BASIS OF MEASUREMENT AND UNCERTAINTY

Mutmainnah S, Rezky Nur Ariatami, Sulbiana *), Yola Ivonny Harianto

Physics Laboratory Department of Physics, State
Makassar State University 2015
Abstract. It has been conducted experiments on 30 October 2015, entitled "Basic Measurements
and Uncertainties" with the aim that students are able to use the basic measuring tools,
determining the uncertainty in the measurement of single and repeated, and understand the figures
mean. The measuring instrument used is the ruler, calipers, micrometer screws, balance ohauss,
stopwatch and thermometer. Each measuring instrument has a different NST .From these
measurements will be carried out analysis of absolute and relative uncertainty errors that will be
used as a reference in writing of significant figures in the report measurement results.
Keywords: measurement ,numbers mean, NST, uncertainties.

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. How to use the basic measuring tools?
2. How do I determine the uncertainty in the measurement of single and repeated?
3. How do I report the results of measurements on the basis the numbers mean?
PURPOSE
1.
Capable using basic measuring tools.
2.
Capable of determining the uncertainty in the measurement of single and
repeated.
3.
Understand or comprehend the use of significant digits.

BRIEF THEORY
Meaning Measurement
Measurement is part of the Science Process Skills which is an information gathering
both quantitatively and qualitatively. By performing measurements, can be obtained
magnitude or value of a quantity or qualitative evidence.
Significant figures
1. Non-zero all numbers are significant figures.
2. Zeros are located between non-zero figure includes significant figures.
3. Zeros on the right number is not zero, including significant figures, unless there are
other explanations, such as a line under the last digit is still considered important.
4. To lie zeros on the left digit is not zero. Either on the right or on the left of the comma
decimal excluding significant figures.
Important figure sum and Reduction
At the time of summing the numbers are not exact (significant figures), the final
results may only contain one number in doubt with regard to the following rules.
1.
Figures hesitant plus or minus the number hesitation generate numbers hesitation.

2.

The exact figure is increased or decreased with the number hesitation generate
numbers hesitation.
3.
The exact figure is increased or decreased with an exact figure produces the exact
figure.
Measurement Uncertainty
a. Uncertainty system
Uncertainty (error) applying will cause the results deviate from actual results.
Applying sources of uncertainty include:
1.
Instrument calibration error; it can be seen by comparing it with other tools.
2.
3.

4.

Zero point error (KTN)

Damage appliance components, such as springs that have been used so that it
becomes elastic again.
Friction

5.
Parallax error
6. Errors due to the current state of working conditions at the time the tool is calibrated
in contrast to conditions at the time the tool works.
b. Uncertainty wide (Random)
This error comes from the symptoms may not be controlled or overcome such
changes take place very quickly so that the controlling and regulating beyond this
kemampuan.Ketidakpastian cause measurement falls slightly to the left and to the right
of the actual values. Random sources of uncertainty include:
1.
Error estimating portion scale
The first source of uncertainty in the measurements is the limited scale of the
measuring instrument. A smaller price than the value of the smallest scale measuring
devices (NST) can no longer be read, so do estimates. That is, some uncertainty has
infiltrated the measurement results. There are three determinants in terms of
assessment, namely:
a.
The physical distance between two adjacent scratches
b.
c.

Smooth or rough needle

Separation power of the human eye
2.
Fluctuating state, meaning that the rapidly changing circumstances of the time.
For example, a strong electric current, voltage PLN nets, and other voltage source
that is always changing are not teatur.
3.
Random motion (Brownian motion) air molecules. This motion causes the needle
designation of very fine gauge to be disturbed.
4.

Vibrating platform

5.

Noisy, is interference with the electronic device in the form of rapid fluctuations
in voltage due to the increased temperature of the component tool works.
6.
Background radiation such as cosmic radiation from outer space.
Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
A measurement is always accompanied by uncertainty. Some of the causes are,
among others ktidakpastian smallest scale value, error calibration, zero point errors,
errors of parallax, friction, fluctuations in measurement parameters and environment
influence each other as well as the skill of the observer.
a. Single measurement uncertainty
A single measurement is a measurement that is done only once. Limitations scale
measuring instruments and limited ability to observe as well as many other sources of
error, resulting in measurement results are always seized with uncertainty.
The value of x samapai last stroke can be known with certainty, but reading the rest is
guesswork or conjecture that is dubious. This is the uncertainty in question and given
the symbol x. x is the absolute epitome of uncertainty. For a single measurement
taken of wisdom:

x =

1
2 NST tool

(1)

Where x is the uncertainty of a single measurement. Number 2 in the equation

has the meaning of the scale (value between two nearby scratches) can still be clearly
divided into 2 parts by eye. x value measurement results are reported in a manner that
has been standardized as follows.
X = (x x)

[X]

(2)

description:
X
= symbol magnitudes measured
(x x) = The measurement results and uncertainties

[X]

= Unit of quantity x (in SI units)

x or absolute uncertainty on the value {x} and members an overview of the

measuring instruments used. The better the quality of the measuring instrument, the
smaller the x are obtained.
By using higher quality measuring instrument, it is expected that the results
obtained are also more precise, therefore the absolute uncertainty expressed provision
of measurement results. The smaller the absolute uncertainty, the more precise the
measurement results.
b.Repeated measurement uncertainty
By conducting repetition, our knowledge of the true value is getting better, the
repetition should be held as often as possible, the more often the better. However, it is
necessary to distinguish between repetitions several times (2 or 3 times only) and

repetition are quite often (10 times or more). If the measurement is done 3 times with
the results of x 1, x 2 and x 3 or 2 times only at the beginning of the experiment and the
end of the experiment, and x can be determined as follows.
the average value reported as a measurement while the deviation (deviation), the
largest or the average deviation is reported as x. Deviation is the difference-the
difference between each result of measurement of average value, so:

{ X } = X average measurement

(3)

maximum ,

x =

= average
With :
X=

Deviasi
1.

2,

=x1-x,

3.

x 1+ x 2+ x 3
3

=x2-x,

(4)

=x3-x. x is the largest of

Or also be taken from,

X=

It is recommended that

max

1+ 2+ 3
3

(5)

is taken as x due to the three values x 1, x 2, and x

will be included in the interval (x-x) and (x + x). Number of significant digits is
determined by the relative uncertainty. In this case people often use a rule of thumb as
follows:
3

a.

x
x approximately 10%, using 2 numbers mean.

b.

x
x about 1% using the 3 digit means.

c.

x
x about 0.1% using 4 numbers mean

Creep Correction Measurement

Suppose a function y = f (a, b, c, .....), y is the result of the calculation of the amount
measured a, b, and c, (single measurement). If a change of da, b change of db, and c
changes by dc then:

dy = |

y
a | da +|

y
b

|db +|

y
c | dc

(6)

y
b | b +|

y
c | c

(7)

Analogous to the above equation can be written as:

y = |

a, b, c, .....

y
a | a +|

1
2 x NST obtained from measuring instrument or by the rules that

have been described previously.

Operation Creep Correction in a Single Measurement
a.
Propagation errata addition and subtraction.
Suppose the calculation results of measurement y = a b, where a and b are the
result of direct measurement, then:

dy = |

Because, |

y
a |da +|

y
b |db

(8)

y
a |= 1 and, then y =a + b

Absolute error of form or selisi amount equal to the sum absolute error of each tribe.
b. Error propagation multiplication and division
Suppose the result of the calculation is y = a b, or y = a b -1, where a and b results
single measurement, then:
y=

a
b =

a b-1

(9)

The absolute uncertainty of y can be determined by:

dy = |

y
a |da +|

y
b |db

(10)

Where,

y
1
-1
|=
a
b = b dan |

y
b |= a

1
b = a b
(11)

So:
dy = |

1
b | da +|-

a
b

|db=|

1
b da+

a
b db|
(12)

If divided by y =

a
a b-1 it is obtained:
b =
1
a
a+ b
b
b
a
b
y
=
y

|=|

a
a

b
b

(13)
The relative uncertainty of the form of multiplication or division is the amount of
relative uncertainty of each factor.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Tools and materials
1. Ruler
2. Vernier calipers
3. Micrometer screw
4. Stopwatch
5. Thermometer
6. Wooden beams
7. Marbles
8. Balance Ohauss 2610 grams
9. Balance Ohauss 311 grams
10. Balance Ohauss 310 grams
11. Measuring cup
12. Three legs and gauze
13. Match

14. Burner Bunsen

15. Enough water
Identification Variables
Activity 1
Variables: measurement Length, Width, Height, and Diameter
Activity 2
Variables: mass measurement
Activity 3
Variables: time and temperature measurement
Variable Operational Definition
1. Variable Manipulation
: Variables that influence the response variable
deliberately made different
2. Variable Response
: Variables are influenced by variable manipulation
3. Variable Control
: Variables are made equal for all treatments
Materials used in this experiment:
Beam : A wake-up three-dimensional space that is bounded by six rectangular and has a
length, width, height can be measured and calculated it volume.
Ball

: Build space three dimensional spherical and has a diameter (2r) so it can be in the
shape of a half circle in the wake rotate as far as 360 in diameter
Activity 1
1.
The length is the distance between the base of the beam by beam end whose size
is longer than the width and shorter than the height measured using a ruler, vernier
caliper and micrometer screw in mm.
2.

The width is the distance between the base of the beam by beam end whose size
is shorter than the length and height measured using a ruler, vernier caliper and
micrometer screw in mm.

3.

Height is the distance between the base of the beam by beam end whose size is
longer than the size of the width and length were measured using a ruler, vernier
caliper and micrometer screw in mm.

4.

Diameter is the center line of marbles which are measured using a ruler, vernier
caliper and micrometer screw in mm.
Activity 2
1.
The mass of the beam is measured using a mass balance beam ohauss with units
of grams.
2.
Marbles marbles mass is measured using a mass balance ohauss with units of
grams.
Activity 3
1.
Temperature changes in the water temperature is measured with a thermometer
Celsius.

2.

Time is the amount of time needed to raise the water temperature is measured
with a stopwatch in the second unit.
Work procedures
Activity 1
Step 1 : Take a ruler, vernier caliper and micrometer screw then determine it NST.
Step 2 : Measure using measuring devices such third 3 times for the length, width, and
height of the wooden beams. By Record the measurement results in Table
observations accompanied by uncertainty.
Step 3 : Measure the use of three devices as much as 3 times the diameter marbles. By
Record the measurement results in Table observations accompanied by
uncertainty.
Activity 2
Step 1 : Determine NST each balance sheet
Step 2 : Measure repeatedly 3 times the mass of the beam and marbles.
Step 3 : Take note of the measurement results is equipped with measurement uncertainty.
Activity 3
Step 1 : Setting up a thermometer, measuring cups, Bunsen burners complete with three
legs and a layer of asbestos.
Step 2 :Fill a measuring cup with water to part and put over three feet without burners.
Step 3 :Turn on the Bunsen burner and wait a while until the flames appear normal.
Step 4 :Put the Bunsen burner just below the measuring cup and wait for the water
temperature reaches 40 C as the temperature at first.
Step 5 :Take note of the change of temperature on the thermometer reads each interval of
1 minute within 6 minutes.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS DATA
Observation result
1.
Length Measurement
NST Ruler :

limit measure
1 cm
=
= 0,1 cm= 1 mm
the amount of scale
10

NST Vernier calipers: 20 SN

20 SN
20 SN
SN
NST

NST Micrometer Screw :

= 39 SU
= 39 (1 mm)
= 39 mm
= 1,95 mm
= 2 mm 1,95 mm
= 0,05 mm

NST SU

limit measure
the amount of scale
5 mm
10

= 0,5 mm

limit measure
number of rotary scale

NST scale rotary=

0,5 mm
50

0,01 mm
Table 1. Results of measurements of length
mea
measurement results (mm)
the
sure
amount
d
N
Ruler
Vernier calipers
Micrometer Screw
measur
o objec
ed
t

Length

1.

Beam

Width

Height

|20,0 0,5|

|20,50 0,05|

|20,47 0,01|

|20,5 0,5|

|20,20 0,05|

|20,45 0,01|

|20,5 0,5|

|20,10 0,05|

|20,01 0,01|

|20,0 0,5|

|20,15 0,05|

|20,47 0,01|

|20,0 0,5|

|20,30 0,05|

|20,48 0,01|

|20,0 0,5|

|20,20 0,05|

|20,47 0,01|

|20,0 0,5|

|20,85 0,05|

|20,42 0,01|

|20,0 0,5|

|20,01 0,05|

|20,41 0,01|

|20,0 0,5|

|20,90 0,05|

|20,41 0,01|

|16,05 0,05|

|15,69 0,01|

|17,5 0,5|

|16,95 0,05|

|15,70 0,01|

|17,0 0,5|

|16,05 0,05|

|15,69 0,01|

|15,5 0,5|
2.

Ball

Diameter

2. Mass Measurement
Balance Ohauss 2610 grams
Value Scale arm 1

100 g

Value Scale arm 2

10 g

Value Scale arm 3

0,1 g

The mass of the load hanging : Table 2. Results of mass measurements with the Balance of 2610 grams Ohauss
Object

Pointer
arm 1

Pointer
arm 2

Pointer
arm 3

Hanging
load

Mass of the object (g)

Balok
Kubus

0
0
0

60
60
60

74,5
75
75,5

|67,45 0,05|

|67,50 0,05|
|67,55 0,05|

Bola

0
0
0

0
0
0

56,5
57,5
57,5

|5,65 0,05|

|5,75 0,05|
|5,75 0,05|

Balance Ohauss 311 grams

Value Scale arm 1

limit measure
200 g
=
=100 g
the amount of scale
2

Value Scale arm 2

limit measure
100 g
=
=10 g
the amount of scale
10

Value Scale arm 3

limit measure
10 g
=
=1 g
the amount of scale 10

limit measure
1,0 g
=
=0,01 g
the amount of scale 100

Value Scale arm 4

Table 3. Results of mass measurements with the balance of 311 grams Ohauss
Object

Pointer
arm 1

Pointer
arm 2

Pointer
arm 3

Pointer
arm 4

Mass of the object (g)

Beam
cube

0
0
0

60
60
60

7
7
7

49
49,5
49,5

|67,490 0,005|

|67,495 0,005|

|67,495 0,005|
Ball

0
0
0

0
0
0

5
5
5

69,5
69,5
69,5

|5,695 0,005|

|5,695 0,005|
|5,695 0,005|

Balance Ohauss 310 grams

Value Scale arm 1

limit measure
200 g
=
=100 g
the amount of scale
2

Value Scale arm 2

limit measure
100 g
=
=10 g
the amount of scale
10

Value Scale turn around

limit measure
1g
= =0,1 g
the amount of scale 10

Scale number Nonius

: 10 scale
NST Balance Ohauss 310 gram : 1.9 SP = 10 SN
0.19 SP = SN
NST = NSP-NSTN
= 0.2 - 0.19
= 0.01 g
Table 4. Results of mass measurements with the balance of 310 grams Ohauss
turn the
Nonius
Pointer
Pointer
Object
scale
scale
Mass of the object (g)
arm 1
arm 2
pointer
pointer
Beam
0
60
79
3
|67,93 0,01|
cube
0
60
77
2
0
60
86
7
|67,72 0,01|

|68,67 0,01|
Ball

0
0
0

0
0
0

73
75
64

9
10
4

|7,39 0,01|

|7,51 0,01|
|6,44 0,01|

Time and Temperature Measurement

limit measure
10
=
=1
the amount of scale
10

NST thermometer

Initial temperature (T o)

: 40

NST Stopwatch

limit measure
1 second
=
the amount of scale
10
0,1 second

Table 5. The results of the measurement of time and temperature

No
.

Temperature (

Temperature
Changes

Time (s)

()

1.

|60,0 0,1|

|41,5 1|

1,5

2.

|120,0 0,1|

|43,5 1|

3.

|180,0 0,1|

|45,5 1|

4.

|240,0 0,1|

|47,0 1|

1,5

5.

|300,0 0,1|

|48,5 1|

1,5

6.

|360,0 0,1|

|50,5 1|

1,5

DATA ANALYSIS
Length Measurement
Beam
V =PLT

|vp| |vl |
| ( p lp t )|

v=

P+

L+

P+

|vt |
| ( p ll t )|
T

L+

( p l t )
T
t

| |
| p v t | | pv l|
v
l t
=

| p ptlt | | p pllt |
v | p l t |
v P
L
T
=|
|
|
|
|
v
p
l
t |
P
L
T
v=| |
v
|
|
|
p
l
t |
v l t
=
P+
v
v

L+

P+

L+

Ruler
Long

a.

20,0 mm+ 20,5 mm+20,5 mm

P
=
3

= 20,3 mm

|P x P |

x =

1 = |20,020,3|mm = 0,3 mm
x = |20,520,3|mm = 0,2 mm
x

= |20,520,3|mm = 0,2 mm

= max = 0,3 mm

KR =

P
P

KR =

0,3
20,3

PF :

100%

100% = 1,5 % ( 3 AB )

|P P|

|20 , 3 0,3| mm

b.Width

20,0 mm+ 20,0 mm+20,0 mm

L =
3

x =

|Lx L|

1 = |20,020,0|mm = 0 mm
x = |20,020,0|mm = 0 mm

= 20,0 mm

x = |20,020,0|mm = 0 mm

L = = 0,5 mm.
max
KR =

L
L

KR =

0,5
20,0

PF:

100%

100% = 2,5% ( 3 AB )

|L L| = |20,0 0,5| mm

c. Height

20,0 mm+20,0 mm+20,0 mm

T =
3

x =

= 20,0 mm

|T x T |

1 = |20,020,0|mm = 0 mm
x = |20,020,0|mm = 0 mm
x = |20,020,0|mm = 0 mm

= max = 0,5 mm.

KR =

T
T

KR =

0,5
20,0

PF :

100%

100% = 2,5% (3 AB)

|T T |

|20,0 0,5| mm

Vbalok = P L T
Vbalok = 20,3 mm 20,0 mm 20,0 mm
Vbalok = 8.120 mm3

|pP| |lL| |tT |v

0,3 mm
0,5 mm
0,5 mm
v=|
|
|
|
|
20,3 mm
20,0 mm
20,0 mm|
v=

8.120 mm3

 v=|0,01| +

|0,03| + |0,03| 8.120 mm3

v=|0,07| 8.120 mm3

v= 568,4 mm3 0,6 cm3
v = 8.120 mm3 8,1 cm3
KR =

v
v

KR =

0,6 c m3
8,1 c m3

PF:

100 %

100% = 7,4 % ( 2 AB )

|V V| = 8,1

0,6 cm3

Vernier calipers
a. Long

20,50 mm+ 20,20 mm+20,10 mm

P
=
3
x =

= 20,3 mm

|P x P |

1 = |20,5020,3|mm = 0,2 mm
x = |20,2020,3|mm = 0,1 mm
x = |20,1020,3|mm = 0,2 mm

P = = 0,2 mm.
max
KR =

P
P

KR =

0,2
20,3

100%

100% = 1 % ( 3 AB )

|P P|

PF :

|20,3 0,2| mm

b. Width

20,15 mm+ 20,30 mm+ 20,20 mm

L =
3
x =

|Lx L|

1 = |20,1520,22| mm = 0,07 mm

= 20,22 mm

x = |20,3020,22| mm = 0,08 mm
x = |20,2020,22| mm = 0,02 mm

= max = 0,08 mm.

KR =

L
L

KR =

0,08
20,22

PF :

100%

100% = 0,4 % ( 4 AB )

|L L| = |20,22 0,08| mm

c. Height

20,85 mm+ 20,01mm+20,90 mm

T =
3

x =

|T x T |

1 = |20,8520,6|mm = 0,25 mm
x = |20,0120,6| mm = 0,59 mm
x = |20,9020,6|mm = 0,3 mm

= max = 0,59 mm.

KR =

T
T

KR =

0,59
20,6

PF :

100%

100% = 2,9 % (3 AB )

|T T |

|20,6 0,59| mm

Vbalok = P L T

20,3 mm 20,22 mm 20,6 mm

Vbalok =

Vbalok = 8.456 mm3

|pP| |lL| |tT |v

v=

= 20,6 mm

0,2
0,08
|20,3
| |20,22
| |0,59
20,6|

v=

8.456 mm3

0,004 + |0,03| 8.456 mm3

v=|0,01| +

v=|0,044| 8.456 mm3

v= 372,064 mm3 0,4 cm3

v = 8.456 mm3 8,5 cm3

KR =

v
v

KR =

0,4 c m3
8,4 c m3

PF:

100%

100% = 4,8 % ( 2 AB )

|V V| = 8,4

0,4 cm3

Micrometer screw
a. Long

20,47 mm+20,45 mm+20,01 mm

P
=
3
x =

|P x P |

1 =

|20,4720,3|mm = 0,17 mm

x =

|20,4520,3|mm = 0,15 mm

x =

|20,0120,3| mm = 0,29 mm

= 20,3 mm

P = max = 0,29 mm.

KR =

P
P

KR =

0,29
20,3

PF :

|P P|

100%

100% = 1,4 % ( 3 AB )

|20,3 0,29| mm

b. Width

20,47 mm+20,48 mm+20,47 mm

L =
3

= 20,47 mm

x =

|Lx L|

1 =

|20,4720,47|mm = 0 mm

x =

|20,4820,47|mm = 0,01 mm

x =

|20,4720,47|mm = 0 mm

L = max = 0,01 mm.

KR =

L
L

KR =

0,01
20,47

PF:

100%

100% = 0,05 % ( 4 AB )

|L L| = |20,47 0,05| mm

c. Height

20,42 mm+20,41 mm+20,41 mm

T =
3
x =

|T x T |

1 =

|20,4220,41|mm = 0,01 mm

x =

|20,4120,41|mm = 0 mm

x =

|20,4120,41|mm = 0 mm

= 20,41 mm

= max = 0,01 mm.

KR =

T
T

KR =

0,01
20,41

PF :

|T T |

100%

100% = 0,05 % ( 4 AB )
=

|20,41 0,05| mm

Vbalok = P L T

20,3 mm 20,47 mm 20,41 mm

Vbalok =

Vbalok = 8481,2 mm3

|pP| |lL| |tT |v

v=

0,01
0,01
|0,29
|
|
|
|
20,3
20,47
20,41|

v=

v=|0,014| +

|0,0005| + |0,0005| 8481,2 mm3

v=|0,015| 8481,2 mm3

v= 127,218 mm3 0,13 cm3

v = 8481,2 mm3 8,48 cm3

KR =

v
v

KR =

0,13
8,48

100%

Marbles

1
3
v= d
6

|dv |dd

dv=

| |

dv=

( 16 d ) dd
3

1
2
dv= d dd
2

|12 d d|

v=

| |

1 2
d d
v 2
=
v
1
d3
6

|3 d d|v

v=

100% = 1,5 % ( 3 AB )

|V V| = |8,48 0,13| mm

PF :

8481,2 mm3

KR=

v
x 100
v

Ruler

15,5 mm+17,5 mm+17,0 mm

d =
3
x =

= 16,7 mm

|d d |

1 = |15,516,7|mm = 1,2 mm
x = |17,516,7|mm = 0,8 mm
x = |17,016,7|mm = 0.3 mm

d
PF:

= max = 1,2 mm.

|d d|

|16,7 1,2| mm

1
3
v= d
6
1
v = (3,14 )(16,7 mm)3 = 2437,41 mm3
6

|3 d d|v

v=

|
|

v=

3(1,2)mm
2437,41 mm 3
16,7 mm

v=

3,6 mm
x 2437,41mm 3
16,7 mm

v=0,22 x 2437,41 mm3

v=536,23 mm3

0,54

cm3

v =2437,41mm 3 2,4 cm 3
KR=

v
x 100
v

KR=

0,54 cm3
x 100
2,4 cm3

PF=|v v|

= 22,5

|2,4 0,5|

( 3AB)

cm

Vernier calipers

16,05 mm+16,95 mm+16,05 mm

d =
3
x =

|d xd |

1 =

|16,0516,35| mm = 0,3 mm

x =

|16,9516,35| mm = 0,6 mm

x =

|16,0516,35| mm = 0,3 mm

d
PF :

= max = 0,6 mm.

|d d|

|16,35 0,6| mm

1
3
v= d
6
1
3
v = (3,14 )(16,35) = 2.287,34 mm3
6

|3 d d|v
3(0,6)mm
v=|
2.287 mm
16,35 mm |
0,42 mm
v=|
x 2.287 mm
16,31mm |
v=

v=0,110 x 2.287 mm3

v=251,57 mm3

0,3

v =2.287 mm3 2,3 cm 3

KR=

v
x 100
v

cm3

= 16,35 mm

KR=

0,3 cm3
x 100
2,3 cm3

PF=|v v|

= 13

( 2 AB)

cm3

|2,3 0,3|

Micrometer screw

15,69 mm+15,70 mm+15,69 mm

d =
3
x =

|d xd |

1 =

|15,6915,69| mm = 0 mm

x =

|15,7015,69| mm = 0,01 mm

x =

|15,6915,69| mm = 0 mm

d
PF :

= max = 0,01 mm

|d d|

|15,69 0,01| mm

1
v = d3
6
1
3
v = (3,14 )(15,69) = 2021,38 mm3
6

|3 d d|v

v=

|
|

v=

3(0,01)mm
2021,38 m m3
15,69 mm

v=

0,03 mm
x 2021,38 mm3
15,69 mm

v=0,0019 x 2021,38 mm3

v=3,840622 mm3
v =2021,38 mm

0,004

2,02

cm

cm 3

= 15,69 mm

KR=

v
x 100
v

KR=

0,004 cm 3
x 100
2,02 cm 3

PF=|v v|

= 0,19

( 4 AB)

|2,020 0,004|

cm

Mass Measurement

m
v

= mv-1

|m |

m+

|v|

| |

| |

mv
m

mv
v

m+

=|v1| m +

|mv2|

| |

| |

v
=
m+
1

mv

mv
v
1
mv

| | |vv |
m
v
=|

|
|
m
v |
m
=

a. For the beam

v =

8,1cm +8,4 cm +8,48 cm

3

x =

|v x v|

1 =

|8,18,33|cm 3 = 0,23 cm 3

x =

|8,48,33|cm 3 = 0,07 cm3

x =

|8,488,33|cm3 = 0,15 cm3

= 8,33

cm 3

 v = = 0,23 cm 3
max
KR =

v
v

KR =

0,23
8,33

100%

100% = 2,8 % ( 3 AB )

PF=|v v|

|8,33 0,23|

cm 3

b. For the ball

v =

2,40 cm 3 +2,3 cm3 +2,020 cm3

3

x =

|v x v|

1 =

|2,402,2| cm3 = 0,2 cm3

x =

|2,32,2| cm3 = 0,1 cm3

x =

|2,0202,2| cm3 = 0,18 cm3

= 2,2

cm

v = = 0,18 cm 3
max
KR =

v
v

KR =

0,18
2.2

100%

100% = 8,2 % (2 AB)

PF=|v v|

|2,20 0,18|

cm 3

Balance Ohauss 2610 grams

a. Beam

m
=
x =

67,45 g+67,50 g+67,55 g

3

|mx m |

1 = |67,4567,50|g = 0,05 g
x = |67,5067,50|g = 0 g
x = |67,5567,50|g = 0,05 g

m = = 0,05 g
max

= 67,50 g

KR =

m
m

KR =

0,05
67,50

PF:

100%

100% = 0,07 % ( 4 AB )

|m
m| g=|67,50 0,05| g

b. Ball

m
=

x =

5,65 g+5,75 g+5,75 g

3

= 5,72 g

|mx m |

1 = |5,655,72| g = 0,07 g
x = |5,755,72| g = 0,03 g
x = |5,755,72| g = 0,03 g

m = = 0,07 g.
max
KR =

m
m

100%

KR =

0,07
5,72

100% = 1,22 % ( 3 AB )

PF:

|m
m| g=|5,72 0.07| g

Balance Ohauss 311 grams

a. Beam

m
=

67,490 g+67,495 g+67,495 g

3

x =

|mx m |

1 =

|67,49067,490|g = 0 g

x =

|67,49567,490|g = 0,005 g

x =

|67,49567,490|g = 0.005 g

m = max = 0,005 g.

= 67,490 g

KR =

m
m

KR =

0,005
67,490

PF :

100%

100% = 0,007 % (4 AB)

|m
m| = |67,49 0,01| g

b. Ball

m
=
x =

5,695 g+5,695 g+5,695 g

3

= 5,695 g

|mx m |

1 = |5,6955,695| g = 0 g
x = |5,6955,695| g = 0 g
x = |5,6955,695| g = 0 g

m = = 0,005 g.
max
KR =

m
m

KR =

0,005
5,695

PF:

100%

100% = 0,09 % ( 4 AB )

|m
m| = |5,695 0,005| g

Balance Ohauss 310 grams

a. Beam

m
=

x =

67,93 g+67,72 g+68,67 g

3

|mx m |

1 = |67,9368,10|g = 0,17 g
x = |67,7268,10| g = 0,38 g
x = |68,6768,10| g = 0,57 g

m = = 0,57 g.
max

= 68,10 g

KR =

m
m

KR =

0,57
68,10

PF :

100%

100% = 0,8 % (4 AB)

|m
m| = |68,10 0,57| g

balok =

m
v

balok =

(68,10 g)
( 8,33 cm3 )

balok = 8,18 g/cm3

|mm| |vv |
0,57
0,23
=|
|
|
68,10
8,33|
=

8,18 g/cm3

=|0,008| +

|0,028| 8,18 g/cm3

= 0,29 g/cm3
KR =

KR =

0,29 g /cm3
3
8,18 g /cm

PF:

100%

100% = 3,5 % (3 AB)

| | = |8,18 0,29| g/cm3

b. Ball

m
=

7,39 g+7,51 g +6,44 g

3

x =

|mx m |

1 =

|7,397,10| g = 0,29 g

x =

|7,517,10| g = 0,41 g

x =

|6,447,10| g = 0,66 g

= 7,1 g

 m = = 0,66 g.
max
KR =

m
m

KR =

0,66 g
7,10 g

PF :

100%

100% = 9,29 % ( 3 AB )

|m
m| = |7,10 0,66| g

balok =

m
v

balok =

7,10 g
2,20 c m3

balok = 3,2 g/cm3

|mm|

|vv |

0,66 g /cm3
7,10 g /cm3

| |

=|0,0009| +

0,18 cm3
2,20 cm3

3,2 g/cm3

|0,0818| 3,2 g/cm3

= 0,26 g/cm3
KR =

KR =

0,26 g /cm3
3,2 g /cm3

PF:

100%

100% = 8,1 % (2 AB)

| | = |3,2 0,3| g/cm3

DISCUSSION
Each measuring instrument has NST and always generates uncertainty. in the first
activity, we measure the length by using a measuring instrument such as ruler, caliper and
micrometer screws. Among this length measuring tool, the tool the higher the precision
micrometer screw which has NST because most kecil.Dalam measurements, frequent
differences in the size of the object and despite using the same tool.
The second activity, we performed measurements of the mass of the beam and
marbles using a measuring instrument balance. Meanwhile, the balance sheet can be
divided into three kinds, namely the balance Ohauss 2610 gr, 311 gr Ohauss balance, and
balance Ohauss 310 gr. The third name is taken within the limits of the balance sheet

measuring respective balance masing.contohnya Ohauss 2610gr so named because the

measure limits only 2610 grams. Likewise with the balance Ohauss nerca 331 grams and
310 grams. Balance a higher degree of precision is that the balance of 311 gr.
The third activity, we take measurements of temperature and time proved that the
water temperature increases with increasing time. But the first thing we must do is to
stabilize the temperature of the water. In the measurement of time and temperature we
did, temperature changes of 1.5 C in the first minute. While the second and third
minutes of an increase in temperature change of 2 C. But the last three minutes there is
a decrease of 1.5 C constantly. Good measurement should show raising the temperature
constant. This may be due to a Bunsen flame unstable or error in a see-raising degrees on
the thermometer.
Of the three trials is always obtained uncertainty. This is due to the difficulty in
observing eye, the determination of the zero point, and shifting the object at the time of
measurement.
CONCLUSION
It can be inferred from the lab on the basis of measurement and the uncertainty
that we know all kinds of measuring tools and functions.
a) Long measuring tools such as ruler, caliper and micrometer screws.
b) mass measuring devices in the form of balance.
c) time and temperature measuring devices such as thermometers.
Each measurement always produces uncertainty, NST The smaller the measuring
instrument, the higher the degree of thoroughness and sebaliknya.sehingga The smaller
the value as well as relative uncertainty obtained the more meaningful numbers that can
be written. In measurements were also frequent errors that may be caused because the
observing eye limitation, the determination of the zero point, and shifting the object at the
time of measurement.
REFERENCES
Darmawan Djonoputro, B. 1984.Teori Uncertainty use SI units. Publisher
ITB.Bandung.
ITB Science Faculty Physics Laboratory. 2009. Basic Physics Lab Module 1,
Publisher ITB. Bandung.