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Article history:
Received 31 December 2014
Received in revised form
10 January 2016
Accepted 13 January 2016
This research paper reports the results of various researches carried out up to 2015 on the performance
and emission characteristics of compression ignition (CI) engine using nano particles additives in diesel,
biodiesel and water emulsied fuels. There are two methods of reducing the exhaust gas emission of the
CI engine. First method is to reduce the emissions by using exhaust gas treatment devices like catalytic
converter, diesel particulate lter. However, use of these devices affects the performance of CI engine.
Second method to reduce emissions and improve performance of CI engine is the use of fuel additive.
Main pollutants of CI engine are oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). However, it is
difcult to control NOx and PM simultaneously. Many researchers report that the best method to control
the emissions and improve the performance is the use of nano particles additives and water emulsied
fuels. This research paper also reports the biodiesel fuel as an alternative to diesel fuel by using various
nano particle additives. Comparative studies of effects on various properties of diesel and biodiesel fuels
without/with water contents and nano particles additives by previous researchers are done. Most of the
researchers reported improved performance and reduction in emission characteristics with dosing of
nano particles additives in diesel and biodiesel.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Performance
Emission
Nanouid
Emulsied fuel
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.
Objectives of review paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanouid additives for CI engine fuel application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of nanouid additives on fuel properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.
Effect on density, ash point and viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
Effect on cetane number and caloric value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Effect on brake specic fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
Effect on brake thermal efciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emission characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.
Effect on NOx emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.
Effect on hydrocarbon (HC) emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.
Effect on carbon monoxide (CO) emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.
Effect on Smoke emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect on combustion and evaporation characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Problems related with nano fuel additives and further scope of studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.051
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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9. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347
1. Introduction
The day by day increase in the use of diesel engine in various
applications particularly in the eld of agriculture and power
generation increases the demand of diesel, due to which prices of
diesel fuel are rising, and creating a challenge to Indian economy.
Also a stringent regulation on emission of diesel engine promotes
the use of alternative fuels and emission reduction technology.
After treatment technology such as diesel particulate lters and
selective catalytic reduction will help to reduce particulate emission and NOx emission in diesel engines but lead to a fuel consumption penalty. One way to save diesel fuel is to improve CI
engine performance and emission or use of alternative fuels prepared from non-edible oil seeds to reduce the burden on Indian
economy. India imports 70% petroleum fuels costing about Rs.
80,000 crores / year hence blending 5% bio-diesel fuel to the
present diesel fuel can save about Rs. 4000 crores / year [1].
Keeping in view the need to reduce consumption of petroleum
products and simultaneously implement stringent engine emission norms in all over the country, the Government of India has
taken a major policy decision to use the biodiesel prepared from
non-edible oil seeds as blends with diesel [2]. Sunower, safower,
soybean, cotton, winter rape, canola, and peanut are the most
predominant oil bearing crops considered as fuel substitutes. India
has vast amounts of waste land that government agencies and
other non-government organizations are using for the cultivation
of non-edible oil seeds, re wood, and fuel wood species for economic as well as environmental benets, among the non-edible oil
species, Karanja, Neem, Jatropha, and Mahua are the prominent
trees [3]. Global warming can be reduced by blending biodiesel
fuel with diesel because the carbon emissions produced during the
combustion of biodiesel are the ones, which are absorbed from the
atmosphere by the plant in the process of photosynthesis; therefore the combustion of biodiesel does not increase the global
balance of CO2 [46]. Several experimental investigations have
been carried out by researchers around the world to evaluate the
CI engine performance of different biodiesel blends. Researchers
reported that the use of biodiesel and its blends in CI engine
results in loss of torque, power, and also increased in bsfc was
reported [5]. Another side, it was benecial to use the biodiesel
and its blends to reduce exhaust gas emission particularly HC, CO
and PM, Only NOx emissions have been reported to increase due to
the oxygen content of the biodiesel [6]. The advances in biodiesel,
emulsied diesel and articial chemical additives are driven by
consumer demand to save energy and reduce emissions from
diesel engines. In order to achieve low emissions and high combustion efciency from diesel engines, combining emulsion and
additive has been considered as promising alternatives [7]. The
burning of diesel or biodiesel fuel in compression ignition engine
is resulted in high temperature inside the combustion chamber. As
a result of high temperature, NO is formed, which is hazardous gas
to the environment because NO can react with oxygen present in
the combustion chamber which result in the formation of NO2.
When NO and NO2 reacts, which result in formation of NOx. Water
in diesel emulsion is promising technology to reduce the NOx
emission. In waterdiesel emulsion, water is present in dispersed
phase, and small size water droplets are vaporized, when heated
in the combustion chamber due to volatility difference between
water and diesel. The vaporization of water resulted in micro
explosion phenomenon. The Micro explosions improved the better
fuel air mixing which result in the atomization of fuel. Hence, the
improvement in combustion of fuel results in the reduction of fuel
consumption [8]. The main shortcoming of emulsied fuel is a
long ignition delay due to much heat absorption and temperature
decrease in chamber for water evaporation [9]. Use of 230% water
by volume in diesel and biodiesel is reported in earlier research
[815]. Imdadul et al. [46] reviewed the various researches on
different fuel additives and reported that an increased in heat
release rate, cylinder gas pressure and peak pressure with early
start of combustion and reduced ignition delay. They also commented that adding nano particles gives extra oxygen for combustion. However, very little information was observed about the
effect of nano particles on CI engine. Shaa et al. [47] reviewed
twenty ve research papers on nano additives and concluded that
optimum concentration of nano particles should be estimated for
different nano particles. They also reported that long term investigation is necessary to nd life of engine. The emphasis was given
to explore more nano additives for combustion application. They
found that properties are depends upon shape and size of nano
particles. They commented on lack of agreement among the
results of various authors. However, recent researches with new
nano additives should be explored. Hence water addition in fuel
with nano particles additives can be effectively used to improve
the performance and emission of CI engine.
Up to date no comprehensive review reports were published on
the effect of nano uid additives on the performance and emission
of CI engine fueled with or without water emulsied diesel or
biodiesel. Hence this review paper reports the effect of nanouid
additives on physio-chemical properties of diesel/ biodiesel with
or without water contents, also reports effect of nano fuel additives on performance and emission characteristics of CI engine.
1.1. Objectives of review paper
The main objective of this paper is to distribute the knowledge
and information among budding engineers, industry people,
research scholars and students who are interested in the eld of
nano fuel additives for CI engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel and
water emulsied fuels. The paper reports the impact of potential
nano fuel additives on properties of fuel, engine performance,
exhaust emissions, combustion and evaporation characteristics at
different operating condition. This review paper provides the
information about the effect of concentration of nano fuel additives. A good number of research papers and literatures from
highly rated index journals are reviewed including the most recent
publications up to 2015.
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V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348
Nomenclature
BSFC
Brake specic fuel consumption
BTE
Brake thermal efciency
bsec
Brake specic energy consumption
PM
Particulate matter
CI
Compression ignition
CO2
Carbon dioxide
NOx
Oxide of nitrogen
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
NO
Nitrous oxide
HC
Hydrocarbon
CO
Carbon monoxide
WC
Water cooled
NA
Naturally aspirated
IL
Inline
AC
Air cooled
DI
Direct injection
TC
Turbo charged
W
Water
D
Diesel
JBD
Jatropha biodiesel
D80PSWB20 80%Diesel 20% Pomoplion stearin wax biodiesel
JME2S15W Jatropa methyl ester 2%surfactant 15% water
emulsion
JME2S5W Jatropa methyl ester 2%surfactant 5% water
emulsion
TE60
60% tall oil methyl ester/40% diesel fuel
with a mass fraction of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm [15]. Fangsuwannarak et al. [17] investigated 0.20% nano TiO2 in diesel fuel
and 5% palm oil and 95% diesel as base fuel . The nano zinc oxide
particles about 5 ppm to about 60 ppm was used by Tock et al.
[18]. Karthikeyan et al. [43] studied zinc oxide nano particles of 50
and 100 ppm in blends of dieselpomoplion stearin wax biodiesel
as a base fuel. Sajeevan et al. [19] experimentally investigated nano
cerium oxide with concentration of 540 ppm on a single cylinder
CI engine fueled with the diesel and cerium oxide blended diesel.
Sajith [20] investigated cerium oxide nanoparticles with dosing
level varied from 20 to 80 ppm in a base fuel as a jatropha biodiesel on a single cylinder, WC, 4-stroke CI engine. Selvan et al.
[27] used 25 ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles as additive in neat
diesel and dieselbiodieselethanol blends. Ganesh et al. [22] used
nano Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) and Magnalium in jatropha biodiesel a
base fuel for CI engine. Nano CuO, CuCl2, CoCl2, FeCl3 and CuSO4
can be used as a catalyst for CI engine. These metal base additives
were used with dosing 550 mmol by Kannan et al. [23]. Shal
et al. [24] used ferrouid (Fe3O4 ) having 0.4% and 0.8% volumetric
proportions in diesel and conducted the experiment on fourcylinder, in-line, four-stroke, compression ignition, water cooled
engine. Sarvestany et al. [44] examined the effect of the magnetic
nanouid fuel (Fe3O4) in diesel with concentration of 0.4 and 0.8%
by volume on the compression ignition engine. Nanometal oxide
of manganese oxide (MnO) and copper oxide (CuO) with dosing
200 mg/l in diesel was used by Lenin et al. [28]. Balamurugan et al.
[35] used Soya bean biodiesel with nano-copper particle as a fuel
additive with concentration of 1.5%. Basha et al. [42] prepared
emulsion of Jatropha methyl ester and carbon nano tube with
dosing of 25, 50 and 100 ppm. Selvan et al. [40] investigated
mixture of cerium oxide and carbon nano tube additives in diesel
biodieselethanol blend with dosing of 25, 50 and 100 ppm each.
The combination of 25 ppm alumina and 25 ppm CNT blended
biodiesel were prepared and tested by Basha [25]. Kao et al. [26]
WCPBD
Zr
Mg
TiO2
Co3O4
Ni
Fe3O4
CNT
AN
CuO
MnO
CoCl2
Al2O3
CuSO4
Al-Mg
CeO
CuCl2
TiO
FeCl3
n-Al
AO
A
Al
Ti
n-Si
ppm
Si
mg/lit
V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348
1341
Table 1
Various Properties of nanouids used in engine application.
Reference
[15]
[17]
[19]
[23]
[25]
[45]
[41]
Fuel
Diesel
D2S15W100AO
Diesel
D0.2TiO
Diesel
D40CeO
Waste Cooking palm biodiesel
WCPBD50FC
JBD
JBD50CNT
JBD25AO25CNT
Diesel
D50CEO
WD
WDA
WDSi
Properties
Viscosity (cst)
Density (kg/m3)
Cetane no
2.1
5.01
2.21
3.28
2.5
2.6
4.56
4.57
5.25
5.33
5.36
2.85
2.53
2.55
50
66
68
71
47
48
170
165
85
81
81
54
62
42.3
39.9
38.03
38.43
38.88
39.78
39.99
43.42
43.58
42.93
42.92
42.94
830
859.6
823
825
866
865.8
895
897.9
895.2
830
832
832
834
832
46
50
66
69.6
53
57
57
-
50.83
49.6
51.37
Table 2
Effect of dosing level of nano uid additives on performance of CI engine by various
researchers.
Reference no. Base fuel
Nano
additive
[43]
D80PSWB20 ZnO
[42]
JME2S5W
CNT
[21]
JME2S15W
Al2O3
[45]
Diesel
CeO2
[27]
Diesel
CeO2
4. Engine performance
This section reports the results of various research papers on
different nanouid additives used in diesel engine and its effect on
performance characteristics particularly bsfc, bsec and brake
thermal efciency. Effect of variation of dosing level of nanouid
additives on performance characteristics at full load are shown in
Table 2. Most of researchers investigated that brake thermal efciency was improved and brake specic fuel consumption was
lowered with increase in dosing rate of nanouid additives.
4.1. Effect on brake specic fuel consumption
Brake specic fuel consumption is a measure of utilization of
fuel supplied to engine for developing brake power. BSFC is
dened as the mass ow rate of fuel per unit brake power
developed. Sajith et al. [20] investigated that the addition of cerium oxide reduces brake specic fuel consumption because the
presence of cerium oxide oxidizes carbon deposit from engine
Composition
(ppm)
50
100
25
50
100
25
50
100
0
50
0
25
0.278
0.272
0.315
0.308
0.301
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.280
0.260
0.393
0.3586
28.8
29.96
27.89
28.13
28.45
27.1
28.2
29.4
25.66
23.63
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V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348
30 ppm cerium oxide and alumina nano particles have about 1.7%
higher brake thermal efciency as compared to neat biodiesel,
which is the result of high surface to volume ratio promoting
complete combustion . Shaa and Velraj [53]reported that the
BSFC was higher at load below 50% but reduction in bsfc above
75% load was observed. BSFC value for Alumina nano particle
containing fuel blend shows about 12% reduction at full load. At
75% and full load, BSEC was reduced due to lower viscosity as
compared to 25% load. Santhanamuthu et al. [54] investigated
polanga oildiesel blends with varying composition of polanga oil
from 1030% by weight and iron oxide nanoparticles concentration ranging from 100300 ppm on single cylinder, 4-s, vertical
water cooled DI engine. They reported that below 60% load, BSEC
was maximum up to 26 MJ/kW h, but as load increases above 60%,
BSEC reduced to 13.5 MJ/kW h. Singh and Bharj [55] prepared
emulsion containing 83% diesel, 15% water and 2% surfactant with
dispersion of CNT concentration varying from 50, 100 and
150 ppm. The prepared emulsions were used in single cylinder
diesel engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer to
obtained performance, emission characteristics. The reduced trend
of BSFC was obtained with increasing in concentration of CNT. The
minimum BSFC was 0.27 kg/kW h for 150 ppm concentration CNT
blended fuel compared to 0.31 kg/kW h for neat diesel due to the
water present in fuel rapidly evaporates results in ner spray and
also catalytic activity of CNT promotes evaporation rate. Manibharathi et al. [58] used pongamia biodiesel as base fuel with
rhodium oxide (Rh2O3) nano particles and tested on single cylinder, 4S, air-cooled CI engine to nd performance and emission
parameters. They prepared the rhodium oxide using ball mill
method and obtained size of nano particle about 100 nm. They
obtained signicant reduction of BSEC about 3% with addition of
Rh2O3 nano particles and reported the reduction of physical delay
results in lower fuel consumption.
4.2. Effect on brake thermal efciency
Researchers studied the effect of nanouid additives on brake
thermal efciency and reported that nanouid additives are a
promising alternative for improvement in brake thermal efciency
of CI engine. Sajith et al. [20] carried out an engine tests with the
modied biodiesel at different dosing levels (2080 ppm) of cerium oxide nanoparticles additive showed an improvement in the
BTE of the engine. An improvement of 9%, 4%, and 2% in brake
thermal efciency was observed at higher loads for aluminum,
iron and boron nanofuel respectively, as compare to diesel due to
enhancement in the caloric values and also promotes complete
combustion due to higher evaporation rates, reduced ignition
delay, higher ame temperatures and prolonged ame sustenance
by Mehta et al. [39, 41]. The CNT added emulsion fuel shown about
2% higher BTE compared to diesel [55]. The carbon nano tube
blended jatropha methyl ester emulsion fuel shows improvement
in brake thermal efciency as compare to jatropha methyl ester
due to intensive secondary atomization. Jatropha methyl ester
with 100 ppm concentration of carbon nano tube additive has
shown maximum brake thermal efciency of 28.13% as compare to
24.8% of jatropha methyl ester at full load [42]. The brake thermal
efciency for cerium oxide and carbon nano tube added diesel
biodieselethanol blend with 100 ppm concentration each was
increased by 8.05% [40]. Higher brake thermal efciency was
observed with the addition of zinc nano particles in blends of
dieselpomoplion stearin wax biodiesel as compare to without
additives [43]. Banapurmath et al. [51] prepared the fuel samples
containing 50 mg graphene, silver and multiwalled carbon nanotubes respectively in one liter Honge oil methyl ester (HOME).
Samples was tested on single cylinder, 4stroke DI engine under
various load to nd performance and emission characteristics.
Table 3
Work carried out by various researchers on engine performance and emissions using nanouid additives in diesel and biodiesel.
Engine
Operating condition
Nano uid
additive
Composition
Performance results
Emission results
Reference
Jatropha biodiesel
Water emulsion
Diesel
[15]
0.20%
[17]
Aluminum oxide
(Al2O3)
Titanium oxide
(TiO2)
Cerium oxide
540 ppm
Increased BTE
Lower NOx, HC
[19]
Cerium oxide
2080 ppm
Improved BTE
[20]
[21]
100 mg/l
550 mmol/l
[23]
[24]
[25]
Diesel
Jatropha biodiesel
Jatropha biodiesel
Water emulsion
Jatropha biodiesel
Waste cooking
palm oil
Diesel
Jatropha biodiesel
Diesel
Aluminium oxide
(Al2O3)
Magnalium (Al
Mg)
Cobalt oxide
(Co3O4)
Ferric chloride
220, 280 bar IP, 230,
25.5 Btdc IT, Load 25, 50, (FeCl3)
75, 100%, 1500 rpm
2200 rpm
Ferrouid (Fe3O4)
Diesel
Dieselbiodiesel
ethanol blends
1-Cylinder, 4 stroke,
variable compression
ratio, NA, WC
1-Cylinder, WC
4 stroke, DI
Diesel-biodieselethanol blends
Diesel
Waterdiesel
emulsion
Aluminium oxide
(Al2O3)
Carbon nanotube (CNT)
aluminum nanoparticles(Al)
Cerium oxide
25 ppm
Lower BSFC at 1200 and 1800 rpm but no change at Lower NOx ,smoke at 1200 and 1800 rpm
2400 rpm.
but no change at 2400 rpm.
Lower BSFC, improvement in BTE
Lower CO, HC and smoke higher NOx
Manganese oxide
(MnO)
Copper oxide
(CuO)
Aluminum
Iron
Boron
200 mg/l
Increased BTE
0.5 wt%
Cerium oxide
Carbon nanotube
3050 cc
[22]
[26]
[27]
[39]
V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348
Base fuel
[40]
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They compared the brake thermal efciency and found that graphene containing biodiesel have more BTE than MWCNT due to its
higher thermal conductivity. The fuel containing nano particles
have more BTE than pure Honge oil methyl ester. They reported
that the graphene nano additives shows better performance and
emission characteristics due to its higher thermal conductivity and
higher surface area result in improvement in catalytic activity. BTE
was increased in alumina nano particle containing fuel blend
about 18% as compared to neat diesel at full load condition due to
the micro explosion phenomenon of primary droplet in presence
of alumina nano particle results in enhance the evaporation rate,
responsible for complete release of heat energy leads to increase in
BTE [53]. Venkatesan [56] mixed 1 g and 1.5 g nano alumina
powder in a one liter of diesel and prepared mixture using sonicator to distribute particles uniformly and reported improvement
in BTE up to 6% for 1.5 g alumina concentration. Aalam et al. [59]
investigated the iron oxide nano particles at 2550 ppm concentration in diesel on a CRDI engine and observed that presence
of iron nano particles improves the combustion efciency due to
more surface area and chemical reactivity, which results in
improvement of about 2% BTE in 50 ppm nano iron oxide
blended fuel.
5. Emission characteristics
The control of emissions from diesel engine is more concerned
in present environmental norms. Diesel engine emits NOx, HC, CO
and smoke emission. This section critically reviewed latest
research papers on the effect of nano fuel additives to control
diesel engine emissions. Summary of performances and emissions
by previous authors and comparisons are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 4
Comparisons of performance and emission characteristics at full load.
Reference Nano additives/base fuel
HC (ppm)
CO (%)
SMOKE
[48]
3%
3%
25
25.5
26
22.5
22.65
25
27.6
22
90
82
80
110
91
80
0.15 g/kW h
1.4
0.51
0.45
0.4
0.7
0.6
0,53
6.25 g/
kW h
10 g/kW h
[63]
Silver/HOME
MWCNT/HOME
Graphene/HOME
HOME
Silver/HOME
[58]
10
20
40
50
50
50
0
25
50
Pongamia biodiesel
27.1
[55]
[54]
[64]
50
100
150
0
100
200
300
0
30
0.3 kg/kW h
0.27 kg/kW h
0.27 kg/kW h
0.3 kg/kW h
13 MJ/kW h
12.5 MJ/kW h
11 MJ/kW h
13.1 MJ/kW h
0.261 kg/kW h
28.9
30
30.5
28.6
25.2
25.3
25.5
25
60
0.258 kg/kW h
90
0.250 kg/kW h
0.262 kg/kW h
5
10
15
0
[51]
[65]
Silver/Diesel
30.5
31
32
30
250
790
710
700
900
800
780
21 g/kW h
32.5 g/
kW h
305
250
245
370
900
410
400
800
5.22 g/
kW h
4.7 g/kW h
4.26 g/
kW h
5.25 g/
kW h
650
646
644
700
0.55 g/
kW h
43
40
37
42
45
42
62
78
0.13 g/kW h
0.06 g/
kW h
0.04 g/
kW h
0.14 g/kW h
13.5
13.6
21
14
72 HSU
70 HSU
69.5 HSU
85 HSU
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.11
0.5
0.35
0.21
0.6
5.74 g/kW h
56%
55%
46%
63%
69HSU
65HSU
60HSU
83HSU
0.55 g/kW h
5.42 g/
kW h
4.15 g/kW h
0.5 g/kW h
6.78 g/
kW h
0.42 g/kW h
0.6 g/kW h
V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348
1345
1346
V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348
Table 5
Combustion characteristics with nano fuel additives.
Reference Additives/
base fuel
Concentration
(ppm)
Heat
Release
rate (J/
deg)
Cylinder
pressure
(bar)
Ignition
delay
(deg.
crank
angle)
[55]
CNT/Water
emulsied
diesel
[53]
Alumina/DieselSoyabean
biodiesel
ethanol
blend
Silver/HOME
50
100
150
0
100 ppm
0
55
70
65
80
62
51.6
4
6.25
6
6.5
64.61
63.03
15
13
25
50
0
58
70
45
90
52
55
50
65
7. Other approaches
Researchers investigated the effect of mixed nano fuel additives
as well as swirl effect on performance and emission characteristics. A brief review of their ndings is reported here. Banapurmath et al. [63] investigated swirl effect with nano silver
additive blended fuel for proper distribution and mixing of air
inside the combustion chamber. They made tangential grooves on
the combustion chamber. They observed that combined effect of
swirl and silver additive produce better performance due to proper
mixing of air results in complete combustion. The addition of slots
on combustion chamber to produce swirl effect improve the brake
thermal efciency and reduced the CO, HC and NOx emission
compared to silver blended fuel samples. They also observed that
increased dosing level of silver from 25 ppm to 50 ppm results in
higher performance. Mirzajanzadeh et al. [64] investigated the
cerium oxide nano-particles on amide-functionalized multiwall
carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-amide) adding concentration from
3090 ppm in steps of 30 ppm in diesel-waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) blends as a base fuel. The performance was carried
out on 6 cylinder vertical inline DI engine by varying speed from
10002200 rpm at full load. The characterization of nano particles
was done using FTIR spectrum and SEM. They observed that power
obtained was proportional to the concentration of nano particles.
The brake specic fuel consumption was reduced as concentration
of nano particles increased. The overall improvement in results of
performance parameter was attributed to oxygen providing ability
[63]
Diesel
V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348
9. Conclusions
According to analysis of above research papers, it can be concluded that broad range of nano uid additives can be used as
additives in diesel and biodiesel due to increased surface area to
volume ratio, increased in catalytic activity in nano size metal
oxides and metals. Nano uid increases better combustion due
micro explosion phenomenon. Following conclusions can be
drawn from the analysis of above literatures
1347
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