
- i vi d n thm d du kh, ch d n phi ng k bn cam kt bo v mi
trng trc khi khoan thm d .
- i vi d n u t c
hng mc xy dng cng trnh thuc i tng phi xin
giy php xy dng, ch d n phi ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng trc khi
ngh c quan c
thm quyn cp, iu chnh giy php xy dng.
- i vi cc d n, hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v th ch d n hoc ch
c s phi ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng trc khi thc hin u t, sn xut,
kinh doanh.
2.3. Ni dung bn cam kt bo v mi trng
Hin nay, theo Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 v Ngh nh s
292011N-CP ngy 1842011, bn cam kt bo v mi trng bao gm 2 loi: Bn
cam kt BVMT i vi d n c
d n u t v Bn cam kt BVMT i vi d n
khng thuc i tng phi lp d n u t. Mi loi d n c
yu cu v ni dung
khc nhau, c th nh sau:
2.3.1. Ni dung bn cam kt bo v mi trng i vi cc d n u t
Ni dung ca bn CKBVMT i vi d n c
d n u t c
nhng ni dung
chnh nh sau:
 Thng tin chung
Nu t
m tt v tn d n u t; Ch d n; a ch lin h ca ch d n; Ngi
i din theo php lut ca ch d n; Phng tin lin lc vi ch d n; a im
thc hin d n; Quy m sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; Nhu cu nguyn liu, nhin liu
s dng.
 Cc tc ng mi trng
- Lit k ngun pht sinh, tng lng pht sinh trn mt n v thi gian, thnh
phn cht thi v hm lngnng ca tng thnh phn ca cc loi cht thi pht
sinh t hot ng ca d n: kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn, cht thi khc.
- Nu t
m tt cc tc ng (nu c
) do: s x
i m n, trt, st, l, ln t; s x
i
l b sng, b sui, b h, b bin; s bi lng l ng sng, l ng sui, l ng h; s thay
i mc nc mt, nc di t; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; s bin i vi kh
hu; s suy thoi cc thnh phn mi trng; s bin i a dng sinh hc v cc yu
t khc.
29

 Bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc

- X l cht thi:
 Mi loi cht thi pht sinh u phi km theo bin php x l tng ng, thuyt
minh v mc kh thi, hiu suthiu qu x l. Trong trng hp khng th c
bin
php hoc c
nhng kh
kh thi trong khun kh ca d n phi nu r l do v c
kin
ngh c th cc c quan lin quan c
hng gii quyt, quyt nh.
 Phi c
chng minh rng, sau khi p dng bin php th cc cht thi s c x
l n mc no, c
so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin
hnh. Trng hp khng p ng c yu cu quy nh th phi nu r l do v c

kin ngh c th cc c quan lin quan c
hng gii quyt, quyt nh.
- Gim thiu cc tc ng khc:
Mi loi tc ng pht sinh u phi km theo bin php gim thiu tng ng,
thuyt minh v mc kh thi, hiu suthiu qu x l. c bit cn phi nu r kt
qu ca vic p dng cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc, ph ng nga v ng
ph
s c mi trng ca c s ang hot ng v phn tch cc nguyn nhn ca kt
qu
. Trong trng hp khng th c
bin php hoc c
nhng kh
kh thi trong
khun kh ca d n th phi nu r l do v c
kin ngh c th cc c quan lin
quan c
hng gii quyt, quyt nh.
 Cc cng trnh x l mi trng, chng trnh gim st mi trng
- Cc cng trnh x l mi trng
 Lit k y cc cng trnh x l mi trng i vi cht thi rn, lng, kh v
cht thi khc trong khun kh ca d n; km theo tin thi cng c th cho tng
cng trnh;
 Cc cng trnh x l mi trng phi c lm r v chng loi, c tnh k
thut, s lng cn thit. (Cn phi nu r hin trng cc cng trnh, bin php bo v
mi trng hin c
ca c s ang hot ng v mi lin h ca cc cng trnh ny vi
h thng cng trnh, bin php bo v mi trng ca d n ci to, nng cp, nng
cng sut).
- Chng trnh gim st mi trng
i hi phi gim st lu lngtng lng thi v gim st nhng thng s
nhim c trng cho cht thi ca d n theo tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh ca Vit
Nam, vi tn sut ti thiu 01 ln06 thng. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th
trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh.
 Cam kt thc hin
Cam kt v vic thc hin cc bin php x l cht thi, gim thiu tc ng khc
nu trong bn cam kt; cam kt x l t cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut hin hnh
30

v mi trng; cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng khc theo quy nh
hin hnh ca php lut Vit Nam.
2.3.2. Ni dung bn cam kt bo v mi trng i vi cc hot ng sn xut, kinh
doanh, dch v khng thuc i tng phi lp d n u t
 Cam kt ca ch c s sn xut, kinh doanh
Ch d n cam kt thc hin nghim chnh cc quy nh v bo v mi trng ca
Lut Bo v mi trng, cc vn bn di lut v cc quy nh ring ti a phng;
Cam kt thc hin y cc bin php bo v mi trng c nu trong bn cam
kt BVMT v cc tiu chun, quy chun k thut v mi trng c
lin quan; Cam kt
m bo chnh xc ca cc thng tin v ni dung in trong bn cam kt bo v
mi trng.
 Thng tin c bn v hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh
Nu y tn c s sn xut, kinh doanh; a im d kin trin khai hot ng
sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; Loi hnh sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; sn phm v s
lng; Din tch mt bng c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; Nguyn liu, ph liu,
ph gia, h
a cht, dung mi, cht bo qun, thuc tr su, thuc dit c v cc nguyn
vt liu khc s c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut; nhu cu s dng tng loi; Nhu
cu s dng nhin liu: du, than, ci, gas, in...
 Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu trong giai on thi cng
xy dng
Bng 2.1. Tng hp cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu
trong giai on thi cng xy dng
Yu t gy tc ng
Kh thi t cc
phng tin vn
chuyn, my m
c thi
cng
Tnh trng
C

Khng
Bin php gim thiu
Cam kt
C

Khng
S dng phng tin, my m
c thi
cng qua kim nh
S dng loi nhin liu t gy nhim
nh k bo dng phng tin, thit b
Bin php khc
Bi
Cch ly, phun nc gim bi
Bin php khc
nh k bo dng thit b
Ting n
B tr thi gian thi cng ph hp
Bin php khc
31

Yu t gy tc ng
Tnh trng
C

Bin php gim thiu
Khng
Cam kt
C

Khng
C
bin php thu gom, x l s b
trc khi thi ra mi trng
Nc thi sinh hot
C
bin php thu gom v thu n v
c
chc nng x l theo quy nh
Bin php khc
Nc ma chy trn
C
h thng rnh thu nc, h ga thu
gom, lng lc nc ma chy trn
trc khi thot ra mi trng
Thu gom v ti s dng
Thu gom ti ch hoc ti s dng
Cht thi rn xy
dng
thi ng ti cc a im quy nh
ca a phng
Thu gom, hp ng vi n v c
chc
nng x l
Cht thi rn sinh
hot
t
Bin php khc
Cc yu t gy mt
an ton lao ng
Cc yu t gy nh
hng, gin on ti
hot ng sn xut
v x hi
Trang b cc trang thit b bo h lao
ng cn thit cho ngi lao ng
Bin php khc
Ln k hoch cho tng hot ng, bo
co vi cng ng a phng
c h tr
Bin php khc

 Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu trong giai on hot ng.

Bng 2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php gim thiu

trong giai on hot ng
Yu t gy
tc ng
Tnh trng
C
Khng
Bin php gim thiu
Lp t ng kh
i vi chiu cao cho php
Kh thi
Lp t qut thng gi
vi b lc khng kh
cui ng ng
Tit kim nhin liu s dng
Bin php khc
Cch ly, phun nc gim bi
Bi
Lp t h thng ht bi
Bin php khc
Mi
32
Lp t qut thng gi

Bin php khc
Cam kt
C

Khng

Yu t gy
tc ng
Tnh trng
Bin php gim thiu
C
Khng
Cam kt
C

Khng
nh k bo dng thit b
Ting n
Cch m gim ting n
Bin php khc
Nhit cao
xung quanh khu
vc sn xut
Nc thi sinh
hot
Lp t qut thng gi

Bin php khc
X l s b bng b t hoi trc khi thi vo
h thng thot nc chung
X l p ng QCVN trc khi thi ra mi trng
Bin php khc
Nc thi t h
thng lm mt
Thu gom v ti s dng
Bin php khc
Thu gom nc thi (b, ao, h, knh...)
Nc thi t
qu trnh sn
xut
Xy dng h thng x l nc thi sn xut
X l nc thi p ng tiu chun, quy
chun quy nh trc khi thi ra ngun nc
Bin php khc
Cht thi rn
Thu gom cht thi rn (khu cha rc)
Thu gom ti ch hoc ti s dng
Cht thi rn v
c
Hp ng vi n v c
chc nng thu gom
t
Bin php khc

Cht thi rn
hu c
Lm phn hu c vi sinh, kh sinh hc, ti s
dng
Hp ng vi n v c
chc nng thu gom
Bin php khc
Cc yu t gy
mt an ton lao
ng
Trang b cc trang thit b bo h lao ng cn
thit cho ngi lao ng
Cc yu t gy
nh hng,
gin on ti
hot ng sn
xut v x hi
Ln k hoch cho tng hot ng sn xut,
bo co vi cng ng a phng c
h tr
Cc yu t gy
phin toi v
nguy c i vi
sc khe cng
ng
B tr khu vc sn xut cch khu vc ng
dn c xa nht c
th
Cc yu t gy
nguy c chy, n
Trang b, lp t cc thit b ph ng chy cha
chy
Bin php khc
Bin php khc
Bin php khc
33

2.4. H s ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng

- H s ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng i vi d n thuc i tng phi
lp bn cam kt bo v mi trng gm:
 Ba (03) bn cam kt bo v mi trng vi hnh thc trang ba, trang ph ba v
yu cu v cu trc v ni dung thc hin theo mu quy nh ti cc ph lc 5.1 v 5.2
ca Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT.
 Mt (01) d n u t (bo co nghin cu kh thi) c
ch k (ghi r h tn, chc
danh) ca ngi i din c
thm quyn v
ng du (nu c
) ca ch d n.
- H s ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng i vi xut hot ng sn xut,
kinh doanh, dch v thuc i tng phi lp bn cam kt bo v mi trng gm:
 Ba (03) bn cam kt bo v mi trng vi yu cu v cu trc v ni dung thc
hin theo mu quy nh ti ph lc 5.3 ca Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT.
 Mt (01) bn xut hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v c chng thc
bi ch k ca ngi i din c
thm quyn v
ng du (nu c
) ca c s sn xut,
kinh doanh, dch v.
- i vi i tng quy nh ti im b, Khon 1, iu 45, Thng t s
262011TT-BTNMT, ngoi cc vn bn quy nh nh trn, h s ng k bn cam kt
bo v mi trng phi km theo mt (01) bn sao vn bn chng minh bn cam kt
bo v mi trng c ng k hoc giy xc nhn bn ng k t tiu chun mi
trng hoc giy xc nhn n bo v mi trng ca c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch
v ang hot ng.
- i vi i tng quy nh ti Khon 2, iu 45, Thng t s 262011TTBTNMT, ngoi cc vn
iu 45, h s ng
k bn cam kt bo v mi trng phi km theo mt (01) bn sao vn bn chng minh
vic ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng ca d n, xut hot ng sn xut, kinh
doanh trc
.
2.5. T chc ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng
- y ban nhn dn cp huyn c
trch nhim t chc vic ng k bn cam kt bo
v mi trng.
- Trong mt s trng hp, y ban nhn dn cp huyn c
th y quyn cho y
ban nhn dn cp x (mu y quyn c quy nh trong ph lc 5.4 ca Thng t s
262011TT-BTNMT) t chc vic ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng:
 Hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v nm trn a bn mt (01) x, khng
thuc i tng phi lp d n u t (bo co nghin cu kh thi);
34

 D n u t nm trn a bn mt (01) x, khng pht sinh cht thi trong qu

trnh trin khai thc hin.
- i vi d n u t, hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v thc hin trn a
bn t hai (02) huyn tr ln, ch d n, ch c s sn xut, kinh doanh c thc hin
vic ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng ti mt trong cc y ban nhn dn cp
huyn, ni thun li nht cho ch d n, ch c s.
- i vi d n u t thc hin trn vng bin cha xc nh c c th trch
nhim qun l hnh chnh ca y ban nhn dn cp huyn, ch d n thc hin vic
ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng ti y ban nhn dn cp huyn ni ng k x
l, thi b cht thi ca d n. Trng hp d n khng c
cht thi phi a vo t
lin ti ch, ti s dng, x l, thi b, ch d n khng phi thc hin vic ng k
bn cam kt bo v mi trng.
2.6. Quy trnh ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng
Vic ng k cam kt bo v mi trng c thc hin theo quy trnh sau:
- Ch d n, ch c s gi h s ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng n c
quan c
thm quyn quy nh ti iu 32 Ngh nh s 292011N-CP.
- Trong thi hn nm (05) ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn h s, c quan c
thm
quyn quy nh ti iu 32 Ngh nh s 292011N-CP c
trch nhim thng bo
bng vn bn cho ch d n, ch c s bit v vic chp nhn h s hoc khng chp
nhn h s bn cam kt bo v mi trng. Trng hp khng chp nhn, phi nu r
l do bng vn bn.
2.7. Cch vit bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.7.1. Nhng quy nh chung v bn cam kt bo v mi trng
- Ch th ca bn CKBVMT l ch d n.
- Ni dung v hnh thc ca bn CKBVMT phi tun th theo cc quy nh ca
Ngh nh s 292011N-CP v Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT.
- Cc d liu, s liu v cc thng tin quan trng s dng trong bn CKBVMT phi
ghi r ngun gc, tn ti liu tham kho.
- Trong bn cam kt cn s dng cc biu , s v hnh v minh ha nhng
ni dung cn thit.
- Cc ch vit tt phi c thng k trong bng t u bn cam kt.
- Ti liu tham kho c t cui bn cam kt. Cc ti liu c thng k theo
trnh t: ting vit, ting nc ngoi.
35

Thu thp thng tin t d n

Kho st hin trng ni xy dng d n
nh gi chung hin trng mi trng ni thc hin d n
nh gi tc ng ca ngun nhim
xut bin php gim thiu
Xy dng chng trnh qun l gim st
Hon thnh h s cam kt bo v mi trng
Trnh ph ng TNMT a phng xin thm nh
Hnh 2.1. Quy trnh thc hin bn cam kt bo v mi trng
2.7.2. Cc phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng s dng trong khi lp bn
cam kt bo v mi trng
Trong qu trnh lp bn CKBVMT i vi cc d n u t c
th tin hnh nh
gi tc ng mi trng bng cch kt hp cc phng php sau y:
- Phng php lit k.
- Phng php ma trn.
- Phng php danh mc.
- Phng php chuyn gia.
- Phng php nh gi nhanh.
- Phng php nghin cu, kho st thc a
- Phng php m hnh h
a.
2.7.3. M t cng vic
- Kho st iu kin a l, a cht, kh tng, thy vn
- iu tra, kho st, thu thp s liu v iu kin t nhin, mi trng, KT-XH.
36

- Thu mu nc, mu khng kh, mu t ti khu vc d n v phn tch ti ph ng

th nghim.
- Xc nh cc yu t vi kh hu trong khu vc d n.
- nh gi hin trng mi trng khu vc thc hin d n.
- Xc nh cc ngun gy nhim ca d n nh: kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn,
ting n; xc nh cc loi cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng ca
d n bng cc phng php thng k, phn tch, thu thp, nh gi nhanh.
- nh gi mc tc ng, nh hng ca cc ngun nhim k trn n cc yu
t ti nguyn, mi trng, x hi, con ngi xung quanh khu vc thc hin d n.
- Xy dng cc bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng cho giai on xy dng
d n.
- Xy dng cc bin php gim thiu nhim, phng n qun l mi trng qu
trnh hot ng v d ph ng s c mi trng.
- xut phng n x l nc thi, kh thi, phng n thu gom v x l cht thi
rn t hot ng ca d n.
- Xy dng chng trnh gim st mi trng.
2.8. Qun l thc hin bn cam kt bo v mi trng sau khi bn cam kt bo v
mi trng c ng k
2.8.1. Gi bn cam kt bo v mi trng c ng k
- Trng hp bn cam kt bo v mi trng c ng k ti y ban nhn dn cp
huyn: Trong thi hn hai (02) ngy lm vic, y ban nhn dn cp huyn gi ch d
n, c quan qun l v bo v mi trng cp huyn v y ban nhn dn cp x ni
thc hin d n u t, sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v mi ni mt (01) bn cam kt bo
v mi trng ng k; trng hp d n u t, sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v thc
hin trn a bn t hai (02) huyn tr ln, phi gi cho y ban nhn dn cp huyn c

lin quan.
- Trng hp bn cam kt bo v mi trng c ng k ti y ban nhn dn cp
x: Trong thi hn hai (02) ngy lm vic, y ban nhn dn cp x gi ch d n, c
quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng cp huyn mi ni mt (01) bn cam kt
bo v mi trng c ng k.
2.8.2. Trch nhim ca ch d n sau khi bn cam kt bo v mi trng c
ng k
- T chc thc hin cc bin php gim thiu nhng tc ng xu n mi trng
trong bn cam kt bo v mi trng c ng k.
- Dng hot ng v bo co kp thi cho y ban nhn dn cp x, y ban nhn
dn cp huyn ni c
d n ch o v phi hp x l trong trng hp xy ra s
37

c gy nh hng xu n cht lng mi trng v sc khe cng ng trong qu

trnh thc hin d n, sn xut, kinh doanh.
- Hp tc, to iu kin thun li, cung cp mi thng tin cn thit c
lin quan
c quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng tin hnh cc hot ng gim st, kim
tra, thanh tra trong qu trnh thc hin d n u t, hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh.
- Lp li bn cam kt bo v mi trng cho d n u t, hot ng sn xut, kinh
doanh, dch v trong cc trng hp sau y:
 Thay i a im thc hin;
 Khng trin khai thc hin trong thi hn hai mi bn (24) thng, k t ngy
bn cam kt bo v mi trng c ng k;
 Thay i quy m, cng sut, cng ngh lm gia tng mc tc ng xu n
mi trng hoc phm vi chu tc ng do nhng thay i ny gy ra.
- Trng hp d n u t, hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v c
thay i tnh
cht hoc quy m n mc tng ng vi i tng phi lp bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng c quy nh ti ph lc II, Ngh nh s 292011N-CP, ch d n,
ch c s phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng gi c quan c
thm quyn
quy nh ti iu 18, Ngh nh s 292011N-CP c thm nh, ph duyt theo
quy nh.
2.8.3. Trch nhim ca c quan nh nc ng k cam kt bo v mi trng
- Kim tra vic thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong bn cam kt bo v
mi trng c ng k v cc quy nh ca php lut hin hnh v bo v mi
trng trong qu trnh thc hin d n u t, hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh.
- Tip nhn v x l cc kin xut, kin ngh ca ch d n, ch c s hoc cc
t chc, c nhn lin quan n vic thc hin cc ni dung, bin php bo v mi
trng trong qu trnh thc hin d n u t, hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh.
- Phi hp vi ch d n, ch c s sn xut, kinh doanh x l kp thi cc s c
xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin d n u t, hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh.
38

Chng 3. NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) phi do chnh t chc (cng ty, c nhn)
xut d n (chng trnh hoc chnh sch) thc hin, cng c
th mi n v chuyn
trch (hay chuyn gia t vn) thc hin. Sn phm ca nghin cu TM l mt bo co
TM mc s b hoc chi tit ty theo quy nh i vi tng loi d n. Bo co
TM do c quan qun l mi trng ca Nh nc hoc t chc cho vay vn xem xt,
thm nh theo phn cp.
3.1. Chu trnh d n v trnh t thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng
Chu trnh d n v trnh t thc hin TM c quy nh c th trong cc vn bn
php lut ca Vit Nam.
3.1.1. Chu trnh d n
N
i chung, bt k mt d n no cng u thc hin theo mt trnh t t quy hoch,
n nghin cu tin kh thi, nghin cu kh thi, thit k k thut, thi cng xy dng v
cui cng l qun l vn hnh d n, cc giai on
to nn chu trnh d n.
 Giai on quy hoch
Phn ln cc d n c xut trong qu trnh lp cc quy hoch pht trin ca
cc lnh vc s dng ti nguyn. Th d: trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc l quy hoch v
ti nguyn nc xc nh phng n khai thc s dng hp l ngun nc lu vc
hoc khu vc (nh tnh), cng nh xut cc cng trnh ch yu cn xy dng nh
nc xem xt. Cc cng trnh khai thc s dng ngun nc c xut trong giai
on quy hoch mi ch l nhng xut ban u nhm hnh thnh bc u khi nim
v d n (nh hnh thc cng trnh, v tr xy dng, quy m ngh...) m cha i su
v tnh ton v mt k thut ca cng trnh.
 Giai on lp bo co u t
Giai on ny c n gi l nghin cu tin kh thi, l giai on tip sau giai on quy
hoch khi cng trnh xut trong quy hoch c chp thun v cho nghin cu su
hn. Bo co u t cn phi tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t k thut cho cc phng n
xut v phng n chn mc s b nhm cung cp cc c s ch d n xem xt
c
nn u t d n hay khng.
 Giai on lp d n u t
Giai on ny c n gi l nghin cu kh thi, l giai on tip theo sau khi bo co
nghin cu tin kh thi c chp nhn. D n u t i su vo tnh ton chi tit tt c
cc phng n v a ra phng n chn. T
, xc nh c cc ch tiu kinh t k
39

thut ca d n, nh gi hiu qu ca d n v a ra k hoch thc hin d n. D n

u t l c s quan trng cp c
thm quyn ra quyt nh cui cng v thc hin
d n, t
c
k hoch chun b ngun vn cho thc hin d n.
 Thit k k thut
Tnh ton cc thng s k thut v lp h s thit k cho cc cng trnh ca d n,
xy dng bn v thi cng v k hoch thi cng cng trnh.
 Thi cng
Xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh theo h s thit k v bn v thi cng
c duyt.
 Qun l vn hnh
Qun l vn hnh cc cng trnh ca d n thu c hiu qu kinh t cho x
hi nh mc tiu d n ra. Giai on ny ko di n khi ht thi gian lm vic ca
cng trnh.
3.1.2. Trnh t thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng
nh gi tc ng mi trng phi tin hnh trong tt c cc giai on thc hin
ca chu trnh d n vi yu cu, mc v ni dung khc nhau tu thuc vo mi giai
on thc hin. Trnh t thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n trong chu
trnh d n ph bin hin nay nhiu nc trn th gii nh hnh 3.1.
TM chi tit
TM s b
Lp d n
u t
Cc vn MT
trong thit k
Thit k k thut
Lp bo co
u t
Cc vn MT
trong thi cng
Sng lc MT
hoc GMTCL
Thi cng xy dng
Quy hoch
Qun l
vn hnh
Cc vn MT
trong vn hnh
Hnh 3.1. Chu trnh d n v trnh t thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng
40

 Giai on quy hoch: sng lc (hay lc duyt) mi trng

Trong giai on quy hoch, ty thuc vo quy m ca quy hoch m c
th phi
thc hin nh gi v mt mi trng cho cc phng n quy hoch la chn
phng n ti u. Nu quy hoch c
quy m ln cp quc gia hoc lin vng, lin tnh
hoc quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi mang ngha chin lc (Mc 1, Lut BVMT
2005) th giai on ny phi thc hin nh gi mi trng chin lc (MC). Nu quy
m quy hoch khng thuc i tng phi thc hin MC th phi tin hnh sng lc
mi trng, hay c n gi l lc duyt mi trng xem xt mt cch s lc xem kh
nng gy tc ng n mi trng ca cc hot ng (hoc d n c th) c xut
trong cc phng n quy hoch, c bit l i vi phng n quy hoch c chn.
Qua xem xt cc phng n khc nhau ca quy hoch, kt hp vi kt qu ca sng
lc mi trng cho cc phng n v cng trnh, c
th nh gi c phng n no
gy t tc ng tiu cc n mi trng a ra kin la chn.
Trong sng lc mi trng, cn phi phn tch nhn bit cc tc ng mi trng
ca d n xut v sau
tin hnh sng lc thy c cc vn mi trng ch
yu c
lin quan n d n, c bit l quy m d n, v tr xy dng.
Qua sng lc mi trng, ngi lm quy hoch c
th loi ra cc vn mi trng
khng quan trng v ch ra cc hot ng no ca d n c
kh nng gy ra nhng tc
ng ng k v nhng vn mi trng tim tng no cha n trong vng d n cn
phi quan tm khi tin hnh d n. T
, phn on nhng tc ng n mi trng
ca d n ang nghin cu nhm xut kin iu chnh d n theo hng tt hn.
 Giai on lp bo co u t
nc ta, giai on lp bo co u t trc y c n gi l giai on nghin cu
tin kh thi. Trong giai on ny, nhiu nc trn th gii quy nh phi nh gi tc
ng mi trng s b.
TM s b c
yu cu cao hn sng lc mi trng, trong
yu cu l nh gi
mt cch khi qut cc tc ng mi trng ca d n v ch ra c trong cc tc ng
mi trng th tc ng tiu cc no l ng k nht. Cng nh sng lc mi trng,
TM s b cng cn tr gip cho vic hnh thnh r hn khi nim v d n nu trong
quy hoch d n trc y vn c n nhng vn cha kt lun r rng. Th d nh vn
chn v tr tuyn cng trnh no trong mt s v tr tuyn c
th c trong d n xy
dng h cha nc. Phng n chn phi l phng n va m bo cc yu cu v
kinh t, k thut, li phi m bo sao cho cc tn hi i vi mi trng l t nht.
 Giai on lp d n u t
Giai on lp d n u t trc y c n gi l giai on nghin cu kh thi ca d
n. Lp d n u t l giai on quan trng, c
ngha quyt nh d n c
c thc
hin hay khng. Hu ht cc nc trn th gii u quy nh i vi cc d n ln, phc
41

tp hoc d n c
lin quan ti cc vng nhy cm v mi trng u phi thc hin lp

bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit v trnh cho c quan qun l nh nc v
mi trng c
thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt.
TM chi tit c
yu cu nh gi cao hn so vi TM s b, th hin :
- Phi nh gi mt cch chi tit cc tc ng mi trng, tp trung vo cc tc
ng tiu cc c coi l ng k xc nh c trong TM s b.
- Ngoi nh gi nh tnh c n phi nh lng v d bo cc tc ng mi trng
ch yu ca d n.
- Phi xut v thit k bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc ch yu ca
d n.
- Phi xut chng trnh gim st mi trng d n trong giai on vn hnh
d n.
 Giai on thit k
Trong thit k k thut cn xem xt v gii quyt cc vn mi trng lin quan
n thit k, nh l:
- Chn cc thng s thit k cng trnh ca d n sao cho tht hp l v hn ch ti
mc thp nht nh hng xu ti mi trng khi d n bc vo vn hnh;
- Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc ca d n m
trong giai on nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit xut;
- Xem xt chn phng n thi cng v lp k hoch thi cng sao cho vic thi cng
thc hin d n c thun li v t nh hng xu ti mi trng khu vc thi cng xy
dng cng trnh (ng thi cng, bi khai thc vt liu, ln tri cng nhn...).
 Giai on thi cng xy dng
Trong giai on ny cn xem xt v gii quyt cc vn mi trng trong thi cng
xy dng cc cng trnh, bao gm mt s vn sau:
- T chc thi cng hp l hn ch thp nht nh hng xu ca thi cng ti mi
trng khu vc (x
i l t xung sng, bi, kh
i, ting n...) v gim st cht ch
nhim mi trng trong thi cng;
- T chc khu ln tri cng nhn hp l v gii quyt tt cc vn n , nc sinh
hot, nc thi, rc thi, chm s
c y t, sc kho, gi gn v sinh mi trng khng
dch bnh pht sinh v ly lan;
- Thc hin cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca d n trong thi cng v
cc bin php gim thiu cn thit khc. Th d qun l kim sot nhim mi trng
trong thi cng, thc hin thu dn l ng h, di dn ti nh c, xy dng cc cng trnh k
bo v b h lu, cng x ct.
42

 Giai on vn hnh d n
Giai on ny tp trung gii quyt cc vn mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh
d n, nh l:
- Lp quy trnh vn hnh hp l (hoc ti u) nng cao hiu qu vn hnh khai
thc cc cng trnh ca d n, ng thi hn ch cc thit hi v mi trng do vic vn
hnh khng tt gy nn;
- Thc hin chng trnh gim st mi trng khu vc d n trong sut c giai on
vn hnh cng trnh xut trong nh gi mi trng chi tit;
N
i chung, vi cc d n ln c
nh hng nhiu n mi trng th u phi
thc hin ln lt cc bc nh sng lc mi trng, TM s b v TM chi tit.
C n i vi mt s d n nh, khng quan trng th cc nc u quy nh c
th
hoc khng phi nh gi, hoc ch tin hnh sng lc hoc nh gi tc ng mi
trng s b l .
Mun xc nh mt d n cn thc hin n bc no l cn da vo quy nh
c th trong cc vn bn hng dn v phn cp thc hin TM ca mi nc.
3.1.3. Quy trnh thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam
nh gi tc ng mi trng v bn cht l mt qu trnh d bo, nh gi tc
ng ca mt d n n mi trng bao gm mi trng t nhin, mi trng kinh t x hi v
trng.
c
nhiu nh ngha v TM c a ra nh ca Chng trnh mi trng Lin hp
quc (UNEP-1991), ca y ban kinh t - x hi Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (ESCAP1990), ca Ngn
tuy nhin, cho n nay cha c
mt nh ngha
thng nht.
Vit Nam, nh ngha v TM c quy nh trong lut BVMT 2005: nh gi
tc ng mi trng l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi trng ca d n
u t c th a ra cc bin php bo v mi trng khi trin khai d n
.
TM l mt vic rt quan trng c
ch, c
ngha thc t i vi hot ng kinh t
- x hi ca mt quc gia, mt khu vc. Mt khc, cng tc TM li l mt qu trnh
tng hp, va phn tch va nghin cu rt phc tp vi nhiu lnh vc khoa hc kinh t
v cng ngh khc nhau do
rt tn km v ti chnh. Hn th na, thc hin mt
TM thng phi s dng nhiu chuyn gia c
kinh nghim, trnh cao v mt nhiu
thi gian hon tt.
Chnh v vy, ch cn thc hin TM cho mt s d n quan trng sau khi
tin hnh xem xt y nhiu mt. Mt s d n khc hoc cc hot ng kinh t x hi khc
n
mi trng sinh thi v ti nguyn thin nhin c
th b TM hoc thc hin TM
mc s b.
43

Theo quan im ca Chng trnh mi trng Lin hp quc (UNEP), quy trnh
TM thng c thc hin qua cc bc sau: sng lc, xc nh phm vi, nh gi
tc ng mi trng, thm nh ra quyt nh, quan trc v kim ton mi trng
(auditing).
C n theo quy nh ca nhiu t chc quc t kt hp vi cc quy nh mi trong
Ngh nh s 292011N-CP ca Chnh ph v Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ca
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, quy trnh thc hin TM gm c
4 bc:
- Bc 1: Sng lc d n (lc duyt). y l bc xem d n c
phi thc hin
TM hay khng
- Bc 2: TM s b (TM nhanh).
- Bc 3: TM y (TM chi tit).
- Bc 4: Thm nh.
Ch d n cn da vo cc vn bn php l xc nh d n c
cn thc hin
TM hay khng Bi v TM cn tiu tn mt ngun kinh ph, nhn lc v thi gian
kh ln. xc nh iu ny c
th thc hin vic sng lc v nh gi s b.
3.1.3.1. Sng lc (Screening)
Sng lc (lc duyt) l bc thc hin u tin ca quy trnh TM vi mc tiu
xc nh c
cn c khoa hc mt d n c xut c
cn phi thc hin TM hay
khng v nu cn th thc hin n mc no, TM chi tit hay ch mc s b hoc
khng phi lm g v mt mi trng. Sng lc l bc thc hin mang li li ch khng
ch gii p nhng vn nu trn m c n gip trnh c s lng ph v thi gian, tin
bc ca c quan nh nc, ca ch d n n
i ring v ca ton x hi n
i chung.
C
2 cch sng lc gm sng lc da trn vic lp danh mc d n xc nh v sng
lc da trn b tiu ch v kin thc chuyn gia:
 Sng lc bng vic lp danh mc d n
Da trn kinh nghim qun l, quy m tnh cht ca d n, c quan nh nc c

thm quyn (thng mc Chnh ph) xy dng v ban hnh danh mc cc d n
phi thc hin TM mc khc nhau.
Vit Nam p dng cch tip cn sng lc ny ngay t khi c
Lut Bo v mi
trng nm 1993. Hin nay, trn c s Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005, danh mc
gm 162 loi hnh d n phi lp bo co TM c quy nh ti ph lc II ca
Ngh nh s 292011N-CP ngy 1842011 ca Chnh ph quy nh v nh gi mi
trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng. Nh vy,
cc d n khng nm trong danh mc ny s khng phi lp bo co TM v thay th
vo
l lp bn CKBVMT tng ng vi mt bo co TM n gin.
44

 Sng lc da trn b tiu ch

Cch tip cn ny c da trn c s cc ch tiu gm: ch tiu ngng; ch tiu v
cc vng nhy cm v ch tiu v cc kiu d n.
Ch tiu ngng c xy dng trn cc yu t nh: v tr, din tch t s dng,
yu cu v c s h tng, chi ph v quy m d n.
Ch tiu v vng nhy cm l cn c vo mi quan h ca v tr d n vi cc vng
nhy cm mi trng nh cc khu vc ng dn c, cc khu vc cn bo v nghim
ngt v lch s, vn h
a, ti nguyn thin nhin hoc khu vc c
iu kin mi trng
d b suy thoi, ph hy (vng t ngp nc, vng ca sng...).
Ch tiu v kiu d n c phn thnh cc nh
m: D n nhm ci thin mi
trng; Nhng d n c
tim nng gy tc ng xu ln mi trng nhng d xc nh
v hn ch; Nhng d n c
tc ng mi trng ln phi thc hin TM chi tit.
Cch sng lc ny c
chnh xc, tuy nhin cng c
nhng hn ch c bn
l
th tc hnh chnh v nhiu khi mt thi gian, tn km kinh ph do kh
t c s
ng thun gia ch d n v c quan qun l mi trng c
thm quyn.
sng lc n c cc nh qun l, cn c
mt vn bn quyt nh bc sng
lc. y l vn bn quyt nh cui cng. Vn bn ca sng lc phi a ra c kt
lun: c
cn thit phi tip tc thc hin TM hay khng cn Tip theo
cn c

quyt nh tip theo gii quyt nhng vng mc, nhng khuyn ngh cha thng
nht gia ch d n v c quan kim sot.
Bn cnh
, thc hin c
hiu qu, mt s hot ng hu ch i n quyt nh
bc ny l:
- i thoi gia ch d n v c quan qun l
- Ly t vn ca c quan kim sot nhim, c quan BVMT, bo v ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin (Cc BVMT, V Mi trng, V Thm nh v nh gi tc ng
mi trng, Thanh tra mi trng...).
- Ly t vn t cc nh khoa hc, cc c quan khoa hc khc.
- Kho st cc TM tng t khc
- Ly kin cng ng
T
m li, c
mt sng lc mi trng, cn theo cc bc th hin trong hnh 3.2.
3.1.3.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng s b (IEE)
nh gi tc ng mi trng s b (Initial Environmental examination - IEE) c n
c gi l nh gi tc ng mi trng ban u hay nh gi nhanh cc tc ng mi
trng (Rapid Environment Impacts Assessment - REIA).
45

D n pht trin
(Chun b c
d n)
Bc 1: Kim tra danh mc ca d n
- Theo lut
- Theo quy nh
Bc 2: Kim tra a im ca d n
C
vng phi thc hin TM khng
Bc 3: Tham kho sch, ti liu t liu hng dn
nh gi tc ng mi trng
Bc 4: Thu thp thng tin (cc loi)
Bc 5: Lp danh mc cu hi lc duyt
Bc 6: Lp vn bn lc duyt
Hnh 3.2. Cc bc ca sng lc mi trng
Nu vic sng lc vn khng lm r cc vn mi trng ca d n th ch d n
c yu cu nh gi s b. Vic ny cn c
nghin cu y v kin chuyn gia
xc nh cc tc ng chnh yu ca d n n mi trng.
nh gi s b tc ng mi trng gm cc bc sau:
- Xc nh cc tc ng chnh ca mi trng (t cc hnh ng quan trng ca d
n) ti khu vc d n s xy ra.
- M t chung cc tc ng
, d bo phm vi v mc ca cc tc ng

trong khi nh gi TM.
- Trnh by v lm r c tnh cht cc tc ng, tm quan trng ca cc tc ng

i vi mi trng. Yu cu ca bc ny l phi r v ngn gn c quan qun l
c
th a ra cc quyt nh ph hp.
TM s b cn c tin hnh ngay trong giai on lun chng s b (nghin cu
tin kh thi). nh gi ny gip cho ta thu hp s tranh ci v mt s vn quan trng,
46

nh v v tr, quy m ca d n. Trong mt s trng hp, do lm tt nh gi s b,

kp thi iu chnh khi nim v d n, lm cho vic TM y tr ln khng cn
thit na.
TM s b do c quan ch tr d n thc hin theo cc hng dn TM ca quc
gia hoc ca cc t chc quc t. Cc phng php thng dng l phng php danh
mc v phng php ma trn tc ng mi trng.
Vic thm nh bo nh gi s b bi c quan qun l mi trng c
th dn ti 2
kt lun:
- Khng cn thit lm TM chi tit
- Cn thit lm TM chi tit.
Vic thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng s b l mt cng vic kh
v phc
tp hn vic thc hin mt lc duyt. V vy, khi thc hin nh gi tc ng mi
trng s b (hay nh gi nhanh), chng ta cn la chn mt nh
m chuyn gia c
trnh
cao hn, nhiu kinh nghim hn v ng, phm vi chuyn mn m d n ang
xem xt c
lin quan n.
quyt nh mc tin hnh trong mt nh gi mi trng s b, cng c
th
da vo cc bc trong TM chi tit sau ny v nh
m chuyn gia s quyt nh s
dng phn bc no l cho cng vic ca mnh.
3.1.3.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit
Sau cc bc sng lc, nh gi s b, nghin cu TM chi tit c thc
hin tr li 5 cu hi:
- iu g s xy ra do d n
- Phm vi cc bin i s l g?
- Cc bin i c
nghim trng khng
- C
th lm g gii quyt chng
- Cc c quan c
chc nng quyt nh c
th c thng bo nh th no
Cc bc lp bo co TM chi tit s c th hin trong cc phn sau ca
chng ny.
3.1.3.4. Thm nh v ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit
Bc tip theo trong chu trnh TM l thm nh bo co TM. Hot ng thm
nh nhm mc tiu nh gi, xc nh mc y , tin cy v chnh xc ca cc
thng tin, kt lun nu trong bo co TM. Thng thng, cng tc thm nh v ph
duyt bo co TM c thc hin bi mt c quan nh nc c
thm quyn. Kt qu
thm nh l ra mt quyt nh chp thun vi nhng iu khon, iu kin bt buc
ch d n phi tun th hoc khng chp thun.
47

 Vit Nam, hnh thc thm nh v trch nhim thm nh bo co TM c quy

nh nh sau:
- Hnh thc thm nh bo co TM: Cn c quy nh ti Khon 1, iu 21, Lut
BVMT 2005, vic thm nh bo co TM c thc hin thng qua hnh thc Hi
ng thm nh hoc t chc dch v thm nh.
- Trch nhim thm nh: Cn c quy nh ti Khon 7, iu 21, Lut BVMT 2005,
trch nhim t chc thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM c phn cng cho cc c
quan nh nc Trung ng v a phng nh sau:
 B Ti nguyn v Mi trng t chc hi ng thm nh hoc tuyn chn t
chc dch v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n do
Quc hi, Chnh ph, Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh, ph duyt; d n lin ngnh,
lin tnh;
Danh mc cc d n lin ngnh, lin tnh thuc trch nhim t chc thm nh ca
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng c nu ti Ngh nh s 292011N-CP.
 B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph t chc hi ng thm nh hoc
tuyn chn t chc dch v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc
d n thuc thm quyn quyt nh, ph duyt ca mnh, tr d n lin ngnh, lin tnh;
 U ban nhn dn cp tnh t chc hi ng thm nh hoc tuyn chn t chc
dch v thm nh bo co TM i vi d n trn a bn qun l thuc thm quyn
quyt nh, ph duyt ca mnh v ca Hi ng nhn dn cng cp.
 B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph v y ban nhn dn cp tnh c

thm quyn tuyn chn T chc dch v thm nh thc hin thm nh bo co
TM thuc thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt ca mnh.
3.2. T chc thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng
- Ch d n: Theo quy nh ti iu 18, Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005, ch d
n phi lp bo co TM trnh c quan nh nc c
thm quyn t chc thm nh
v ph duyt. Tuy nhin, do bo co TM i hi tnh khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh
cao, nn ch d n thng thu t chc dch v t vn phi hp lp bo co TM, song
ch d n phi chu trch nhim v cc s liu, kt qu nu trong bo co TM.
- C quan t vn hoc nh
m chuyn gia t vn lp bo co TM (gi chung l t
vn): c
trch nhim gip ch d n lp bo co TM c
cht lng ph hp vi quy
nh php lut hin hnh v yu cu ca cc c quan ti tr quc t hay cho vay vn
thc hin d n (trong trng hp c
yu cu).
T vn TM l cc chuyn gia thuc cc lnh vc khoa hc t nhin, khoa hc x
hi, sinh thi, cng ngh v lut php, m hnh h
a...
T vn TM c
trch nhim lin kt cc cng vic ca nh
m lin ngnh, xc nh
phm vi TM, cch tip cn v phng php lun nh gi. T vn phi c
hiu bit
48

khoa hc lin ngnh, c
kh nng ch o, iu ho cc quan h vi cc chuyn gia lin

quan v cc c quan nh nc, cng chng v ch d n nhm m bo cht lng ca
mt bo co TM.
- Cng ng dn c chu tc ng trc tip ca d n (cng ng): Cng ng c

vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh lp, thm nh bo co TM. Vic tham gia ca cng
ng vo qu trnh TM c
th thc hin thng qua yu cu v tham vn cng ng
quy nh ti iu 20, Lut BVMT v hng dn chi tit ti Thng t s 262011TTBTNMT.
- C quan nh nc c
thm quyn t chc thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM
Trung ng v a phng: Gm cc b, c quan thuc chnh ph v y ban nhn dn
tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng c
thm quyn t chc vic thm nh v ph
duyt bo co TM quy nh ti Khon 7, iu 21, Lut BVMT 2005.
- T chc dch v thm nh: L c quan c B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hoc
UBND tnh tuyn chn t chc dch v thm nh bo co TM. T chc dch v thm
nh c tham gia thm nh theo quyt nh ca c quan ph duyt d n v phi chu
trch nhim v kin, kt lun thm nh ca mnh.
- C quan ti tr d n: C quan ti tr trong nc cng nh nc ngoi thng
thng l cc t chc cho vay vn nh: Ngn hng Th gii (WB), Ngn hng Pht
trin Chu (ADB), Ngn hng u t Pht trin Quc t Nht Bn (JBIC), Ngn hng
c (KW), C quan h tr ca Php (AD)... Cc c quan ny u xem vic lp bo
co TM v ph duyt bo co ny bi c quan c
thm quyn ca Nh nc Vit Nam
l mt trong nhng iu kin bt buc xt cho vay vn.
3.3. Cu trc, yu cu v ni dung ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Hin nay, cu trc v ni dung ca bo co TM c quy nh ti phc lc 2.5
ca Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT bao gm 6 chng, phn m u v phn kt
lun, kin ngh, cam kt. Yu cu v ni dung ca tng phn nh sau:
 M u
Trong phn ny, TM phi cp n xut x ca d n; cc cn c php lut v
k thut ca vic thc hin TM; cc phng php p dng trong qu trnh thc hin
TM v t chc thc hin TM.
 Chng 1: M t t
m tt d n
Cc ni dung chnh ca chng ny bao gm: tn d n; ch d n; v tr a l ca
d n; ni dung chnh ca d n:
- M t mc tiu ca d n
- Khi lng v quy m cc hng mc d n
- M t bin php, khi lng thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n
49

- Cng ngh sn xut, vn hnh

- Danh mc my m
c, thit b
- Nguyn, nhin, vt liu (u vo) v cc chng loi sn phm (u ra) ca d n
- Tin thc hin d n
- Vn u t
- T chc qun l v thc hin d n
 Chng 2: iu kin mi trng t nhin v kinh t x hi khu vc thc hin d n
- iu kin v mi trng t nhin bao gm: iu kin v a l, a cht; iu
kin v kh tng; iu kin thy vnhi vn; Hin trng cht lng cc thnh phn
mi trng vt l; Hin trng ti nguyn sinh hc.
- iu kin v kinh t - x hi khu vc thc hin d n.
 Chng 3: nh gi tc ng mi trng
nh gi tc ng ca d n ti mi trng t nhin v kinh t - x hi c thc
hin theo cc giai on chun b, xy dng, vn hnh v giai on khc ca d n (nu
c
): tho d,
ng ca, ci to phc hi mi trng v cc hot ng khc c
kh nng
gy tc ng n mi trng.
nh gi v cc tc ng do ri ro, s c v nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy
ca cc nh gi.
 Chng 4: Bin php ph ng nga, gim thiu tc ng xu v ph ng nga, ng
ph
s c mi trng
a ra cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n cc i tng t nhin v
kinh t - x hi tng ng vi cc tc ng c cp trong chng 3 v c
l gii
r rng v u im, nhc im, mc kh thi, hiu suthiu qu x l ca cc bin
php.
 Chng 5: Chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng
Xy dng mt chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng cho cc giai on hot
ng ca d n.
 Chng 6: Tham vn kin cng ng
Nu t
m tt qu trnh t chc tham vn kin cng ng ca y ban nhn dn cp
x; i din cng ng dn c (nu c
); T chc chu tc ng trc tip bi d n (nu
c
); C quan ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng c s
h tng khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp trung (nu c
) v kin phn hi v cam
kt ca ch d n i vi cc xut, kin ngh, yu cu ca cc c quan, t chc c
tham vn.
50

 Kt lun, kin ngh v cam kt

- Phi c
kt lun v cc vn , nh: nhn dng v nh gi c ht cc tc
ng cha, vn g c n cha d bo c; nh gi tng qut v mc , quy m
ca cc tc ng xc nh; mc kh thi ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng
tiu cc v ph ng chng, ng ph
cc s c, ri ro mi trng; cc tc ng tiu cc
no khng th c
bin php gim thiu v vt qu kh nng cho php ca ch d n
v nu r l do.
- Kin ngh vi cc cp, cc ngnh lin quan gip gii quyt cc vn vt kh
nng gii quyt ca d n.
- Cc cam kt ca ch d n v vic thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng,
chng trnh gim st mi trng nh nu trong chng 5 (bao gm cc tiu chun,
quy chun k thut mi trng m d n bt buc phi p dng); thc hin cc cam kt
vi cng ng nh nu ti chng 6 ca bo co TM; tun th cc quy nh chung
v bo v mi trng c
lin quan n cc giai on ca d n.
3.4. Cc bc thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit
3.4.1. Cng tc chun b
Cng tc chun b gm cc vic sau:
3.4.1.1. Thnh lp nh
m chuyn gia
Ty thuc vo c im ca d n u t (cng nghip h
a cht, xi mng, du kh,
nhit in, thy in, thy li, giao thng, du lch, thy sn...) v c im mi trng
vng d n, thnh phn chuyn gia ca on nghin cu TM c
th khc nhau. Tuy
nhin, d loi d n no on chuyn gia cng c
th ti thiu cc thnh phn sau:
on trng l chuyn gia v TM c
kh nng t chc nghin cu, sng lc, xc
nh phm vi TM, xy dng cng TM, ng thi c
kh nng phn tch, d bo
tc ng; tng hp, lp bo co TM. i vi d n u t trc tip nc ngoi (DI)
hoc d n h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA), ngoi cc kh nng trn on trng cn
phi l ngi c
kh nng lm vic bng ting Anh (vit, nghe, n
i);
- Chuyn gia v sinh thi hc.
- Chuyn gia v khoa hc mi trng hoc cng ngh mi trng.
- Chuyn gia v x hi hc.
- Cn b tin hc.
i vi cc d n thuc quy m ln thuc cc lnh vc: pht trin ngun nc (h
cha, thy li), cc d n thy in, nhit in, cng nghip, du kh, giao thng ng b,
ng thy, sn bay, khu x l cht thi v tt c cc d n thuc trch nhim thm nh v
51

ph duyt bo co TM ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v cc d n ODA (vay vn

WB, JBIC, ADB, AD, v.v...) on nghin cu TM cn phi c
cc thnh phn:
on trng (vi kh nng nh trnh by trn);
- Chuyn gia sinh thi cn;
- Chuyn gia sinh thi nc;
- Chuyn gia a cht, a l;
- Chuyn gia thy vn;
- Chuyn gia cng ngh mi trng;
- Chuyn gia m hnh h
a mi trng;
- Chuyn gia h
a phn tch;
- Chuyn gia x hi hc;
- Cn b tin hc;
- Lc lng cn b h tr.
Cc chuyn gia nu trn khng nht thit c
hc hm cao (Gio s, Ph
gio s,
Tin s) nhng phi l nhng ngi qua o to chuyn ngnh v TM, cc chuyn
ngnh c
lin quan v c
kinh nghim trong tng lnh vc chuyn mn.
Trong thc t, khng c
mt n v (khoa, trung tm, vin chuyn ngnh) no
nc ta hin nay c
cc thnh phn chuyn gia nu trn. Do vy, ch u t c
th
hp tc vi mt n v t vn (thng l ni c
chuyn gia m ng trch nhim
on trng). Cc n v ny cn mi cc chuyn gia t nhiu n v khc nhau tham
gia vo on nghin cu TM.
3.4.1.2. Chun b v phng tin k thut
m bo cng tc kho st, phn tch, xc nh hin trng mi trng vng d
n, on nghin cu TM cn c m bo c s vt cht cho ph hp.
- Cc ph ng th nghim chuyn ngnh: phn tch h
a - l, phn tch vi sinh, phn
tch sinh hc vi thit b v phng php phn tch theo TCVN, tiu chun ca cc quc
gia tin tin hoc tiu chun ngnh. Trong trng hp nghin cu TM cho cc d n
vay vn quc t, cc phng php phn tch theo tiu chun ca h thng quan trc mi
trng ton cu (GEMS) hoc theo ISO, hoc theo cc phng php tiu chun ca Hoa
K, EU nn c s dng d c cc t chc quc t chp nhn.
- Cc thit b x l, lu tr s liu, lm bn .
- Cc thit b phc v kho st, thu mu thc a: dng c GPS, thit b thu mu
nc, t, thy sinh, khng kh, thit b o n, rung, thit b phn tch cht lng
nc d ngoi,...
52

on nghin cu TM c
th s dng cc trang thit b hin c
ca n v ch tr

TM hoc hp ng vi cc n v c
thit b chuyn dng. Cc n v phn tch,
nghin cu mi trng chu trch nhim vi ch u t v kt qu o c, phn tch.
n v t vn TM thay mt ch u t chu trch nhim v s lng, cht lng
ca i ng chuyn gia v chnh xc ca phng php nghin cu, s liu phn tch
phc v TM. Ch u t chu trch nhim vi cc c quan qun l nh nc v a
phng v s liu ca bo co TM.
3.4.1.3. Yu cu v ti chnh
thc hin nghin cu TM vi lc lng cn b a ngnh, c
cht lng cao,
tha mn yu cu ca ch u t v c quan thm nh, chi ph cho cng tc ny khng
th qu thp.
Hin nay, Vit Nam cng nh nhiu quc gia cha quy nh chnh thc v t l
phn trm chi ph cho TM trn tng vn u t ca d n. Do vy, mc chi ph cho
TM cho cng mt loi hnh, cng quy m d n rt khc nhau, ty thuc vo
thng tho gia ch u t v n v t vn TM hoc ty thuc vo ngun vn t
t chc no.
Do vy, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v B Ti chnh cn quy nh v mc ph
cho nghin cu TM. Mc ph ny c
th l 0,05 (vi d n u t trn 100 triu
USD) n trn 0,2 (vi d n u t di 10 triu USD) tng vn u t ca d n.
C th mc ph TM c quy nh nh sau:
- D n c
vn u t t 100 triu USD tr ln mc ph l 0,05
- D n c
vn u t t 50 triu USD n 100 triu USD mc ph l 0,05 - 0,08
- D n c
vn u t t 20 triu USD n 50 triu USD mc ph l 0,08 - 0,1
- D n c
vn u t t 10 triu USD n 20 triu USD mc ph l 0,1 - 0,2
- D n c
vn u t di 10 triu USD mc ph l 0,2
Mt s d n c
vn u t thp nhng c
tim nng gy tc ng mi trng
phc tp th mc ph cho nghin cu mi trng c
th t 0,2 - 1 tng vn u t
cho d n.
Kinh ph cho TM do ch u t m bo, c tnh vo vn u t ca d n.
3.4.1.4. Yu cu v thi gian nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng
c
mt TM c
cht lng cao theo ng v ni dung, thi gian ti thiu
trin khai, thu thp s liu, kho st, phn tch, d bo mi trng, nghin cu,
xut cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc v lp bo co TM chi tit
53

(khng k thi gian ch thm nh) l 60 ngy i vi d n do cc tnh, thnh ph

thm nh v 100 ngy i vi d n do B TNMT thm nh. Khng quy nh v
thi gian ti a cho nghin cu TM, ty thuc vo bn cht d n v mc phc
tp ca TM.
Cn c
quy nh r v thi gian ch u t c
k hoch trin khai TM ngay t
khi bt u bo co nghin cu kh thi.
3.4.1.5. Thu thp d liu cn thit cho vic bin son bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng
c
c s trin khai nghin cu TM cho d n u t n v t vn cn thu thp
v s dng cc ti liu sau:
 Cc vn bn php l
- Lut BVMT c Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy
29112005 c
hiu lc thi hnh t 0172006.
- Lut t ai thng qua ngy 26112003.
- Lut Khong sn nm 2010 c
hiu lc ngy 01 thng 7 nm 2011.
- Cc Lut khc lin quan n lnh vc chuyn mn ca d n lp bo co TM.
- Ngh nh s 292011N-CP ngy 18042011 ca Chnh ph v nh gi mi
trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng.
- Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng quy nh chi tit mt s iu Ngh nh s 292011N-CP ngy 1842011 ca
Chnh ph v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt
bo v mi trng.
- Cc quy inh khc lin quan n lnh vc chuyn mn ca d n phi lp TM v
bo v mi trng.
- Cc tiu chun Vit Nam, quy chun Vit Nam v mi trng hin ang p dng.
- i vi cc d n vay vn ODA, ngoi cc vn bn php lut ca Vit Nam, cc
vn bn php l, chnh sch an ton mi trng v x hi ca t chc cho vay vn cn
c p dng trong qu trnh trin khai TM.
- Ngoi ra, c n c
cc vn bn hng c lng x. Cc quy nh hng dn ca
a phng.
 Cc ti liu k thut
Cc ti liu k thut chnh cn s dng nghin cu TM c lit k di y.
- Bo co nghin cu kh thi ca d n vi y s liu v v tr; mt bng; s
cng ngh; cc ngun cung cp nguyn liu, cc loi h
a cht, vt t, nhiu liu, nng
54

lng; cc phng n xy dng, vn chuyn, gii ph
ng mt bng, cc gii php trin
khai d n; cc gii php BVMT, ti nh c v cc s km theo.
- Cc s liu v iu kin mi trng vt l vng d n v xung quanh (vng c

th chu tc ng do d n). Mc chi tit ca s liu ph thuc vo yu cu TM:
nu phi p dng m hnh h
a mi trng hoc d bo tc ng v sinh thi th s liu
mi trng nn cn phi rt chi tit. Di y l yu cu ti thiu v cc thnh
phn mi trng.
 a hnh (km theo bn a hnh c
t l ph hp v nu cc vn cn lu
i vi d n);
 a cht (a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn, km theo bn c
t l ph hp
v nu cc vn cn lu i vi d n);
 Th nhng (km bn phn b cc loi t);
 Kh hu (s liu v gi
, lng ma, m, nhit khng kh, bc x, trung bnh
thng trong 5 - 10 nm gn nht ca trm kh tng quc gia hoc trm cp vng, cp
tnh gn vng d n nht);
 Thy vnhi vn (s liu v h thng sng ng i, vn tc, lu lng trung bnh
thng trong 5 - 10 nm gn nht ca cc d ng sng, ch hi vn c
th nh hng
n d n hoc b tc ng do d n). TM i vi mt s loi hnh d n cn c
s
liu kho st thi im thc hin TM (d n thy in, thy li, cc d n cn d
bo v thay i thy vn, din bin cht lng nc);
 Cht lng khng kh: S liu hin c
v s liu do on nghin cu TM phn
tch v bi tng s, bi PM10, SO2, NOx, CO (c
th b sung VOC, ch) ti 5 - 20 im
(ty thuc quy m d n) trong v ven khu vc d n;
 Cht lng nc mt, nc ngm: S liu hin c
v s liu do on nghin cu
TM phn tch 5 -50 im (ty thuc vo quy m d n v vng b nh hng do d
n) v cc thng s chn lc (lin quan n tc ng ca d n n cht lng nc
mt, nc ngm);
Cc thng s c bn ti thiu l: pH, c, DO, SS, NH4, NO3-, NO2-, tng N,
tng P, BOD, du m, E.coli, tng coliform. Nhiu thng s khc cn b sung (kim loi
nng, EC, mn, Al, e, phenol, h
a cht BVTV,...) ty theo bn cht tc ng ca d
n v a im thc hin d n;
 Cht lng mi trng t: S liu hin c
v s liu do on nghin cu TM
phn tch 5 - 50 im (ty quy m vng c
th b nh hng) v thnh phn t t
nhin v cc cht nhim do cht thi lin quan n d n: du m, mt s kim loi
nng c trng.
55

- S liu v mi trng sinh hc

 Cc h sinh thi cn: S liu hin c
v s liu do on nghin cu TM kho st
lp v danh mc cc loi thc vt, mt , gi tr, c im v nhy cm ca h sinh
thi cn;
 H sinh thi nc: S liu hin c
v s liu do on nghin cu TM xc nh
v cc h sinh thi nc vng c
th b nh hng do d n: Danh mc cc loi
phiu sinh thc vt, phiu sinh ng vt, ng vt y, c; nhy cm ca h sinh
thi nc;
Danh mc cc loi thc vt, ng vt trong sch Vit Nam v mc b e da.
3.4.2. Xc nh cc hnh ng quan trng ca d n
Mt d n thng c
cc hnh ng quan trng cn xc nh r t giai on tin
hnh xy dng v giai on d n i vo hot ng. Cc hnh ng ca d n (hay ca
hot ng kinh t - x hi) chnh l cc ngun gy tc ng n mi trng sinh thi
v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.
C
th nu ra cc ngun tc ng chung nht l:
- San lp mt bng; o t, ph ni, lp ao h (n mn).
- Tho nc lm kh mt t, ly nc vo h cha.
- Ngn sng, i d ng chy.
- Xy dng ng giao thng v c s h tng.
- Vn chuyn thit b vt t.
- Lp t thit b, vn hnh th.
- Di dn, thnh lp khu nh canh nh c mi, xy dng th.
- Chuyn mc ch s dng t.
- Di chuyn ti sn.
- Khai thc qu mc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin (c bit quan trng l nc
ngm, nhin liu h
a thch, khu bo tn quc gia, khu vc t ngp nc, rng).
- Vn chuyn hng h
a (nhp, xut).
- Tiu th nguyn liu, sn phm v x l cht thi.
- S dng khng hp l v d tha cc cht h
a hc (b
n phn h
a hc, thuc
BVTV, thuc dit c, cht thi v thc n tha ca chn nui, thc n tha v khng
sinh trong nui trng thy sn).
- Cc cht thi kh (SO2, CO2, NO2...) ca giao thng, kh d r khi vn hnh cc thit
b lnh, bc x , ,
ca cc trm y t, l cao my pht in, trm in, quc ph ng.
56

3.4.3. Xc nh cc tc ng ca cc hnh ng n mi trng v cht lng

cuc sng
3.4.3.1. Cc tc ng ca hnh ng n mi trng
y l bc quan trng nht i hi trnh y , tng hp ca cc chuyn gia
trong nh
m cng tc TM. Mi hnh ng ca d n u tc ng n mi trng v
ty theo mc s lm thay i tnh cht ca mi trng v vt l, h
a hc, sinh hc,
x hi v kinh t vn h
a trn a bn.
V d 1: Lm cn nc mt phn din tch khu vc t ngp nc s thay i h sinh
thi, thay i hoc suy gim ngun gen sinh vt. Nc cn, mt p lc b mt s lm kh
metan (CH4) bc mnh dn n nguy c chy rng. Mt nc mt i lm mt ngun d
tr nc b sung vo ti nc ngm v.v... Nh vy, thay i v nc dn n CH4 bc
ln mnh, h thc vt thay i... l nhng thay i bc 1. K tip cc thay i
l
mc nc ngm gim, tnh cht nc ngm thay i theo,
l cc thay i bc 2.
V d 2: Hot ng ca nh my giy thng gy ra mt s thay i bc 1 l: mi
hi kh
chu (mercaptan) - cht lng khng kh bin i. Khi lng cht thi lng rt
ln cha bt giy, lignin, kim d tha... lm cht lng nc mt thay i. Khai thc
cy nguyn liu lm cht lng rng thay i, che ph thc vt gim xung.
Tt c cc bin i bc 1 v khng kh, nc mt, che ph ca thc vt s dn
n cc thay i bc 2 l: sc kho cng ng gim do khng kh, t rung b thi h
a
do lignin v kim d, gia sc b bnh, c cht hoc nhim c, t b ra tri mnh hn
v che ph gim.
Nhn chung, xc nh c tc ng ca cc hnh ng t mt d n n mi
trng cn phi ch :
- Xc nh , ng hnh ng ca d n.
- Hiu bit tt xc nh bin i bc 1 cho tng d n c th.
- Xc nh bin i bc 2 da vo mc , phm vi ca cc bin i bc 1.
- Phi xem xt ton din c bin i mi trng t nhin ng thi bin i v kinh
t - vn h
a - x hi nhm bo tn vn h
a. Mi cng vic thc cht l nhm xoay
quanh pht trin. V vy, cn lun lun so snh, i chiu c
s ho hp gia pht
trin vi kh nng chu ng tn thng ca mi trng.
lm r vn , ta cn xc nh la chn cc hnh ng ca d n c
kh nng dn
n nh hng cho ngun ti nguyn thin nhin (v ngay c ngun ti nguyn vn h
a),
ngun ti nguyn
bao gm: kh tng, ch thu vn, tnh cht t, nc mt, nc
ngm v tnh cht ca chng. Cc ngun ti nguyn rng, sinh vt, ti nguyn c, ti
nguyn khong sn, ti nguyn bin v.v... Cn phi thy r, pht hin c cc tc ng
bc 1 v c tc ng bc 2 (c
khi xy ra rt chm) bo m pht trin bn vng.
57

Mc tiu: Pht trin kinh t - x hi

Hnh ng thc hin d n pht trin
Cc bin i mi trng do hnh ng pht trin gy ra
To ra tc ng lm bin i ngun TNMT
i chiu
Thng tin phn hi
D n pht trin, hot ng pht trin
Cn cc p ng: bin php ph ng trnh v gim thiu
Hnh 3.3. Phn tch xc nh cc tc ng mi trng ca d n pht trin
(Ngun R. Carpenter - 1993)
3.4.3.2. Cc tc ng ca hnh ng n cht lng cuc sng
Cht lng cuc sng, v c bn l cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi khng ch
v mt vt cht m phi y , ton din c v vn h
a, khoa hc, dn tr, truyn thng
trong pht trin bn vng. Mt ln na nhc li: mc tiu ca chng ta l pht trin song
song nguyn tc l phi bn vng.
Sau khi xc nh cc tc ng nh hng n ngun TNTN v cht lng cuc
sng ca con ngi, cn thit phi xc nh r ngun gc tc ng
. Tip theo
nh gi mc tc ng, ta phi s dng cc phng php phn tch v xp hng (s
trnh by chng 5).
3.4.3.3. Cc vn mi trng nhn vn trong nh gi tc ng mi trng
 Tm quan trng ca nh gi tc ng ti mi trng nhn vn
Mc tiu ca cc d n Vit Nam l nhm pht trin KT-XH p ng nhu
cu ngy cng tng ca nhn dn theo nh hng cng nghip h
a, hin i h
a ca
t nc.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t mc tiu ca mt s d n khng t c l do khng tin
liu ht cc tc ng n mi trng nhn vn. S thay i v KT-XH do d n a li
c
th l tch cc cho phn ln dn chng nhng c
th l tiu cc i vi mt s b
phn ca cng ng. V d: D n xy dng cng trnh thy in g
p phn pht trin
KT-XH ton vng nhng li gy kh
khn cho i sng ca cc h phi di di; D n
pht trin cng bin rt quan trng i vi ngnh giao thng, cng nghip, thng mi
nhng c
th gy thit hi cho ngnh thy sn v du lch ca a phng,...
58

Cc tc ng tiu cc c
tnh cc b nu trn c
th c gim thiu n mc thp

nht nu nghin cu TM tin liu trc cc vn ny v ra gii php khc phc
trc khi tin hnh d n. Nhiu v d Vit Nam v nhiu quc gia trn th gii
chng minh iu ny.
 Cc im trng tm v phn tch kinh t - x hi trong TM
nh gi v mt KT-XH trong TM nhm d bo d n gy nh hng nh th
no i vi cc nh
m dn c sng nh vo ngun ti nguyn trong vng d n. nh
gi KT-XH cng quan trng trong cc d n c
lin quan ti ngi dn a phng (dn
tc t ngi) hoc ngi dn sng trong vng sinh thi nhy cm do mi quan h cht
ch gia li sng, ngun li kinh t, vn h
a, tp qun ca h i vi ngun ti nguyn
thin nhin trong vng. Cc d n dn ti ti nh c bt buc lp cc khu dn c mi
cng a n cc thay i trong quan h gia cng ng a phng v vic s dng ti
nguyn mi trng.
Nhm xc nh v nh gi tc ng v KT-XH cn phn tch cc lnh vc cn u
tin di y.
S khc nhau trong cng ng
Cc cng ng bao gm nhiu thnh phn dn chng c
th c
cng quyn li hoc
khc nhau v quyn li i vi mt d n. Do vy, nh gi v KT-XH trong TM cn
phn chia dn c b tc ng do d n thnh cc nh
m theo cch thc khc nhau v kha
cnh chu tc ng, theo mc b tc ng v theo a gii. Cc nh
m dn chng khc
nhau v mt x hi (v d: ngnh ngh, gii tnh, tui tc, tnh trng kinh t, dn tc,...)
c
th chu tc ng khc nhau.
Cc nh
m ngnh ngh
Vng d n c
th gm dn chng lm vic trong nhiu ngnh ngh, mi ngnh
ngh c
cch thc s dng ti nguyn mi trng khc nhau, thm ch c
khi tri ngc
nhau (v d: Ngnh giao thng thy v nui trng thy sn vng ca sng; ngnh cp
nc v ngnh sn xut bt giy trn cng mt d ng sng). Ngnh nui trng thy sn
v ngnh cp nc cn cht lng nc cao, sng khng b nhim, trong khi
ngnh
cng nghip bt giy v giao thng thy cn x cht thi vo sng, gim chi ph x
l. Nh vy, mt d n c
th to ra li nhun cho ngnh ny nhng li tc ng tiu
cc n ngnh khc. Do
, vic phn tch li ch v tc hi v KT-XH ca d n i
vi tng nh
m ngnh ngh l cn thit.
S phn tng v KT-XH
Cc nh
m dn c trong vng d n c
th khc nhau v thu nhp, v din tch canh
tc,... Do vy, kh nng hng th li ch t d n cng khc nhau. V th, vic xc
nh cc nh
m dn c theo thu nhp cng cn c thc hin trong nghin cu TM.
59

Cc dn tc bn a, dn tc t ngi
Trong vng d n c
th c
dn tc a s v cc dn tc thiu s. Cc nh
m dn
chng ny c
th khc nhau v trnh sn xut, phng thc sn xut, vn h
a, tp
qun, ngn ng v mc ch s dng ti nguyn thin nhin. Do vy, trong TM cho
cc d n vng ny cn phi nghin cu v c im KT-XH v vn h
a ca cc dn
tc. Cn ht sc lu nghin cu v cc dn tc t ngi, bi v h thng c
iu kin
kinh t, vn h
a km pht trin hn ngi a s v thng kh
thch nghi vi vic thay
i mi trng sng v phng thc sn xut.
La tui v gii tnh
nh gi v KT-XH cn xc nh tc ng ca d n n cc c nhn trong cng h
gia nh. Ngi gi c
th b tc ng nng hn so vi ngi tr trong qu trnh ti nh
c hoc thay i theo phng thc sn xut. n ng, ph n, tr em c
vai tr kinh t
khc nhau nn d n c
th gy tc ng khc nhau i vi tng nh
m ngi.
S khc nhau trong cc h thng sn xut
Cc h thng sn xut c
th chu tc ng ca d n nhng mi thnh phn trong
h thng c
th chu tc ng khc nhau v quy m v cch thc. V d: H thng sn
xut v c bao gm cc thnh phn nh: nui thy sn nc ngt, nui thy sn nc
mn, nh bt c bin,... Tc ng mi trng do nhim t d n cng nghip c
th
gy tc hi nng n ngnh nui trng thy sn nhng c
th gy tc ng nh hn i
vi ngnh nh bt.
H thng sn xut nng nghip bao gm cc thnh phn nh: trng trt (vi cc
phng tin hnh thc chuyn canh hoc xen canh), lm nghip, chn nui,... Mi thnh
phn ny chu s tc ng khc nhau d n. V vy vic xc nh khc nhau trong h
thng sn xut l cn thit trong qu trnh phn tch KT-XH ca nghin cu TM.
S khc nhau v phng thc s dng ti nguyn
Cc cng ng trong cng mt vng d n u c
ch quyn s dng cc thnh
phn mi trng mc khc nhau. Th d, v mt php l vng t rng do nh
nc qun l nhng thc s vng
li l ni c tr lm n ca ngi dn a phng.
Mt s h c nh nc giao t, giao rng cho quyn s dng v bo v rng; mt s
khc li khng c
quyn ny. Cho nn, khi c
d n nh hng n vng rng (th d
d n xy dng cng trnh thy in) th mc tc ng ca d n s khc nhau i
vi cc nh
m ngi c
quyn s dng t khc nhau.
Trn y l cc im ct li trong phn tch x hi i vi nghin cu TM do
ngn hng th gii khuyn co. Cc im ny v c bn l ph hp vi yu cu v
TM ca Vit Nam. Trong d bo tc ng KT-XH ca d n, cc vn d n nhy
cm sau y cn c lu c bit:
- Cc vn sinh thi KT- XH trong vng nhy cm (cc vng ni a, rng ngp
mn, vng i b, khu vc bo tn a dng sinh vt, vng bo tn vn h
a dn tc,...);
60

- Cc vn KT- XH ca cc dn tc t ngi;
- Cc vn ti nh c bt buc;
- Cc vn lp cc khu nh c mi;
- Cc vn pht trin km theo (hu qu hoc thnh qu gin tip ca d n): tng
dn s, tng di dn, tng tc th h
a, gia tng nhim...
Sau khi phn tch cc tc ng nh trn, bo co TM cn a n cc gii php v
quy hoch, cng ngh hnh ng ti nh c (chnh sch n b, gii ta, h tr ti nh
c) v chng trnh quan trc ngoi vi v k hoch hnh ng, ti nh c nhm gim
thiu tc ng v KT-XH i vi b phn dn c chu thit th i do d n.
Trong tt c cc qu trnh phn tch, nh gi tc ng v KT- XH v xy dng cc
bin php gim thiu th s tham gia ca cng ng dn c, c bit l cc h c
kh
nng b tc ng tiu cc ngay khi thc hin nghin cu TM v thc hin d n l rt
cn thit.
3.4.4. D bo din bin ca cc tc ng
y l qu trnh d on theo thi gian (5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm) theo khng gian
(tc ng c
b m rng phm vi a gii khng) v theo cng (tc ng din bin
theo chiu hng tng hay gim). Qu trnh d bo din bin ca tc ng n MT v
ti nguyn c
th thc hin c bng phng php c bn l phng php chuyn gia
da trn cc kt qu monitoring MT nh gi. Cng c thc hin thng l: m
hnh h
a, ma trn hoc k thut bn , k thut GIS.
Trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng MT, d bo din bin ca cc tc ng ti MT,
chng ta cn xc nh r cc tc ng, mc v mc quan trng ca loi tc ng
n MT t nhin, n ti nguyn mi trng v n cht lng MT sng. lm tt
vic ny cn phi da vo lut, ngh nh, quy nh, cng c quc t, tha thun quc
t, cc loi tiu chun, quy nh c bit (khu bo tn quc gia, khu d tr sinh quyn,
khu vc nhy cm ca MT t nhin cng nh kinh t - x hi, v...). Cui cng phi xc
nh c s ph hp v tha thun tt ca cng ng.
3.4.5. Xc nh cc bin php gim thiu v qun l tc ng
3.4.5.1. Mc tiu ca bin php gim thiu tc ng
- Trnh cho MT chu nhiu tc ng nhng d n vn phi c
hiu qu.
- Xc lp s ph hp gia tc ng v mc chu ng ca MT
- Lm cho chi ph khc phc mc m cng ng, ch d n c
th chp nhn
c so vi li nhun.
lm tt vic
, phi c
cc thng tin y sau y:
 Kt qu nghin cu tng ng v phng thc, cng ngh, qun l c
th gim
thiu tc ng (vn ny c
th tham kho cc d n tng t - vi cc cng ngh
pht trin hn c n cc cht thi c
th s dng cc tuyn tp s tay hng dn).
61

 Tip nhn cc t liu, ti liu, kinh nghim t nhiu c s khc.

 Cc ngun thng tin khc t cng ng.
Trn c s
tin n vic la chn mt s hng c bn gim thiu, x l v
khc phc cc tc ng
n MT v TNTN.
 Chn phng thc mi, cng ngh mi thay th.
 Thay i mt s chi tit trong quy hoch, thit k.
 Thay i v tr, phm vi, quy m d n.
 B sung cc chi tit ca d n.
 Tng cng cng tc qun l v phng thc ph hp.
Cn lm tt cc vic trn y km theo phng tin thc hin, c
nh vy th cc
phng n gim thiu v khc phc mi c
th kh thi.
3.4.5.2. xut ni dung v cc yu cu qun l, gim st cht lng mi trng
Mc d, d n thc hin lp bo co TM song trong thc t, cc d bo, cc
php o c, cc phng php so snh v nh gi khng bao gi khng gp cc sai s.
Mt khc, mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi lun lun c
bin ng do chu nh
hng t nhiu tc nhn bn trong cng nh bn ngoi. V nguyn nhn
, m bo
cho nhim v kim sot MT ngy cng tt, cn thit phi c
mt k hoch monitoring
tip tc. Nhim v ca moniring l pht hin cc sai s
t m TM gp phi do nguyn
nhn bn trong v bn ngoi.
Yu cu ca monitoring l:
- Xc nh a im, v tr thc hin monitoring.
- Xc nh cc phng php, cng c thc hin theo tiu tr nh trc.
- Xc nh thi gian monitoring v cc bc monitoring.
- So snh, i chiu kt qu monitoring vi TM lm.
Cui cng l s dng cc kt qu ca monitoring iu chnh, gip cho d n
c thc hin y vi kt qu tt nht.
3.4.6. Bin son bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit v bo co t
m tt
3.4.6.1. Yu cu v vn phong trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Cu trc bo co TM tun th ph lc 2.5 km theo Thng t s 262011TTBTNMT ca B Ti ngu
c
nhiu im khng tht
hp l, trong tng lai c
th s c iu chnh theo hng sao cho cu trc mt bo
co TM vn th hin ng, y cc quy nh ca Lut BVMT v Ngh nh s
292011N-CP ca Chnh ph v hi h a vi cu trc v ni dung bo co TM ca
mt s t chc quc t c
uy tn.
62

Bo co TM l vn bn ch u t s dng trong d bo cc tc ng mi
trng, ph ng nga, ng ph
cc tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x
hi, ng thi cng l vn bn c quan qun l nh nc thm nh v gim st sau
thm nh. Do vy, vic trnh by bo co TM cn phi t cc yu cu:
- Hnh vn theo vn phong ca ti liu khoa hc, r rng, logic;
- Trnh li din t nc i c
th th ny hoc th kia. Cn din t, nhn nh
r rng mi c quan, c nhn lin quan u hiu ng ;
- Tp trung trnh by su, mc nh lng cng cao cng tt cc tc ng quan
trng ca d n, trnh dn tri. Khng i vo cc vn th yu (th d: TM d n
nh my thy in phi tp trung nghin cu d bo thay i v thy vn, d ng chy,
x
i m n h lu, cht lng nc h, cc vn di dn, ti nh c,... ch khng cn
i su vo vic tnh ton d bo pht thi bi, nc thi sinh hot...);
- S liu, danh php khoa hc, k thut trong bo co phi c th hin theo quy
nh ca Vit Nam. Th d: pH
7,52 ch khng phi
7.52; natri clorua ch khng
phi l sodium chloride, v.v....;
- Hnh nh, bn phi c
ch thch r rng, khuyn khch in mu;
- Cc bo co TM u phi c
cc mc xp theo th t sau:
 Danh sch nhng ngi thc hin TM (c
th nu chi tit trch nhim trong TM).
 Bng gii thch cc t, cm t vit tt;
 Mc lc;
 Danh mc cc bng;
 Danh mc cc hnh;
 T
m tt bo co TM;
 Ni dung bo co TM chi tit (cc chng, cc phn, mc);
 Ti liu tham kho;
 Ph lc (nu ph lc c
dung lng ln c
th tch thnh tp ring).
- Cc b s liu chi tit v kh hu, thy vn, cht lng mi trng, a dng sinh
hc; s liu, s chi tit v d n; phng php o c, phn tch, tnh ton, kt qu
m hnh d bo,... c t
m tt trong phn bo co chnh v c a vo ph lc
phn bo co chnh c gn v r rng.
3.4.6.2. Bo co t
m tt ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Bo co t
m tt (Executive Summary) cn t
m tt r rng cc ni dung chnh ca
bo co TM chi tit. Bo co t
m tt l vn bn cc c quan, ngi ra quyt nh
c v hiu r v cc vn mi trng ca d n v gii php gim thiu cc tc ng
tiu cc do vy cn c t
m tt cc ni dung c bn ca bo co chnh mc kh chi
tit vi dung lng bng khong 10 dung lng ca bo co chnh.
63

3.5. V d v nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mt s d n c th
3.5.1. Cc d n giao thng ng b
3.5.1.1. Cc vn chung
ngha KT-XH, an ninh quc ph ng ca cc d n giao thng cp quc t,
quc gia l rt cao. Tuy nhin, cc d n ny c
th to ra nhiu tc ng tiu cc c

tnh cc b v mi trng v kinh t, x hi i vi nhn dn b di di do d n v cc
h sinh thi t nhin ven ng.
Cc tc ng trc tip ca d n n mi trng c sinh ra do hot ng gii ta
nh ca, cng trnh kin trc, cng trnh lch s, vn h
a, tn gio v chuyn phng
thc s dng t. Cc tc ng ny pht sinh trong qu trnh thi cng ng, cu: ph
b thm thc vt, cy trng, p nn ng gy thay i tng nc ngm, tng x
i m n,
bi lng, cn tr d ng chy, tng ngp ng cc b; nhim khng kh, nc, ting n,
rung do hot ng xy dng... Cc tc ng trc tip c n sinh ra do tuyn ng mi
hot ng, do s gia tng xe c, lng nhin liu s dng dn ti gia tng nhim mi
trng v tai nn giao thng...
Cc tc ng gin tip ca d n giao thng ng b c to ra do cc pht trin
km theo (induced development) sau khi tuyn ng hot ng (gia tng th h
a,
cng nghip h
a, thng mi, dn s...) dc tuyn ng. Cc tc ng gin tip l vn
cn quan tm c bit v s gia tng vic chuyn i quyn s dng t, suy gim ti
nguyn v nhim mi trng.
Vic qun l d n v o to i vi c quan qun l v cng ty xy dng l cn
thit. Cc bin php qun l nhm hn ch vic xm phm vo rng, thm thc vt,
ng vt hoang d v trnh vi phm cc cng trnh, di tch lch s, tn gio, vn h
a
trong qu trnh chn tuyn, thit k v xy dng ng, cu trong qu trnh thit k v
thi cng.
Quan trc mi trng cn c thc hin trong qu trnh thi cng v hot ng ca
d n cu, ng. i tng quan trc bao gm c 3 thnh phn:
 Mi trng vt l
- Vi kh hu (gi
, m, nhit ...)
- n.
- rung.
- nhim khng kh (bi, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, ch)
- nhim nc mt, nc ngm (cc thng s chn lc ty tng vng)
- Tng nc ngm.
- Bi lng
- X
i m n
- Ngp ng
- Thay i thy vn
64

 Mi trng sinh hc
- Thm thc vt, rng (din tch, cht lng)
- Cc loi thc vt
- Cc loi ng vt hoang d
- Thy sinh
 Kinh t - x hi
- Gim st chng trnh ti nh c, gii ph
ng mt bng (RAP)
- Din bin KT-XH cc h b nh hng do d n.
3.5.1.2. Cc phng php phn tch, d bo tc ng cho d n giao thng ng b
Cc phng php chnh cn s dng phn tch, d bo tc ng mi trng c
t
m tt trong bng sau.
Bng 3.1. Cc phng php phn tch d bo tc ng mi trng
do d n giao thng
Tc ng
Phng php d bo
1. Di di, ti nh c.
1. Nghin cu, iu tra KT-XH vng b nh hng.
2. Xm phm cc cng trnh vn h
a, lch
s, tn gio.
2. Nghin cu c im lch s, vn h
a, tn
gio trong vng.
3. Xm phm h sinh thi t nhin.
3. Nghin cu c im h sinh thi t nhin.
4. nhim khng kh do bi, SO2, NOx,
VOC , Pb...
4. M hnh pht tn d bo nhim khng kh.
5. nhim do n
5. M hnh lan truyn n theo tuyn.
6. nhim do rung
6. M hnh lan truyn rung.
7. nhim sng, bin do s c trn du.
7. M hnh lan truyn du.
8. Thay i d ng chy do no vt lung.
8. M hnh thy lc cho cc phng n no vt
khc nhau.
9. Thay i xm nhp mn do no vt lung.
9. M hnh d bo xm nhp mn cho cc
phng n khc nhau.
10. Bi lng, x
i l do no vt.

10. M hnh d bo bi lng, x
i l.

11. Cc tc ng khc.
11. Cc phng php chng ghp bn , bn
kim tra, ma trn, nh gi nhanh, phn tch kinh
t mi trng.
3.5.1.3. T
m tt v cc tc ng tiu cc v bin php gim thiu
Theo ti liu WB, cc vn mi trng ca d n xy dng v hot ng ng
b c t
m tt trong bng 3.2. Chng ta c
th tham kho thm hng dn v nh gi
65

tc ng mi trng ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (d tho nm 2011) v hng

dn ca B Giao thng vn ti quy nh (1998).
Bng 3.2. T
m tt cc tc ng tiu cc v bin php gim thiu tc ng mi
trng do d n giao thng ng b
Tc ng tiu cc
Bin php gim thiu
(1)
(2)
Tc ng trc tip
1. Tng bi lng sng sui cnh ng do
x
i m n t cng trng xy dng v
do o p.
1. Bo v sng, sui bng cc lp rm, r,
cnh l, hoc vi nilon ngn bn ct t
cng trng.
2. nhim t v nc do du m, nhin liu t 2. Thu hi, ti ch du m, xng nht. Ngn
thit b xy dng v trm trn nha ng.
nga trn du.
3. nhim khng kh do trm trn nha ng. 3. Lp t v vn hnh h thng x l.
4. nhim do bi, n
4. nh k phun nc ni xy dng.
- Che ph thng xe ch vt liu.
5. nhim khng kh, n do hot ng xe c,
thit b xy dng.
5. Xy dng tng chng n.
Yu cu cc xe v thit b gim n v kh
thi. Qun l h thng giao thng cng
cng.
6. Thay i cnh quan do o p ng.
6. Thit k tuyn ng ph hp vi cnh quan.
Ti to li nhng ni b o p
7. X
i m n t di nn ng do nc mng 7. Tng s cng thot nc.
Thit k cng trnh hiu ng chy xi nc.
Gia c b mt bng , b tng.
8. X rc trn ng.
8. Lp t cc thng rc.
Thc hin qun l mi trng.
9. Ph hy thm thc vt v i sng hoang
d dc ng.
9. Thit k, chn tuyn trnh vng cn bo
v i sng hoang d.
10. Thay i ch thy vn vng t
ngp nc do tuyn ng, ph hng
h sinh thi nc.

10. iu chnh tuyn ng trnh vng t

ngp nc cn bo v.
Xy dng mng, cng, cu duy tr ch
thy vn.

11. Cn tr ng di tr ca ng vt hoang d. 11. iu chnh tuyn ng trnh cc ng di

tr quan trng
Xy dng cc tuyn ng vt ngm cho
ng vt hoang d.
12. Tnh trng km v sinh trong ln tri cng
nhn.
12. Xy dng cc nh v sinh, ni cha rc
ph hp.
13. Kh nng ly bnh truyn nhim t cng
nhn n dn chng a phng v
ngc li.
13. Thng xuyn kim tra sc khe.
ph ng bnh truyn nhim.
14. To ni c tr, sinh cho mui cc vng 14. Hn ch vng nc t.
nc t.
Dit tr b gy v mui.
66

Tc ng tiu cc
Bin php gim thiu
15. Xm phm khu dn c, t sn xut.
15. Thc hin chng trnh gii ph
ng mt
bng, ti nh c (RAP) ph hp.
16. Tai nn giao thng tng do gia tng xe c. 16. Thit k cu, ng v h thng bng tn
hiu ph hp.
Tuyn truyn gio dc lut l giao thng cho
li xe v nhn dn.
Tc ng gin tip
17. Pht trin sau khi c
ng: gia tng
thng mi, cng nghip, nh c.
17. Quy hoch s dng t ph hp, quy
hoch pht trin c
kim sot.
18. Gia tng phng tin giao thng c gii,
18. Vn ng hn ch s dng xe c gii.
c
th dn ti ph thuc nhp khu v gia
tng nhim mi trng
3.5.2. nh gi tc ng mi trng cc d n u t xy dng
Qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh thng gy ra nhng tc ng xu n mi
trng v c
th l nguyn nhn gy ra hu qu nghim trng i vi thin nhin v con
ngi. Qu trnh xy dng cng trnh c
th thc hin trong thi gian mt vi thng n
nhiu nm, trong phm vi hp n c mt vng rng ln. Cc loi cng trnh xy dng
cng c
th khc nhau: cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti,... V th
tc ng cng mang tnh tm thi. Qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh cng tp trung
nhiu lc lng lao ng khc nhau nn s hiu bit v thc bo v mi trng ca
h cng khc nhau. V vy cn thit phi nhn bit, phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng
n mi trng ca qu trnh xy dng t y ra cc bin php hu hiu gim
thiu nhim mi trng, m bo cho s hot ng lu bn ca cng trnh xy dng.
Qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh bao gm cc hng mc sau y:
Chun b san lp mt bng
Thi cng h thng ng giao thng trn cng trng
X l, gia c nn m
ng
Thi cng cc cng trnh chnh v ph tr
Thi cng lp t ng ng v cng trnh cp thot nc
Lp t, hon thin mt bng, trng cy xanh
Lp t thit b
Vn hnh th, hiu chnh, a h thng cng trnh vo hot ng
Hnh 3.4. Qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh
67

Cc mc tiu chnh ca bo co TM cho mt d n u t xy dng nh sau:

- Phn tch mt cch c
cn c khoa hc v d bo nhng tc ng c
li v c
hi,
trc tip v gin tip, trc mt v lu di ca d n ti mi trng t nhin v kinh t
x hi.
- Xy dng v xut cc bin php tng hp hn ch n mc thp nht nhng
nh hng bt li nhm tm ra nhng phng n ti u v hn ch cc tc ng c
hi,
pht huy cc li ch cao nht ca d n.
Bo co TM d n u t xy dng thit lp cc c s khoa hc trong vic
nghin cu mi trng t nhin v mi trng kinh t - x hi, trn c s
nh gi
cc tc ng tch cc cng nh tiu cc c
th xy ra, t
c
th a ra cc bin php
nhm gim nh cc tc ng tiu cc
.
3.5.2.1. Cc tc ng n mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh
Nhng nh hng chnh ca hot ng xy dng n mi trng l:
- nh hng n iu kin kinh t x hi: ti nh c, thay i hon cnh v iu
kin sng ca con ngi, xm phm di tch lch s, vn h
a...
- nh hng n h sinh thi: cht ph rng, di c ng vt hoang d, tc nghn
dng chy, thay i mt ph thm nc, ng ngp, st l t...
- nh hng n mi trng vt l: thay i cht lng nc, khng kh, gy cht
thi rn, bi, n, rung ng...
Cc tc ng ca qu trnh xy dng thng mang tnh tm thi c n s khai thc
cng trnh s nh hng lu di n mi trng. Cc tc ng trong qu trnh xy dng
nu trong bng sau:
Bng 3.3. Cc tc ng n mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh
Cc tc ng
a im v phm vi tc ng
1. Tc ng n mi trng vt l
1.1. Mi trng khng kh
- Hnh thnh bi do ph d, o, san lp, vn
chuyn vt t.
- Tng nng mt s kh c hi nh SO2,
NOx, CO... do tp trung nhiu thit b thi cng,
phc v thi cng v s dng ng c diezen
cng sut cao.
1.2. Mi trng nc
- Gim st cht lng nc do nc thi v
cht thi sinh hot ca cng nhn thi cng.
- Thay i cu trc b mt t, gy x
i m n v
cun tri cc cht bn vo sng h khi ma...
- Cc loi du v cht thi xy dng vo
ngun nc mt.
68
- Cng trng xy dng v khu vc xung
quanh.
- Khu vc kho cha v my trn kh, ng
chuyn ch vt liu, cng trng xy dng,
thit b tnh (my pht in, trm trn...).
- Ln tri cng nhn v thit b thi cng.
- Cng trng thi cng v cc vng trc do dn
sch thm thc vt, vng ln cn cng trng...
- Cng trng khai thc vt liu xy dng.

Cc tc ng
a im v phm vi tc ng
1.3. t ai
- t b thoi h
a bi cht thi rn t cc m
khai thc vt liu xy dng v cng trng
xy dng;
- Ni cht thi;
- Xo trn b mt ti cng trng xy dng
- B mt t trc ti cng trng xy dng.

1.4. Ting n v rung ng

n cao do hot ng thi cng v phc v thi Cng trng thi cng, ng vn chuyn vt
cng: n mn,
ng p cc, san lp, vn
liu.
chuyn vt liu xy dng.
1.5. ng ngp hoc ng nc
H thng thot nc b ngn chn hoc thay i. Cng trng thi cng v ni khai thc vt li
2. H sinh thi
2.1. H sinh thi vc nc
Suy gim cht lng nc do hot ng xy
dng v phc v xy dng.
Cng trng xy dng gn ngun nc mt.
2.2. H sinh thi rng
Cc cng trnh xy dng khu vc rng ni.
Tn ph rng.
3. Cc gi tr s dng cho con ngi v cht
lng cuc sng
3.1. S dng ng giao thng
ng giao thng ct qua cng trng xy
dng
3.2. S dng ngun nc
Cn tr qu trnh cung cp nc.
Cng trng xy dng v thy vc h lu
cng trng.
3.3. S nh c
Di di dn khi ch sinh sng.
Cng trng thi cng
3.4. Cc gi tr vn h
a lch s
Ph hoi cnh quan cc cng trnh vn h
a,
lch s.
Cc cng trnh vn h
a, lch s gn v trong
khu vc cng trng xy dng.
3.5. Y t v sc khe

S nhim nc, khng kh, ting ng, n,

rung, cht thi rn... tc ng xu n sc
khe con ngi.
Cng trng thi cng.
3.6. Cnh quan
Cc tc ng bt li v cnh quan.
Cc vng t trc gn ng.
69

3.5.2.2. Bo v mi trng trong hot ng xy dng

Hot ng xy dng to nn nhng tc ng tiu cc i vi mi trng nh
nu. Qu trnh xy dng tuy din ra trong mt thi gian nht nh nhng n
gy nn
nhim mi trng vi cng ln. iu 40 ca Lut BVMT nm 2005 quy nh v
BVMT trong hot ng xy dng
l:
- Quy hoch xy dng phi tun th tiu chun v yu cu v bo v mi trng.
- Vic thi cng cng trnh xy dng phi bo m cc yu cu bo v mi trng
sau y:
 Cng trnh xy dng trong khu dn c phi c
bin php bo m khng pht tn
bi, ting n, rung, nh sng vt qu tiu chun cho php;
 Vic vn chuyn vt liu xy dng phi c thc hin bng cc phng tin bo
m yu cu k thut khng lm r r, ri vi, gy nhim mi trng;
 Nc thi, cht thi rn v cc loi cht thi khc phi c thu gom, x l t
tiu chun mi trng.
- U ban nhn dn cc cp, n v qun l trt t cng cng c p dng bin
php x l i vi ch cng trnh, phng tin vn ti vi phm quy nh v bo v
mi trng.
Mt s bin php trc tip trin khai trn cng trng xy dng gim thiu
nhim mi trng nh sau:
 T chc thi cng xy dng
Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng, cc n v thi cng xy dng phi thc hin y
cc quy nh v an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng. Cc bin php sau y s
c thc hin hn ch cc tc ng c
hi ti mi trng xung quanh:
- B tr hp l ng vn chuyn v i li. Lp hng ro cch ly cc khu vc nguy
him, vt liu d chy n... Thit k chiu sng cho nhng ni cn lm vic ban m v
bo v cng trnh. Che chn nhng khu vc pht sinh bi v dng xe ti nc ti
ng giao thng vo ma kh. Cc phng tin vn chuyn u c
bt ph kn.
- Lp k hoch xy dng v ngun nhn lc chnh xc trnh chng cho gia cc
quy trnh thc hin, p dng phng php xy dng hin i, cc hot ng c gii h
a
v ti u h
a quy trnh xy dng.
- Cc ti liu hng dn v my m
c v thit b xy dng c cung cp y .
Lp t cc n bo hiu cn thit.
- Cng nhn cn phi c trang b y bo h lao ng trong qu trnh thi cng
xy dng.
 Bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng nc
Trong qu trnh thi cng khng x nc trc tip xung cc thy vc xung quanh
khu vc d n, khng gy nhim nc sng h,... do nc thi xy dng. V vy d
70

n cn b tr cc h thu gom nc, x l cn v bn lng khng gy hin tng bi

lng vng nc sng khu vc ny.
Xy dng cc cng trnh x l nc thi tm thi (v d: b t hoi kiu thm), quy
nh bi rc trung chuyn tm thi trnh ph
ng u, vt rc sinh hot ba bi gy
nhim mi trng do cng nhn xy dng gy ra.
La chn thi im thi cng xy dng chnh vo cc thng ma kh trong nm
hn ch lng cht bn sinh ra do nc ma chy trn qua khu vc thi cng xung nc
sng h.
H thng thot nc m bo c
lng cn v gi li cc cht thi trong qu trnh
xy dng nh rc, vt liu xy dng trc khi chy ra ngoi.
 Khng ch nhim do kh thi t cc phng tin thi cng
- Khng s dng cc loi xe, my qu c thi cng xy dng v vn chuyn
vt liu.
- Khng chuyn ch vt liu qu trng ti quy nh.
- Gim tc thi cng, lu lng vn ti t 22h n 6h sng khng lm nh
hng n cc khu vc xung quanh.
- Lp t thit b gim ting n cho cc my m
c c
mc n cao nh: my pht
in, my nn kh.
- Kim tra mc n, rung trong qu trnh xy dng t
t ra lch thi cng ph
hp t mc n cho php theo QCVN 26:2010BTNMT.
- Khng s dng cng mt lc trn cng trng nhiu my m
c, thit b thi cng c

kh nng gy n ln trn cng trng. Cc loi cht thi rn c thu gom, vn
chuyn ng ni quy nh.
 Bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc khc
Cc n v thi cng, nh thu xy dng c
quy nh v gi gn v sinh mi trng
bn trong cng trng xy dng v khu vc xung quanh. Tp kt vt liu xy dng
ng ni quy nh, khng lm bay bi, khng gy nh hng n giao thng, khng nh
hng n sinh hot cng nh: lao ng sn xut ca nhn dn trong vng.
i vi sc khe ngi lao ng: d n t chc cuc sng cho cng nhn, m bo
cc iu kin sinh hot nh ln tri, nc sch, n, . Cng nhn thi cng cn c
trang b bo h y .
3.5.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng d n xy dng cng trnh thy in
3.5.3.1. Mc tiu, i tng ca nh gi tc ng mi trng d n xy dng cng
trnh thy in
 Mc tiu
- Hng dn cho ch d n thc hin cng tc bo v mi trng mt cch ch
ng v h thng ngay t giai on lp k hoch d n, xy dng lun chng kinh t k
71

thut tin kh thi, kh thi (hay bo co u t v lp d n u t), chun b u t, thi

cng cng trnh cho n giai on a cng trnh vo vn hnh, hot ng.
- Hng dn cho ch d n, cc c quan t vn cc kin thc v phng php lun,
k thut tin hnh TM v lp bo co TM c
cht lng.
- Tr gip cc c quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng nm vng c th
ca qu trnh TM i vi cc d n xy dng cng trnh thy in, rt ngn thi gian
xem xt, chun b thm nh cc bo co TM v t vn cho qu trnh ra quyt nh
mt cch kp thi v chun xc.
 i tng: i tng ca hng dn l cc d n u t mi, ci to nng cp
cng trnh thy in bao gm: xy dng p, h cha, cc knh dn nc, nh my,
tuyn ng dy ti in.
Cc i tng trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh TM bao gm:
- Ch d n
- Chuyn gia trong nh
m TM
Thnh vin ca nh
m TM l cc chuyn gia v TM v cc nh khoa hc thuc
nhiu chuyn ngnh khoa hc t nhin, sinh thi, cng ngh, kinh t v x hi.
3.5.3.2. nh gi, d bo tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng cng trnh thy in
 Cc hot ng ca d n thu in tc ng n mi trng
D n thu in thng rt phc tp bi khng ch c thc hin trn mt quy m
khng gian rng ln vi a hnh c
mc phn d ln m qu trnh thc hin d n
phi tri qua nhiu giai on vi rt nhiu cc hng mc cng trnh c
quy m, tnh cht
nh hng n mi trng rt khc nhau.
Bng 3.4. Cc hot ng tiu biu trong d n xy dng thu in
Hot ng
Trc giai on thi cng
Cc vic lm bo v mi trng
Ly mu t
Dn mt bng v chun b cng trng
Kho st
Giai on thi cng
Cc cch xy dng tt bo v mi trng
Xy dng ng vo cng trng
N mnc khoan
72
Thng tin cn thit
- Cc bin php thit k c th
- V tr ly mu, s lng mu
- Quy hoch mt bng cng trng
- Din tch pht quang
- Khi lng
- Phng php ct gi
- Cc bin php c th
- Quy hoch ng
- Tiu chun
- Phng php
- Thit b xy dng
- a imtn sthi gian
- Phng php, thit b s dng

Hot ng
o t, khai thc vt liu
Vn hnh my pht
Chuyn to t
Tr to t
San i
Vn hnh thit b nng
Di chuyn thit b nng v vt liu
o m
ng p chnh v x l
Lp ng ti in
Hnh thnh h
Dn l ng h
Ti nh c
Cht thi c hi
Vn hnh ln tri cng nhn
Thng tin cn thit
- a imquy m, loi
- Thit b, lc lng lao ng, tin
ca cc cng vic
- V tr
- Cng sut, loi, thi gian
- Khi lng, thi gian biu
- Ni tr t o lnni lp
- Khi lng, quy mni lp
- Khi lng
- Phng php
- Loi, tn s
- Thi gian bo dng
- Loi, s lng
- Mt bng v cc mt ct o
- Khi lng cng vic chnh
- ng i
- Xc nh tuyn
- cao ct in
- ng i
- Mt bng h
- Cao trnh cc mt nc (mc nc
dng trung bnh, mc l)
- Din tch
- Phng php
- Tr lng thi
- a im
- S lng dn ti nh c ti tng a im
- Chng trnh chi tit
- Loi
- Vn chuyn
- Ct gi
- a imthi gian s dng
- Mt bng a im
- S cng nhn
- Phng tin phc v
- Thi hn
- Thi im

Giai on tch nc h cha

Cc cng tc c thit k bo v mi trng
- Chi tit c th v cng tc
Tch nc vo h
Giai on vn hnh cng trnh thy in
Vn hnh h v iu tit d ng chy
- Chi tit v tch nc vo h
- Chi tit v vn hnh h v iu tit
d ng chy
73

Vi c th nu trn v m bo tnh xc thc ca qu trnh TM, vic d bo

tc ng v nh gi tc ng ca d n cng trnh thy in ln mi trng v mt thi
gian phi c thc hin mt cch tch bch cho 3 giai on gm giai on thi cng,
giai on tch nc vo h cha v giai on vn hnh. Vic d bo tc ng v nh
gi tc ng cn phi c tin hnh ring cho tng khu vc nh: khu vc p v vng
b ngp, khu vc thng lu (trn p) v khu vc h lu (sau p).
 D bo tc ng
Bng 3.5. Cc phng php d bo h qu mi trng
Bin i thnh phn
mi trng
Phng php d bo
M t
Cht lng khng kh
Bin i cht lng khng kh
bao quanh ti a im d n:
cng trng xy dng p v
cc cng trnh chnh, khai thc
vt liu xy dng, vn chuyn
tng tr cc vt liu ny.
Gi thit khoa hc v tc ng.
So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
M hnh ton hc.
M hnh vt l.
D bo trn c s cc nguyn
tc khoa hc c cng nhn
rng ri.
D bo trn c s chp nhn
tng t gia d n ang xt
vi cc d n thc hin.
M hnh ton hc d bo
nh lng s lan ta, phn
b, nng cc cht nhim.
Thy
Bin
thy
trn
v

vn
i
vn
khu
cc

c
ti
vc
khu

im v ch
a im d n,
thng v h lu
vc ln cn.

Gi thuyt khoa hc v tc ng.

So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
M hnh ton hc.
M hnh vt l.
D bo trn c s nh trn.
M hnh ton hc v chng
trnh tnh ton iu tit
nc, cp nc, pht in,
chng l, cp nc v h lu,
d bo, tnh ton truyn triu,
xm nhp mn, v d ng chy,

v bin i l ng sng.
Cht lng nc mt
Bin i cht lng nc h,
cht lng nc cp v h
lu cho sinh hot, cng
nghip, nng nghip.
Gi thuyt khoa hc v tc ng.
So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
M hnh ton hc.
M hnh vt l.
M hnh ton hc v chng
trnh tnh ton v d bo
bin i cht lng nc, lan
truyn cht nhim trong
nc, xm nhp mn vo ca
sng v chu th, qu trnh ph
dng h v knh mng, lan
truyn cht nhim.
Nc ngm
Nh trn
Nh trn
Vt l
Ti nguyn t
Nghin cu a l, trc a.
H thng tin a l.
t b ngp, thay i phng Nghin cu kinh t - x hi.
thc s dng t, mt t D bo da trn tnh tng t
nng nghip, t rng, th c, gia d n ang xt vi cc
t cng trnh.
d n c thc hin
Vit Nam v nc ngoi.
74
D bo s dng cc bn
vi cc t l khc nhau.
D bo thay i c
th c
v s
dng t da trn cc k hoch
pht trin kinh t - x hi.
D bo da trn so snh vi
cc d n tng t.

Bin i thnh phn

mi trng
Phng php d bo
X
i m n lu vc, bi lng h.
Khong sn v trm
ph
ng x
Nh cc mc trn.
tch Kho st a cht v m, thu
thp mu v phn tch trong
ph ng th nghim.
Gi thuyt khoa hc v tc
ng.
So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
M t
Nh trn.
Xc nh s tn ti v c
on quy m khong sn trong
vng ngp da trn d liu
kho st a cht v thm d
m, lng khong sn c
kh
nng b mt, bin php c
th
thu hi khong sn s b ngp.
D bo cc bin i c
th xy
ra, kh nng nhim nc do
ngp cc khong sn c hi
(As, Pb, Hg...).
Tip cn ca dn a phng
vi cc ti nguyn thin nhin
khc:
Sn bn, cu bt c, hi lm,
cy dc liu, dch v du lch.
Thu thp d liu, kho st
thc a.
Gi thuyt khoa hc v tc ng.
So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
D bo cc bin i v khai
thc ti nguyn thin nhin i
vi dn bn a m cuc sng
ph thuc nhiu vo s khai
thc cc ti nguyn ny.
ng t kch thch.
Thu thp d liu.
Kho st v ng t ti khu
vc d n.
Gi thuyt khoa hc v cc tc
ng.

So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
Tng quan v ng t ti khu
vc d n, gi thit v cc kh
nng ng t kch thch sau
lc h cha nc v quan h
vi tnh hnh ng t hin ti.
So snh kt qu nghin cu
vi ti liu quan trc ng t.
Sinh vt hay a dng sinh hc
H thc vt
Kho st thc a.
H thng tin a l.
Ti nguyn thc vt, rng, cc Tng quan ti liu nghin cu
loi thc vt ang b e da, Cc phng php k thut
cc loi cy trng c
gi tr
nh gi ti nguyn rng.
So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
M t da trn tng quan cc
ti liu nghin cu phi hp
vi kho st thc a.
Kt qu pht hin do chng
ghp bn v h v thm
thc vt. Tnh s liu v trng
rng. Xc nh cc ging loi
cy c hu v qu him. So
snh vi tc ng ca cc d
n thy in tng t.
H ng vt
Nh trn.
Ti nguyn ng vt hoang d
v chn nui, cc ging loi
ng vt c hu, qu him,
cc loi nui c
gi tr
Nh trn.
Thy sinh vt
Nh trn.
Thc vt v ng vt thy sinh
Nh trn.
75

Bin i thnh phn

mi trng
Phng php d bo
M t
Dn s v nh c
H thng tin a l.
Kho st a l.
iu tra d ngoi.
Nghin cu kinh t - x hi.
Nghin cu nhn chng hc.
Gi thit khoa hc v tc ng.
So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
Xc nh s lng ngi b tc
ng, m t v nhng ni v
ngi b tc ng, phn tch
ngun gc v c trng kinh t
- x hi, dn tc, tn gio ca
h. D bo s ngi phi ti
nh c, kinh ph ti nh c,
chi ph s dng t b ngp. D
bo cc tc ng khng th
trnh. So snh vi cc d n
thy nng thc hin.
Mi trng nhn to
Nh trn.
Nh trn.
Bin i v hot ng kinh t
Hot ng sn xut v lu
thng v nng, lm, ng, cng
nghip, dch v
Nghin cu kinh t.
Kho st.
Phn tch c th v tng lnh
vc: kinh t v d bo kinh t.
So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
Thay i hot ng kinh t
theo lnh vc do thay i v s
dng t, nh c v iu kin
c s h tng.
Thay i v thu nhp v phn
phi thu nhp, tc ng ca
cc thay i ny.
Nh trn.
Thay i iu kin c bn v Kho st.

i sng, nh , cp
li, thng tin
c th.
D bo thay i theo
c th.
So snh tng t vi
n thy nng thc
Vit Nam v cc nc

nc, i Phn tch v d bo cc vn

tng mt
cc d
hin
khc.

Thay i hot ng kinh t

theo lnh vc do thay i v s
dng t, nh c v iu kin
c s h tng
Thu nhp v phn phi thu
nhp, tc ng ca cc thay
i ny.
Nh trn.
Gio dc v o to
Kho st.
c on kinh t - x hi.
X
a m ch, pht trin gio So snh tng t vi cc d
dc ph thng, dy ngh, n thy nng thc hin
chuyn nghip v i hc
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
D bo bin i v iu kin
gio dc v o to vi nhng
ngi lin quan: x
a m, ph
cp gio dc tiu hc v trung
hc, pht trin gio dc i
hc v chuyn nghip.
Nh trn.
Vn h
a, lch s, kho c, gii Nghin cu kinh t - x hi v
tr
vn h
a.
Cc phng php nghin cu
c th ph hp vi vn
xem xt.
Kho st thc a.
So snh tng t vi cc d
n thy nng thc hin
Vit Nam v cc nc khc.
Nghin cu sch, t liu
thu thp thng tin v cc c
im vn h
a v xc nh cc
a im cn kho st.
Tham vn chuyn gia ca chnh
quyn tnh v a phng.
Kho st thc a.
Nh trn.
Mi trng kinh t - x hi
76

Chng 4. NH GI MI TRNG CHIN LC

4.1. Khi nim v nh gi mi trng chin lc
K t khi ra i nhng nm 1970 ti M, qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng
ch yu p dng cho cc d n pht trin ti nhng a im c th. Tuy nhin, vic
nh gi ny khng a ra cc quyt nh c
quy m rng ln. N
i cch khc,
TM khng cho thng tin ra quyt nh mi trng quy m vng, ton quc
hay rng ln hn. nh gi mi trng chin lc (MC) ra i trn c s nng cp
TM v nh gi tc ng mi trng tch lu nhm p ng c nhng yu cu trn.
T nhng nm 1990, nhiu quc gia bt u p dng MC vo cc chnh sch, k
hoch v chng trnh. Ti cc quc gia ny, MC da vo mt qu trnh c
h thng
nh gi cc hu qu ca cc chnh sch, k hoch v chng trnh i vi mi trng
(Ban th k U hi sng M Kng, 2001).
i vi Vit Nam, theo Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005, nh gi mi trng
chin lc l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi trng ca d n chin lc,
quy hoch, k hoch pht trin trc khi ph duyt nhm m bo pht trin bn vng.
Nh vy, trng tm MC ca Vit Nam l cho cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
(CQK). Mc tiu MC ca Vit Nam l lng ghp vic cn nhc cc tc ng mi
trng vo qu trnh lp CQK, ng thi thc y s minh bch v ng thun ca qu
trnh ra quyt nh.
4.2. Vai tr v ngha ca lp bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc
Nhiu nc trn th gii coi vic nh gi tc ng mi trng chin lc l m
bo nhng vn v mi trng khng xy ra trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi.
Cc vn ny cn c xem xt mt cch cn k v gii quyt thch ng giai on
u ca cc cc chnh sch, k hoch v chng trnh. Chnh sch cp n mt
ng li chung hoc phng hng chung. K hoch c nh ngha l mt chin
lc hay mt n c
mc ch hng v tng lai, c
nhng th t u tin, phng n
v bin php kt hp nhm to dng chnh sch v thc hin chnh sch. Chng trnh
biu th mt lch trnh hay mt tin thc hin nht qun, c
t chc cht ch cc cam
kt ngh, phng tin v hot ng to dng ln chnh sch v thc hin chnh sch

(Ban th k U hi sng M Kng, 2001).
Bn cht ca MC l nh gi, xc nh hiu qu ca cc chnh sch, k hoch v
chng trnh trn c s li ch lu di. Cc chnh sch mi trng vit hay nht, hoc
cc chng trnh mi trng din t hay nht s tr ln v ngha nu khng tng bc
t c nhng thnh cng trong vic bo tn ti nguyn hay ngun nhn lc ca mt
77

quc gia hay vng lnh th. Chnh sch v chng trnh mi trng cn c nh gi
y v hiu qu v thng qua cnh bo sm gn vi qu trnh MC, chng c
th
c iu chnh phc v tt hn cc u tin v bo v mi trng.
i vi Vit Nam, MC c coi l mt cng c lng ghp pht trin bn vng
vo qu trnh lp k hoch, quy hoch v chin lc. Quan im pht trin bn vng
c xc nh l pht trin nhanh, hiu qu v bn vng thng qua tng trng kinh t
i i vi thc hin tin b, cng bng x hi v bo v mi trng.
t MC trong bi cnh pht trin bn vng th vic thc hin MC cho cc chin
lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi Vit Nam cn quan tm ti thut
ng mi trng theo ngha rng, c
ngha l ngoi vic tp trung ch yu vo cc vn
mi trng, MC cng nn xem xt cc mi lin h gia cc vn mi trng v
kinh t - x hi.
4.3. Cc nguyn tc cho mt nh gi mi trng chin lc hiu qu
thc hin mt MC c
hiu qu, c
3 nguyn tc chnh c xc nh cho MC
ca Vit Nam (Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2009) nh sau:
Nguyn tc 1: MC phi cung cp c cc thng tin u vo mt cch sm
nht v c
hiu qu nht phc v cho vic xy dng CQK
Qu trnh thc hin MC c coi l c
hiu qu nht khi n
c bt u mt
cch sm nht c
th v c tin hnh ng thi vi vic xy dng CQK. Qu trnh
tin hnh MC thng l mt qu trnh mang tnh lp i lp li ca vic thu thp thng
tin, xc nh cc phng n, xc nh cc tc ng mi trng, xy dng cc bin php
gim nhtng cng, v chnh sa li cc xut cho ph hp trn c s cc tc ng
mi trng c d bo. Qu trnh MC c bt u sm v c lp i lp li th
s cng c v nng cao c cht lng chung ca vic xy dng CQK.
Nguyn tc 2: MC phi nh gi c tnh bn vng v mi trng ca cc
phng n c xut trong CQK
Qu trnh MC to ra c kh nng xem xt cc la chn chin lc khc
nhau v:
- Qun l nhu cu pht trin cc hot ng thnh phn;
- Cng ngh v cc quy trnh c s dng cho cc hot ng pht trin c
xut: v d vic la chn pht trin cng nghip cng ngh cao hay pht trin cc loi
hnh pht trin cng nghip c
nguy c gy nhim cao;
- a im trin khai cc hot ng pht trin c xut: v d vic xy dng cc
khu cng nghip trn cc vng chuyn canh cy nng nghip c
th tc ng n an
ninh lng thc;
- Thi gian biu hoc trnh t ca cc hot ng pht trin c xut.
78

Khng phi lc no cc la chn ny cng c
th thc hin c. C
nhiu phng

n ch ph hp vi cp tnh hoc cp khu vc v v th khi ra cc quyt nh cp cao
hn thng phi loi b bt mt s phng n.
Th bc ca cc phng n c
th c xem xt trong qu trnh MC nh sau:
Cc hot ng pht trin c xut liu c
cn thit khng (cc la chn v
qun l nhu cu)
C
th p ng c nhu cu m khng cn phi c
nhng hot ng pht trin
hoc kt cu h tng mi hay khng Liu c
nhng c hi hin thc no qun l
nhu cu pht trin (v d, thng qua cc cng c v php lut, kinh t hoc hnh chnh
hoc cc bin php khc thc y cc thay i v hnh vi) hay khng 
Vic
c tin hnh nh th no (Cc la chn v phng php hoc v
quy trnh)
Liu c
nhng phng php, cng ngh hoc quy trnh c
th p ng c
nhu cu pht trin m gy tn hi ti mi trng t hn so vi nhng phng php
truyn thng hay khng 
u (La chn a im)
Nhng xut v hot ng pht trin nn c thc hin u
Khi no (La chn thi gian biu hoc trnh t)
Cc hot ng pht trin s phi c thc hin khi no, thc hin theo hnh thc v
trnh t no 
Cc bn lin quan c
th c huy ng tham gia mt cch hu ch trong qu trnh
xut v nh gi c cc phng n mang tnh chin lc v cc phng n c th
hn thng qua vic t chc tham vn vi cc c quan c
trch nhim lin quan. Cc
phng n cn nhc thng qua qu trnh ny phi c th hin di hnh thc vn bn
v phi a ra c nhng l do ti sao c la chn vhoc ti sao li khng c
la chn.
Nguyn tc 3: MC phi to ra c nhng thun li cho vic tham vn hiu
qu vi cc bn lin quan
Vic tham vn vi cc c quan c
trch nhim lin quan v vi cc bn b nh
hng hoc cc bn c
s quan tm n CQK c xut l mt yu t ct li trong
thc t thc hin MC hiu qu. Vic ny c
mc ch l lm tng tnh minh bch
79

v tnh trch nhim ca qu trnh MC v gim thiu c ri ro b b s
t thng tin

quan trng ca nh
m MC. Vic tham vn vi cc bn lin quan c n c
th gip thu
c nhng thng tin b ch trong qu trnh MC, g
p phn huy ng s h tr cho
vic thc hin cc khuyn ngh xut v MC. Do
, cc chuyn gia MC lun
c khuyn khch tin hnh vic tham vn vi cc c quan c
trch nhim v cc
bn c
lin quan chnh.
4.4. Cc mi lin kt trong qu trnh xy dng chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch v
qu trnh nh gi mi trng chin lc
4.4.1. Mi quan h gia nh gi mi trng chin lc vi cc dng nh gi khc
nh gi mi trng chin lc khng nn c coi l s thay th ca TM, mt
cng c vn c quy nh trong Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 v c p dng
cho cc d n u t v xy dng c nu trong Ngh nh s 292011N-CP. Thay
vo
, MC cn b sung cho TM thng qua hng dn vic thc hin cc d n
c xc nh trong CQK (nh loi b nhng la chn khng ph hp, a ra nhng
tiu ch la chn a im, hoc ra nhng yu cu c th cho vic s dng nhng
cng ngh c th). Bng cch ny, MC c
th gip cho qu trnh thc hin TM c
thun li v tit kim hn.
Hnh 4.1.Vai tr ca nh gi mi trng chin lc v nh gi tc ng mi trng
trong cc cp lp k hoch
(Ngun: Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010)
Cc loi nh gi khc (nh nh gi tc ng x hi, nh gi tc ng tch
ly, nh githm nh tnh bn vng) c
th c s dng, lng ghp hoc kt hp
80

vi qu trnh MC. Trn thc t, khi s dng phng php tip cn pht trin bn vng
trong MC th lng ghp cc mi quan tm v mi trng, x hi v kinh t, v tt
c cc phng php tip cn nu trn u c ti u h
a nhng cp khc nhau
trong qu trnh MC.
4.4.2. Cc mi lin kt trong qu trnh xy dng chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
Mi lin h gia qu trnh MC v qu trnh lp chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
(CQK) n
i chung c
th biu din nh s sau:
Hnh 4.2. Mi quan h gia cc bc nh gi mi trng chin lc vi cc bc lp
chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
(Ngun: Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, 2010)
Hnh 4.2 cho thy qu trnh MC v qu trnh xy dng CQK c
th c thc
hin cng nhau v c
th cng c cho nhau trong khun kh mt h thng lp k hoch
v s pht trin bn vng. ng thi, qu trnh MC c
th thc hin mt cch linh
hot nhm p ng cc yu cu khc nhau ca CQK.
Chng hn MC p dng cho quy hoch s dng t (QHSD) s cung cp c hi
lng ghp tip cn pht trin bn vng vi qu trnh ra quyt nh. ng thi, MC h
tr thu ht s tham vn cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh xy dng v thm nh quy
81

hoch v m bo mi hu qu mi trng do thc hin quy hoch s c xc nh v

nh gi trong qu trnh lp quy hoch trc khi c ph duyt. S lng ghp cc ni
dung mi trng vo tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh thm nh v thc hin quy
hoch cho php cc nh qun l iu chnh quy hoch nhng thi im thch hp.
Qu trnh thc hin MC s nghin cu cc phng n thc hin quy hoch bng cch
cn nhc cc tc ng mi trng v kinh t - x hi ca tng phng n.
4.5. Cc iu kin tin quyt thc hin nh gi mi trng chin lc
4.5.1. Thi gian thc hin
C
2 phng n thc hin MC ng thi l:
- Thc hin song song vi qu trnh lp CQK. Qu trnh ny thng mang li
nhiu thun li v t chc v pht huy c tnh c lp sng to ca tng nh
m t
vn, tuy nhin d ny sinh bt ng kh
gii quyt gia nh
m t vn MC v nh
m
t vn lp CQK.
- Lng ghp hon ton qu trnh MC vo qu trnh lp CQK: y l phng n tt
nht, m bo mi quyt nh s c cn nhc trn c s nh gi ton din cc vn
lin quan n quy hoch.
4.5.2. C s php l v khoa hc cho nh gi mi trng chin lc
thc hin thnh cng MC i vi lp CQK, cn phi nm chc cc c s php
l lin quan ti CQK v MC. Cn nm chc c s php lut thng qua h thng chnh
sch lin quan n lp v xt duyt CQK, lp v xt duyt bo co MC.
Lp CQK trn c s c
mc tiu chnh sch mi trng r rng, c
thng tin v d
liu hin trng mi trng y , m bo s lin kt a ngnh trong qu trnh thc
hin v thu ht s tham gia ca qun chng v cc t chc phi chnh ph. m bo s
cam kt v trch nhim ca ch u t v vic gn kt MC trong qu trnh lp v trnh
duyt quy hoch.
4.5.3. T chc nh
m t vn nh gi mi trng chin lc
Theo quy nh ti iu 15, Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005, c quan c giao
nhim v lp CQK c
trch nhim lp bo co MC. C quan ny s thnh lp nh
m t
vn MC, bao gm cc chuyn gia qun l v cc nh khoa hc c
kin thc v kinh
nghim v cc vn mi trng lin quan n CQK. C quan lp CQK cn thit ra
quyt nh v c cu t chc v trch nhim ca nh
m t vn MC, trong
nu r cc
vn lin quan sau y:
- C cu t chc: Nh
m t vn MC c
th l mt b phn ca nh
m t vn lp
quy hoch hoc cng c
th c lp v mt t chc vi nh
m t vn lp quy hoch.
82

- Vai tr v trch nhim:

 Thc hin MC v lp bo co MC theo ng quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi
trng v Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT.
 Tham gia tt c cc cuc tho lun v cc hot ng c
lin quan ca nh
m t vn
lp CQK.
- Quyn hn: c to mi iu kin tip cn v khai thc cc ti liu, thng tin
lin quan ti qu trnh lp CQK.
4.6. Cch tip cn v phng php nh gi mi trng chin lc
Cc nghin cu v MC ch ra rng, n
i chung tt c cc phng php TM
truyn thng u c p dng trong qu trnh thc hin MC. Tuy nhin, cc d n
thng thng (khng phi l CQK) u cung cp cc s liu c th v nguyn liu, sn
phm, cng ngh v d ng thi, v vy p dng cc phng php truyn thng thng
cho kt qu d bo nh lng v c
tin cy tng i cao. Trong khi
, do tnh
cht ca cc CQK tm v m, cc s liu a ra khng c th v chi tit, vic p
dng cc phng php truyn thng thng ch cho kt qu nh tnh. V vy, mt s
nghin cu a thm cc phng php c th (gi l cc phng php phn tch
chnh sch) c
th p dng trong MC.
Partidario, IAIA (2001) a ra mt s phng phpcng c thng c s dng
trong MC nh sau:.
- Kch bn v m phng
- Phn tch kh nng chu ti v xu hng bin i cc yu t mi trng
- Phn tch mng li v tip cn h thng
- Chng ghp bn v h thng thng tin a l (GIS)
- H thng m hnh h
a
- Phn tch a tiu ch
- Phn tch chi ph li ch
- kin chuyn gia v tham vn cng ng
Ngoi ra nhiu phng php c
th s dng trong MC, t t hp mt s phng
php ring bit n s dng t vn chuyn gia trong cc nghin cu chi tit, tham vn
cng ng, s dng GIS v m hnh my tnh, xy dng cc kch bn... Cc phng
php ny c chn lc thc hin ph hp vi yu cu ca mi bcni dung MC
nh nu trong bng sau.
83

Bng 4.1. Mt s phng php s dng trong nh gi mi trng chin lc

Ni dung MC
Phng php s dng
Nghin cu c s
- Thu thp bo co hin trng mi trng v cc ti liu tng
t
- Lit k, lp khung logic cc vn mi trng
Sng lcxc nh phm vi,
quy m v c im lin
quan n mi trng
- Kho st, so snh
- Xy dng mng li h qu
- Tham vn chuyn gia v cng ng
Xc nh cc mc tiu mi
trng
- i chiu vi cc chnh sch, chin lc, tiu chun mi
trng
- Hi cu cc cam kt c

- Cc quy hoch vnga phng
Phn tch tc ng
- Xy dng kch bn
- Xc nh cc ch th v tiu ch mi trng
- Ma trn tc ng
- Cc m hnh d bo v tin on
- Chng ghp bn v GIS
- Phn tch chi phli ch v cc k thut nh gi kinh t khc
- Phn tch a tiu ch
- Phn tch kh nng chu ti v xu hng bin i cc yu t
mi trng
- nh gi ri ro
xut cc gii php iu
chnh quy hoch
-

Phn tch mng li

Phn tch tnh nht qun
Phn tch tnh nhy cm
Xy dng mng li tc ng (cy ra quyt nh)

(Ngun: Sadler and Verheem, 1996)

Trong nhiu hng dn thc hin MC hin nay Vit Nam, phng php phn
tch xu hng v phng php phn tch a tiu ch l phng php c khuyn ngh
s dng trc tin.
4.7. Quy trnh nh gi mi trng chin lc
4.7.1. S qu trnh nh gi mi trng chin lc
Theo hng dn k thut chung v MC do B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban
hnh nm 2009, trnh t thc hin mt MC nh sau:
- Xc nh phm vi MC;
- Xc nh cc vn mi trng ct li v cc mc tiu v mi trng c
lin quan
n quy hoch pht trin KT-XH;

84

- Xc nh cc bn lin quan chnh v chun b k hoch huy ng s tham gia ca

cc bn lin quan;
- Phn tch cc xu hng mi trng khi khng c
CQK (phng n 0);
- nh gi cc mc tiu v phng n pht trin c xut;
- nh gi cc xu hng mi trng trong tng lai khi thc hin CQK;
- xut tng hp cc bin php gim nhtng cng v k hoch gim st mi trng;
- Bin son bo co MC v trnh c quan c
thm quyn lin quan thm nh.
Xc nh phm vi MC v xy dng k hoch MC
Xc nh cc vn mi trng ct li
v mc tiu c
lin quan n mi trng
Xc nh cc bn lin quan ch yu
v chun b k hoch tham vn
Phn tch din bin mi trng
khi khng thc hin CQK
nh gi v cc mc tiu v phng n
pht trin c xut
Chnh sa
CQK
Tham vn
cc bn
lin quan
D bo v nh gi xu th
din bin mi trng khi thc hin CQK
xut cc gii php bo v, ci thin
mi trng v k hoch gim st th trng
Son tho v trnh thm nh bo co MC
Thc hin CQK v tip tc nh gi
Hnh 4.3. Cc bc thc hin nh gi mi trng chin lc
(Ngun: Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010)
4.7.2. M t cc bc ca nh gi mi trng chin lc i vi chin lc, quy
hoch, k hoch
4.7.2.1. Xc nh phm vi nh gi mi trng chin lc
Xc nh phm vi MC ca mt CQK bao gm phm vi v khng gian v thi
gian to lp nhng cn c xc ng cho vic thu thp v bin son cc thng tin c
s ph hp v cn thit cho cng tc MC. c
th lng ghp mt cch c
hiu qu
MC vo qu trnh xy dng CQK, bc ny phi c tin hnh khi bi cnh tng
th ca CQK ang c xc nh v khi cc phng n la chn chung nht ang
c xy dng.
85

Vic xc nh phm vi MC i vi mt CQK c th c
tm quan trng c bit

t ra cc yu cu thit thc trong vic thu thp cc thng tin c s lin quan. Nu c
thc hin tt, vic xc nh phm vi MC c
th nng cao ng k cht lng cng tc
MC, mt khc, tit kim ng k thi gian v cc ngun lc cn thit hon thnh
cng tc MC.
 Cch tip cn v thc hin
Cc tham vn trong qu trnh xc nh phm vi MC c
tm quan trng c bit
bi v chng lm r c bn cht tng th ca MC bng cch t ra nhng cu hi
quan trng. Nhiu cu hi c
th khng c tr li khi bt u qu trnh MC bi
thng tin v nhng nt c th ring ca CQK s c pht sinh dn dn trong qu trnh
tin hnh. V phng din ny, iu quan trng l phi xc nhn c vic xc nh
phm vi MC khng cn phi c x l nh mt bc th tc ring bit - vic xc
nh phm vi c
th c thc hin thng qua cc cuc tham vn lp i lp li vi cc
c quan c
trch nhim v mi trng lin quan trong mt s giai on tip theo ca
qu trnh xy dng CQK.
Nn phn tch k nhng bc xy dng CQK l i tng ca MC v thu thp
cc thng tin v:
- Cu trc v trnh t ca qu trnh xy dng CQK;
- Nhng vn ct li ang c xem xt;
- Khung thi gian v vic t chc cho cc bn lin quan tham gia vo vic xy
dng CQK.
Nhng cu hi c bn xc nh phm vi chung cho MC:
- Nhng vn pht trin ct li v nhng vng nghin cu no s phi c xem
xt trong qu trnh MC V d: cn xc nh cc vng c
lin quan nh s dng nc
ca mt d ng sng th cn xem xt n cc vng ph cn thuc lu vc.
- Nhng khong thi gian no m MC cn phi bao qut trong qu trnh nh gi
C
phi kim tra hay khng cc tc ng mang tnh trung hn c
th xy ra, v d trong
v ng 5 - 10 nm ti, hoc liu c
phi tp trung hay khng vo nhng tc ng mang
tnh di hn hn, v d trong v ng 10 - 20 nm ti hoc di hn na
- Nhng n v v chuyn gia no cn phi c huy ng tham gia trong qu trnh
son tho bo co MC
4.7.2.2. Xc nh cc vn mi trng ct li v cc mc tiu mi trng c
lin quan
n chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
y l bc xc nh cc vn mi trng ct li v cc mc tiu mi trng c

lin quan cn phi c xem xt trong qu trnh MC. Cc vn v mc tiu ny s
gip cho vic xc nh cc ch s mi trng thch hp hoc a ra cc cu hi nh
hng tp trung vo cc phn tch t ra trong qu trnh MC. Danh mc cc vn v
86

mc tiu ny phi bao qut c nhng vn ch yu v n
cn phi c th hin

mt cch ngn gn v r rng. Cc ni dung chnh trong bc ny nh sau:
 Cc vn ct li v mi trng
Vi s hp tc ca cc c quan c
trch nhim v mi trng, cc chuyn gia MC
phi bt u bng vic xc nh cc vn mi trng ct li c
lin quan n vng lp
CQK. u tin l thit lp mt danh mc tng qut ca tt c cc vn mi trng c

th xy ra lin quan n cc hot ng pht trin v ang din bin trong vng lp
CQK. Danh mc ny phi c r sot mt cch k lng theo hng gim bt to
ra mt danh sch rt ngn v cc vn cn phi c xem xt trong qu trnh MC.
Bng 4.2. V d v nhng vn mi trng ct li v mc tiu mi trng c
lin
quan n quy hoch kinh t x hi
Cc vn Cc hot ng pht trin
mi trng lin quan n vn mi
ct li
trng ct li
a dng
sinh hc
- Chuyn i mc ch s
dng t t lm nghip,
nng nghip, thy sn cho
cc hot ng pht trin
khc.
- Cc tc ng bt li c

th xy ra do cc hot
ng pht trin tc ng
n a dng sinh hc
Ch thu - S thay i ch thy
vn
vn do tc ng ca cc
hot ng pht trin trong
vng quy hoch
Cc mc tiu
mi trng
Vn bn php
l c
lin quan
Cc ch th
nh gi
- Tng din tch
rng trng
- Duy tr din
tch t ngp
nc
K hoch hnh
ng quc gia
v a dng sinh
hc; v bo tn
v pht trin bn
vng cc vng
t ngp nc
- Mc ph hu
thm thc vt
- Ch tiu rng

trng mi
- Din tch t
ngp nc b
xm phm
m bo nhu cu Chin lc
- Ch hn
s dng nc
quc gia v bo hn, ngp lt
v mi trng
- Mc nhim
mn
- Cc tc ng ch quan,
khch quan t cc vng
ph cn c
lin quan
Bin i kh - S suy gim thm thc
hu
vt
- Chin lc
- Ch tiu rng
quc gia v bo trng mi, t l
v mi trng
cy xanh, din
- S bin i do tc ng - ng ph
vi
ca hiu ng nh knh do nc bin dng - Chng trnh tch rng bo v,
khoanh nui
cc hot ng pht thi kh
mc tiu quc
thi
gia v bin i - Nhit khng
kh hu
kh, mc dng
nc bin
Cht lng
khng kh
- Tng t l
thm thc vt
Tc ng t kh thi, kh
i Ci thin cht
Chin lc
Bi, CO, CO2,
bi ca cc hot ng pht lng khng kh quc gia v bo NOx, SO2
trin
v mi trng
T l cy xanh
87

Cc vn Cc hot ng pht trin

mi trng lin quan n vn mi
ct li
trng ct li
Cc mc tiu
mi trng
Cht lng Gia tng nc thi khng Bo v ti
nc (nc qua x l t cc hot ng nguyn nc
dn sinh, kinh t - x hi
mt, nc
ngm)
Vn bn php
l c
lin quan
Cc ch th
nh gi
Chin lc
- pH, SS, BOD,
quc gia v bo COD, du m,
v mi trng
kim loi nng,
coliform
- Nhim mn,
nhim phn
Gia tng
cht thi
rn;
T cc hot ng pht
- Quy hoch bi Chin lc
S lng cc bi
trin trong vng quy hoch chn lp.
quc gia v bo chn lp hp v
sinh
- Thu gom x l v mi trng
nc thi
Sc khe
cng ng
- Sc khe cng ng suy Nng cao sc
gim do gia tng nhim khe cng ng
kh thi, nc thi...
- B e da bi cc hot
ng pht trin v cc yu
t lin quan khc...
- Chin lc
quc gia v bo
v mi trng
- nh hng
chin lc pht
trin bn vng
- Ch s c cu

bnh tt
- Chu tc ng ca qu
Nng cao mc
trnh pht trin lin quan
sng vn h
a,
gio dc
n di dn, chuyn i
mc ch s dng t, o
to v ti o to...
- Chin lc
quc gia v bo
v mi trng;
chin lc bo
v mi trng
cp tnh
- Ch s pht
trin gio dc
Mi trng
x hi
- Mi trng gio dc v
h thng gio dc, cc
dch v cng cng...
- Tn sut bng
pht dch bnh
- T l sinh sn,
tai nn giao
thng
- Ch s pht
trin con ngi
(nh , sinh k,
cht lng cuc
sng)
- nh hng
chin lc pht - Ch s ri ro (an
trin bn vng ton v sinh thc
phm, an ton
giao thng, an
ninh x hi)
(Ngun: Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010)

 Cc mc tiu v mi trng
Khi cc vn ct li v mi trng c xc nh, cc chuyn gia MC phi
xc nh xem liu c
nhng mc tiu bo v mi trng no c t ra c
lin quan
n nhng vn mi trng ct li ny. Cc mc tiu bo v mi trng c
th c
tm thy cc vn bn chnh thng ban hnh hoc sp ban hnh, nh:
- Cc Lut, quy nh hoc tiu chun v mi trng (tiu chun khng kh xung quanh)
- Cc chin lc, chnh sch, k hoch hnh ng v mi trng hoc v pht trin
bn vng (nh chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia, cp tnh);
88

- Cc chin lc hoc chnh sch v pht trin ngnhlnh vc (nu trong
c
xc

nh cc mc tiu, cc u tin lin quan n pht trin bn vng hoc lin quan n bo
v mi trng (chng trnh tit kim nng lng).
Nhng mc tiu ny c
th c coi nh l nhng du mc tng th v mi trng
ca CQK. Chng c
th c s dng phn tch xem liu CQK
c
li g cho k
hoch bo v mi trng v liu c
th c s dng xut cc phng n pht
trin hay khng. Cc mc tiu bo v mi trng ny c
th c chia ra theo 2 nh
m
mc tiu:
- Cc mc tiu nh gi:
l nhng mc tiu hoc tiu chun mc ti
thiuc bn m CQK nht thit phi coi trng;
- Cc mc tiu mong mun:
l nhng mc tiu mi trng mang tnh lu di
m CQK cn xem xt.
 Cc cu hi nh hng cho vic nh gi
C
nhiu MC c
th b tr c cho vic xc nh cc vn v mc tiu mi
trng lin quan bng vic xc nh nhng ch s hoc cu hi nh hng thch hp
gip cho vic m t xu hng hin ti v xu hng tng lai khi c
hay khng c
CQK
(v d, cc vn v iu kin v quy m ca cc vng thin nhin c
gi tr). Tuy
nhin, khi la chn cc ch s hoc cu hi nh hng c
lin quan, cc chuyn gia
MC phi tnh n mc sn c
ca d liu. iu
khng c
ngha rng, s thiu
ht v d liu xc nh nhng ch s c th no
l nht nh s ngn cn c
vic s dng chng trong tng lai khi tin hnh MC. iu cn lm trong thc t l,
nu khng c
sn d liu th phi n
i r v a ra nhng nhn nh, phn xt xem liu
c
th s dng c nhng ch s
hay khng, hoc liu c
cn la chn cc ch s
khc vi mc d liu sn c
nhiu hn hay khng.
Bng 4.3. V d v nhng vn , mc tiu mi trng v nhng cu hi nh hng
i vi mt chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
Cc vn
mi trng
ct li
V d c th lin
quan n CQK
Mc tiu lin
quan trong CQK
a dng
sinh hc
bao gm c
h ng vt
v h thc
vt
Tt c cc hnh
lang DSH a
phng ngy cng
b ph v
Tng tng din
tch cc khu bo
tn ln 8 so vi
nm 2000 (K
hoch hnh ng
bo tn DSH,
2001)
Cht lng
khng kh
Cht lng khng m bo c
di

kh km ti cc khu 5 dn s sng
vc
ti cc khu vc b
nh hng do
Cc ch thcu hi
nh hng cho vic
Ngun d liu
nh gi
iu kin v quy m
ca cc vng thin
nhin c
gi tr.
Bo co tnh
trng mi
trng; Bo co
nh gi v
Tnh lin thng gia
cc sinh cnh t nhin DSH; Bo co
thin nhin 2000
S ngi sinh sng ti Bo co hin
trng
cc khu vc c
mc
nhim khng kh
qu cao.
89

t
Tnh trng m
rng th thiu
kim sot ln
chim t nng
nghip c
gi tr
cao ti cc khu
vc
Bin i kh Yu t a hnh a
hu
phng v s ph
thuc vo sn xut
nng nghip lm
cho vng nghin
cu rt d b tn
thng do cc
iu kin kh hu
bt thng (l lt
hoc hn hn)
khng kh nhim
(Chin lc mi
trng quc gia,
2003)
S ngy c
mc
nhim khng kh trung
bnh v cao so vi
mc trung bnh ca c
nc
u tin pht trin
nhng vng t
km mu m
(Chin lc mi
trng quc gia,
2003)
iu kin v quy m
ca cc vng t km
mu m;
m bo tt c
cc mc tiu pht
trin lng ghp
c nhng bin
php nhm thch
ng vi s bin
i kh hu xy ra
(Chng trnh mc
tiu quc gia v
bin i kh hu,
2008)
Mc xy ra hn
hn v sa mc h
a
Quy m l lt

Khng c
d
liu
Mc m rng ca
th;
Cht lng v s
lng ca t nng
nghip
Khng c
d
liu
Mc tn thng
ca cc vng th v
ca cc hot ng
giao thng khi c
l lt
bt thng xy ra
(Ngun: Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010).
4.7.2.3. Xc nh cc bn lin quan v xy dng k hoch huy ng s tham gia ca cc
bn lin quan
Nhim v ny l xc nh cc bn lin quan ch cht c
s quan tm n qu trnh
MC tng ng v la chn cc cch tip cn hiu qu h
ng g
p cc kin,
nhn xt v gi ca mnh cho qu trnh MC. Nhim v ny c
th c tin hnh
song song vi nhim v 1 bi v vic xc nh cc bn lin quan ch cht s phi s
dng nhng thng tin v cc vn ct li c cp trong qu trnh MC. S cn
thit ca ni dung ny th hin cc im sau:
- S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan b tc ng hoc c
mi quan tm trong qu trnh
MC s gip nng cao c cht lng ca vic nh gi, s cung cp cc thng tin u
vo cho MC v c
th to thun li cho vic thc hin CQK khi c ph duyt.
- Tham vn trong MC (c bit l i vi cc CQK mang tnh tng th hoc mang
tnh chin lc) ch yu l tm ra nhng tng v nhng thng tin u vo t cc
bn lin quan b nh hng hoc c
mi quan tm, bao gm cc c quan khc nhau,
chuyn gia c
s quan tm n cc hot ng v tm nhn pht trin lu di t ra trong
cc CQK khc nhau.
90

Cch tip cn
 Xc nh cc bn lin quan ch cht c
s quan tm trong qu trnh nh gi mi
trng chin lc
CQK c
lin quan n tt c cc ngnh, lnh vc pht trin trong vng lp n, v
vy, cc bn lin quan l rt rng, t cc c quan cng quyn, cc doanh nghip t
nhn, cc c quan khoa hc, cc t chc phi chnh ph hoc nhng cng dn bnh
thng. Nhng i tng ny c
th b tc ng bi CQK hoc c
quan tm n cc
hot ng pht trin c xut. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh cc bn lin quan cn tp
trung vo cc i tng lin quan ch yu n cc vn mi trng ct li. Cc bn
lin quan ch yu ny c
th c xc nh ngay t giai on u ca qu trnh MC
c
th tin hnh cc cuc tham vn cn thit.
xc nh cc lin quan ch yu cn thit lp mt bng ma trn. Vic ny nn
c tin hnh cng vi nh
m xy dng CQK c
th cho php vic tham vn c
iu phi hoc thm ch c tin hnh cng vi nh
m xy dng CQK.
Bng 4.4. V d v ma trn xc nh cc bn lin quan trong chin lc, quy hoch,
k hoch cp tnh (cp vng th b sung thm cc tnh c
lin quan ca quy hoch
v cc b ngnh lin quan n quy hoch)
Bn lin quan
Cc vn quan tm
Phng php tham vn
S Ti nguyn v Mi Qun l t ai
trng
Qun l mi trng
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
chc c
lin quan
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
S K hoch v u
t
Qun l u t
Thm nh quy hoch, d n
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
chc c
lin quan
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
S Cng thng
Quy hoch cc KCN
S dng nc
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
chc c
lin quan
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
S Nng nghip v
PTNT
Quy hoch nng nghip v
thu sn
S dng nc
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
chc c
lin quan
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n

S Xy dng
Quy hoch th
Quy hoch bi chn lp
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
chc c
lin quan
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
S Giao thng vn ti Quy hoch h thng giao
thng
S Lao ng Thng binh - X hi
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
chc c
lin quan
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
Xu hng dn s, hnh thi di Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
c, vn ti nh c
chc c
lin quan
Cc chng trnh gim ngho Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
Pht trin du lch, s lng
S Vn h
a, Th thao khch n thm quan du lch,
v Du lch
quy hoch cc khu du lch, du
lch sinh thi
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
chc c
lin quan
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
91

Bn lin quan
Cc vn quan tm
Phng php tham vn
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
Chnh quyn a
Cc vn c th a phng
chc c
lin quan
phng cc cp
Cc vn v cng ng
(UBND cp huyn, x)
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
Cc vn c th lin quan Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
Cc t chc phi chnh
n cc t chc phi chnh ph chc c
lin quan
ph
Cc vn v cng ng
Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n
Cc t chc nghin
cu khoa hc (t
nhin, x hi - nhn
vn) v cng ngh
Nghin cu cc vn lin
Cc cuc hp chnh thc vi cc cng
quan
chc c
lin quan
xut cc gii php thc hin Cc cuc hi tho v hi ngh bn tr n

 Mi cc bn lin quan
ng g
p kin v nh gi mi trng chin lc

Vic tham vn trong qu trnh MC s l l tng nht khi n
c tin hnh cng
vi vic tham vn trong qu trnh xy dng CQK. Cc knh truyn thng hin c
cng
thng l nhng phng tin c
hiu qu tin hnh tham vn trong qu trnh MC.
Tuy nhin, vo nhng thi im khc nhau c
th s i hi phi c
nhng phng tin
b sung khc na.
Cc cng c v bin php tham vn cng ng ph thuc vo bn cht ca CQK,
vo s sp xp ti u thu nhn cc kin
ng g
p ca cc bn lin quan ch cht,
v tt nhin, c n ph thuc vo qu thi gian v cc ngun lc sn c
.
V ng tham vn ln 1
Cc vn mi trng v kinh t - x hi
c pht hin v cc u tin c xc nh
V ng tham vn ln 2
Phn tch cc xu hng thuc cc ch lin
quan khi khng c
v khi c
quy hoch
V ng tham vn ln 3
Ton b cc tc ng ca quy hoch ti cc
mi quan tm c bit mang tnh chin lc
Cc gii php gim thiu c xc nh
Hnh 4.4. S qu trnh tham vn nh gi mi trng chin lc
(Ngun: Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010)
92

Nh
m MC phi xc nh c nhng nh gi v phn tch c
kh nng thu c

nhiu li ch nht t cc bn lin quan. Vn quan trng l phi trnh c nhng
tham vn khng cn thit. Thng thng, nhng phn tch sau y s thu c li ch t
cc bn lin quan:
- Vic xc nh nhng vn ct li c
lin quan n CQK;
- Vic phn tch cc xu hng mi trng khi khng c
CQK, vic nh gi cc
mc tiu v phng n pht trin c xut v vic a ra khuyn ngh nhm lm ti
u h
a cc mc tiu v phng n ny;
- Vic nh gi cc xu hng mi trng trong tng lai khi thc hin cc hot
ng pht trin c xut trong CQK, vic a ra cc khuyn ngh nhm ti u h
a
chng, v tng quan v cc bin php gim thiu v tng cng c xut.
- Thng tin u vo t cc bn lin quan trong tng giai on ny c
th d dng
c thu thp bng cch a ra nhng cu hi r rng h tr li.
4.7.2.4. Phn tch cc xu hng mi trng khi khng c
chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
Mc ch ca bc ny l m t phng n 0 - tc l, m t s tin trin c

th xy ra ca tnh trng mi trng trong trng hp CQK khng c trin khai. Cc
phn tch bc ny c
th gi m ra nhiu s hiu bit su sc hn v c
th tr nn
hu ch khng ch ring i vi qu trnh MC m c n hu ch i vi c vic xy
dng CQK na.
Vic hiu bit ng n v tnh trng v cc xu hng mi trng thi im hin
ti cng nh s tin trin c
th xy ra ca chng trong trng hp CQK khng c
trin khai s to c s cho vic d bo cc tc ng mi trng trong MC cng nh so
snh gia cc la chn v phng n pht trin thay th trong qu trnh MC. Cc xu
hng mi trng ny c
th b nh hng bi nhiu yu t khc nhau, nh:
- Cc ng lc ca th trng;
- Cc d n pht trin ln c ph duyt nhng cha c trin khai thc hin;
- Cc quy hoch pht trin khc;
- S bin i kh hu (vn bin i kh hu c d on l c bit nghim
trng Vit Nam).
Tc ng ca nhng hot ng pht trin ny l cha th nhn thy c ngay. Cc
phn tch hng v tng lai ca MC s m t c cc xu hng bin i v mi
trng c
th xy ra. Nhiu vn v mi trng c
th c
nhng tc ng tt hoc
ngc li c
tc ng xu n CQK c xut (v d, mt s h sinh thi nht nh
s b mt i; nhiu c tnh mi trng s tr nn ngy cng quan trng). Mt s xu
hng mi trng trong mt tng lai gn c
th b nh hng bi s bin i kh hu
(v d: bin i nhit , hn hn, l lt hoc mc nc bin dng... xy ra mt cch bt
thng) c d bo l s rt nghim trng Vit Nam.
93

Cch tip cn
MC i hi phi xem xt n nhng xu hng bin i lu di v nh
m MC
phi din gii c cc bin i mi trng ang xy ra c
lin quan n CQK. i vi
CQK quy m ln, i hi phi hng trng tm vo cch t duy phn tch, phng
php tip cn chin lc trong thu thp d liu, cc phn xt ca chuyn gia c
trnh
cao. C hai loi thng tin nh tnh v nh lng u c
th c s dng cho mc ch
ny. Vic m t cc xu hng trong qu kh v hin ti c
th da trn c s nhng d
liu sn c
c thu thp t cc ngun thng tin hin ti hoc thng qua cc kin phn
xt, nh gi ca chuyn gia (trong trng hp thiu d liu).
Cc chuyn gia MC phi tp hp thng tin tr li cho cc cu hi sau:
- Tnh trng hin ti tt hay xu nh th no Tnh trng hin ti c n cch bao nhiu
so vi cc ngng hoc cc mc tiu xc nh
- Cc yu t c bit nhy cm hoc quan trng ca mi trng tip nhn, v d: cc
nh
m x hi d b tn thng, cc ngun ti nguyn khng c
kh nng ti to, cc loi
b e da nguy him, cc sinh cnh qu him... c
b nh hng khng Cc vn ny
c
th o ngc hay khng th o ngc, lu di hay tm thi
- ng lc ca cc xu hng ny l g
- S tip din trong tng lai ca cc xu hng ny s nh th no
- Nn xem xt n tc ng ca s bin i kh hu c
th xy ra n cc xu
hng mi trng trong tng lai v chng c
th b nh hng bi cc hin tng kh
hu bt thng;
- Nu c
th, nn th hin kt qu phn tch ny trn bn minh ha v quy m
khng gian v s lin kt gia cc vn v kinh t, x hi v mi trng;
- Nn chia s v kim tra cho cc thng tin ny vi nh
m xy dng CQK.
4.7.2.5. nh gi cc mc tiu v phng n pht trin c xut
Mc ch ca bc ny l nh gi tc ng tng th ca cc phng n, cc
mc tiu hay cc u tin pht trin c xut n cc xu hng bin i cc vn
mi trng ct li v xem xt tnh nht qun ca cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t vi
nhng mc tiu v mi trng v x hi c xc nh Vit Nam.
S cn thit ca ni dung ny th hin cc im sau:
- Mt thc t l phi xem xt cc phng n pht trin khc nhau trong tng lai,
phi xut c cc mc tiu hoc u tin pht trin thay th khi xy dng CQK. Vic
nh gi cc xut ny c
th ch ra cc c hi thc hin cc phng n nhm tin
ti s pht trin bn vng.
- Vic nh gi nh vy i hi phi c
cc cuc tho lun lp i lp li gia cc
chuyn gia MC v chuyn gia xy dng CQK. Thng qua nhng cuc tho lun c
th
94

xc nh c cc ri ro hoc li ch ln v mi trng ca cc phng n pht trin

khc nhau. Thng tin ny c
th gip xy dng cc phng n trong qu trnh xy dng
CQK, hoc xut nhng thay i v mc tiu ca bn thn CQK.
Cch tip cn
Vic nh gi cc xut chin lc r rng l mt vic kh
. Tuy nhin, n
c
th
tr nn d dng hn bng cch s dng thng tin v cc xu hng mi trng trong
tng lai khi khng c
CQK (xem cc bc MC trc). Thng tin v cc xu hng
mi trng trong tng lai ny s cho php cc chuyn gia MC xem xt xem cc
phng n pht trin, mc tiu pht trin v cc u tin pht trin c xut liu:
- C
nh hng tch cc hay tiu cc n cc ng lc ch yu (nguyn nhn gc
r) ca cc vn v mi trng lin quan;
- C
th dn n nhng nguy c mi v mi trng; hoc
- C
to iu kin thun li cho vic ci thin mi trng.
- Mi quan h gia cc mc tiu pht trin c xut v cc mc tiu mi trng
c
lin quan c
th d dng c trnh by bng cc ma trn n gin m t v nhng
tc ng c bn. Nhng vn xung t v tng hp khc nhau cng c
th d nhn
thy bng cch s dng cc biu tng n gin hoc cc mu khc nhau ch dn, v
d nh sau:
 Nhng vn xung thn ch tuyt i (mu );
 Nhng vn xung thn ch ng k (mu da cam);
 Nhng tc ng tch cc hoc nhng tng hp ng k (mu xanh l cy nht);
 Nhng s tng hp hon ton - cc mc tiu xut gii quyt c nhng vn
v mi trng hin ti hoc bo m tnh bn vng (mu xanh l cy m);
 Nhng tc ng c n cha chc chn (mu xanh nc bin);
 Nhng tc ng khng ng k (khng mu).
nh gi nhng xut chin lc c
th c thc hin thng qua vic s dng
nhng thng tin v cc xu hng mi trng v kinh t - x hi trong tng lai khi
khng trin khai quy hoch c xut (theo cc vn mi trng ct li v cc mc
tiu mi trng c
lin quan) c xc nh trong bc trc.
Bc nh gi ny c
th tr gip mt cch c
hiu qu cho vic xem xt nhng
phng n sau y ca CQK thng qua vic t ra nhng cu hi, c th nh sau:
- Cc la chn v qun l nhu cu:
 Hot ng pht trin xut c
cn thit khng
 Nhu cu liu c
c p ng hay khng nu nh khng c
bt c hot ng pht
trin hoc kt cu h tng mi no
95

 Liu c
nhng c hi hin thc no qun l nhu cu pht trin (v d, thng

qua cc cng c v lut php, kinh t hoc hnh chnh hoc cc bin php khc thc
y vic thay i hnh vi)
- Cc la chn v cng ngh hoc qu trnh:
 Cng vic phi c thc hin nh th no
 C
hay khng cc bin php, cng ngh hoc qu trnh m c
th p ng c
cc nhu cu pht trin nhng li t gy ra nhng tc ng xu v mi trng so vi
nhng bin php truyn thng
Cc phng php chuyn gia, ma trn c
th c s dng trong cc tho lun c
th sau y:
- Trong vic nh gi cc mc tiu v phng n pht trin c xut c
th s
dng nhng thng tin u vo t cc chuyn gia thuc cc c quan c
thm quyn, cc
c quan khoa hc, cc nh
m kinh doanh hoc cc t chc phi chnh ph c
lin quan.
Nhng cuc hi tho, hi ngh bn tr n v cc cuc hp khng chnh thc, v.v.. u c

th c s dng phc v cho mc ch ny.
- Xem xt phm vi nh hng (tch cctiu cc) ca cc nh hng, mc tiu v
phng n pht trin ti cc vn mi trng ct li;
- Xc nh phm vi ca nhng li chc hiri ro v mi trng m nhng xut
pht trin c
th to ra;
- nh gi s ph hp ca cc mc tiu v nh hng pht trin c xut vi
cc mc tiu v nh hng v mi trng hay pht trin bn vng c xc nh
trong cc vn bn chnh thng, tt nht s dng ma trn th hin mi quan h gia mc
tiu pht trin v mc tiu mi trng.
Bng 4.5. V d v ma trn th hin cc ri ro, li ch v c hi lin quan ti cc
mc tiu pht trin kinh t - x hi
Cc mc tiu
pht trin
KT-XH
Tng lng go
cht lng cao
cho xut khu
nhng
khng
tng khu vc
trng trt
96
Cc ri ro mi trng
- Tng cng lng phn b
n,
thuc tr su, thuc dit c s
dng khi m rng sn xut
- t sn xut b mt hoc
xung cp
- nhim t v nc
- Tng nhu cu v nc
Cc li ch
mi trng
Cc loi go cho
nng sut thp
hin s dng
nhiu phn b
n
tng bc b
loi b
Cc c hi mi trng
- p dng thc hnh nng
nghip tt, c bit vng
t dc

- Gii thiu cc ging la

mi cho nng sut cao,
khng su bnh
- Cc khu vc la cho nng
sut thp s chuyn sang
trng cy lng thc khc
hoc chn nui
- Cc khu vc b suy thoi
h sinh thi c phc hi

Cc mc tiu
pht trin
KT-XH
m bo s
tng trng
nhanh v bn
vng ca nh
bt thy sn
cng vi pht
trin cc sn
phm t thy
sn
Cc ri ro mi trng
Cc li ch
mi trng
- nh bt qu mc cc loi
c
gi tr kinh t cao
Xy dng v
tng cng nng
lc trong vic
- Thc hnh cc hot ng
nh bt khng bn vng nh hn ch nh bt
nhm m bo
nh bt bng mn
cc loi c khng
- nh hng ti cc h sinh
b suy gim v s
thi bin nhy cm
lng
- e da sinh k ca cc ng
dn nh bt quy m nh do
gia tng nh bt cng nghip
- nhim nc v t do qun
l cht thi km i vi cc
hot ng ch bin thy sn
Chuyn i c
cu ngnh giao
thng theo nh
hng tng
khi lng vn
chuyn hng
h
a bng
ng bin v
ng st,
gim lu lng
giao thng
ng b
Cc c hi mi trng
- Xy dng cc k hoch
qun l nh bt ven bin
v xa b
- M rng cc khu bo tn
bin v ci tin k hoch
qun l vi s tham gia ca

cc cng ng a phng
- Tng cng cc ngun
lc v o to nhm bt
buc tun th quy nh
trong khu bo tn bin
- Ri ro v s c trn du
- Gim lng kh
hoc h
a cht cc cng bin gy hiu ng
- Tc ng ti cc h sinh thi nh knh do xe
ti trn ng b
v sinh vt nhy cm cc
- Lng ghp cc chng
trnh ti cu trc c s h
tng vi vic nng cao nhn
thc ca cng ng i vi
cng v dc cc tuyn ng - Gim n tc v cc la chn v giao thng
cng cng
bin
tai nn giao
- nh hng ca bin i kh
hu i vi h tng cng
thng
- Cc tuyn ng st c
th
gy t on cc hnh lang
sinh hc
- Nng cao li ch ca
ngi ngho bng vic m
bo c
xe but kt ni
vi h thng ng st
- Ting n v rung lin
quan ti vn ti ng st
siu trng, siu trng
(Ngun: Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010).
4.7.2.6. nh gi cc xu hng mi trng trong tng lai khi trin khai cc hot ng
xut trong chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch
 Mc ch
- nh gi cc tc ng tch cc vhoc tiu cc ca nhng xut c th trong
CQK n xu hng bin i cc vn mi trng ct li;
- Cn nhc cc phng n la chn theo cc hot ng c xut;
- xut cc bin php ph ng nga, gim nh v khc phc ti a cc tc ng xu
ca vic thc hin CQK n mi trng v pht trin bn vng.
97

 S cn thit
Mt trong nhng li ch chnh ca MC l n
to ra kh nng xc nh cc tc
ng mi trng ca nhiu hot ng c xut v to thun li cho vic nh gi
cc tc ng tch lu. Cc tc ng tch lu ny c
th l kt qu ca nhng hot ng
nh l nhng li cng c tin hnh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh nn tr
thnh nhng tc ng rt ng k.
 Cch tip cn
nh gi ny trc tin phi nhm vo vic xc nh nhng thnh t ca CQK c

kh nng gy ra nhng tc ng ln n nhng xu hng mi trng c th. nh gi
ny c
th tp trung vo ton b CQK, vo tng cm cc d n c xut hoc thm
ch tp trung vo nhng xut ring l c
th gy ra nhng tc ng ng k n cc
xu hng mi trng c
lin quan. Cc chuyn gia MC sau
phi l gii c v
nhng vn sau y:
- c tnh ca ri rotc ng (nguyn nhn chnh xc no gy ra ri rotc ng
hoc ch l nhng gi nh d bo);
- Xc sut xy ra v nhng iu c n cha chc chn ch yu;
- Quy m a l - nhng vng a l b tc ng trc tip v gin tip cn c quan
tm c th;
- di thi gian v kh nng c
th o ngc;
- Nhng mi quan tm c bn lin quan n tc ng ny.
4.7.2.7. xut cc bin php gim nhtng cng v chng trnh qun l, gim st
mi trng
Mc ch ca bc ny l cung cp nhng thng tin tng th v tt c cc c hi
hoc bin php ni bt ph ng nga, gim nh hoc b p i vi nhng tc ng
tiu cc v tng cng nhng tc ng tch cc. Bc ny c n l xut vic t
chc gim st mi trng trong thc t m bo rng:
- Thng tin v nhng tc ng ln ca cc hot ng v d n n cc mc tiu v
ch s mi trng c
lin quan n CQK phi c ghi nhn mt cch y ;
- Mi tc ng xu cha nhn thy trc u phi c xc nh c
th a ra
c nhng bin php tng ng gii quyt.
 S cn thit
Bc ny to cho cc chuyn gia MC c
nhng c hi cui cng a ra bt k
khuyn ngh no m cc c quan c
trch nhim v vic ra quyt nh cn phi cn nhc
v
cng l c hi h nu ra cc vn c n tn ti m cha c a vo CQK.
Trong vic b tr gim st mi trng phi ch r tt c cc vn mi trng ln
c
th xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin CQK bt k l chng c nhn thy trc
98

hay cha. Vic b tr gim st ny cng c n to ra c ch phn hi v cung cp

nhng thng tin mi trng c
lin quan cho bc tip theo ca qu trnh xy dng
CQK. Cui cng l n
s lm cho cc quyt nh a ra trong qu trnh thc hin
CQK c
nhiu thng tin hn v cng c
li ch cho vic b sung v sa i CQK
trong tng lai.
 Cch tip cn
- xut cc bin php gim nh hoc tng cng v mi trng
Khng th c
mt khun mu duy nht no cho nhim v ny. Cc chuyn gia
MC c
th s dng bt k hnh thc ph hp no a ra nhn xt, nh gi v l
gii ca mnh v cc vn sau:
 Cc c hi lm ti u h
a cc mc tiu hoc cc u tin v pht trin c
ra trong CQK;
 Cc c hi lm ti u h
a cc xut c th trong CQK (v d, cc phng n
pht trin thay th; a im, quy m v tn suttrnh t thi gian ca cc hot ng
pht trin c xut);
 Cc c hi lm ti u h
a vic thc hin CQK (v d, cc vn cn gii quyt
trong cc TM, vn thch ng vi bin i kh hu...);
 xut cc bin php gim nh i vi nhng tc ng tiu cc khng th trnh
c ca CQK thng qua vic thay i cc mc tiu, cc u tin hoc cc hnh ng
pht trin c xut; v
 xut cc thay i trong cc CQK khc c
lin quan (thng c gi l nhng
bin php b sung).
- xut h thng gim st mi trng
MC phi s dng cc sp xp v gim st c xut cho CQK trnh s nhm
ln v trng lp. Cc chuyn gia MC phi phn tch h thng gim st mi trng c
xut cho CQK v c
th xut thm nhng ch s mi da vo cc vn , cc mc
tiu v cc ch s v mi trng lin quan c s dng trong qu trnh MC.
Nhng yu cu i vi gim st v qun l mi trng quy nh ti Thng t s
262011TT-BTNMT bao gm:
 Ni dung ca chng trnh qun l mi trng (chng trnh qun l cht thi, a
dng sinh hc...);
 Ni dung gim st, cc thng sch th gim st, a im, trch nhim gim st,
cch thc thc hin, ngun lc cn thit;
 Cch thc phi hp gia cc n v trong qu trnh thc hin;
99

4.7.2.8. Son tho bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc v trnh c quan c
thm

quyn thm nh
 Son tho bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc
Bo co MC l mt ni dung quan trng ca CQK v phi c chun b ng thi
vi qu trnh xy dng CQK. Cc bc MC nu ra trong bn hng dn ny s to kh
nng cho nh
m MC x l tt c cc thng tin cn thit a vo bo co MC.
Ni dung chnh ca bo co MC chi tit di hnh thc bo co ring bao gm:
m t t
m tt chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch; qu trnh t chc thc hin nh gi mi
trng chin lc; m t phm vi nghin cu ca nh gi mi trng chin lc v cc
vn mi trng chnh lin quan n chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch;
M t din bin trong qu kh v d bo xu hng ca cc vn mi trng chnh
trong trng hp khng thc hin chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch; nh gi s ph hp
ca cc quan im, mc tiu ca chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch vi cc quan im,
mc tiu v bo v mi trng; nh gi, so snh cc phng n pht trin ca chin
lc, quy hoch, k hoch;
nh gi tc ng n cc vn mi trng chnh trong trng hp thc hin
chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch; tham vn cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh thc hin
nh gi mi trng chin lc; xut iu chnh chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch v
cc bin php ph ng nga, gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng; ch dn ngun cung
cp s liu, d liu v phng php nh gi; kt lun v kin ngh.
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn v cu trc v ni dung ca bo co MC
c trnh by ph lc 1.3, ph lc 1.5 v ph lc 1.7 ca Thng t s 262011TTBTNMT. Cu
tit di hnh thc bo co ring
nh sau:
M u
1. Xut x ca CQK
2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin MC
3. Phng php s dng thc hin MC
4. T chc thc hin MC
- Mi lin kt gia qu trnh lp CQK v qu trnh thc hin MC, trong
nu r
cc bc thc hin MC c gn kt nh th no vi qu trnh lp CQK.
- Vic t chc, cch thc hot ng ca nh
m chuyn gia v MC do c quan lp
CQK thnh lp hoc n v t vn thc hin.
- Danh sch nhng ngi trc tip tham gia trong qu trnh MC;
- Qu trnh lm vic ca nh
m MC vi nh
m CQK.
100

Chng 1: M t t
m tt chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch

1.1. Tn ca CQK
1.2. C quan c giao nhim v lp CQK
1.3. M t t
m tt CQK
- Phm vi khng gian v thi k ca CQK.
- Cc mc tiu, quan im v phng hng pht trin; c cu t chc kinh t.
- Lun chng cc phng n pht trin ca CQK v phng n chn.
- Phng n tng hp v t chc kinh t, x hi trn lnh th, quy hoch pht trin
kt cu h tng, nh hng quy hoch s dng t (nu c
).
- Lun chng danh mc d n u tin u t.
- Cc nh hng, gii php chnh v bo v mi trng ca CQK.
- Cc gii php v c ch, chnh sch.
- Cc chng trnh, d n u t trng im.
- Phng n t chc thc hin CQK.
- Cc bn , s lin quan (nu c
).
Chng 2: Xc nh phm vi MC v m t din bin mi trng t nhin, kinh
t - x hi
2.1. Xc nh phm vi ca MC v cc vn mi trng chnh lin quan n CQK
2.1.1. Phm vi thc hin MC
- Phm vi khng gian, trong
ch r nhng vng lnh th xc nh thc hin
MC.
- Phm vi thi gian thc hin MC.
2.1.2. Cc vn mi trng chnh lin quan n CQK
- Nu r cc vn mi trng chnh lin quan n CQK cn xem xt trong MC.
- Nu r cc mc tiu mi trng trong cc vn bn php lut, chin lc, chnh
sch, k hoch hnh ng v bo v mi trng c
lin quan n cc vn mi
trng xc nh trn.
2.2. M t t
m tt iu kin t nhin, mi trng v kinh t - x hi vng c
kh nng
b tc ng
- iu kin v a l, a cht
- iu kin v kh tng - thy vn
- Hin trng cc thnh phn mi trng t nhin
- iu kin v kinh t
- iu kin v x hi
101

2.3. M t din bin trong qu kh ca cc vn mi trng chnh lin quan n CQK

- Da trn cc thng tin, d liu c
cn m t din bin trong qu kh ca cc
vn mi trng chnh lin quan n CQK, so snh vi cc mc tiu, tiu chun,
quy chun v mi trng lin quan.
- Xc nh cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s bin i ca cc vn mi trng
chnh ny.
2.4. D bo xu hng ca cc vn mi trng chnh trong trng hp khng thc
hin CQK (Phng n 0)
- D bo xu hng ca cc vn mi trng chnh lin quan n CQK trong
trng hp khng thc hin CQK theo phm vi thi gian bt u t thi im xy
dng CQK.
- Xc nh cc nguyn nhn chnh c
th tc ng n cc vn mi trng chnh
(nh cc quy hoch, d n u t khc ang trin khai; cc quy hoch, d n u t
c ph duyt nhng cha trin khai, cc ng lc th trng, bin i kh
hu...).
Chng 3: nh gi tc ng ca CQK n mi trng
3.1. nh gi s ph hp gia cc quan im, mc tiu ca chin lc, quy hoch, k
hoch vi cc quan im, mc tiu v bo v mi trng
- nh gi s ph hp hoc mu thun gia cc quan im, mc tiu ca CQK vi
cc quan im, mc tiu v bo v mi trng c cc cp, cc ngnh xc lp
trong cc vn bn chnh thng c
lin quan, nh: ngh quyt, ch th ca ng, vn
bn quy phm php lut ca Nh nc; chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch v bo v
mi trng; chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch v khai thc, s dng cc ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin; cc vn bn chnh thng c
lin quan khc.
- D bo tc ng, nh hng ca cc quan im, mc tiu ca CQK n cc quan
im, mc tiu v bo v mi trng lin quan trong cc vn bn nu trn.
3.2. nh gi, so snh cc phng n pht trin xut v lun chng phng n chn
nh gi tc ng n mi trng ca cc phng n pht trin xut (trong
trng hp c
t 2 phng n tr ln) v a ra khuyn ngh v la chn, iu
chnh phng n pht trin da trn quan im v bo v mi trng.
3.3. D bo xu hng ca cc vn mi trng chnh trong trng hp thc hin CQK
3.3.1. nh gi tc ng ca CQK n mi trng
3.3.1.1. nh gi tc ng ca tng thnh phn CQK n mi trng
- Xc nh cc thnh phn ca CQK (cc quy hoch thnh phn, cc chng trnh,
d n, cc hot ng u t v cc hot ng khc) c
kh nng gy ra tc ng
mi trng.
102

- nh gi tc ng ca tng thnh phn CQK n mi trng: xc nh r i

tng chu tc ng, phm vi khng gian v thi gian ca tc ng, c tnh tc
ng, xc sut, kh nng o ngc ca tc ng (cn nh gi c cc tc ng tch
cc v tiu cc, tc ng trc tip v gin tip).
- nh gi s ph hp v quy m, cng ngh, phn b khng gian, thi gian thc
hin ca tng thnh phn CQK, cc d n, cc hot ng ca CQK.
3.3.1.2. nh gi tc ng ca ton b CQK n mi trng
nh gi tc ng ca ton b CQK n mi trng trn c s tng hp cc tc
ng ca tng thnh phn CQK.
3.3.2. D bo xu hng ca cc vn mi trng chnh
D bo xu hng ca tng vn mi trng chnh c xc nh theo khng
gian v thi gian c th.
3.4. Nhn xt v mc chi tit, tin cy v cc vn c n cha chc chn ca cc
d bo
- Vic nhn xt, nh gi v mc chi tit, tin cy ca cc d bo, cc nhn
nh a ra c thc hin trn c s cc nhn xt, nh gi v ngun thng tin
v cc phng php (phng php MC v phng php khc) c s dng
trong MC ny.
- Trng hp c
cc vn c n thiu tin cy hoc cha chc chn trong cc
nh gi, d bo th phi nu c th tng vn v km theo s gii thch r l do
(thiu thng tin, d liu; s liu, d liu hin c
b lc hu; thiu phng php;
tin cy ca phng php c
hn; trnh chuyn mn ca cc chuyn gia thc
hin MC; cc nguyn nhn khc).
Chng 4: Tham vn cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh MC
4.1. T chc vic tham vn
M t qu trnh t chc tham vn cc bn lin quan, trong
nu r vic tham vn
cc bn lin quan c thc hin cc bc no trong qu trnh MC, mc ch
tin hnh tham vn, i tng tin hnh tham vn, phng php tham vn.
4.2. Ni dung v kt qu tham vn
Nu tng ni dung tham vn km theo ch dn c th v: i tng tham vn,
phng php tham vn v t
m tt kt qu tham vn ca qu trnh tham vn trong
tng bc thc hin MC, trong
cn lm r:
- Cc thng tin thu thp c t cc bn lin quan thng qua qu trnh tham vn.
- Cc kin
ng g
p (bao gm c cc kin nht tr v phn i), cc kin ngh
v iu chnh, b sung CQK ca cc bn lin quan.
103

Chng 5: Cc gii php ph ng nga, gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng

5.1. Cc ni dung ca CQK c iu chnh trn c s kt qu thc hin MC
- Cc xut, kin ngh iu chnh CQK ca nh
m chuyn gian v t vn thc
hin MC v ca cc bn lin quan thng qua qu trnh tham vn
- Cc ni dung ca CQK c iu chnh trn c s kt qu thc hin MC
- Cc xut, kin ngh cha c tip thu
 Cc xut, kin ngh ca nh
m chuyn gian v t vn thc hin MC cha
c c quan lp CQK tip thu, gii thch r l do.
 Cc xut, kin ngh ca ca cc bn lin quan thng qua qu trnh tham vn
cha c c quan lp CQK tip thu, gii thch r l do.
5.2. Cc gii php ph ng nga, gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng trong qu
trnh thc hin CQK
5.2.1. Gii php v cng ngh, k thut
ra cc gii php v cng ngh, k thut nhm ph ng nga, gim thiu v khc
phc cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng do vic thc hin cc hot ng, d n
ca CQK; nhn xt, nh gi v tnh kh thi; d kin cch thc thc hin, c quan
thc hin, c quan phi hp thc hin i vi tng gii php.
5.2.2. Gii php v qun l
ra cc gii php v qun l nhm ph ng nga, gim thiu v khc phc cc tc
ng tiu cc n mi trng do vic thc hin cc hot ng, d n ca CQK;
nhn xt, nh gi v tnh kh thi; d kin cch thc thc hin, c quan thc hin,
c quan phi hp thc hin i vi tng gii php.
5.2.3. nh hng v nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM)
nh hng, yu cu v TM i vi cc d n thnh phn trong CQK, trong
ch
ra cc vn mi trng cn ch trng, cc vng, ngnhlnh vc no cn phi c
quan tm v TM trong qu trnh xy dng cc d n thnh phn; l do ch yu.
5.2.4. Cc gii php khc
5.2.5. Cc xut, kin ngh v iu chnh cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch khc c

lin quan
5.3. Chng trnh qun l mi trng
xut chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng trong qu trnh trin khai thc
hin CQK, trong
ch r:
- Ni dung gim st, cc thng sch th gim st, a im, trch nhim gim st,
cch thc thc hin, ngun lc cn thit.
- Cch thc phi hp gia cc c quan trong qu trnh thc hin.
- Ch bo co trong qu trnh thc hin.
104

Kt lun v kin ngh

1. V mc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng ca CQK
- Kt lun chung v s ph hpmu thun ca cc mc tiu ca CQK v cc mc
tiu v bo v mi trng.
- Mc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng n
i chung trong qu trnh trin khai CQK.
- Cc tc ng mi trng tiu cc khng th khc phc c km theo nguyn nhn.
2. V hiu qu ca MC
Cn nu t
m tt:
- Cc ni dung ch yu ca CQK c iu chnh.
- Cc vn c n cha c
s thng nht gia cc ni dung, yu cu v pht trin v
v bo v mi trng.
- Cc gii php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng trong qu trnh thc
hin CQK.
3. V vic ph duyt CQK
Da trn cc kt qu ca MC, kin ngh v vic thm nh, ph duyt CQK.
4. Kt lun v kin ngh khc
 Cc tiu ch thm nh khng chnh thc i vi bo co MC
Di y l cc tiu ch m cc c quan xut CQK c
th s dng thm nh
ni bkhng chnh thc i vi cc bo co MC ca CQK c xut. Theo
, h
c
th kim tra xem liu MC c tin hnh mt cch ng n hay khng v
nhng thng tin cn thit theo yu cu t ra c
trong bo co MC hay cha.
- i vi cc vn ct li:
 Mc ch v mc tiu ca CQK c xc nh l r rng;
 Mi lin kt vi cc quy hoch pht trin khc c
lin quan c xc nh v gii
thch r;
 Cc vn mi trng lin quan n CQK c xc nh;
 Vic nh gi tp trung vo nhng vn quan trng;
 C
l do loi b bt nhng vn cn xem xt tip theo.
- i vi cc phng n:
 Cc phng n thc t ca CQK c xem xt v l do la chn cc phng n
c thuyt minh;
 Trong cc phng n c
cc kch bn lm mc ti thiu v/hoc lm mc
bnh thng i vi mi hot ng c
lin quan;
105

 Cc tc ng mi trng (c
li v c
hi) ca tng phng n c xc nh v

so snh;
 S mu thun gia cc phng n v cc CQK lin quan khc c xc nh v
gii thch;
 a ra c l do chn la hoc loi b cc phng n.
- i vi cc thng tin c s:
 Cc kha cnh lin quan ca tnh trng mi trng hin ti v s tin trin c
th
xy ra khi khng c
CQK c m t;
 Cc c im mi trng ca cc vng c
th b tc ng c m t, bao gm c
khu vc ngoi phm vi a l ca vng CQK c
kh nng b tc ng bi CQK.
- i vi vic d bo v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ln c
kh nng xy ra:
 Cc tc ng tch cc v tiu cc c xem xt, di thi gian xy ra (ngn,
trung hoc di hn) c cp.
 Cc tc ng th cp, tch lu v tng h c
th xy ra c xc nh nhng
ni thch hp.
 Cc mi quan h a chiu gia cc tc ng c xem xt nhng ni thch hp.
 Vic d bo v nh gi cc tc ng l ph hp vi cc tiu chun, quy nh v
ngng t ra.
- i vi nhng im c n cha chc chn:
 Cc phng php s dng trong MC c m t, trong
c
gii thch v
nhng im c n cha chc chn (nu c
).
 S thiu ht v thng tin c s hoc v phng php c gii thch.
- i vi cc bin php gim nh:
 Cc bin php ph ng nga, gim nh hoc b p cc tc ng tiu cc quan
trng trong qu trnh trin khai CQK c ch dn.
 Cc vn cn lu xem xt trong qu trnh ph duyt CQK c ch dn.
- i vi bo co MC:
 R rng v xc tch v mt bin tp v trnh by;
 S dng cch hnh vn n gin, r rng v trnh c hoc gii thch c cc
thut ng k thut;
 C
s dng cc bn v cc hnh thc minh ha khc nhng ch thch hp;
 C
gii thch v phng php lun s dng;
 C
gii thch v i tng tham vn v cc phng php tham vn s dng;
 Xc nh c cc ngun thng tin, bao gm c cc kin phn xt ca chuyn
gia v cc kin khc;
106

 C
phn t
m tt phi tnh k thut v cch tip cn tng th i vi MC, cc mc

tiu ca CQK, cc phng n la chn chnh cn xem xt v cc khuyn ngh v vic
thay i i vi CQK do kt qu ca MC;
 Cc kh
khn v k thut, th tc v cc kh
khn khc c cp v gii thch;
cc gi nh v nhng iu c n cha chc chn c thng thn a ra.
- i vi vic qun l qu trnh MC
 MC c tin hnh nh mt phn hu c (khng tch ri) ca qu trnh xy
dng CQK.
 Cc c quan c
thm quyn lin quan v cng chng quan tm c tham vn
theo ng cch v ng thi im h c
nhng kin
ng g
p sm v hiu qu cho
d tho CQK v bo co MC.
107

Chng 5. PHNG PHP NHN DNG V

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
nh gi tc ng mi trng c coi l mn khoa hc a ngnh, do vy, mun
d bo v nh gi ng cc tc ng chnh ca d n n mi trng t nhin v KTXH cn phi
n v da vo c im ca mi trng, cc nh khoa hc s dng nhiu phng
php nhn dng v d bo vi mc nh tnh hoc nh lng khc nhau. Mi
phng php u c
im mnh v im yu. Vic la chn phng php cn da vo
yu cu v mc chi tit ca TM, kin thc, kinh nghim ca ngi thc hin TM.
Trong nhiu trng hp phi kt hp tt c cc phng php trong nghin cu TM
cho mt d n, c bit cc d n c
quy m ln v c
kh nng to nhiu tc ng th
cp (Hong Xun C v Phm Ngc H, 1998; L Thc Cn v L Trnh, 2007).
Cc phng php nhn dng v nh gi cc tc ng c
th p dng chung cho c
MC, TM cp d n, cam kt bo v mi trng. Tuy nhin, vic la chn cc
phng php cho mi loi hnh nh gi l rt quan trng, quyt nh tnh chnh xc v
hiu qu ca cng tc nh gi.
5.1. Nhn dng tc ng
5.1.1. Cc kiu tc ng
Theo L Thc Cn v L Trnh (2007), nhn dng cc tc ng mi trng l xc
nh cc i tng mi trng c
th b d n tc ng mt cch ng k. Tc ng mi
trng ca mt d n c hiu l s thay i cc iu kin mi trng hin ti to ra
cc hu qu mi trng c
li cng nh c
hi. Nhn dng cc tc ng mi trng
c thc hin t bc xc nh phm vi (khi c
y cc thng tin v hot ng
ca d n) n giai on u ca bc TM chi tit (khi thu thp y cc thng
tin hin trng mi trng ca vng d n).
 Tc ng mi trng vt l
Cc tc ng n mi trng vt l l s nh hng qua li ca d n n cc yu
t v thnh phn mi trng nh:
- nh hng n a hnh
- nh hng n a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn
- nh hng n ch thy vn, d ng chy
- nh hng n kh hu
108

- nh hng n thnh phn v cht lng nc mt

- nh hng n thnh phn cht lng nc ngm
- nh hng n thnh phn cht lng khng kh
- nh hng n thnh phn, tnh cht t
- nh hng n qu trnh x
i m n, bi t v trt l t
- Cc vn v thin tai nh ng t kch thch, l lt
 Cc tc ng n mi trng sinh hc
Cc tc ng sinh hc l s nh hng do hot ng ca d n n cc h sinh thi
t nhin v ti nguyn sinh vt. nh hng n cc h sinh thi nhy cm v mi
trng, c bit l h sinh thi t ngp nc:
- nh hng n ti nguyn thc vt
- nh hng n ng vt hoang d
- nh hng n ng thc vt thy sinh
- nh hng n cy trng vt nui
 Tc ng v x hi
Tc ng x hi ca mt d n u t l cc hot ng c
li v bt li do d n
trc tip hoc gin tip gy ra cho cc iu kin v hot ng x hi trong vng b nh
hng do d n. Cc hot ng chnh l:
- nh hng do di dn v ti nh c
- nh hng do thay i trong c cu s dng t
- nh hng do thay i c cu ngnh ngh v vic lm
- nh hng n phong tc tp qun
- nh hng n cng ng dn tc thiu s
- nh hng n cc di tch lch s, vn h
a, cc cng trnh kin trc
- nh hng n quan h x hi, tm l cng ng
- nh hng n vn h
a
- nh hng n sc khe cng ng
- Mu thun x hi (nu c
)
 Tc ng v kinh t
Tc ng kinh t ca mt d n u t l cc hot ng c
li v bt li do d n
trc tip hoc gin tip gy ra cho cc iu kin v hot ng v kinh t trong vng b
nh hng do d n. Cc tc ng chnh l:
- nh hng n quy hoch pht trin kinh t vng, a phng
- nh hng n quy hoch pht trin kinh t ngnh
109

- nh hng n thu nhp ca cc h b mt t hoc c s h tng

- nh hng n cc ngnh kinh t a phng
- nh hng n c s h tng
5.1.2. Ngun gc v hu qu ca tc ng
- Cc tc ng trc tip: L s thay i cc yu t v cc qu trnh mi trng do
cc hot ng ca d n gy ln mt cch trc tip. Chng hn, vic xy dng cc p
nc s nh hng trc tip n ch d ng chy hay vic pht thi ca cc nh my
nhit in trc tip gy nhim mi trng.
- Cc tc ng gin tip: L s thay i ca cc yu t v cc qu trnh mi trng
thng qua (hoc b gy ra do) cc tc ng trc tip. V d nh tc ng trc tip ca
vic xy dng p nc l thay i ch d ng chy gy nn nhng tc ng gin tip
nh thay i h sinh thi ngp nc h lu, thay i mc nc ngm xung quanh v
tr p p, thay i vic s dng t. Cc tc ng trc tip ca kh thi nh my nhit
in gy nhim khng kh, dn ti tc ng gin tip l nh hng xu n sc khe
con ngi, i sng sinh vt, bn vt liu...
Nu cc tc ng trc tip l nhng tc ng gy ra mt cch tc th bi cc hot
ng ca d n, th cc tc ng gin tip thng c to ra sau mt thi gian t mi
tng tc ca cc tc ng trc tip vi cc hp phn mi trng (t nhin, kinh t, x
hi), cc qu trnh mi trng m bn thn chng c
lin quan n cc tc ng trc tip.
- Cc tc ng tch ly: Mi mt d n ring bit u gy ra nhng tc ng mi
trng gin tip v trc tip. Tc ng mi trng tch ly l tp hp cc tc ng mi
trng ca nhiu d n trn cng mt vng.
5.1.3. Mc tc ng
Mc tc ng ca d n n mi trng c phn thnh 4 mc nh sau:
- Tc ng mnh (tc ng nghim trng): L loi tc ng c
th gy ph hoi mt
thnh phn no
ca mi trng hoc to ra s bin i mi trng r rt phm vi
rng. Tc ng ny c
th nh hng xu n gi tr mi trng t nhin, KT-XH ca
ton b vng d n nu khng c
bin php gim thiu thch hp.
- Tc ng va (tc ng trung bnh): L loi tc ng c
th gy suy gim mt
phn gi tr ca thnh phn mi trng hoc nh hng tiu cc n KT-XH ca mt b
phn dn chng vng d n.
- Tc ng nh: L loi tc ng ch gy suy gim nh gi tr mt thnh phn mi
trng t nhin no
hoc ch nh hng n KT-XH ca mt b phn nh dn chng
trong vng d n.
- Khng tc ng: L loi tc ng hu nh khng gy thay i gi tr mt thnh phn
mi trng t nhin v khng nh hng n KT-XH vng d n v xung quanh.
110

Ngoi ra c n tc ng cha c r.
l loi tc ng cha th d bo thi

im nghin cu TM do thiu cc thng tin lin quan. Loi tc ng ny cn c tip
tc xc nh trong qu trnh thit k v xy dng d n.
Vic phn loi cng tc ng l theo l lun v kinh nghim ca tp th chuyn
gia nghin cu TM v c kim chng qua nh lng tc ng.
V mc nh hng ca tc ng c
th chia thnh: tc ng hi phc v tc
ng khng hi phc.
- Tc ng hi phc: L tc ng ti mi trng nhng sau khong thi gian no

thnh phn v c tnh ca mi trng b tc ng c
th c phc hi v trng thi
ban u.
- Tc ng khng hi phc: L tc ng lm cho thnh phn v c tnh ca mi
trng vnh vin chuyn sang trng thi mi.
5.1.4. Cc kha cnh cn d bo v tc ng mi trng
Khi phn tch, nh gi tc ng mi trng cn thit phi xem xt n cc kha
cnh khc nhau ca mi tc ng, nh:
- Cng ( ln) ca tc ng: Cc tc ng c
th xy ra vi cng khc
nhau v c chia theo 3 mc : mnh, trung bnh, nh. c tnh cng ca mt
tc ng l rt quan trng. Tuy nhin, c
nhng tc ng vi cng rt nh nhng
nu khng qun l tt c
th tr thnh tc ng mc cao hn.
- Phm vi v lnh th ca tc ng: Vic xc nh phm vi lnh th chu tc ng
trc tip ca d n c
th d dng hn vic xc nh lnh th ca tc ng gin tip.
- Thi gian tc ng: Thi gian xy ra cc tc ng rt khc nhau. C
nhng tc
ng ch xy ra trong mt thi gian nht nh, c
nhng tc ng xy ra trong sut giai
on ca d n, t khi bt u xy dng n khi kt thc d n. Mt s tc ng xy ra
tc th khi c
d n, mt s tc ng khc xy ra mun hn sau khong thi gian nht
nh, trong nhiu trng hp tc ng xy ra sau nhiu nm k t khi d n i vo hot
ng. Nhng c tnh v thi gian ny ca tc ng cn phi c phn tch, nh gi
phc v cho cng tc ra quyt nh sau ny.
- Thi on tc ng: Cc tc ng c
th xy ra trong khong thi gian di, ngn
rt khc nhau. C
tc ng xy ra rt ngn ch trong giai on thi cng nh ting n ca
hot ng c gii khi tin hnh xy dng hoc rung khi n mn ph . C
tc ng
ko di nhiu nm nh vic hnh thnh li trng thi cn bng ca hnh thi d ng sng
sau khi xy dng thy in.
- Tc ng c
th phc hi hay khng th phc hi: Mt tc ng c
th lm bin
dng tnh trng ban u ca mi trng, sau mt thi gian nht nh, do c ch t iu
chnh hoc vi s gip ca con ngi c
th tr li vi trng thi gn vi trng thi
ban u, th c gi l tc ng c
th hi phc, th d: tc ng n thy sinh do no
111

vt lung tu... Tuy nhin, c
rt nhiu tc ng mi trng ca d n khng th hi

phc, v d: tc ng do khai thc khong sn, tc ng do thu hi t cho d n....
- Xc sut xy ra tc ng: C
th d bo kh chnh xc mt s tc ng, trong khi

c
nhng tc ng ch nh gi c xc sut xy ra. Chng hn, kh
c
th d bo
c kh nng r r ph
ng x ca mt nh my in ht nhn, tuy nhin, vi mc xc
sut rt nh, vic r r ph
ng x ht nhn vn xy ra. V mt k thut, vic tnh ton cc
m hnh xc sut thng k nh gi ri ro mi trng c
th c thc hin khng qu
kh
khn, nhng kh
t chnh xc cao do b nh hng t nhiu yu t.
- i vi cc tc ng xy ra ngu nhin: Vic nh gi ng cc tc ng c
xc
sut rt nh gy ra hu qu trm trng i vi mi trng l rt quan trng, nh vic
nh gi ri ro v p thy in hoc r r ca cc nh my in ht nhn, ca cc
nh my h
a cht c hi, ca cc ging du.
ngha ca tc ng (Tc ng c
ngha i vi a phng, khu vc hay ton
cu): xc nh c ngha ca cc tc ng, trong giai on ny cn s dng n
cc tiu chun mi trng ca quc gia, ca khu vc v quc t; cc quy hoch, cc
chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi.
5.1.5. nh gi ngha ca tc ng
Theo hng dn ca Hip hi bo v thin nhin Quc t (IUCN), ngha ca tc
ng mi trng l vai tr tng i ca tc ng c nh gi thng qua cc tiu
chun mi trng, cc quy nh php l, cc gi tr ca cng ng. N
i cch khc,
ngha ca mt tc ng c nh gi bng cch xem xt cc c trng ca tc ng
(cng , quy m, thi lng) cng vi tm quan trng (importance) ca tc ng
.
Theo Chng trnh Mi trng Lin hp quc (UNEP), cch nh gi ngha ca
mt tc ng c
th minh ha bng hnh v sau:
Cc c trng ca
tc ng (cng ,
quy m, thi lng)

Tm quan trng
ca tc ng
(gi tr)

ngha ca
tc ng
xc nh ngha ca mt tc ng c
th p dng phng php sau:
 Da vo cc tiu chun mi trng
- Nu mt d n, k c khi p dng cc bin php gim thiu m mc nhim
mi trng vn cao hn mc cho php trong tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng (tiu
chun thi v tiu chun cht lng mi trng), vic cn nhc trin khai d n phi
c tnh ton k cng v thn trng hn.
- i vi cc d n c
d bo mi trng thp hn mc cho php trong tiu chun
Vit Nam th vic tip tc cn nhc v mt mi trng l khng cn thit.
112

Tuy nhin, nu ch da vo tiu chun mi trng nh gi ngha ca mt tc

ng s gp kh
khn:
 Th nht: Khng phi trong mi lnh vc u c
tiu chun mi trng so
snh, nh gi ngha ca tc ng, chng hn, hin cha c
cc tiu chun v tc ng
x hi so snh nh gi.
 Th hai: Khng phi tt c cc tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng cng b
u c tha nhn rng ri (chng ta c
th pht hin kh nhiu sai s
t v gi tr cho
php trong nhiu TCVN v cht lng khng kh xung quanh, kh thi, cht lng
nc, nc thi... nhiu quy nh qu ngt ngho nhng khng t quy nh qu lng).
 Th ba: Trong nhiu trng hp, mt d n ring l c
th t TCVN v mi
trng nhng nu c
vi d n trong cng mt khu vc th c
th TCVN v mi trng
khng c p dng. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc nghin cu TM cho d n ring r
khng th xem xt tc ng tch hp i vi quy hoch pht trin vng.
 Da vo cc ch tiu pht trin bn vng
Da vo cc b ch tiu (ch th - Indicators) pht trin bn vng, tng hp cc ch
th v mi trng, kinh t, x hi v th ch. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp mt d
bo kh
c
s liu phn tch cc ch tiu pht trin bn vng.
5.2. Ch th v ch s mi trng
5.2.1. Ch th mi trng
Ch th mi trng l mt hoc tp hp cc thng s mi trng (tc nhn h
a
hc, vt l, sinh vt) th hin c trng no
ca mi trng. Vic phn tch, tnh
ton thay i nng , hm lng, ti lng cc thng s ch th cho php d bo, nh
gi tc ng ca d n n mi trng. Sau y l v d cc ch th nh gi mi trng
nc v khng kh:
- Cc ch th mi trng nh gi cht lng nc:
 nhim hu c: DO, BOD, COD
 nhim dinh dng: NH4, NO2-, NO3-, tng N, PO43-, tng P, chlorophill
 Nhim mn: EC, mn, Cl Axit h
a: pH
- Cc ch th mi trng nh gi nhim khng kh
 Do t nhin liu h
a thch: Bi, SO2, CO,...
 Do bi rc: CH4, H2S, mi
5.2.2. Ch s mi trng
Ch s mi trng l s phn cp h
a (categorization) theo s hc hoc theo kh
nng m t lng ln cc s liu, thng tin v mi trng nhm n gin h
a cc thng
113

tin ny. Cc ch s mi trng thng c s dng hoc nh gi hin trng mi

trng v TM c nu di y.
- Cc ch s mi trng vt l
 Ch s cht lng khng kh (AQI).
 Ch s cht lng nc (WQI)
 Ch s tiu chun nhim (PSI)
- Cc ch s sinh hc
 Ch s nhim v nc sinh hc (saprobicindex)
 Ch s a dng sinh hc (diversity index)
 Ch s tng ng (similarity index)
 Ch s ng vt y (BSI)
- Cc ch s v kinh t, x hi
 Ch s pht trin nhn lc (HDI)
 Ch s tng trng kinh t theo tng thu nhp quc ni (GDP)
 Ch s thu nhp quc dn theo u ngi (GDPcapita)
- Cc ch th (ch s) pht trin bn vng (Sustainable Development Indicators)
Pht trin bn vng (PTBV) l pht trin sao cho cc th h hin ti p ng c
cc nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khng hi n kh nng p ng cc yu cu ca
cc th h tng lai. nh gi mc pht trin bn vng, Lin hp quc
nghin cu xut b cc ch th PTBV (Set of Indicators Sustainable Development).
Nhiu quc gia lp b ch th i vi 3 lnh vc kinh t, x hi, mi trng, sao cho
thnh t ny c m bo hi h a trong qu trnh pht trin. Cc b tiu ch (ch th)
PTBV cn c xem xt trong qua trnh d bo cc tc ng ca qu trnh d n n
mi trng. Vic xc nh v phn tch cc ch s v mi trng vt l, mi trng sinh
hc, kinh t, x hi nu trn s gip d bo, nh gi cc tc ng ca d n n cc
thnh phn ca mi trng.
5.3. Phng php nh gi cc tc ng mi trng
Hin nay, trn th gii c
rt nhiu phng php khc nhau p dng trong nh gi
tc ng mi trng. Sau y l mt s phng php chnh thng c s dng ti
Vit Nam.
5.3.1. Phng php lit k s liu
y l phng php n gin, d hiu, d s dng nhng thng tin khng y v
khng trc tip lin quan nhiu ti qu trnh TM. Theo phng php ny, ngi TM
phn tch hot ng pht trin, chn ra mt s thng s lin quan n mi trng, lit k
ra v cho cc s liu lin quan n cc thng s
, chuyn ti ngi ra quyt nh xem
114

xt. Bn thn ngi TM khng i su, phn tch ph phn g thm m dnh cho ngi
ra quyt nh la chn phng n theo cm tnh sau khi c c cc s liu lit k
(Hong Xun C v Phm Ngc H, 1998).
Phng php lit k s liu v thng s mi trng n gin, s lc, tuy nhin, rt
cn thit v c
ch trong bc nh gi s b v tc ng n mi trng, hoc trong
hon cnh khng c
iu kin v chuyn gia, s liu hoc kinh ph thc hin v
TM mt cch y .
V d minh ha phng php lit k v s liu thng s mi trng c trnh by
trong bng 5.1. H thng cng trnh khai thc ti nguyn nc trn mt khu vc sng c

th c thc hin theo nhng phng thc khc nhau A, B, C trong
C l phng n
khng hot ng. Theo kinh nghim v cm tnh, ngi TM cho ra 11 thng s m
ngi
cho l thc s c
lin quan n ti nguyn v mi trng ca lu vc. Theo
cc phng n d tnh cho bit cc s liu v cc thng s
.
Bng 5.1. Lit k s liu v thng s mi trng ca h thng thu li
TT
Phng n
Thng s
A
B
C
1
S h cha nc trong h thng
4
1
0
2
Din tch ng mt nc (km)
850
130
0
3
ng ven h (km)
190
65
0
4
Din tch ti (ha)
40000

12000
0
5
Din tch t thu hp
10000
2000
0
6
Din tch kho c b ngp
11
13
0
7
H mc x
i m n
4 cp
1 cp
0
8
Nng mc khai thc thu sn
4 cp
1 cp
0
9
Chng l
tt
va
0
10
To nn dch bnh
cp 4

cp 1
0
11
Bin ch qun l cn thit (ngi)
1000
200
0
5.3.2. Phng php danh mc cc iu kin mi trng
Mt s ti liu c n gi phng php ny l phng php lp bng kim tra (check
list), th hin mi quan h gia cc hot ng ca d n vi cc thng s mi trng c

kh nng chu tc ng do d n. y l mt trong nhng phng php c bn nhn
dng tc ng mi trng (L Trnh, 2000). Nguyn tc thc hin l: lit k mt danh
mc tt c mi yu t mi trng lin quan n hot ng pht trin (n d n) cn
nh gi. Gi danh mc n cc chuyn gia hoc t chc ly kin nh gi. Phng
php danh mc bao gm:
115

5.3.2.1. Danh mc n gin

Danh mc n gin trnh by bng lit k cc nhn t mi trng cn phi cp,
tuy nhin cha cung cp c thng tin v nhu cu s liu ring, phng php o hoc
nh gi v d bo tc ng. V bn cht danh mc ny c coi l ghi nhn, n
cha
nu c nhng tc ng no s xut hin i vi cc nhn t ny.
V d: Khi xt mt n xin pht trin lin quan ti vic thi ra cht thi, cun tri,
x
i m n t lm nh hng ti cht lng cc ngun nc, c quan cp php cn xem
xt cc vn ng vi s pht trin c xut nh sau:
- c trng ca cc ngun nc ang b e da: sng, nhnh sng, khu vc np
nc ca vng nc ngm, cc c im a hnh v sinh thi, d ng chy theo ma v
theo nm, lng ma v ra tri, cc cng trnh tr nc v cc c im khc.
- S s dng cc ngun nc hin ti: sinh hot, thng mi v cng nghip, nng
nghip hay ngh ngi gii tr.
- X thi v ra tri cht thi hin thi c
th nh hng nghim trng ti cht
lng nc, cc bin php x l c p dng hay d kin.
- Cc n pht trin ngun nc ang ch gii quyt, c
th s nh hng ti mi
trng hin nay v tng lai.
- Lch s nhim hay lm dng cc ngun nc, phm vi nh hng ca hin
tng ph dng, to lam hay axit h
a, bng chng v cc s kin nguy him ti sc
khe con ngi, c
hi i vi h ng thc vt.
- Cc ngun x cht thi c xc nh sau khi c
cc bin php gim thiu,
ti ch, x l, pha long, cho vo ao cha, lc hoc cc bin php khc.
- nh hng c
th do xo trn t trong giai on xy dng v cc bin php
ph ng trnh cn c
.
- nh hng c
th ca vic ra tri t b mt c
che kn hay khng che, cc bin
php ph ng trnh cn c
.
- nh hng c
th trong iu kin hn hn v lt li.
- Mc x, thi v ra tri, c bit l i vi cc quy nh, tiu chun v phn
loi ca Nh nc v cc mc tiu mi trng, tng cc hiu ng sinh thi, h
a hc, vt
l v s mn h
a. Cc cht gy nhim mi trng nh: cc cht c, khong, kim
loi, bn, du, thuc tr su, cc cht ph
ng x, axt, kim, cc cht thi ca h thng
ti tiu thot nc, pht pho v nit, cc cht rn l lng v ho tan: nhu cu xy sinh
h
a (BOD) v nhu cu xy h
a hc (COD).
- Cc nh hng c
th i vi c, ng vt hoang di, cng ng v thc vt.
- Cc nh hng c
th i vi s pht trin cc d ng nc chiu su v rng
ca cc knh, x
i m n b, tc lng (thng ngun v h lu) v d ng chy.
116

- Kt qu ca vic tho lun ti cc cuc hp nh bin vi cc nh
m ring r v vi

cc c quan chnh quyn v cc nh hng chung v ring ca n pht trin, d kin
i vi khi lng nc.
5.3.2.2. Danh mc m t
Danh mc m t cng c s dng nhiu trong nghin cu tc ng mi trng.
Trong danh mc ny, ngoi lit k cc nhn t mi trng c n c
th cung cp thm
thng tin v hng dn nh gi tc ng mi trng, nhng cha a c tm quan
trng ca cc tc ng. Loi danh mc ny c p dng cho cc d n ngun nc,
d n giao thng, d n pht trin lnh th...
Bng 5.2. Danh mc m t nh gi cht lng kh v nc
S liu yu cu (nhn t)
Ngun thng tink thut d bo
Cht lng kh
- Sc kho
- Thay i nng nhim theo tn sut xut hin
v s ngi chu ri ro
- S kh
chu...
- Gy kh
chu cho th gic (do kh
i) hoc khu
gic (do mi) v s ngi b nh hng.
- Nng vng xung quanh, pht thi
hin ti, tng lai m hnh khuch tn, bn
nhim.
- Kho st c dn c s, lu lng giao
thng, qu trnh cng nghip

Cht lng nc
- Thay i cht lng nc dng, s ngi b tc - Pht thi hin ti, tng lai; nng hi
ng i vi mi thu vc tng ng
ti vng xung quanh, m hnh cht lng
- Thay i mc n nh tn sut xut hin cng s nc.
ngi b tc ng.
(Ngun: Hong Xun C v Phm nh H, 1998)
5.3.2.3. Phng php danh mc cc cu hi
Phng php ny c s dng bng cch xy dng cu hi, phiu tr li s nhn
c t chuyn gia v c cng ng. T
tng hp, nh gi. Bng kim tra loi
ny ch cn nu tt c cc vn mi trng c
th b tc ng do d n m cha cn
xem xt mc tc ng. i khi bng kim tra c trnh by dng bng cc cu
hi. Cc chuyn gia nghin cu TM cho d n cn tr li hoc tham vn cng ng
v cc cu hi ny. Cc cu tr li ch cn mc nu vn , cha cn chi tit mc
nh lng.
Th d: Lp bng cu hi cho mt d n xy dng h cha phc v thy in.
- Cc cu hi v tc ng do v tr d n:
 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h sinh thi t nhin v kh nng tc ng ca d n
n h sinh thi nh th no
 Cc hu qu no s xy ra nu h sinh thi t nhin b suy thoi
117

 Cc hu qu c
th c
do vic di dn ra khi khu vc h cha v ti nh c

 nh hng v x hi, kinh t a phng do chuyn vng t hin nay thnh h cha
- Cc cu hi v tc ng ca vic thit k v xy dng h cha:
 Vic xy dng h cha c
tnh ti cc yu t sinh thi hay khng
 Bin php o, p, xy dng cng trnh nh th no hn ch tc ng mi trng
 Cc tc ng v mt sc khe do vic tp trung cng nhn v bin php hn ch
tc ng
- Cc cu hi v mt tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng ca h cha:
 Cc bin php no c
th p dng bo v v pht trin ti nguyn thy vn
trong lu vc
 Liu h c
b nhim do nc ma cun tri phn b
n, h
a cht BVTV, cht
thi khng
 Qu trnh bi lng, x
i m n mc no
 Din bin cht lng nc v nhim trong h v h lu nh th no
 S hot ng ca h c
nh hng g n vic xm nhp mn v ch thy vn
h lu
 Din bin xm nhp mn v s thay i ch thy vn nh hng th no n
h sinh thi h lu
 Cc tc ng tch cc v tiu cc ca h cha n KT-XH vng ven h v h lu.
Bng kim tra dng cu hi cng l cng c tt sng lc cc loi tc ng mi
trng ca d n t
nh hng nghin cu d bo cc tc ng chnh. Mt s t chc
quc t (ADB, JBIC...) a ra cc bng kim tra mu i vi tng loi hnh d n.
Bng 5.3. Bng kim tra, nh gi nhanh v mi trng
ca Ngn hng Pht trin chu i vi d n u t nh my h
a cht
Cu hi sng lc
A.Tc ng do v tr d n
D n nm trong hoc nm gn cc vng
nhy cm mi trng khng
- Khu di sn vn h
a
- Khu bo tn thin nhin
- Vng t ngp nc
- Vng rng ngp mn
- Vng ca sng
- Vng c
gi tr a dng sinh hc c bit
118
C

Khng
Ghi ch
(Gii thch s b)

Cu hi sng lc
C

Khng
Ghi ch
(Gii thch s b)
B. Cc tc ng mi trng tim tng d n
s gy cc tc ng sau y hay khng
- Xm phm vo khu di tch lch s, vn h
a
- Xm phm vi cc cng trnh khc trong vng
- Di ri, ti nh c
- nhim khng kh do pht tn hydrocacbon t
thit b sn xut
- Mu thun cc cng nhn xy dng v nhn
dn a phng
- nhim ting n do hot ng xy dng
- nhim nc do nc thi sn xut
- nhim t, nc ngm do cht thi rn, cht
thi nguy hi
- S c mi trng
(Ngun: ADB - EIA guidelines, 2002)
5.3.2.4. Phng php danh mc c
ghi trng s (H thng nh gi mi trng Battelle
ca M - EES)
Da vo vic nh gi tng thng s mi trng, sau
cho im nh lng
tc ng i vi tng thng s. Phng php ny thng c s dng trong TM
i vi cc d n pht trin vng hoc d n pht trin ti nguyn. y cng l
phng php c
hiu qu cao trong nh gi tng hp cc tc ng ca d n n mi
trng t nhin, KT-XH.
EES c s dng bo co cht lng mi trng trong cc phng n c
v
khng c d n. Gi tr tc ng mi trng th hin cc tc ng mi trng tch
cc (nu EI  0) hoc tiu cc (EI  0) khi so snh phng n c
d n v phng n
khng c
d n. Ch s (hay n v nh gi) tc ng mi trng c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
m
m
EI
i 1

(Vi )1

Wi

(Vi ) 2

Wi

i 1
Trong
: EI - Tc ng mi trng
(Vi)1 - Gi tr cht lng thng s mi trng th i khi c
d n
(Vi)2 - Gi tr cht lng thng s mi trng th i khi cha c
d n
Wi - Trng s - h s nh lng mc quan trng (gi tr tng i) ca
yu t i
m - tng cc thng s mi trng c xem xt.
119

 Cc bc thc hin h thng nh gi mi trng Battelle

Bc 1: Xc nh tc ng c
th xy ra, cho im th hin tm quan trng ca
tng thng s trong vng d n, nu quy nh tng s im l 1000 (hoc c
th l 100,
200,... ty theo mc chi tit).
Bc 2: Xc nh cc h s th hin mc thay i tng thng s mi trng
trong cc phng n c
v khng c d n. Gi tr cc h s ny nm trong cc
khong 0 n 1: gi tr bng 0 v 0,1 th hin tc ng mi trng rt mnh; 0,2 v 0,3 tc
0,6 v 0,7 - tc ng nh; 0,8 v 0,9 tc ng rt nh v 1,0 - khng tc ng.
Bc 3: Xc nh cc n v tc ng mi trng (EIU) i vi mi thng s trong
2 phng n c
v khng c d n.
Bc 4: Xc nh gi tr EI v a ra kt qu kt lun tng hp
EI  0: D n c
tc ng tiu cc
EI  0: D n c
tc ng tch cc
Gi tr tuyt i EI cng ln, tc ng cng r rt.
Bng 5.4. p dng h thng nh gi mi trng Battelle i vi mt s d n
thy li trn sng A (c
tnh cht minh ha)
Thng s
Rng
i sng hoang d
Thy sn trong h
Thy sn h lu
Ph dng h
a
X
i m n t
n nh b sng
c
pH
Kim loi nng
V sinh
Nng nghip
Kim sot l
Cp in
Thy li
Ti nh c
Gii tr
Tng cng
Khng c
d n EIU
553,3
348,6
0
264,2
155,3
180,4
85,1
0,5
53,6
42,6
167,1
56,4
12,2
74,6
6,9
424,8
103,4
2529,0
C
d n EIU
481,6
269,5
137,7

212,7
87,1
30,3
48,7
61,4
53,6
42,6
385,4
111,5
98,7
277,7
238,7
12,5
167,3
2713,4
Thay i v EIU (E1)
-71,7
-79,1
137,7
-51,5
-68,2
-150,1
-36,4
60,9
0
0
218,3
55,1
86,5
200,1
231,8
-412,3
30,3
184,4
(Ngun: L Trnh, 2007).
5.3.3. Phng php ma trn mi trng
Ma trn (matrix) mi trng l s pht trin ng dng ca bng kim tra. Mt bng
ma trn cng l s i chiu tng hot ng ca d n vi tng thng s hoc thnh
phn mi trng nh gi mi quan h nguyn nhn - hu qu nhng mc nh
lng cao hn.
120

5.3.3.1. Phng php ma trn n gin (nh tnh v bn nh lng)

Trong ma trn ny ct ng l cc hnh ng (hot ng) ca d n, hng ngang l
cc yu t mi trng. Ngi nh gi thng s dng du ()  (-), hoc c
th s
dng cc k hiu (v d: kr - tc ng khng r, 0 - khng c
tc ng) biu th hnh
ng c
tc ng tch cc hoc tiu cc n yu t mi trng.
Phng php ny n gin nhng cho php ng thi thy tc ng ca mt hnh
ng ca d n n nhiu yu t mi trng, mt khc phn nh c bc tranh y
trong tng tc ca nhiu yu t.
Bng 5.5. V d v nh gi tc ng mi trng theo ma trn
cho mt n ci to thnh ph
(Theo Westman, Walter E.1985)
Cc hnh ng c
tc ng n mi trng
Chuyn
tip
Thi cng
Cc nhn t
mi trng
Chuyn
Chuyn
ch lm
ch
vic
Ph
sa
lm
mi
Nh
dng
tm
Sau khi hon thnh em vo s dng
C s
Nh
dch v
mi
mi
Ca
Cng i vi
Bi Cng
hng
trnh ng
xe vin
mi
vn h
a ph
Yu t vt l
a cht th nhng
kr
kr
Kr
kr

kr
kr
kr
kr


kr
kr
Cng rnh v sinh
kr
kr
Cp nc
kr
kr
-




kr
kr
kr


-




kr
kr
kr


Cy xanh
kr
kr
ng vt
kr
kr
kr



kr


kr
kr
Kr
kr
kr
kr
kr
kr
kr
kr
Cht lng khng kh
kr
kr
kr

kr
-



kr
S dng t ln cn
kr
Thot nc ma
kr
kr
kr


kr
kr



0
kr
-




kr


kr


ng ph
Giao thng cng cng
kr
-





kr
kr


kr
kr
kr
0
0
kr
0
0
B hnh
kr





0
0
Khong trng
kr
kr
kr
kr


-


0
0
C tr
-







0
Trng hc

kr
kr
kr


kr
kr



0
Cnh p
kr
kr
kr



-


kr
Di tch lch s
kr
kr
-


kr

kr
0



r
Yu t x hi
....
M quan
....
Ch thch: kr
khng r tc ng

tc ng tch cc
-
tc ng tiu cc
0
khng tc ng

tc ng rt tch cc
--
tc ng rt tiu cc
121

5.3.3.2. Phng php ma trn nh lng

Phng php ny l cch nh lng h
a phng php ma trn n gin, c n gi
l phng php Leopold. Ct ng cng ghi cc hnh ng ca d n hoc hot
ng kinh t - x hi ang c xem xt. Hng ngang ghi cc yu t mi trng c

th chu tc ng ca hnh ng gy ra. Mi nh gi khng ch ghi c
hoc
khng tc ng m c nh lng theo im. Nh vy, ma trn ny khng nhng
cho php tm ra c tc ng c
hay khng m c n cho thy mc ca tc ng
do hnh ng no ca hot ng kinh t - x hi n yu t mi trng no
. Da
trn c s ny, nh
m thc hin nhim v TM c
th m rng thm hnh ng
theo thi gian, khng gian xc nh cc tc ng bc 2, d bo tc ng c
th
din ra sau ny.
C
th phn chia mc tc ng t 1 n 5 im (hoc chn khong no
ph
hp yu cu), thng thng ngi ta dng thang 10 im (quy tc Leopold xut).
Trong thang
, tc ng thp l 1 im, tc ng cao nht l 10 im.
Trong mi ca ma trn, ngi ta trnh by c 2 i lng l mc ca tc ng
v tm quan trng ca tc ng

 Tm quan trng ca tc ng c ghi pha di bn phi ma trn
 Mc tc ng ghi bn tri g
c cao trong ma trn
Tm quan trng ca tc ng nh gi vai tr , v tr ca tc ng
n yu t
mi trng trng thi no
ca d n. Thng thng l trng thi thc hin d
n v trng thi d n ang vn hnh (ti thi im 5 nm, 10 nm hay 20 nm).
Vic xc nh tm quan trng ca tc ng nh hng rt ln n kt qu TM.
Mc ca tc ng (quy chiu tng i) cho thy kh nng nh lng ca tc ng

n mi trng.
Vic xc nh mt tc ng c
tm quan trng n u trong cc tc ng d n
v xc minh mc ca tc ng
n mt yu t mi trng trong d n l nhiu
hay t, l mnh hay yu l vn rt kh
. Lm vic ny thng l cc chuyn gia c

trnh v kinh nghim cao.
5.3.4. Phng php chng ghp bn
y l mt phng php tt c
s kt hp vi cng c hin i (GIS) vin thm,
cc phn mm c trng. Mt khc, vn c
th thc hin c TM theo phng php
ny bng cng c n gin.
Xy dng cc bn mi trng n tnh (yu t mi trng ring) nh bn
nhim kim loi nng trong t, bn phn b rng, bn dc,... Sau
chng
ghp cc bn v xc nh cc tc ng do cc hnh ng gy ra.
122

Thnh phn
mi trng
3
Tng
Kh thi
To vic lm
24
5
1
7
2
6
9
4
6
17
5
2
4
2
5
12
7
2
4
2
8
11
5
3
3
4
4
2

2
5
5
5
13
8
6
13
7
6
6
ng cao
tcng st
5
5
3
Cung cp nc
5
2
6
13
7
7
7
Nng nghip
7
7
7
7
Cung cp nh
6
6
3
Sc kho
2

5
7
2
8
19
6
10
iu kin kinh t x hi
Tng
17
5
8
7
Mi trng sng
ca sinh vt nc
M hnh s dng
t
2
4
1
Thy sn
Sinh vt cn
Nc thi
4
7
Thy vn nc mt
Mi trng sng
sinh vt cn
Rc thi
6
Cht lng nc
mt
Cht lng khng
kh
Cp nc

S dng thuc su,

phn h
a hc
Xy dng
Trang tri trng Kenif
Cc hot ng
d n
Vn chuyn
nguyn liu th
Bng 5.6. Ma trn tc ng mi trng nh lng
ca d n Nh my Bt giy Phng Hong, Thi Lan
8
13
25
21
18
8
8
13
22
8
24
1
11
7
7
10
9
6
35
16
20
11
19
(Ngun: Asit K.Biswas; Qu.Geping (editors), 1987).
123

Phng php chng ghp bn hin nay thng c thc hin vi k thut cao
(computer, my nh v, my o in t). V vy, c
th t cht lng cao. Bn cnh
chnh xc tt, phng php ny cho php quan st hnh nh, do
c
th nh gi
tc ng mt cch c th, mt cch nhn bao qut. Phng php ny thng c p
dng khi nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n quy hoch chi tit, quy hoch s dng
t, nng lm nghip, t th v giao thng.
Hnh nh minh ha kt qu trong vic la chn thc hin d n s dng bn vng.
Hnh 5.1. Kt qu nh gi tc ng mi trng s dng t
bng phng php chng ghp bn
5.3.5. Phng php phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng
Cc phng php trnh by trc y c s dng tu theo yu cu ca TM v
tu theo cc yu t mi trng chn lc xem xt tc ng n n
. Tuy vy, cc
phng php
thng thc hin tt vi yu t ti nguyn, mi trng t nhin. Khi
cn nh gi tc ng ca cc hnh ng d n n mi trng kinh t, x hi th rt
kh
. Trng hp ny ngi ta s dng phng php phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng.
Phng php ny gip cho cn i s dng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin trong pht
trin bn vng.
Trnh t tin hnh:
- Lit k tt c cc ti nguyn c chi dng trong mi hot ng k c ti nguyn
nhn lc. Lit k tt c cc sn phm thu c k c ph thi c
gi tr hon nguyn.
124

- Xc nh tt c mi hnh ng tiu th, hnh ng lm suy gim ti nguyn, k c

hot ng sn xut gy nhim.
- Lit k cc kha cnh c
li cho ti nguyn nhng cha c xt n trong n
hot ng, cc kh nng nng cao hiu qu s dng ti nguyn.
- Lit k vo d n hot ng nhng vn cn b sung cho d n s dng hp
l v pht huy ti a ngun ti nguyn.
- Din t kt qu phn tch nu trn vo bo co nh gi TM. S dng phng
php trnh by kiu bng so snh chi ph - li ch (thng dng trong tnh ton kinh t).
Tt c mi phn tch chi ph - li ch phi c tnh ton sn trc khi thc hin d
n. Nhng kt qu tnh ton
s gip cho nh qun l hiu r, hnh dung ra hot ng
quyt nh cho php hay khng. y l phng php TM cho thy tnh kh thi c

hay khng.
Cn lu rng: S dng phng php phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng phi tnh
ton thc hin cho ton b d n sau ny s hot ng (v d 30 nm). Tt nht l tnh
ton theo tng giai on trong
ri tin hnh tng hp cho ton b.
Cc i lng thng c s dng trong phn tch chi ph - li ch l:
5.3.5.1. Gi tr li nhun hin ti (gi tt l li nhun)
C
th gi l li r ng. i lng ny k hiu l NPV (Net Present value)
n
C
Bt
Co
2
(1 r)
t 1 (1

t t ]
r)

NPV
Trong
: Ct - l chi ph ca nm th t
Bt - li nhun nm th t
C0 - l chi ph ban u ca d n
r - l h s chit khu
t - l thi gian tnh ton (nm th t)
n - l tui th thit k ca cng trnh
Gi tr NPV chnh l gi tr li nhun tch lu, n
ph thuc nhiu yu t bin ng,
c bit l h s chit khu (r) v thi gian (nm). Thng thng, NPV tng dn t m
khng mt gi tr no
.
Khi tin hnh so snh, thc hin TM ca mt s d n cng loi, s dng NPV
ca d n so snh. Nu NPV nh nhau, ta chn phng n c
u t ban u (C0) b
- nh vy ch hon ton da vo kinh t. Trong trng hp nh vy, ta phi tip tc
tham kho ma trn mi trng xem xt y cc kha cnh khc.
Cng c
th chng ta i thm yu t kinh t khc t kt qu hn.
125

5.3.5.2. Sut li nhun hoc t sut li ch chi ph (BC)

i lng NPV trnh by trn cho thy c li r ng tc l lng li (tnh theo tin)
trong khong thi gian hot ng no
. Gi tr ny c
th cao, thp, song cha phn
nh c hiu qu ca d n so vi ng vn u t. vn ny r, chng ta s
dng i lng sut li nhun (B/C)
n
Bt
t
t 1 (1

r )

B/ C
n
Ct
/ Co
t
t 1 (1

r )

ngha cc i lng B, C, C0, r... y ging biu thc trnh by mc trn.

Theo thi gian hot ng, theo yu cu tip cn th trng, trnh sn xut v cc
yu t khc, gi tr BC tng dn. Lc u c
th ch t BC  1 sau
bng 1. Sau

t s BC s ln hn 1 ri t n gi tr gii hn ca d n hoc hot ng kinh t - x
hi no
.
Ngoi hai i lng ph dng nht trnh by, ta c n s dng i lng h s
hon vn ni ti K (Internal Return rate), hoc t s vn u t ban u so vi tng
li nhun sau khong thi gian.
5.3.5.3. H s hon vn ni ti (K)
H s hon vn ni ti c tnh theo cng thc
n
n
Ct
Bt
C
0
o
t
t
t 1 (1
t 1 (1

K )
K )

Mt d n nu K ln th thng c la chn
5.3.5.4. T s vn u t ban u so vi tng s li nhun
i lng ny cho thy t l vn u t so vi li nhun ca ton b d n
hoc so vi giai on ca d n. Bc tranh
cho php nh qun l thc thi cc
nhim v thu hi vn, quyt nh thi gian d n phi hon thnh giai on thi
cng, thi gian c php hot ng d n. N
cng cho php cc nh qun l xy
dng quy hoch sn xut hp l hoc gim hoc tng thi gian sn xut ca d n
v nhiu kha cnh khc.
T s vn u tli nhun

Co
n
((B
t
C t )  (1

r )t

t 1
Gi tr Bt v Ct c hiu l chi ph v li nhun t khi d n vn hnh cho n
nm th t.
126

Phng php phn tch chi ph - li ch ch yu xem xt trn kha cnh kinh t v
kinh t ti nguyn mi trng. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, cc d n quan trng cn
c thc hin TM theo mt vi phng php kt hp.
c
th phn tch y v ng v chi ph - li nhun ca mt d n pht
trin hoc mt hot ng kinh t - x hi cn c
hiu bit y hn na v cc
vn :
- Phn tch chi ph - li ch
- Phn tch kinh t ng dng
- Phn tch kinh t mi trng
- Phn tch mi trng
- Tiu ch mi trng v phng php tip cn
- Phn tch bin ng theo thi gian
- S gim thu nhp theo thi gian
- Ri ro
- Tnh ton chi ph ph ng nga
- Phn tch nh gi ri ro
- Phn tch tc ng x hi ca d n pht trin
Ngoi nhng vn trn, chng ta cng lun lun phi cp nht cc thng tin sau y:
- Lut, quy nh, ngh nh, cng c mi
- Cc tiu chun mi (TCVN, TCN)
- Cc cng ngh mi s dng trong monitoring, o c mi trng
- Phng thc qun l cht lng h thng (QAQC) v cc tiu ch tin hnh
cc d n, cc hot ng kinh t - x hi.
5.3.6. Phng php s mng li
Phng php mng li nhm kt hp cc nguyn nhn v hu qu ca tc ng
bng cch xc nh mi quan h tng h gia ngun tc ng v cc yu t mi trng
b tc ng mc s cp (tc ng trc tip) v th cp (tc ng gin tip). Phng
php ny thng c th hin qua s chui ni tip (hnh 5.2).
5.3.7. Phng php nh gi nhanh
Phng php nh gi nhanh c
hiu qu cao trong xc nh ti lng, nng
nhim i vi cc d n cng nghip, th, giao thng, thng qua tham kho cc mc
trung bnh ca thng s
m khng cn o c, phn tch. T
c
th d bo kh
nng tc ng mi trng ca cc ngun gy nhim.
127

 Ti lng nhim do nc thi

Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi th v cng nghip ph thuc vo nhiu
thng s. i vi nc thi, ti lng L ca cht nhim j c
th c th hin dng
ton hc sau:
Lj
f
f: dng ngun thi, quy m ngun, quy trnh cng ngh v c im thit k, tui
ngun, trnh cng ngh, dng v cht lng nguyn liu, lng nguyn liu, c im
sn phm, loi hnh, hiu qu h thng x l, iu kin mi trng xung quanh
Lj.
Cc thng s trn u c
vai tr trong vic to ra nc thi v cc thnh phn
nhim j qua phng trnh:
ej

Lj (kgnm)
Sn lng (n v sn phmnm)
Nh vy ej c th hin qua kgn v v khng phc thuc vo quy m ngun v
hot ng ca ngun (hot ng sn xut). ej ch l hm s ca cc thng s sau:
Lj
f (dng ngun, quy trnh cng ngh v c im thit k ngun, trnh cng
ngh, dng v cht lng nguyn liu, lng nguyn liu, loi hnh v hiu qu ca h
thng x l, iu kin mi trng xung quanh...)
Bng cch thng k ti lng v thnh phn nc thi ca nhiu nh my trong
tng ngnh cng nghip trn khp th gii, cc chuyn gia WTO xy dng bng
hng dn nh gi, xc nh ej (kg cht nhim n v sn phm), t
xc nh
c ti lng tng tc nhn nhim (Lj) trong ngnh cng nghip.
Bng 5.7 di y minh ha cho phng php nh gi nhanh ti lng nhim
ca WTO. T
ta c
th tnh d dng lu lng nc thi v ti lng cht nhim
hng ngy a vo mi trng ca tng c s cng nghip.
128

GIAI ON
XY DNG
nhim khng kh, ting n, rung: tiu
cc, ng k, c
th gim thiu
Vn v sc khe: tiu cc, nh, c
th
gim thiu
nhim t, nc: tiu c, nh, c

th gim thiu
- Nng nghipthy sn: nh, c
th gim thiu
- Vn sc khe: nh, c
th gim thiu
- H sinh thi thy sinh: ng k, c
th gim thiu
nh hng ti giao thng, quc l:
tiu cc, nh, c
th gim thiu
Gy h hi quc l on chy qua khu
vc nh my: nh, c
th gim thiu
Quan h gia cng nhn v dn a
phng: tch cc hoc tiu cc, nh
D n
Nh
my
xi
mng A
GIAI ON
HOT NG
nh hng ti giao thng ca khu vc: nh, c

th gim thiu
Cc vn v kinh t
x hi ca a phng
Cn tr giao thng ti khu vc: nh, c
th
gim thiu
- Mu thun x hi: khng tc ng
- Ly lan bnh tt: nh, c
th gim thiu
Tai nn lao ng: tiu cc, nh, c
th
gim thiu
Vn sc khe: tiu cc, nh, c
th gim thiu
Thay i a hnh v cnh quan: tiu
cc, nh
- Cc vn m quan: tiu cc, nh, c
th
gim thiu
Pht trin ko
Pht trin ko
trng ca cc
trng ca cc
tch cc ln
tch cc ln

theo:
theo:
thnh
thnh

to ra s
to ra s
phn kinh
phn kinh

tng
tng
t:
t:

- Thc y KT - XH: tch cc, ln

- Thay i v s dng t: tch cc, ln
- Tng nhim: tiu cc, ng k c
th gim thiu
nhim mi trng, ting n, rung:
ln, c
th gim thiu
Vn sc khe: tiu cc, nh, c
th gim thiu
nhim mi trng do kh thi: ln
(nu khng x l t TCVN)
Vn sc khe, ti nguyn sinh hc: nh k
Cc vn mi trng do s gia tng
giao thng: nh, c
th gim thiu
Tc nghn, tai nn giao thng: nh, c
th
gim nhiu
S c mi trng (chy, n): tiu cc
c
th gim thiu
e da ti i sng v kinh t: tiu cc, c
th
gim thiu
Tng tc pht
trin kinh t v
cc tc ng sinh
thi cho khu vc

Hnh 5.2. S mng li cc ngun tc ng tim tng v hu qu tc ng mi trng nu kh

d n sn xut xi mng
129

Bng 5.7. Ti lng nhim trong nc thi mt s ngnh cng nghip

Cng nghip
(1)
Cng nghip ru bia
- Sn xut ru vang
(tnnho)
- Sn xut bia (m3bia)
Cng nghip dt
- Dt vi bng
Nhum (tn bng)
In hoa (tn bng)
- Dt vi si tng hp
(tn si)
Cng nghip thuc da
(tn da)
Cng nghip h
a cht
- Sn xut etylen (tn sn
phm)
- Sn xut propylen
(tn sn phm)
- Sn xut amoniac (tn sn
phm)
Cng nghip phn b
n
- Phn ur (tn sn phm)
- Phn super ln (tn P2O5)
- Phn NPK (tn sn phm
Cng nghip lc du
- Lc du toping (1000 m3
du th)
- Lc du crackinh (1000 m3
du th)
- Lc h
a du
3
(1000 m du th)
Th tch
nc thi
3
(m n v)
BOD5
(2)
(3)
Tng Cc tc nhn
P
khc
Kgn v sn phm
(4)
(5)
(6) (7)
2
1,6
0,3

5
5,4
3,9
50
14
42
60
54
30
25
12
35
57
635
104
3,2
1,8
4,4
2,4
6,9
0,4
0,24
10
1,25
0,4
TSS
12
0,1
0,4
3,4
11,7
1,2
605
72,9

18,2
28,3
726
172
48,6
34,3
29,3
0,27
12,3
Xi m (tn sn phm)
9,4
(Ngun: trch t ti liu ca A.P. Economopoulos, WTO, 1993).
Du: 57,8
Sulphua: 3,35
Phenol: 0,11
Du: 11
484
Cng nghip luyn kim
- Luyn thp (tn sn phm)
130
Tng N
0,65 lo: 17,5
lo: 0,06
Du: 8,3
Phenol: 0,034
Sulphua: 0,054
Cr: 0,007
Du: 31,2
Phenol: 4,0
Sulphua: 0,94
Cr: 0,2
Du: 52,9
Phenol: 7,7
Sulphua: 0,86
Cr: 0,234
Phenol: 0,01
lo: 0,023
CN: 0,039
n: 0,405
e: 0,007
Cr: 0,004

 Ti lng nhim trong kh thi

Ti lng nhim do kh thi t cc loi hnh sn xut khc nhau a vo mi
trng c tnh theo bng 5.8.
Bng 5.8. Ti lng nhim trong kh thi mt s ngnh
Hot ng
1. t rm r trn
rung
2. Sn xut than ci
n v
(U)
Bi
(kgU)
1000m2
5,0
Tn
133
SO2
(kgU)
NOx
(kgU)
12
CO
(kgU)
VOC
(kgU)
26,0
9,0
1722
157
()
3. Sn xut H2SO4
Tn
4. Sn xut HNO3
Tn
5. Sn xut phn
ur
Tn

0,0105
6. Lc du
(cracking xc tc
lng)
m3 ca
CC
0,695
1,413
Tn
6,9
0,65
73
Pb: 0,32
Tn
Tn
1,6
0,3
0,35
0,65
73
73
Pb: 0,17
Pb: 0,01
1000km
1000km
0,07
0,05
2,13S
1,35S
7. Sn xut gang
- Khng x l
- C
x l:
 Thp ti
 Lc bi tay o
8. Xe ti  2000 cc
(1981-1984)
- i trong thnh ph
- i ngoi
7(100-e)
Cht khc

(kgU)
SO3: 0,29
22,0
NH3: 9,12
0,204
2,57
2,48
39,2
23,40
13,54
0,63
2,48
1,37
Pb: 0,11P
Pb: 0,09P
Ghi ch: e: h s chuyn h
a SO2 thnh SO3
(Ngun: trch t ti liu ca A.P., Economopoulos, WTO, 1993).
5.3.8. M hnh h
a mi trng
Trong nhiu trng hp s chuyn h
a, phn tch hoc pha long cht nhim
theo thi gian v khng gian c
th c d bo bng phng php m hnh h
a mi
trng. M hnh h
a mi trng trong trng hp ny l cch tip cn ton hc m
phng din bin cht lng mi trng di nh hng ca mt hoc tp hp cc tc
nhn c
kh nng tc ng n mi trng. y l phng php c
ngha ln trong
qun l mi trng. D bo tc ng mi trng v kim sot cc ngun gy nhim.
M hnh h
a mi trng c n c thc hin cho cc hot ng qun l mi trng
(m hnh qun l).
Trong thc t, d bo quy m, cng ca tc ng (nht l tc ng do cc
ngun nhim) ngi ta thng dng cc m hnh qun l. Loi m hnh ny nhm m
131

phng cc qu trnh vt l, h
a hc, sinh hc trong mi trng. Cc m hnh thng

c s dng l:
- Cc m hnh vn chuyn d ng chy p lc
- Cc m hnh cht lng khng kh (pht tn bi,...)
- Cc m hnh cht lng nc (lan truyn cht hu c, dinh dng...)
Vit Nam, nhiu n v, c nhn xy dng v p dng cc m hnh d bo lan
truyn nhim trong mi trng nc, khng kh. Tuy nhin, cho n nay cha c
m
hnh no c c quan qun l mi trng cng nhn l m hnh chun khuyn co
p dng. nhiu quc gia (c, Hoa K...) c quan mi trng cng nhn cc m
hnh tiu chun trong d bo pht tn nhim theo cc iu kin khc nhau.
 Cc m hnh nh lng ton hc
Cc m hnh nh lng thng c xy dng bng cc phng trnh ton hc
dng m phng hnh vi ca h thng mi trng. S thay i mt cch d dng d
liu ban u ca cc m hnh ton hc cho php xem xt, cn nhc v so snh nhiu kt
qu tng ng vi nhiu d liu gi nh ban u khc nhau. Chng hn, c
th xem xt
tc ng n mi trng khng kh ca mt nh my bng vic thay i cao ca ng
kh
i, hay thay i vn tc pht thi ca nh my.
M hnh nh lng ton hc cn c p dng trong d bo cng tc ng ca
cc loi d n c
ngun gy nhim (ngun pht thi) c
quy m ln v trung bnh.
Hin nay, nhiu quc gia xy dng cc m hnh tiu chun cho d bo lan truyn
nhim. cc nc ny, s dng cc m hnh tiu chun mi c chp nhn trong d
bo nh lng. Vit Nam, nhiu n v, c nhn pht trin hoc qua cc m hnh
ton hc thu c qua nhiu ngun (t nghin cu, qua o to hoc qua internet). Tuy
nhin, cha c
c quan chc nng quyt nh m hnh no l ph hp cho tng mc
ch, iu kin c th. Do vy, vic p dng cc m hnh tiu chun do cc nc tin
tin cng b (Hoa K, EU, c, Nht Bn) i vi tng tc ng c th c
th c chp
nhn trong khi ch i vic Tiu chun h
a cc m hnh d bo tc ng mi trng
Vit Nam.
Cc vn ht sc lu trong trin khai m hnh d bo tc ng mi trng l:
- La chn ng m hnh c
th m phng gn ng iu kin mi trng t nhin
vng nghin cu (a hnh, thy vn...). Mt m hnh cht lng nc c
th p dng
ng bng sng Hng nhng khng th p dng ng bng sng Cu Long v
ngc li v ch triu 2 vng rt khc nhau.
- S liu u vo cho m hnh cn y v chnh xc
- Cn kim chng kt qu d bo vi thc t (i vi cc d n tng t c
).
132

 M hnh thc nghim

Thc nghim c
th s dng kim tra v phn tch hu qu ca cc hot ng
ca d n cng nh hiu qu ca cc bin php gim thiu. Kt qu nghin cu thc
nghim l c s xy dng cc cng thc tnh ton thc nghim.
Cng tc thc nghim c
th tin hnh trong ph ng th nghim v cng c
th tin
hnh ngoi thc a. V d thc nghim tin hnh trong ph ng th nghim nh cc phn
tch kim tra cc c t trong c th sinh vt do hp th khng kh, nc v thc n b
nhim. C
th ly mt v d v tin hnh thc nghim ngoi thc a nh kim tra cc
thng s bm ca nc ngm, quan trc cc thng s thy vn, o n, kim tra
nhanh mc nhim do cht thi.
 M hnh vt l
M hnh vt l l vic m phng cc h thng mi trng bng cch thu nh quy
m tin hnh nghin cu, d bo cc tc ng mi trng.
M hnh trc quan s dng d bo tc ng mi trng l m hnh c xy
dng bng vic s dng cc phc ha, ph
ng s nh chp ngoi thc a, nh my bay,
m hnh s a hnh, h x l nh.
M hnh lm vic l m phng v thu nh cc h thng mi trng trong thc t,
nn c
th quan trc v xc nh c s thay i ca mi trng trn m hnh. Tuy
nhin, kiu m hnh ny khng th m phng c tt c cc iu kin tn ti trong
thc t v sai s
t ca m hnh c
th tng do s thu nh t l m hnh so vi thc t.
133

Chng 6. QUN L V GIM ST

CC TC NG MI TRNG
Chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng nhm thc hin c
hiu qu cc bin
php bo v mi trng v pht hin nhng khim khuyt trong qu trnh thc hin
cng nh biu hin suy thoi, nhim mi trng do d n gy ra iu chnh, ngn
nga. Do vy, chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng phi m bo cc nguyn
tc sau:
- Chng trnh qun l v gim st mi trng phi c lp cho cc giai on pht
trin ca d n (giai on gii ph
ng mt bng, giai on thi cng xy dng v giai
on vn hnh).
- Nhng xut di g
c qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph hp vi
trnh t chc, qun l ca d n;
- Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch tp trung vo nhng thnh phn mi
trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng trc tip ca d n;
- Phng php ly mu v phn tch mu phi tun th quy chun k thut quc gia
v tiu chun cho php;
- Cc im gim st mi trng phi c m h
a v th hin r trn s hoc
bn t l thch hp (Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010).
6.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng
Chng trnh qun l mi trng ra mt chng trnh nhm qun l cc vn
v bo v mi trng trong qu trnh chun b, xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n, vn
hnh d n v giai on khc (nu c
). Do vy, ni dung chnh ca chng trnh qun l
mi trng ch yu s gm:
- T chc v nhn s cho qun l mi trng; qun l cht thi, cht thi nguy hi;
ph ng chng s c mi trng, s c chy n...
- Lp k hoch qun l, trin khai cc cng tc bo v mi trng tng ng cho
cc giai on pht trin ca d n;
- K hoch o to, nng cao nhn thc mi trng cho cn b, cng nhn;
- Chng trnh gim thiu pht sinh cht thi (sn xut sch hn, cng ngh thn
thin mi trng, thay th nguyn liu, ti s dng...);
- Khng ch v gim lng tiu hao nguyn liu, h
a cht, nng lng bng vic p
dng cc bin php qun l v k thut ph hp;
134

- Kim tra, gim st vic thc hin quy c, cam kt v v sinh cng nghip v bo
v mi trng (Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010).
Theo quy nh ti Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 292011N-CP
ngy 1842011 ca Chnh ph quy nh v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi
tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng, chng trnh qun l mi trng c
xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc chng 1, 3, 4 ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng di dng bng nh sau:
Cc cng
Giai on
Cc hot Cc tc trnh, bin
hot
ng ca ng mi php bo
ng ca
d n
trng
v mi
D n
trng
1
2
3
4
Kinh ph
thc hin
cc cng
trnh, bin
php bo
v mi
trng
5
Thi gian
Trch
Trch
thc hin nhim t nhim
v hon chc thc gim
thnh
hin
st
6
7
8
Chun b
Xy dng
Vn hnh
Giai on
khc (nu
c
)

Sau y l 1 v d v chng trnh qun l mi trng i vi d n u t xy

dng cng trnh khai thc qung st:
135

Cc tc ng Bin php gim thiu

chnh
Cc giai
on
Cc hot
ng
Giai on
thi cng
xy dng
- San gt mt - Bi, kh thi,
bng
n
- Vn chuyn
t ,
nguyn vt
liu.
- Xy dng
cc hng mc
- Lm ng
ni b khu
vc m
- Nc thi
- Ti nc 2 lnngy hn ch
bi.
- Che chn khi vn chuyn.
- Bo dng my m
c nh k
Thi gian
thc hin
Trong sut thi
gian thi cng
xy dng
20.000.000
- Khng thay du trn khu vc
cng trng.
- nh hng v thu gom d ng
chy do ma
- Xy dng b t hoi
- Cht thi rn - Thu gom v ti s dng
- Bc xc
- Vn chuyn
t thi,
136
Kinh ph d
kin (ng)
- S c trong
qu trnh thi
cng

- Thc hin nghim ngt cc quy

nh trong thi cng xy dng.
- Kh, bi,
ting n
- Ti nc thng xuyn 4
lnngy.
- Ph bt che chn khi vn chuyn
trn ng.
- nh k kim tra bo dng my
Trong sut qu
m
c, phng tin.
trnh sn xut
- Trng cy xanh trn tuyn ng
v xng tuyn.
20.000.000
5.000.000
50.000.000
C quan
thc hin
C quan
gim st
Ch d n
Chi cc
BVMT

Giai on
sn xut
qung
nguyn
- Sinh hot
ca cng
nhn
- Nc thi
sn xut
- Nc thi ng y moong
Lng trong trc khi bm ra ngoi Trong sut qu
mi trng bng b iu ho trnh sn xut
lng pha Nam khai trng
- Nc thi
sinh hot
- Xy dng b t hoi 13,3 m3
- Nc ma
chy trn
Giai on
kt thc
khai thc
- San i mt
bng
- No vt
mng rnh
50.000.000
Ch d n
Thc hin v
hon thnh
trc khi
xng i vo
hot ng
30.000.000
- o h thng mng rnh xung Trc khi bt
quanh moong khai thc v khu nh u khai thc
iu hnh sn xut (0,5m x 0,7m) qung
50.000.000
- t thi: c ti 2 bi thi Trong sut qu
trnh sn xut
 Bi thi ngoi: 420.000m3
3
 Bi thi trong:1.220.000m
- Cht thi rn - Cht thi rn sinh hot: o h
thu gom v x l.
- Cht thi rn nguy hi: C
thng

cha v thu c s c
iu
kin x l cht thi nguy hi.
Giai on
sn xut
Chi cc
BVMT
- S c mi
trng
- An ton trong bc xc, vn
chuyn
- Ph ng chng chy, n
- Ph ng chng bo lt, chng st
Trong sut qu
trnh sn xut
- Bi, kh thi
- Phun nc chng bi
- Nc ma
chy trn
- o h thng mng rnh dn
nc vo b lng
Khi hot ng
khai thc m
kt thc
100.000.000
30.000.000
100.000.000
Chi cc
BVMT
50.000.000
30.000.000
Ch d n
Chi cc
BVMT
5.000.000
137

6.2. Chng trnh quan trc, gim st mi trng

6.2.1. Quan trc, gim st mi trng trong lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
6.2.1.1. Mc ch
Quan trc mi trng l qu trnh theo di c
h thng v mi trng, cc yu t tc
ng ln mi trng nhm cung cp thng tin phc v nh gi hin trng, din bin
cht lng mi trng v cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng.
nh gi tc ng mi trng l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi
trng ca d n u t c th a ra cc bin php bo v mi trng khi trin khai
d n
. Chnh v vy, TM cn t cc yu cu sau:
- D bo cc tc ng c
th c
ca d n n mi trng.
- Xc nh bin php gim thiu (ph ng nga v khc phc) cc tc ng xu ca
d n.
- xut cc bin php thay th v chng trnh qun l, gim st mi trng.
Trong qu trnh lp bo co TM, vic tin hnh quan trc mi trng nn l
mt hot ng quan trng v ht sc cn thit.
- Kt qu quan trc mi trng nn l mt cn c ch d n, c quan qun l,
ph duyt bo co TM xem xt v tr t d n c
t yu cu v cht lng mi trng,
c
ph hp vi quy m, cng ngh ca d n v l cn c ph duyt bo co TM.
Theo hng dn ti Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, trong bo co TM, kt qu quan trc mi trng nn ny
c th hin trong chng II ca bo co (iu kin mi trng t nhin, iu kin
kinh t - x hi khu vc thc hin d n)
- Trong lp bo co TM, cc k thut sau y thng c s dng (xem
chng V):
 Lit k s liu
 Lp danh mc cc iu kin mi trng
 Lp s mng li
 Lp ma trn mi trng
 Phng php chng ghp bn
 Lp s mng li
 Phng php m hnh h
a
 Phng php phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng.
 Phng php nh gi nhanh
Cc k thut ny ch c
th c thc hin khi chng c
c s d liu tin cy v
c im mi trng ca vng d n, vng ln cn v tiu chun, quy chun cht lng
mi trng bo tn ti nguyn, bo v sc kho v pht trin x hi. Mun c
c s
d liu ny nht thit phi c
quan trc mi trng (c bit l quan trc mi trng
138

nn). Nh vy, quan trc mi trng l cng tc cn thit ban u cho xy dng d n
v nh gi tc ng mi trng.
6.2.1.2. Ni dung ca quan trc, gim st trong lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Theo hng dn ti Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, quan trc, gim st mi trng trong khi lp bo co TM cn
t c cc ni dung sau:
 iu kin v a l, a cht
cp v m t cc i tng, hin tng, qu trnh c
th b tc ng bi d n
(i vi d n c
lm thay i cc yu t a l, cnh quan; d n khai thc khong sn
v d n lin quan n cc cng trnh ngm th phi m t mt cch chi tit); ch dn
ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng.
 iu kin v kh tng
Trnh by cc c trng kh tng c
lin quan n d n vhoc lm cn c cho
cc tnh ton c
lin quan n TM (nhit khng kh, m, vn tc gi
, hng
gi
, tn sut gi
, nng v bc x, lng ma, bo v cc iu kin v kh tng d
thng khc); ch r di chui s liu; ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng.
 iu kin thy vnhi vn
Ch trnh by cc c trng thy vnhi vn c
lin quan n d n vhoc lm
cn c cho cc tnh ton c
lin quan n TM (mc nc, lu lng, tc d ng chy
v cc iu kin v thy vnhi vn khc); ch r di chui s liu; ngun ti liu,
d liu tham kho, s dng.
 Hin trng cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng vt l
cp v m t cc thnh phn mi trng c
kh nng chu tc ng trc tip bi
d n nh: mi trng khng kh tip nhn trc tip ngun kh thi ca d n (lu hn
n cc vng b nh hng cui cc hng gi
ch o), ngun nc tip nhn trc tip
nc thi ca d n, t, trm tch v h sinh vt chu nh hng trc tip bi cht thi v
cc yu t khc ca d n.
i vi mi trng khng kh, nc, t v trm tch i hi nh sau:
- Ch dn r rng cc s liu o c, phn tch ti thi im tin hnh TM v cht
lng mi trng khu vc d n (lu : cc im o c, ly mu phi c
m s, c
ch
dn v thi gian, a im, ng thi, phi c th hin bng cc biu, bng r rng v
c minh ha bng s b tr cc im trn nn bn khu vc. Vic o c, ly
mu, phn tch phi tun th quy trnh, quy phm v quan trc, phn tch mi trng;
kt qu o c, ly mu, phn tch phi c hon thin v c xc nhn ca cc n
v c
chc nng theo quy nh ca php lut);
- Nhn xt v mc nhim khng kh, nc, t v trm tch c nh gi
so vi tiu chun, quy chun k thut mi trng. Nhn nh v nguyn nhn,
ngun gc nhim. Trong trng hp c
c s d liu v mi trng, nh gi
s b v sc chu ti ca mi trng khu vc d n theo tiu chun, quy chun
k thut mi trng.
139

 Hin trng ti nguyn sinh hc

Cn c
s liu mi nht v cc h sinh thi trn c s kho st thc t do ch d n
hoc ch d n y nhim n v t vn thc hin, hoc tham kho t cc ngun khc.
- Nu s liu, thng tin v cc h sinh thi cn c
th b tc ng bi d n, bao
gm: cc ni c tr, cc vng sinh thi nhy cm (t ngp nc, cc vn quc gia,
khu bo v thin nhin, khu d tr sinh quyn trong v ln cn khu vc d n), khong
cch t d n n cc vng sinh thi nhy cm gn nht. Din tch cc loi rng (nu
c
); danh mc cc loi thc vt, ng vt hoang d, cc loi sinh vt c u tin bo
v, cc loi c hu c
trong vng c
th b tc ng do d n.
- Nu s liu, thng tin v cc h sinh thi nc c
th b tc ng bi d n, bao
gm cc c im h sinh thi nc, danh mc cc loi phiu sinh, ng vt y, c v
ti nguyn thy sn khc.
Ngoi nhng ni dung v mt iu kin mi trng t nhin, lp bo co TM cn
quan trc cc iu kin v kinh t - x hi ti khu vc trin khai d n.
Vic xc nh cc s liu c th trong tng ni dung quan trc ty thuc vo quy
m, cng ngh sn xut, hot ng ca tng d n c th, ty thuc vo iu kin t
nhin, kinh t - x hi ca khu vc d n, ty thuc vo tiu chun, quy chun Vit
Nam v ty thuc vo ngun kinh ph.
Cc loi s liu cn kho st thc hin TM ca mt s d n c nu trong
bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1. Danh mc s liu cn kho st thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng
(L Trnh, 2000)
Loi d n
S liu v mi trng cn kho st
Cc d n pht trin ngun nc (xy dng
h thng thu li, xy h cha, xy iu,
ngn mn, ngt h
a, v.v..)
Thu vn, kh hu, a hnh, cht lng nc,
cht lng t, hin trng s dng t, vng
sinh thi nhy cm, a dng sinh hc, vng bo
tn t nhin, dn c, dn tc, kinh t, vn h
a.
Cc d n pht trin khu cng nghip, khu
ch xut, khu lin hp, lc du, nh my h
a
cht, phn b
n, luyn kim, dt, giy, cao su,
v.v...
Thu vn, kh hu, a hnh, cht lng nc,
cht lng t, cht lng khng kh, n,
rung, hin trng s dng t, vng sinh thi
nhy cm, a dng sinh hc, vng bo tn t
nhin, dn c, dn tc, kinh t, vn h
a.
Kh
Cc
dn
cn
c,

hu, a hnh, vng bo tn t nhin, cht

d n pht trin khu du lch, sn golf, khu lng nc, khng kh, n, rung, ph
ng x,
c mi.
trng gy dch bnh, thng k dch t, dn
dn tc, kinh t, vn h
a, x hi.

Cc d n pht trin giao thng ng b

140
Kh hu, a hnh, a cht, thu vn, vng ngp
l, vng bo tn t nhin, cht lng khng
kh, n, rung, cn trng gy bnh, a dng sinh
hc, kinh t, vn h
a, x hi.

6.2.1.3. T chc thc hin

Vic tin hnh quan trc mi trng nn do ch u t hoc n v t vn thc
hin. Yu cu: Cn c
s liu mi nht v iu kin mi trng t nhin trn c s kho
st thc t. i vi s liu m c
th ly ca cc n v khc cn ghi r ngun, thi gian
kho st.
6.2.2. Quan trc, gim st mi trng sau thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng
Gim st v quan trc mi trng sau thm nh bo co TM l nhim v quan
trng c quy nh im b, khon 2, iu 23, Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 c
quan ph duyt bo co TM c
nhim v ch o, t chc kim tra vic thc hin cc
ni dung trong bo co TM c ph duyt. Gim st, quan trc mi trng cng
c quy nh iu 94, Lut Bo v mi trng 2005, theo
trch nhim quan trc
mi trng khng ch l B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, cc B, Ngnh, UBND tnh m
ngi qun l, vn hnh c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v hoc khu sn xut, kinh
doanh, dch v tp trung c
trch nhim quan trc cc tc ng i vi mi trng t
cc c s mi trng ca mnh.
6.2.2.1. Mc ch
Cng tc ny cn t cc mc nh sau:
- Xem xt chnh xc ca nhng d on tc ng nu trong nh gi tc ng
mi trng, nhng bin php gim thiu c
hiu qu trong vic gii quyt cc tc ng
mi trng d on v nh gi xem c
cn thit phi c
nhng bin php gim
thiu b xung khng. T
, lm c s cho c quan qun l nh nc xc nhn ch d
n hon thnh cc cng trnh, bin php bo v mi trng ng theo quyt nh ph
duyt bo co TM.
- Cung cp c s d liu cho c quan qun l nh nc v ch u t v cht lng
mi trng, bng chng v tc ng ca d n n mi trng t nhin v KT-XH
trong vng.
- Cung cp s liu d bo kh nng m rng phm vi tc ng, kh nng gy s
c mi trng (nu c
)
- nh gi s tun th ca tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng ca ch d n.
ng thi, kt qu quan trc mi trng cng c
th cung cp nhng ci nhn bn
trong quan trng v cc phn ng ca h sinh thi i vi cc sc p lin quan ti d n
v chng rt c
gi tr trong vic thc hin nhng nh gi trong tng lai cho cc d n
tng t (Ban th k U hi sng M kng, 2001).
6.2.2.2. Ni dung v quan trc, gim st mi trng sau thm nh bo co nh gi
tc ng mi trng
Theo hng dn ti Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, hot ng quan trc, gim st c thc hin trong sut qu
141

trnh chun b, xy dng, vn hnh v giai on khc (nu c
), nh: tho d,
ng ca,
ci to phc hi mi trng v cc hot ng khc c
kh nng gy tc ng n mi
trng ca d n.
Chng trnh gim st mi trng cn xc nh r: i tng v cc thng s
nhim c trng ca d n cn c gim st; V tr, thi gian v tn sut gim st; Nhu
cu thit b gim st; Nhu cu nhn lc; D tr kinh ph cho hot ng gim st.
 i tng quan trc, gim st: bao gm cc ngun thi ca d n thc cht l
gim st cht thi v mi trng xung quanh (trong trng hp khu vc khng c
cc
trm, im gim st chung ca c quan nh nc).
- Gim st cht thi: sau khi bo co TM c ph duyt, ch d n tin hnh
quan trc, gim st lu lngtng lng thi v cc thng s c trng cho cht thi
ca d n theo tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh ca Vit Nam vi tn sut ti thiu 01
ln03 thng. Cc im gim st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r
rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh (khng bt buc i vi cht thi rn).
Vic gim st lin tc, t ng cht thi pht sinh t qu trnh hot ng ca
d n i vi tng d n c th phi thc hin theo cc tiu chun, quy chun, quy
nh c
lin quan ca php lut hin hnh. Trng hp php lut cha c
quy nh
c th v vic ny, c quan ph duyt bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng xem
xt, quyt nh.
- Gim st mi trng xung quanh: tin hnh quan trc, gim st cc thng s
nhim c trng cho d n theo tiu chun, quy chun, quy nh hin hnh ca Vit
Nam trong trng hp ti khu vc thc hin d n khng c
cc trm, im gim st
chung ca c quan nh nc, vi tn sut ti thiu 01 ln06 thng. Cc im gim
st phi c th hin c th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy
chun hin hnh.
- Gim st khc (nu c
, ty thuc tng d n c th):
 Gim st cc yu t: x
i m n, trt, st, l, ln t; x
i l b sng, b sui, b
h, b bin; bi lng l ng sng, l ng sui, l ng h, y bin; thay i mc nc mt,
nc ngm; xm nhp mn; xm nhp phn; cc tc ng ti cc i tng t nhin v
kinh t - x hi khc vi tn sut ph hp nhm theo di c s bin i theo khng
gian v thi gian ca cc yu t ny. Cc im gim st (nu c
) phi c th hin c
th trn s vi ch gii r rng v ta theo quy chun hin hnh.
 Gim st s thay i ca cc loi ng vt, thc vt qu him trong khu vc thc
hin d n v chu tc ng tiu cc do d n gy ra vi tn sut ti thiu 01 lnnm.
 Cc thng s chn lc cn quan trc, gim st
Tp hp cc thng s cn gim st i vi mi trng vt l, mi trng sinh hc l
khc nhau gia cc loi d n. Tuy nhin, cn phi la chn cc thng s ch th
142

(indicators) phn nh ng c trng tc ng do d n ch khng phi tt c hoc phn

ln cc thng s c
trong QCVN hoc TCVN v mi trng.
Vic la chn ng thng s ch th khng ch gip nh gi ng thc cht tc
ng ca d n, m c n gim chi ph cho cng tc quan trc (Cc Thm nh v nh
gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010).
Th d:
- Cc thng s chn lc quan trc tc ng mi trng do nc thi d n sn
xut bt giy.
Cc thng s h
a l: BOD, COD, tng SS, phenol, c, pH.
Cc thng s sinh hc: phiu sinh thc vt, phiu sinh ng vt, ng vt y.
- Cc thng s chn lc quan trc tc ng mi trng do kh thi nh my nhit
in s dng nhin liu than
Cc thng s bi vt l: bi tng s, bi PM10, SO2, NO2, CO.
Cc thng s sinh hc khng cn thit trong quan trc kh thi nh my ny.
- Cc thng s chn lc quan trc tc ng mi trng nc do d n vt lung
tu.
Cc thng s h
a l: pH, c, mn, tng SS, DO, BOD, Al, e, kim loi nng
(c trng cho khu vc, th d : Cr, n, As...), du m.
Cc thng s sinh hc: ng vt y.
Danh sch cc thng s ch th cn la chn c nu trong mt s ti liu chuyn
v quan trc mi trng.
 V tr cc im quan trc, gim st
S lng v v tr gim st cng nhiu cng phn nh ng vng b nh hng do
d n. Tuy nhin, vic la chn cc im gim st cn m bo phn nh ng phm vi
tc ng ca d n v mt khng gian. Do vy, trn thc t, cc im gim st khng
ch nm trong m c n c
th gm c nhng im nm bn ngoi vng d n (Cc
Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010).
 Phng php quan trc, gim st
m bo s liu gim st l chnh xc, vic gim st cn tun th cc quy nh
(Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng, 2010):
- Phi s dng cc thit b tiu chun (v thu mu, bo qun mu, phn tch thc
a, phn tch trong ph ng th nghim);
- Phi thc hin o c, phn tch theo cc phng php tiu chun;
Thit b v phng php tiu chun nu trn c hiu l cc tiu chun c cng
nhn rng ri, c s dng nhiu quc gia (theo ISO, tiu chun Hoa K, theo
GEMS hoc TCVN, QCVN).
143

- Vic phn tch phi c tin hnh lp li (ti thiu 3 ln1 thng s1 mu) c

tnh thng k;
- Phi c
kim tra v cht lng phn tch (QAQC) gia cc ph ng th nghim, c
bit khi c
kt qu phn tch ng ng.
6.2.2.3. T chc quan trc mi trng sau thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
Theo Lut Bo v mi trng, c quan qun l nh nc v ch u t (ch d
nc s, cng trnh) u c
trch nhim quan trc mi trng. Nh vy, trch nhim
ca cc bn nh sau:
- C quan qun l nh nc: thc hin quan trc ngoi vi v cc thnh phn mi
trng lin quan n d n.
- Ch d n, c s, cng trnh: thc hin quan trc ni vi - t quan trc v cc thnh
phn mi trng lin quan n d n.
Tuy nhin, khi cn thit c quan qun l nh nc cng c
th quan trc mt s yu
t mi trng bn trong cng trnh v ch d n cng cn quan trc mt s yu t mi
trng vng b nh hng do d n thc hin cng tc quan trc mi trng.
T chc quan trc mi trng sau khi thm nh bo co TM hin c p
dng tt mt s d n DI v ODA (v d: d n JBIC; d n trung tm in lc Ph
M; d bn pht trin giao thng thy pha Nam - vay vn WB; d n xa l ng - Ty
thnh ph H ch Minh - vay vn JBJC).
144

TI LIU THAM KHO

I. Ting Vit
1. Ban th k U hi sng M Kng (2001), Th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng v ra
quyt nh, Phnom Penh.
2. Ban th k U hi sng M Kng (MRC) (2001), nh gi mi trng chin lc,
Chng trnh o to Mi trng, Phnom Penh 102001.
3. B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng (1999), Hng dn lp bo co TM d n pht
trin th.
4. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2007), nh gi tc ng mi trng, H Ni 22007.
5. L Thc Cn v cs (1993), nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam: Phng php lun
v thc tin, H Ni.
6. L Thc Cn (1997), S pht trin ca nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam, H
Ni, 61997.
7. L Thc Cn v L Trnh (2007), Hng dn quy trnh chung nh gi tc ng mi
trng i vi cc d n u t, V Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng.
8. Nguyn Huy Cn (1993), Mi trng xy dng, NXB Khoa hc K thut, H Ni.
9. Cc Mi trng (1999), Hng dn lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, H Ni.
10. Cc Mi trng (1996), Sch hng dn mi trng v pht trin th, H Ni,
81996.
11. Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng (2010), Hng dn chung v thc hin
nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n u t, H Ni.
12. Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng (2009), Hng dn k thut nh gi
mi trng chin lc, H Ni.
13. Cc Thm nh v nh gi Tc ng mi trng (2010), Hng dn k thut thc hin
nh gi tc ng mi trng chin lc i vi quy hoch kinh t x hi, H Ni.
14. Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng (2010), Hng dn k thut thc
hin nh gi tc ng mi trng chin lc i vi quy hoch pht trin cng
nghip, H Ni.
15. Phm Ngc H v cs (1996), nh gi cc kha cnh mi trng d n quy hoch tng
th thnh ph H Ni 2010 - 2020, Nxb i hc Quc Gia H Ni, H Ni,121996.
16. Phm Ngc H, Hong Xun C (2001), nh gi tc ng mi trng, Nxb i hc
Quc Gia H Ni.
17. Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni.
18. Nguyn nh Mnh (2005), Gio trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng, Trng i hc
Nng nghip I, H Ni.
19. Chu Th Sng (1997), nh gi tc ng mi trng Vit Nam: Cc vn lut php v
thc tin, H Ni, 61997.
20. Thng t s 262011TT-BTNMT ngy 1872011 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy
nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 292011N-CP ngy 18 thng 4 nm 2011 ca
145

Chnh ph quy nh v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam

kt bo v mi trng, H Ni.
21. L Trnh (1999), Quan trc v kim sot nhim mi trng nc, Nxb Khoa hc K
thut, H Ni.
22. L Trnh (2000), nh gi tc ng mi trng: Phng php v ng dng, Nxb Khoa
hc v K thut, H Ni.
23. Trn T (1997), Nhng vn lin quan n nghin cu nh gi tc ng mi trng ti
Vit Nam, Vin a l - H Ni, 61997.
24. Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v khu cng nghip (1996), nh gi tc ng mi
trng ca d n quy hoch pht trin thnh ph Hi Dng n nm 2010, H Ni,
121996.
II. Ting Anh
25. Alan Gilpin (1995), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Cutting edge for t
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26. Asit K.Biswas, Qu Geping (editors) (1987), Environmental Impact Assessment fo
r
Developing Countries, The United nation University.
27. Duggin, J. D. (1999), Impact Assessment in Natural Resources Management: Book
A- Introdcution: Concepts and Principles, University of New England, Armidale, NS
W.
28. Duggin, J. D. (1999), Impact Assessment in Natural Resources Management: Book
B- Legislation and Procedures, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.
29. Duggin, J. D. (1999), Impact Assessment in Natural Resources Management: Book
C- Techniques and Methods, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.
30. Duggin, J. D. (1999), Impact Assessment in Natural Resources Management: Book
D - EIA by
Resourse Sector, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.
31. Brian D. Clark, Ronald Bisset, and Peter Wathern (1980), Environmental impact
assessment : a
bibliography with abstracts.
32. Glasson, J. Therivel, R. & Chadwick (1999), Introduction to Environmental Imp
act
Assessment, 2nd edn, UCL Press, London.
33. Lee, N & George, C. (eds) (2000), Environmental Assessment in Developing and
Transitional Countries: Principles, Methods and Practice, University of Mancheste
r, UK.
34. Partidario M (2001), Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), Training Manual
.
35. Sadler and Verheem (1996), Stratergic Enviromental Assessment Status, Challege
s and
Future Directions. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planing and Environment. Publica
tion 54,
The Hague Netherlands.
146

NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP

1676 Phng Mai - ng a - H Ni
T: (04) 38523887 (04) 38521940 - ax: 04.35760748
Website: http:www.nxbnongnghiep.com
E-mail: nxbnnyahoo.com.vn
CHI NHNH NH XUT BN NNG NGHIP
58 Nguyn Bnh Khim - Q.I - Tp. H Ch Minh
T: (08) 38299521, 38297157 - ax: (08) 39101036
147

GIO TRNH NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

Chu trch nhim xut bn
Gim c - Tng Bin tp
TS. L QUANG KHI
Bin tp v sa bn in
L LN - INH THNH - MINH THU
Trnh by, ba
NH TUYT
63

630
1099  07
NN
2013

2013

In 215 bn kh 19 27cm ti Xng in NXB Nng nghip. ng k KHXB s

236-2013CXB1099-07NN ngy 2322013. Quyt nh XB s 126Q-NN ngy
22112013. In xong v np lu chiu qu IV2013.
148