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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Effect of nanouid additives on performances and emissions


of emulsied diesel and biodiesel fueled stationary
CI engine: A comprehensive review
Vivek W. Khond n, V.M. Kriplani 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering, CRPF Gate No 3, Hingna Road, Nagpur 440016, India

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 31 December 2014
Received in revised form
10 January 2016
Accepted 13 January 2016

This research paper reports the results of various researches carried out up to 2015 on the performance
and emission characteristics of compression ignition (CI) engine using nano particles additives in diesel,
biodiesel and water emulsied fuels. There are two methods of reducing the exhaust gas emission of the
CI engine. First method is to reduce the emissions by using exhaust gas treatment devices like catalytic
converter, diesel particulate lter. However, use of these devices affects the performance of CI engine.
Second method to reduce emissions and improve performance of CI engine is the use of fuel additive.
Main pollutants of CI engine are oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). However, it is
difcult to control NOx and PM simultaneously. Many researchers report that the best method to control
the emissions and improve the performance is the use of nano particles additives and water emulsied
fuels. This research paper also reports the biodiesel fuel as an alternative to diesel fuel by using various
nano particle additives. Comparative studies of effects on various properties of diesel and biodiesel fuels
without/with water contents and nano particles additives by previous researchers are done. Most of the
researchers reported improved performance and reduction in emission characteristics with dosing of
nano particles additives in diesel and biodiesel.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Performance
Emission
Nanouid
Emulsied fuel

Contents
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.
7.
8.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.
Objectives of review paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanouid additives for CI engine fuel application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of nanouid additives on fuel properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.
Effect on density, ash point and viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
Effect on cetane number and caloric value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Effect on brake specic fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
Effect on brake thermal efciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emission characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.
Effect on NOx emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.
Effect on hydrocarbon (HC) emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.
Effect on carbon monoxide (CO) emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.
Effect on Smoke emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect on combustion and evaporation characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Problems related with nano fuel additives and further scope of studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Corresponding author. Tel.: 91 9860253228.


E-mail addresses: vivek.khond@raisoni.net (V.W. Khond), vilayatrai.kriplani@raisoni.net (V.M. Kriplani).
1
Tel. 91 9373750759.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.051
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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9. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347

1. Introduction
The day by day increase in the use of diesel engine in various
applications particularly in the eld of agriculture and power
generation increases the demand of diesel, due to which prices of
diesel fuel are rising, and creating a challenge to Indian economy.
Also a stringent regulation on emission of diesel engine promotes
the use of alternative fuels and emission reduction technology.
After treatment technology such as diesel particulate lters and
selective catalytic reduction will help to reduce particulate emission and NOx emission in diesel engines but lead to a fuel consumption penalty. One way to save diesel fuel is to improve CI
engine performance and emission or use of alternative fuels prepared from non-edible oil seeds to reduce the burden on Indian
economy. India imports 70% petroleum fuels costing about Rs.
80,000 crores / year hence blending 5% bio-diesel fuel to the
present diesel fuel can save about Rs. 4000 crores / year [1].
Keeping in view the need to reduce consumption of petroleum
products and simultaneously implement stringent engine emission norms in all over the country, the Government of India has
taken a major policy decision to use the biodiesel prepared from
non-edible oil seeds as blends with diesel [2]. Sunower, safower,
soybean, cotton, winter rape, canola, and peanut are the most
predominant oil bearing crops considered as fuel substitutes. India
has vast amounts of waste land that government agencies and
other non-government organizations are using for the cultivation
of non-edible oil seeds, re wood, and fuel wood species for economic as well as environmental benets, among the non-edible oil
species, Karanja, Neem, Jatropha, and Mahua are the prominent
trees [3]. Global warming can be reduced by blending biodiesel
fuel with diesel because the carbon emissions produced during the
combustion of biodiesel are the ones, which are absorbed from the
atmosphere by the plant in the process of photosynthesis; therefore the combustion of biodiesel does not increase the global
balance of CO2 [46]. Several experimental investigations have
been carried out by researchers around the world to evaluate the
CI engine performance of different biodiesel blends. Researchers
reported that the use of biodiesel and its blends in CI engine
results in loss of torque, power, and also increased in bsfc was
reported [5]. Another side, it was benecial to use the biodiesel
and its blends to reduce exhaust gas emission particularly HC, CO
and PM, Only NOx emissions have been reported to increase due to
the oxygen content of the biodiesel [6]. The advances in biodiesel,
emulsied diesel and articial chemical additives are driven by
consumer demand to save energy and reduce emissions from
diesel engines. In order to achieve low emissions and high combustion efciency from diesel engines, combining emulsion and
additive has been considered as promising alternatives [7]. The
burning of diesel or biodiesel fuel in compression ignition engine
is resulted in high temperature inside the combustion chamber. As
a result of high temperature, NO is formed, which is hazardous gas
to the environment because NO can react with oxygen present in
the combustion chamber which result in the formation of NO2.
When NO and NO2 reacts, which result in formation of NOx. Water
in diesel emulsion is promising technology to reduce the NOx
emission. In waterdiesel emulsion, water is present in dispersed
phase, and small size water droplets are vaporized, when heated
in the combustion chamber due to volatility difference between
water and diesel. The vaporization of water resulted in micro
explosion phenomenon. The Micro explosions improved the better

fuel air mixing which result in the atomization of fuel. Hence, the
improvement in combustion of fuel results in the reduction of fuel
consumption [8]. The main shortcoming of emulsied fuel is a
long ignition delay due to much heat absorption and temperature
decrease in chamber for water evaporation [9]. Use of 230% water
by volume in diesel and biodiesel is reported in earlier research
[815]. Imdadul et al. [46] reviewed the various researches on
different fuel additives and reported that an increased in heat
release rate, cylinder gas pressure and peak pressure with early
start of combustion and reduced ignition delay. They also commented that adding nano particles gives extra oxygen for combustion. However, very little information was observed about the
effect of nano particles on CI engine. Shaa et al. [47] reviewed
twenty ve research papers on nano additives and concluded that
optimum concentration of nano particles should be estimated for
different nano particles. They also reported that long term investigation is necessary to nd life of engine. The emphasis was given
to explore more nano additives for combustion application. They
found that properties are depends upon shape and size of nano
particles. They commented on lack of agreement among the
results of various authors. However, recent researches with new
nano additives should be explored. Hence water addition in fuel
with nano particles additives can be effectively used to improve
the performance and emission of CI engine.
Up to date no comprehensive review reports were published on
the effect of nano uid additives on the performance and emission
of CI engine fueled with or without water emulsied diesel or
biodiesel. Hence this review paper reports the effect of nanouid
additives on physio-chemical properties of diesel/ biodiesel with
or without water contents, also reports effect of nano fuel additives on performance and emission characteristics of CI engine.
1.1. Objectives of review paper
The main objective of this paper is to distribute the knowledge
and information among budding engineers, industry people,
research scholars and students who are interested in the eld of
nano fuel additives for CI engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel and
water emulsied fuels. The paper reports the impact of potential
nano fuel additives on properties of fuel, engine performance,
exhaust emissions, combustion and evaporation characteristics at
different operating condition. This review paper provides the
information about the effect of concentration of nano fuel additives. A good number of research papers and literatures from
highly rated index journals are reviewed including the most recent
publications up to 2015.

2. Nanouid additives for CI engine fuel application


Nano particles as a fuel additive in CI engine used by
researchers and scientists are presented in this section. Nanosize
material includes metals like, Al, Mg, Zr, Ti, Ni, boron (a metalloid),
and metal oxides [16,36]. Recently, nanosized silicon powders and
nanoporous silicon wafers were considered for energetic applications [35]. Basha et al. [21] prepared the samples of alumina
nanouid with concentration of 25, 50 and 100 ppm in 15% water
and jatropha biodiesel emulsion fuel as a base fuel and used in CI
engine. The experiments were conducted at a constant speed of
1500 rpm using nano alumina blended water diesel emulsion fuel

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Nomenclature
BSFC
Brake specic fuel consumption
BTE
Brake thermal efciency
bsec
Brake specic energy consumption
PM
Particulate matter
CI
Compression ignition
CO2
Carbon dioxide
NOx
Oxide of nitrogen
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
NO
Nitrous oxide
HC
Hydrocarbon
CO
Carbon monoxide
WC
Water cooled
NA
Naturally aspirated
IL
Inline
AC
Air cooled
DI
Direct injection
TC
Turbo charged
W
Water
D
Diesel
JBD
Jatropha biodiesel
D80PSWB20 80%Diesel 20% Pomoplion stearin wax biodiesel
JME2S15W Jatropa methyl ester 2%surfactant 15% water
emulsion
JME2S5W Jatropa methyl ester 2%surfactant 5% water
emulsion
TE60
60% tall oil methyl ester/40% diesel fuel

with a mass fraction of 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm [15]. Fangsuwannarak et al. [17] investigated 0.20% nano TiO2 in diesel fuel
and 5% palm oil and 95% diesel as base fuel . The nano zinc oxide
particles about 5 ppm to about 60 ppm was used by Tock et al.
[18]. Karthikeyan et al. [43] studied zinc oxide nano particles of 50
and 100 ppm in blends of dieselpomoplion stearin wax biodiesel
as a base fuel. Sajeevan et al. [19] experimentally investigated nano
cerium oxide with concentration of 540 ppm on a single cylinder
CI engine fueled with the diesel and cerium oxide blended diesel.
Sajith [20] investigated cerium oxide nanoparticles with dosing
level varied from 20 to 80 ppm in a base fuel as a jatropha biodiesel on a single cylinder, WC, 4-stroke CI engine. Selvan et al.
[27] used 25 ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles as additive in neat
diesel and dieselbiodieselethanol blends. Ganesh et al. [22] used
nano Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) and Magnalium in jatropha biodiesel a
base fuel for CI engine. Nano CuO, CuCl2, CoCl2, FeCl3 and CuSO4
can be used as a catalyst for CI engine. These metal base additives
were used with dosing 550 mmol by Kannan et al. [23]. Shal
et al. [24] used ferrouid (Fe3O4 ) having 0.4% and 0.8% volumetric
proportions in diesel and conducted the experiment on fourcylinder, in-line, four-stroke, compression ignition, water cooled
engine. Sarvestany et al. [44] examined the effect of the magnetic
nanouid fuel (Fe3O4) in diesel with concentration of 0.4 and 0.8%
by volume on the compression ignition engine. Nanometal oxide
of manganese oxide (MnO) and copper oxide (CuO) with dosing
200 mg/l in diesel was used by Lenin et al. [28]. Balamurugan et al.
[35] used Soya bean biodiesel with nano-copper particle as a fuel
additive with concentration of 1.5%. Basha et al. [42] prepared
emulsion of Jatropha methyl ester and carbon nano tube with
dosing of 25, 50 and 100 ppm. Selvan et al. [40] investigated
mixture of cerium oxide and carbon nano tube additives in diesel
biodieselethanol blend with dosing of 25, 50 and 100 ppm each.
The combination of 25 ppm alumina and 25 ppm CNT blended
biodiesel were prepared and tested by Basha [25]. Kao et al. [26]

WCPBD
Zr
Mg
TiO2
Co3O4
Ni
Fe3O4
CNT
AN
CuO
MnO
CoCl2
Al2O3
CuSO4
Al-Mg
CeO
CuCl2
TiO
FeCl3
n-Al
AO
A
Al
Ti
n-Si
ppm
Si
mg/lit

Waste Cooking palm biodiesel


Zirconium
Magnesium
Titanium dioxide
Cobalt oxide
Nickel
Iron oxide
Carbon nano tube
Aluminum nanouid
Copper oxide
Manganese oxide
Cobalt chloride
Aluminum oxide
Copper sulphate
Magnalium
Cerium oxide
Copper chloride
Titanium oxide
Ferric chloride
Nano aluminum
Aluminum oxide
Aluminum
Aluminum
Titanium
Nano silicon
Parts per million
Silicon
Milligram per liter

used the aluminum nanouid (AN) additive with concentration


varied from 30 cc to 50 cc per liter in diesel. Luman et al. [37]
prepared several combinations by dosing nano-sized aluminum
particles and ultra-ne boron particles. It was found that the
addition of nano-sized aluminum particles can enhance the propellant burning rate.

3. Effect of nanouid additives on fuel properties


Several researchers tested the properties of nano additive
blended fuel and studied its effect on various properties like
viscosity, caloric value ash point density, cetane no etc. Sonawane et al. [38] experimentally investigated the thermo-physical
properties and the heat transfer rate of Al2O3/aviation turbine
nanouids. Thermal conductivity, viscosity and heat transfer rate
enhance due to the addition of nanouid. Table 1 shows summary
of various properties of nanouids used in engine application by
various researchers.
3.1. Effect on density, ash point and viscosity
Effect of nano additives on fuel properties are presented here.
Density and kinematic viscosity of nanoemulsion fuels increased
marginally probably due to the presence of water [41]. No signicant effect on properties like density, viscosity and ash point
was observed with the addition of zinc nano particles in diesel
pomoplion stearin wax biodiesel blends [43]. Fangsuwannarak and
Triratanasirichai [50] prepared the blends of palm oil biodiesel by
increasing concentration from 2100% in diesel and then added
nano-TiO2 with dosing concentration of 0.1% and 0.2% by volume
and tested the physical properties of fuel samples using ASTM
standard procedure. They observed that kinematic viscosity was
reduced by increasing concentration of nano-TiO2 as compared to

V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348

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Table 1
Various Properties of nanouids used in engine application.
Reference

[15]
[17]
[19]
[23]
[25]

[45]
[41]

Fuel

Diesel
D2S15W100AO
Diesel
D0.2TiO
Diesel
D40CeO
Waste Cooking palm biodiesel
WCPBD50FC
JBD
JBD50CNT
JBD25AO25CNT
Diesel
D50CEO
WD
WDA
WDSi

Properties
Viscosity (cst)

Flash point (C)

Caloric value (MJ/kg)

Density (kg/m3)

Cetane no

2.1
5.01
2.21
3.28
2.5
2.6
4.56
4.57
5.25
5.33
5.36

2.85
2.53
2.55

50
66
68
71
47
48
170
165
85
81
81
54
62

42.3
39.9

38.03
38.43
38.88
39.78
39.99
43.42
43.58
42.93
42.92
42.94

830
859.6
823
825

866
865.8
895
897.9
895.2
830
832
832
834
832

46
50

66
69.6
53
57
57
-

50.83
49.6
51.37

without additive. However, the caloric value was increased with


increasing concentration of additives. Arockiasamy and Anand [52]
used 30 ppm cerium oxide and alumina nano particles additive
separately in jatropha biodiesel to prepare blend for testing
properties and found that slightly increase in viscosity with the
addition of both nano particles in jatropha biodiesel. They also
observed that reduction in caloric value and ash point as
compared to neat biodiesel.

Table 2
Effect of dosing level of nano uid additives on performance of CI engine by various
researchers.
Reference no. Base fuel

Nano
additive

[43]

D80PSWB20 ZnO

[42]

JME2S5W

CNT

[21]

JME2S15W

Al2O3

[45]

Diesel

CeO2

[27]

Diesel

CeO2

3.2. Effect on cetane number and caloric value


Researches on the effect of nanouid additives on cetane
number and caloric value are presented here. Most of researchers
reported that addition of nano particles in diesel and biodiesel
improves cetane number and caloric value. Higher cetane indices
were obtained for nano aluminum (n-Al) and nano silicon (n-Si) in
waterdiesel emulsion as compare to diesel which ascertains
better combustion quality [41]. The improvement in caloric value
and cetane index was observed with the addition of zinc nano
particles in diesel-pomoplion stearin wax biodiesel blends [43].
Singh and Bharj [55] reported that as concentration of CNT
increases, cetane index increases. Aalam et al. [59] also observed
that the addition of iron oxide nano particles enhance the caloric
value and cetane number of blends.

4. Engine performance
This section reports the results of various research papers on
different nanouid additives used in diesel engine and its effect on
performance characteristics particularly bsfc, bsec and brake
thermal efciency. Effect of variation of dosing level of nanouid
additives on performance characteristics at full load are shown in
Table 2. Most of researchers investigated that brake thermal efciency was improved and brake specic fuel consumption was
lowered with increase in dosing rate of nanouid additives.
4.1. Effect on brake specic fuel consumption
Brake specic fuel consumption is a measure of utilization of
fuel supplied to engine for developing brake power. BSFC is
dened as the mass ow rate of fuel per unit brake power
developed. Sajith et al. [20] investigated that the addition of cerium oxide reduces brake specic fuel consumption because the
presence of cerium oxide oxidizes carbon deposit from engine

Composition
(ppm)

BSFC (kg/ BTE (%)


kW h)

50
100
25
50
100
25
50
100
0
50
0
25

0.278
0.272
0.315
0.308
0.301
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.280
0.260
0.393
0.3586

28.8
29.96
27.89
28.13
28.45
27.1
28.2
29.4

25.66
23.63

leading to smooth and efcient operation . Zhang et al. [49] used


nanoceria in diesel and obtained reduction in fuel consumption
about 12% as nanoceria concentration increases. Basha [21] found
that the brake specic fuel consumption was improved for the
nanoparticles blended biodiesel emulsion fuels due to the enhance
surface area/volume ratio and shorten ignition delay characteristics of nanoparticles, sufcient mass of fuel could have collected
in the combustion chamber to obtain a possible catalytic effect in
the unit volume of the fuel during the combustion . Biodiesel
emulsion with 100 ppm alumina nanoparticles blended fuels was
shown lower brake specic fuel consumption of 0.31 kg/kW h at
full load. As caloric value of jatropha biodiesel is lower compared
to diesel for the same power output of engine excess amount of
fuel consumed during pure biodiesel operation. Hence, brake
specic energy consumption (bsec) was increased. However, the
addition of nano Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) and Magnalium was shown
2% and 3% reduction in bsec as a result of oxidation reactions in
fuel, which improves the combustion rate of fuel at half and full
loads respectively [22]. Jelles [29] studied the effect of cerium,
iron, and copper base metal additives with and without platinum.
The copper additive was resulted in 5% increase in fuel consumption due to delayed combustion caused by the copper additive. Keskin et al. [30] observed maximum reduction in the specic
fuel consumption values with 16 mol/l Mn additives due to the
catalyst effect of metallic based additives. The Mn based additive is
more effective than Mg based additive. The diesel fuels with
metallic based additives were burned well in the cylinders than

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diesel fuel without metallic-based. The additives also lead to


shorter ignition delay period and slightly greater heat release rates
during portions of the expansion stroke which improve power and
specic fuel consumption values. Keskin et al. [32] dosed Mn and
Ni based additives at the rate of 8 mol/l and 12 mol/l in the
mixtures of 60% tall oil methyl ester and 40% diesel fuel (TE60) to
prepare test fuel samples. In comparison with diesel fuel, higher
specic fuel consumption values were measured with biodiesel
fuels. This is because of the lower caloric value of biodiesel fuels
result in increase in specic fuel consumption with biodiesel fuels
ranged from 3.22% to 6.00%. Zhu et al. [33] investigated that brake
specic fuel consumption decreased with increasing the catalyst
dosing ratio under the tested engine conditions. However, the
brake specic fuel consumption did not decrease linearly with the
catalyst dosing ratio. Test samples were prepared by adding a
combustion catalyst by varying volume concentration from
1:20,000 to 1:5000. Ganesh et al. [22] used Magnalium and cobalt
oxide nanouid additives and determine the performance characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel (JBD) in a single cylinder, AC, DI
engine. The lower brake thermal efciency and higher brake
specic consumption were obtained due to lower caloric value of
JBD,. However, the addition of Magnalium and cobalt oxide
improves BTE signicantly as compared to without additives. An
improvement in BTE for magnalium additive compare to JBD
without additive was about 1%. Mehta et al. [41] prepared stable
nanoemulsion adding maximum 0.1% concentration of nano aluminum (n-Al) and nano silicon (n-Si) in waterdiesel. Performance
test was carried out at a constant speed of 1500 rpm on a single
cylinder, 4-stroke, DI diesel engine under varying load condition
from 0 to 20 kg. Brake specic fuel consumption was reduced by
21% and 37% for nano aluminum (n-Al) and nano silicon (n-Si)
blended waterdiesel emulsion as compare to diesel. Hydrogen
released during the reaction with water emulsied diesel, n-Al and
water emulsied diesel, n-Si result in reduction of bsfc. The
addition of carbon nanotube in jatropha methyl ester reduces the
brake specic fuel consumption at full load. Jatropha methyl ester
with 100 ppm concentration of carbon nano tube additive shown
lower brake specic consumption of 0.301 kg/kW h as compare to
0.346 kg/kW h of jatropha methyl ester without carbon nano tube
[42]. The lower specic fuel consumption was observed at
100 ppm concentration of each additive which is 0.36 kg/kW h as
compare to 0.39 kg/kWh without additives at bmep of 0.44 MPa.
Because the cerium oxide provides oxygen for the combustion and
carbon nano tube enhanced the reaction rate [40]. The experimental investigation carried out at constant speed of 1500 rpm
under varying load condition from 0100% on single cylinder, four
stroke, air cooled diesel engine found that brake specic fuel
consumption was decreased as dosing concentration of zinc oxide
increased from 50 ppm to 100 ppm [43]. Saraee et al. [48] used
silver nano particles of 3040 nm size concentration ranging from
1040 ppm in diesel with surfactant of sorbitan monooleate for
stability purpose. The test was carried out on six cylinders, DI, Air
cooled engine under varying speed. The fuel containing 10 and
20 ppm silver nanoparticles have lowest fuel consumption and
about 2% reduction of fuel consumption observed in silver nano
particles containing fuel as compared to diesel due to the increase
in fuel jet momentum and penetration rate inside the cylinder
responsible for uniform distribution of air fuel mixture in the
cylinder. The power of engine was also increased up to 20 ppm
concentration of silver nano particles and thereafter no signicant
improvement. Maximum growth obtained is 78%. The maximum
increase of brake power was 1.6% at the speed of 15003000 rpm
for pure biodiesel with 0.1% nano-TiO2. However, Fangsuwannarak
[50] reported that the 0.1% nano-TiO2 blended fuel has lower brake
specic fuel consumption as compared to 0.2% nano-TiO2 .
Arockiasamy and Anand [52] reported that the fuel containing

30 ppm cerium oxide and alumina nano particles have about 1.7%
higher brake thermal efciency as compared to neat biodiesel,
which is the result of high surface to volume ratio promoting
complete combustion . Shaa and Velraj [53]reported that the
BSFC was higher at load below 50% but reduction in bsfc above
75% load was observed. BSFC value for Alumina nano particle
containing fuel blend shows about 12% reduction at full load. At
75% and full load, BSEC was reduced due to lower viscosity as
compared to 25% load. Santhanamuthu et al. [54] investigated
polanga oildiesel blends with varying composition of polanga oil
from 1030% by weight and iron oxide nanoparticles concentration ranging from 100300 ppm on single cylinder, 4-s, vertical
water cooled DI engine. They reported that below 60% load, BSEC
was maximum up to 26 MJ/kW h, but as load increases above 60%,
BSEC reduced to 13.5 MJ/kW h. Singh and Bharj [55] prepared
emulsion containing 83% diesel, 15% water and 2% surfactant with
dispersion of CNT concentration varying from 50, 100 and
150 ppm. The prepared emulsions were used in single cylinder
diesel engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer to
obtained performance, emission characteristics. The reduced trend
of BSFC was obtained with increasing in concentration of CNT. The
minimum BSFC was 0.27 kg/kW h for 150 ppm concentration CNT
blended fuel compared to 0.31 kg/kW h for neat diesel due to the
water present in fuel rapidly evaporates results in ner spray and
also catalytic activity of CNT promotes evaporation rate. Manibharathi et al. [58] used pongamia biodiesel as base fuel with
rhodium oxide (Rh2O3) nano particles and tested on single cylinder, 4S, air-cooled CI engine to nd performance and emission
parameters. They prepared the rhodium oxide using ball mill
method and obtained size of nano particle about 100 nm. They
obtained signicant reduction of BSEC about 3% with addition of
Rh2O3 nano particles and reported the reduction of physical delay
results in lower fuel consumption.
4.2. Effect on brake thermal efciency
Researchers studied the effect of nanouid additives on brake
thermal efciency and reported that nanouid additives are a
promising alternative for improvement in brake thermal efciency
of CI engine. Sajith et al. [20] carried out an engine tests with the
modied biodiesel at different dosing levels (2080 ppm) of cerium oxide nanoparticles additive showed an improvement in the
BTE of the engine. An improvement of 9%, 4%, and 2% in brake
thermal efciency was observed at higher loads for aluminum,
iron and boron nanofuel respectively, as compare to diesel due to
enhancement in the caloric values and also promotes complete
combustion due to higher evaporation rates, reduced ignition
delay, higher ame temperatures and prolonged ame sustenance
by Mehta et al. [39, 41]. The CNT added emulsion fuel shown about
2% higher BTE compared to diesel [55]. The carbon nano tube
blended jatropha methyl ester emulsion fuel shows improvement
in brake thermal efciency as compare to jatropha methyl ester
due to intensive secondary atomization. Jatropha methyl ester
with 100 ppm concentration of carbon nano tube additive has
shown maximum brake thermal efciency of 28.13% as compare to
24.8% of jatropha methyl ester at full load [42]. The brake thermal
efciency for cerium oxide and carbon nano tube added diesel
biodieselethanol blend with 100 ppm concentration each was
increased by 8.05% [40]. Higher brake thermal efciency was
observed with the addition of zinc nano particles in blends of
dieselpomoplion stearin wax biodiesel as compare to without
additives [43]. Banapurmath et al. [51] prepared the fuel samples
containing 50 mg graphene, silver and multiwalled carbon nanotubes respectively in one liter Honge oil methyl ester (HOME).
Samples was tested on single cylinder, 4stroke DI engine under
various load to nd performance and emission characteristics.

Table 3
Work carried out by various researchers on engine performance and emissions using nanouid additives in diesel and biodiesel.
Engine

Operating condition

Nano uid
additive

Composition

Performance results

Emission results

Reference

Jatropha biodiesel
Water emulsion
Diesel

1-Cylinder, AC, NA,


4 stroke, DI
4-Cylinder, WC, TC,
4 stroke, DI
1-Cylinder, WC, NA,
4 stroke, DI
1-Cylinder, WC, NA,
4 stroke, DI
1-Cylinder, AC, NA,
4 stroke, DI
1-Cylinder, AC, NA,
4 stroke, DI

1500 rpm, different load,


constant injection timing
10003000 rpm

25, 50, 100 ppm

Increased BTE, lower BSFC

[15]

0.20%

Higher BP, lower BSFC

Lower NOx, HC, smoke opacity Slightly


higher CO,
Lower NOx, CO and CO2

[17]

1500 rpm, different load

Aluminum oxide
(Al2O3)
Titanium oxide
(TiO2)
Cerium oxide

540 ppm

Increased BTE

Lower NOx, HC

[19]

1500 rpm, different load

Cerium oxide

2080 ppm

Improved BTE

Reduced HC, NOx, Slightly reduced CO

[20]

25, 50, 100 ppm

Increased BTE, lower BSFC

[21]

100 mg/l

Reduction in BSEC, improvement in BTE

Lower NOx,HC, smoke opacity slightly


higher CO
Reduced HC, NOx and CO

550 mmol/l

Lower BSFC, BSEC Higher BTE

Higher CO, NOx lower HC, smoke opacity

[23]

0.4%, and 0.8% by


volume
25, 50 ppm

Decreased BSFC and increased BTE

Reduction in NOx Higher CO

[24]

Decreased BSFC and increased BTE

Lower HC, CO, NOx smoke opacity

[25]

Diesel
Jatropha biodiesel
Jatropha biodiesel
Water emulsion
Jatropha biodiesel

Waste cooking
palm oil

1-Cylinder, WC, NA,


4 stroke, DI

Diesel

4-Cylinder, WC, IL,


4 stroke, DI
1-Cylinder, AC, NA,
4 stroke, DI, 215 bar IP

Jatropha biodiesel

Diesel

1500 rpm, different load,


constant injection timing
Load 25, 50, 75, 100%

Aluminium oxide
(Al2O3)
Magnalium (Al
Mg)
Cobalt oxide
(Co3O4)
Ferric chloride
220, 280 bar IP, 230,
25.5 Btdc IT, Load 25, 50, (FeCl3)
75, 100%, 1500 rpm
2200 rpm
Ferrouid (Fe3O4)

1500 rpm, different load,


constant injection timing
26bTDC

1-Cylinder, WC, NA,


4 stroke, DI, 17 IT
1-Cylinder, 4 stroke,
Variable Compression
ratio, WC
1-Cylinder, AC, NA,
4 stroke, DI

4015 N-m Torque 1200


2400 rpm
At 19 CR,0.44 MPa,
1500 rpm

Diesel

1-Cylinder, WC, NA,


4 stroke, DI

1500 rpm, different load,

Dieselbiodiesel
ethanol blends

1-Cylinder, 4 stroke,
variable compression
ratio, NA, WC
1-Cylinder, WC
4 stroke, DI

Diesel-biodieselethanol blends
Diesel

Waterdiesel
emulsion

Aluminium oxide
(Al2O3)
Carbon nanotube (CNT)
aluminum nanoparticles(Al)
Cerium oxide

25 ppm

Lower BSFC at 1200 and 1800 rpm but no change at Lower NOx ,smoke at 1200 and 1800 rpm
2400 rpm.
but no change at 2400 rpm.
Lower BSFC, improvement in BTE
Lower CO, HC and smoke higher NOx

Manganese oxide
(MnO)
Copper oxide
(CuO)
Aluminum
Iron
Boron

200 mg/l

Increased BTE

Lower NOx CO, HC.Manganese oxide better [28]


than Copper oxide

0.5 wt%

0100% load and


1500 rpm

Cerium oxide
Carbon nanotube

25, 50, 100 ppm


25, 50, 100 ppm

Marginal increase in BSFC at lower load in Al and


Boron. No variation in Iron. Drop in BSFC at higher
load for Al. Rise in exhaust gas temperature for all.
Better BTE at all loads.
Decreased BSFC and increased BTE

CO and HC increased for Al and iron at


lower loads and reduced at higher loads.
Boron showed same trends as diesel.
Higher NOx and soot for Al and iron
Higher concentration decreased NOx, HC
and smoke and increased CO

Various load and


1500 rpm

nano-silicon (n-Si) 0.1%


nano-aluminum

Lower BSFC and Higher BTE

Higher NOx, HC and lower CO at lower load [41]

25100% load, 1500 rpm

3050 cc

[22]

[26]
[27]

[39]

V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348

Base fuel

[40]

1343

1344

V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348

They compared the brake thermal efciency and found that graphene containing biodiesel have more BTE than MWCNT due to its
higher thermal conductivity. The fuel containing nano particles
have more BTE than pure Honge oil methyl ester. They reported
that the graphene nano additives shows better performance and
emission characteristics due to its higher thermal conductivity and
higher surface area result in improvement in catalytic activity. BTE
was increased in alumina nano particle containing fuel blend
about 18% as compared to neat diesel at full load condition due to
the micro explosion phenomenon of primary droplet in presence
of alumina nano particle results in enhance the evaporation rate,
responsible for complete release of heat energy leads to increase in
BTE [53]. Venkatesan [56] mixed 1 g and 1.5 g nano alumina
powder in a one liter of diesel and prepared mixture using sonicator to distribute particles uniformly and reported improvement
in BTE up to 6% for 1.5 g alumina concentration. Aalam et al. [59]
investigated the iron oxide nano particles at 2550 ppm concentration in diesel on a CRDI engine and observed that presence
of iron nano particles improves the combustion efciency due to
more surface area and chemical reactivity, which results in
improvement of about 2% BTE in 50 ppm nano iron oxide
blended fuel.

5. Emission characteristics
The control of emissions from diesel engine is more concerned
in present environmental norms. Diesel engine emits NOx, HC, CO
and smoke emission. This section critically reviewed latest
research papers on the effect of nano fuel additives to control
diesel engine emissions. Summary of performances and emissions
by previous authors and comparisons are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

5.1. Effect on NOx emission


Reports from researchers on effect of nano additives on NOx are
presented in this section. The components of NOx are nitric oxide
(NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) which generated during combustion process. Hence, to improve the quality of diesel fuel, various metal additives such as nanometal oxide of manganese oxide
(MnO) and copper oxide (CuO) have been selected and doped with
diesel for reaching more complete fuel combustion and reducing
the amount of exhaust gases [28]. NOx emission was reduced
when the platinum/cerium additive used up to 20% [30]. NOx
emissions were found at relatively higher with the metallic-based
additives probably due to the catalyst effect of metallic additives in
the combustion process [30]. NOx emission values are relatively
higher with the biodiesel of Mn additives compared to biodiesel
with Ni additives. This higher NOx value is probably because of the
Mn additives having more catalyst effect on combustion causing
increase in the maximum temperature [32]. Mehregan et al. [34]
dosed 2.5% Al in decane and ethanol, results in a change in evaporation behavior of the base uids causing reduction in NOx
emission. Cerium oxide nanoparticles are a thermally stable oxidation catalyst to promote oxidation of hydrocarbon fuel. When
using as a fuel additive in CI engine reduces NOx emission [20].
However, rate of NOx emission was increased about 28% for 10 fold
nanoceria concentration [49]. NOx emission was increased by 5%
and 4% for nano aluminum (n-Al) and nano silicon (n-Si) in water
diesel emulsion respectively due to higher burning temperatures
[41]. The CNT blended water emulsion fuel shown signicant
reduction in NOx emission as a result of water addition and
reduced ignition delay [55]. Carbon nano tube added jatropha
methyl ester shown lower NOx due to enhance combustion reaction and an improvement in the homogenization of air fuel

Table 4
Comparisons of performance and emission characteristics at full load.
Reference Nano additives/base fuel

Concentration (ppm) BSFC

BTE (%) NOx (ppm)

HC (ppm)

CO (%)

SMOKE

[48]

3%

3%

25
25.5
26
22.5
22.65
25
27.6

22
90
82
80
110
91
80
0.15 g/kW h

1.4
0.51
0.45
0.4
0.7
0.6
0,53
6.25 g/
kW h
10 g/kW h

[63]

Silver/HOME
MWCNT/HOME
Graphene/HOME
HOME
Silver/HOME

[58]

Rhodium oxide/Pongamia biodiesel

10
20
40
50
50
50
0
25
50

Pongamia biodiesel

27.1

[55]

CNT/Water emulsied diesel

[54]

Iron oxide/Polanga oildiesel blends

[64]

Cerium oxide on amide-functionalized MWCNT/


WCO

50
100
150
0
100
200
300
0
30

0.3 kg/kW h
0.27 kg/kW h
0.27 kg/kW h
0.3 kg/kW h
13 MJ/kW h
12.5 MJ/kW h
11 MJ/kW h
13.1 MJ/kW h
0.261 kg/kW h

28.9
30
30.5
28.6
25.2
25.3
25.5
25

60

0.258 kg/kW h

90

0.250 kg/kW h

0.262 kg/kW h

5
10
15
0

[51]

[65]

Silver/Diesel

Cerium zirconium mixed oxide/Jatrophadiesel


blend

30.5
31
32
30

250
790
710
700
900
800
780
21 g/kW h
32.5 g/
kW h
305
250
245
370
900
410
400
800
5.22 g/
kW h
4.7 g/kW h
4.26 g/
kW h
5.25 g/
kW h
650
646
644
700

0.55 g/
kW h
43
40
37
42
45
42
62
78
0.13 g/kW h
0.06 g/
kW h
0.04 g/
kW h
0.14 g/kW h
13.5
13.6
21
14

72 HSU
70 HSU
69.5 HSU
85 HSU

0.1
0.09
0.08
0.11
0.5
0.35
0.21
0.6
5.74 g/kW h

56%
55%
46%
63%
69HSU
65HSU
60HSU
83HSU
0.55 g/kW h

5.42 g/
kW h
4.15 g/kW h

0.5 g/kW h

6.78 g/
kW h

0.42 g/kW h
0.6 g/kW h

V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348

mixture.Jatropha methyl ester blended with 100 ppm carbon nano


tube shown maximum reduction of 372 ppm as compared to
jatropha methyl ester at full load [42]. No effect was observed on
NOx emission with the addition of zinc oxide in blends of diesel
pomoplion stearin wax biodiesel [43]. The Increase in NOx emission was observed for lower concentration on other hand decrease
trend was observed for higher concentration [40]. NOx emissions
dramatically reduced even at 0.4% concentration of the Fe3O4
nanoparticles additives [44]. The NOx emission was reduced by 9%
and 7% for alumina and cerium oxide nano particles respectively
due to fast evaporation rate. Reduced exhaust gas temperature
conrmed the reduction of the NOx emission [52]. Santhanamuthu
et al. [54] reported that the presences of iron oxide nano particles
reduced the soot oxidation temperature and also take part as a
catalyst for reaction of hydroxyl radicals result in reduced amount
of NOx emission for blends above 80% load. Babu and Raja [57]
used alumina nano particles dosing level varying from 2575 ppm
in diesel. The 2D IC engine model was prepared using ANSA CFD
software and tested. The aim of the study was to nd the trends of
NOx emission using experimental and simulation. They found that
variation in results was about 4.513.2%. NOx emission effectively
reduced up to 38% due to oxygen donating capacity of rhodium
oxide [58].
5.2. Effect on hydrocarbon (HC) emission
The literatures on effect of nano particles on HC emission are
reviewed and discussed in following section. Hydrocarbon emission is due to incomplete combustion of fuel. Most of researchers
reported that hydrocarbon emission was reduced by the addition
of nano fuel additives. It was observed that the exhaust gas from
engine showed an increase in HC by 4% and 9% with nano aluminum (n-Al) and nano silicon (n-Si) in waterdiesel emulsion
respectively [41]. The addition of carbon nanotube in jatropha
biodiesel result in secondary atomization which reduces the HC
emission slightly. Also, carbon nano tube with 100 ppm concentration showed 57 ppm HC emission level as compared to
59 ppm HC emission level without additives [42]. Cobalt oxide and
magnalium additive shown a 75% reduction in HC emission at 75%
load [22]. Zinc nano particles in blends of dieselpomoplion
stearin wax biodiesel result in the reduction of HC emission as
compare to without additives due to improved ignition characteristics [43]. The lowest hydrocarbon emission was observed as
166 ppm for the 50 ppm concentration of cerium oxide and carbon
nanotube additive, whereas it was 176 ppm for the dieselbiodieselethanol blends at the bmep of 0.44 MPa [40]. The reduction
of hydrocarbon emission up to 33% and 28% was observed for
alumina and cerium oxide dosed biodiesel fuel [52].
5.3. Effect on carbon monoxide (CO) emission
The literatures on effect of nano particles on CO emission are
reviewed and discussed in following section. The lower value of
CO emission was obtained at higher concentration of Mn based
additives because the diesel fuels with metallic based additives
were burned well in the cylinders than diesel fuel without
metallic-based additives [30]. Guru et al. [31] investigated MgO,
CuO, MnO2 and CaO additives and observed that the CO was
decreased when the Mn additive was dosed to the diesel fuel. It is
clearly seen that CO emission concentration of biodiesel fuel
decreased with Mn and Ni based additives. When comparing Ni to
Mn based additive, the relatively lower CO emission was measured
with Mn based additive. It was reported that catalyst effect of
these additives improve combustion efciency [32]. Mehregan
et al. [34] numerically investigated that CO emission was reduced
by the addition of 2.5% Al in decane and ethanol due to change in

1345

evaporation behavior of the base uids. CO emission was increased


due to irregular rise in temperature as well as chamber pressures
due to burning of liberated hydrogen [41]. Carbon nano tube
blended jatropha biodiesel was shown improvement in combustion due to shortened ignition delay result in the reduction of CO.
However, the maximum reduction of CO emission was observed in
100 ppm dosed carbon nano tube jatropha biodiesel fuels [42]. The
addition of zinc nano particles in blends of dieselpomoplion
stearin wax biodiesel results in the reduction of CO emission as
compare to without additives due to improve ignition characteristics [43]. Zhang et al. [49] observed that the reduction in carbon
dioxide emission for 1 and 10 fold concentration of nanoceria is
about 6% and 12% respectively. The CO2 emission shows same
trend as that of CO. The combine effect of cerium oxide and carbon
nanotube addition in dieselbiodieselethanol blend shows 0.54%
CO emission as compared to 0.42% without additives [40]. CO
emission was noticeably increased with increasing the dosing level
of nanoparticles [44]. The silver nano particle containing fuel
reduces the equivalence ratio due to improve atomization and
distribution of airfuel mixture causing reduction in carbon
monoxide emission [48]. The maximum reduction of CO emission
was found about 29% in 0.1% nano additive added 20% palm biodiesel blend. Also the reduction of CO2 emission was observed by
Fangsuwannarak with adding nano-TiO2. Because the addition of
nano-TiO2 results in higher oxidation of carbon promoting complete combustion [50]. The highly energetic Rh2O3 nano particles
take part in combustion process and burned. The hexagonal corundum structure was converted into an orthorhombic structure
above 800 C to enhance the mobility of oxygen for oxidation of
CO and results in reduction of CO upto 45% [58].
5.4. Effect on Smoke emission
A brief review of effect of nano additives on smoke emission is
presented here. Mn based additives are more effective in reducing
the smoke level than Mg based additives. The reduction in smoke
level was probably due to reduction of ignition temperature with
the metallic-based additives during the combustion [30]. Keskin
[32] investigated that the catalyst effect of metallic based additive
shown lower smoke opacity with biodiesel fuels as compare to tall
oil. Basha et al. [21] found a signicant reduction of smoke emissions for the biodiesel emulsion. The alumina nanoparticle blended biodiesel emulsion fuels also shown a similar characteristic
trend as that of biodiesel emulsion fuel, with a further reduction of
smoke emissions. The dosing of nanoparticles to the biodiesel
emulsion fuel has results in higher evaporation rate, shorter
ignition delay time, and enhanced ignition characteristics. Due to
shorter ignition delay time, more fuel is collected the inside
combustion chamber before ignition which results in improvement in air fuel mixing and then better combustion causing
reduction in smoke emission. Basha et al. [42] observed that rapid
evaporation of water vapor in the fuel-rich regions due to which
increased spray momentum and enhancement in the OH radicals
causing oxidation of soot results in reduction in smoke opacity.
Better air fuel mixing results in low smoke emission with the
addition of zinc nano particles [43]. Smoke emission was
decreased at higher loads with the addition of cerium oxide and
carbon nano tubes in dieselbiodieselethanol blends. The lowest
smoke absorption coefcient was observed as 1.2 for the 50 ppm
concentration of cerium oxide and carbon nanotube additive. The
smoke absorption coefcient was decreased by 47.6% at bmep of
0.44 MPa [40]. Smoke opacity was noticeably increased with
increasing the dosing level of magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles [44].
Banapurmath et al. [51] found that graphene nanoparticle as a best
performing additive compared to silver and multiwall carbon nano

1346

V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348

tube (MWCNT) in terms of smoke emission and hydrocarbon


emission.

Table 5
Combustion characteristics with nano fuel additives.
Reference Additives/
base fuel

Concentration
(ppm)

Heat
Release
rate (J/
deg)

Cylinder
pressure
(bar)

Ignition
delay
(deg.
crank
angle)

[55]

CNT/Water
emulsied
diesel

[53]

Alumina/DieselSoyabean
biodiesel
ethanol
blend
Silver/HOME

50
100
150
0
100 ppm
0

55
70
65
80
62
51.6

4
6.25
6
6.5
64.61
63.03

15
13

25
50
0

58
70
45
90

52
55
50
65

6. Effect on combustion and evaporation characteristics


The literatures related with effect of nano particles on combustion and evaporation characteristics are discussed here. Shaa
and Velraj [53] prepared blend of diesel, soyabean oil and ethanol
dosing 100 mg/l alumina nanoparticles. The isopropanol was used
as a surfactant to improve the suspension stability of blend. An
investigation was carried out on 4-S, 1 cylinder air cooled DI
engine to study performance, emission characteristics under
varying load from 0% to 100%. The higher cylinder pressure was
obtained in alumina nano particle blended fuel due to the high
surface area of nano particle and also presence of oxygen in soya
bean biodiesel results in better air fuel mixing causing fast combustion reaction. The presence of alumina nano particle in fuel
helps to increase the heat release rate compare to other fuel
blends and enhancing the combustion rate result in complete
combustion. Ignition delay was higher at lower load due to higher
viscosity of fuel blend but, presence of nano particle enhances the
air fuel mixing at lower load. However, at higher load, the ignition
delay decreases due to elevated temperature inside the combustion chamber result in lower viscosity. Aalam et al. [59] observed
that increase in concentration of nano iron oxide results in higher
cylinder pressure of 74 bar and heat release rate of 169 kJ/m3 deg
of crank rotation. Gan and Qiao [60] studied evaporation rate of
aluminum nano particles in n-decane and ethanol as a base uid
and obtained reduce evaporation time. Javed et al. [61] experimentally studied n-heptane evaporation characteristics with
adding varying concentration of aluminum nano particles and the
enhancement in evaporation rate at higher temperature with
increased concentration was obtained. Gan and Qiao [62] used
multiwalled carbon nanotubes in ethanol to study evaporation
characteristics and found higher evaporation rate than pure
ethanol. Table 5 provides summary of combustion characteristics.

7. Other approaches
Researchers investigated the effect of mixed nano fuel additives
as well as swirl effect on performance and emission characteristics. A brief review of their ndings is reported here. Banapurmath et al. [63] investigated swirl effect with nano silver
additive blended fuel for proper distribution and mixing of air
inside the combustion chamber. They made tangential grooves on
the combustion chamber. They observed that combined effect of
swirl and silver additive produce better performance due to proper
mixing of air results in complete combustion. The addition of slots
on combustion chamber to produce swirl effect improve the brake
thermal efciency and reduced the CO, HC and NOx emission
compared to silver blended fuel samples. They also observed that
increased dosing level of silver from 25 ppm to 50 ppm results in
higher performance. Mirzajanzadeh et al. [64] investigated the
cerium oxide nano-particles on amide-functionalized multiwall
carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-amide) adding concentration from
3090 ppm in steps of 30 ppm in diesel-waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) blends as a base fuel. The performance was carried
out on 6 cylinder vertical inline DI engine by varying speed from
10002200 rpm at full load. The characterization of nano particles
was done using FTIR spectrum and SEM. They observed that power
obtained was proportional to the concentration of nano particles.
The brake specic fuel consumption was reduced as concentration
of nano particles increased. The overall improvement in results of
performance parameter was attributed to oxygen providing ability

[63]

Diesel

leads to complete combustion of CO and HC. The addition of nano


particles also act as a lubricant reducing friction between moving
part result in reduction of fuel consumption. Sajith and Mohamed
[65] studied the mixture of cerium oxide and zirconium oxide
nano particles in dieseljatropha biodiesel blends with dosing
level of nano particles varying from 5 to 15 ppm. Zeta potential
was used to measure the suspension stability of emulsion fuel. The
density of 15 ppm ceriumzirconium oxide added fuel was
increased slightly up to 0.5%, no effect was found in 5 ppm and
10 ppm concentration added fuel. No variation in viscosity of
ceriumzirconium oxide nanoparticles blended fuel was obtained.
Flash point was increased with addition ceriumzirconium oxide
nano particle up to 3%, which is benecial for storage, transportation and handling of fuel. The highest improvement in efciency
are 16% in 10 ppm ceriumzirconium oxide added fuel due to
oxygen donating capacity and catalytic reaction of nano particles
result in complete combustion. The reduction of NOx was observed
up to 22.8% in 10 ppm concentration added fuel. Cerium oxide
donates oxygen for oxidation of hydrocarbon giving product as
cerous oxide which again re-oxidized into cerium oxide reducing
the NOx emission. Hydrocarbon emission also was reduced by 25%
for 15 ppm ceriumzirconium oxide nano particle blended fuel.

8. Problems related with nano fuel additives and further scope


of studies
The addition of nano particles in base fuel of CI engine have
many advantages like distributed ignition, promoting secondary
atomization, reduction of emissions, improvement in performances, ignition delay, higher evaporation rate, combustion rate
and smooth working of engine, though following problems to be
addressed before commercialization.

 The search for cost-effective nano fuel additives and also






focuses on long term ecological and environmental issues


should be addressed.
The problem of injector choking and piston oil ring sticking
should be investigated before long term utilization of nano fuel
additives.
The nano particles traces in exhaust gas should be investigated
critically to avoid environmental damage.
The addition of nano fuel additives slightly increases the density
and viscosity of fuel which can have inuence on atomization,
air fuel mixing rate and spray angle, hence parameters of fuel
injection system should be investigated.

V.W. Khond, V.M. Kriplani / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 59 (2016) 13381348

 The major issues of suspension quality can be addressed effec













tively to avoid the agglomeration of particles in base fuel.


The efforts to be made to investigate the effect of thermal
properties of nano fuel additives on combustion.
More studies are needed to investigate evaporation characteristics of nano particles blended base fuel.
More investigations are needed to nd the effect of different
nano particles in the same base fuel.
The effects of oxidation of nano fuel additives on the performance and emission characteristics should be addressed in
future research.
Further investigations are needed to study the effects of same
nano fuel additives in different biodiesel to select appropriate
biodiesel-nano particles combination.
Further researches are needed to investigate the effect of nano
additives on the exhaust after treatment devices.
The optimum combination of concentration and size of nano
particles are needed to study in future.
Computational uid dynamics of injector spray of fuel containing nano particles can be further research of investigation.
The effect of nano particles on unregulated emission are to be
investigated in future.
Future studies are needed to investigate the effect of water on
quality of nano particles in water emulsied fuels.
The characterization of nano particles are needed to investigate
the effect of nano additives.

9. Conclusions
According to analysis of above research papers, it can be concluded that broad range of nano uid additives can be used as
additives in diesel and biodiesel due to increased surface area to
volume ratio, increased in catalytic activity in nano size metal
oxides and metals. Nano uid increases better combustion due
micro explosion phenomenon. Following conclusions can be
drawn from the analysis of above literatures

 It can be concluded that addition of nano particles improves the









caloric value and cetane number of diesel and biodiesel fuel.


However viscosity, ash point and density of fuel are slightly
increased.
It is evident from literatures that nano uid enhances combustion of fuel due to improvement in heat transfer, catalytic
activity, air fuel mixing rate.
The results showed that brake specic consumption decreases
with dosing of nano particles additive due to enhanced caloric
value, catalytic oxidation and complete combustion of fuel.
It is evident from the literatures that the higher brake thermal
efciency was obtained using nano uid additives by promoting
complete combustion. The results showed that increasing dosing level of nano uid additives increases the brake thermal
efciency.
Most of the additives showed reduction in NOx due to higher
cetane number and reduction in HC due to higher evaporation
rate and catalytic oxidation.
Lower smoke emission was observed by most of the authors
due to higher evaporation rate, reduced ignition delay.
Some authors observed increase in CO emission and some
authors observed decrease in CO emission due to improved
ignition characteristics with nano uid additives. At higher
concentration of nano uid additives, the higher CO emission
was observed.
It can be concluded from few studies that increase in cylinder
pressure and heat release rate using nano particles was

1347

obtained. Also, higher evaporation rate was obtained in


researches.

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