Analysis of Unsymmetric Systems

Except for the balanced three-phase fault, faults

result in an unbalanced system.
The most common types of faults are single lineground (SLG) and line-line (LL). Other types are
double line-ground (DLG), open conductor, and
balanced three phase.
System is only unbalanced at point of fault!
The easiest method to analyze unbalanced system
operation due to faults is through the use of
symmetrical components
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Symmetric Components

The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is

to decompose the system into three sequence
networks. The networks are then coupled only at
the point of the unbalance (i.e., the fault)
The three sequence networks are known as the

positive sequence (this is the one weve been using)

negative sequence
zero sequence

Positive Sequence Sets

The positive sequence sets have three phase

currents/voltages with equal magnitude, with phase
b lagging phase a by 120, and phase c lagging
phase b by 120.
Weve been studying positive sequence sets
Positive sequence
sets have zero
neutral current

Negative Sequence Sets

The negative sequence sets have three phase

currents/voltages with equal magnitude, with phase
b leading phase a by 120, and phase c leading
phase b by 120.
Negative sequence sets are similar to positive
sequence, except the phase order is reversed
Negative sequence
sets have zero
neutral current
3

Zero Sequence Sets

Zero sequence sets have three values with equal

magnitude and angle.
Zero sequence sets have neutral current

Sequence Set Representation

Any arbitrary set of three phasors, say Ia, Ib, Ic can

be represented as a sum of the three sequence sets

I a I a0 I a I a
I b I b0 I b I b
I c I c0 I c I c
where
I a0 , I b0 , I c0 is the zero sequence set
I a , I b , I c is the positive sequence set
I a , I b , I c is the negative sequence set
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Conversion from Sequence to Phase

Only three of the sequence values are unique,
I0a , I a , I a ; the others are determined as follows:

1120
0
0
0
Ia I b Ic
I b 2 I a

2 3 0

3 1

(since by definition they are all equal)

I c I a

I b I a

I c 2 I a

1
1
1
1
I

a
1
Ia
1
I I0 1 I + 2 I 1 2 I

b
a
a
a
a

2 1 2 I
I c
1


a
6

Conversion Sequence to Phase

Define the symmetrical components transformation
matrix
1
1 1

2
A 1

1 2

0
0

I
I
a
Ia

Then I I b A I a A I A I s



I c
I a
I
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Conversion Phase to Sequence

By taking the inverse we can convert from the
phase values to the sequence values
I s A 1I
1
1 1
1 1
2
with A 1
3
1 2

Sequence sets can be used with voltages as well

as with currents
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Symmetrical Component Example 1

I a 100
Let I I b 10
Then

I c 10
1 100
1 1
1
1
2
I s A I 1 10 100

3
1 2 10 0

100
0
If I 10
Is 0

10
100
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Symmetrical Component Example 2

Va 0
Let V Vb

Vc
Then
1 0 0
1 1
1
1
2
Vs A V 1

3
1 2 6.12

10

Symmetrical Component Example 3

I 0 100

Let I s I 10

I
Then
1 100
1 1

2
I AI s 1
10

1 2

11

Use of Symmetrical Components

Consider the following wye-connected load:
I n I a Ib I c

Vag I a Z y I n Z n
Vag ( ZY Z n ) I a Z n I b Z n I c
Vbg Z n I a ( ZY Z n ) I b Z n I c
Vcg Z n I a Z n I b ( ZY Z n ) I c

Vag
Z y Zn

Vbg Z n
V
Z
n
cg

Zn
Z y Zn
Zn

Ia

Z n Ib

Z y Z n I c
Zn

12

Use of Symmetrical Components

Vag
Z y Zn
Zn

Z y Zn
Vbg Z n
V
Z
Zn
n
cg

V
Z I V A Vs
A Vs Z A I s

Z y 3Z n

1
A ZA
0

Ia

Z n Ib

Z y Z n I c
I A Is
Zn

Vs A 1 Z A I s
0
Zy
0

0
Z y
13

Networks are Now Decoupled

V 0
Z y 3Z n 0

0
Zy
V

0
0
V

Systems are decoupled

V 0 ( Z y 3Z n ) I 0

V Zy I

I
0

0 I

Z y I

Zy I

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Sequence diagrams for generators

Key point: generators only produce positive

sequence voltages; therefore only the positive
sequence has a voltage source

During a fault Z+ Z Xd. The zero

sequence impedance is usually substantially
smaller. The value of Zn depends on whether
the generator is grounded
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Sequence diagrams for Transformers

The positive and negative sequence diagrams for

transformers are similar to those for transmission
lines.
The zero sequence network depends upon both how
the transformer is grounded and its type of
connection. The easiest to understand is a double
grounded wye-wye

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Transformer Sequence Diagrams

17

Unbalanced Fault Analysis

The first step in the analysis of unbalanced faults is

to assemble the three sequence networks. For
example, for the earlier single generator, single
motor example lets develop the sequence networks

18

Example

19

Sequence Diagrams for Example

Positive Sequence Network

Negative Sequence Network

20

Sequence Diagrams for Example

Zero Sequence Network

21

Create Thevenin Equivalents

To do further analysis we first need to calculate the

thevenin equivalents as seen from the fault location.
In this example the fault is at the terminal of the
right machine so the thevenin equivalents are:

Zth j 0.2 in parallel with j0.455

Zth j 0.21 in parallel with j0.475
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Single Line-to-Ground (SLG) Faults

Unbalanced faults unbalance the network, but only

at the fault location. This causes a coupling of the
sequence networks. How the sequence networks
are coupled depends upon the fault type. Well
derive these relationships for several common
faults.
With a SLG fault only one phase has non-zero fault
current -- well assume it is phase A.

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SLG Faults, contd

I af
f
Ib
f
I c

?

0
0

Then since
I 0f
1 ?
1 1

1
1 f

2
0

I f 1 0 I f I f I f I a

3
3

2
1
0

I f

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SLG Faults, contd

f
Va

Vaf
f
Vb
f
Vc

f
Z f Ia

1 1

2
1

V
1 f

V f
2
V f

This means Vaf V f0 V f V f

The only way these two constraints can be satisified
is by coupling the sequence networks in series
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SLG Faults, contd

With the
sequence
networks in
series we can
solve for the
fault currents
(assume Zf=0)

I f

1.050

j1.964 I f I 0f
j (0.1389 0.1456 0.25 3Z f )

I A I s I af j 5.8 (of course, Ibf I cf 0)

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Line-to-Line (LL) Faults

The second most common fault is line-to-line,

which occurs when two of the conductors come in
contact with each other. With out loss of generality
we'll assume phases b and c.

Current Relationships: I af 0,
Voltage Relationships:

Ibf I cf ,

I 0f 0

Vbg Vcg
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LL Faults, cont'd
Using the current relationships we get
I 0f
1 0
1 1

1

2 f
I f 1 I b
3

1 2 I f

I f

b
I 0f 0
I f

1 f
Ib 2
3

Hence

If

I f

1 f 2
Ib
3

I f
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LL Faults, con'td
Using the voltage relationships we get
V f0
1

1

V f 1
3

1

V f

Hence
1 f

V f Vag
3
1 f

V f Vag
3

1 Vag

2 Vbgf

Vcgf

f
Vbg

2 Vbgf

V f V f
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LL Faults, cont'd
To satisfy

If

I f

&

Vf

Vf

the positive and negative sequence networks must

be connected in parallel

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LL Faults, cont'd
Solving the network for the currents we get
1.050

If
3.691 90
j 0.1389 j 0.1456
I af
f
Ib
f
I c

1
1 1
0
0

2
6.39

3.691

90

1 2 3.69190 6.39

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LL Faults, cont'd
Solving the network for the voltages we get

Vf

1.050 j 0.1389 3.691 90 0.5370

V f j 0.1452 3.69190 0.5370

Vaf
1 0 1.074
1 1
f

2
0.537 0.537
Vb 1

f
1 2 0.537 0.537
V

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Double Line-to-Ground Faults

With a double line-to-ground (DLG) fault two line

conductors come in contact both with each other
and ground. We'll assume these are phases b and c.

I af 0

Vbgf Vcgf Z f ( Ibf I cf )

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DLG Faults, cont'd

From the current relationships we get
I af
f
Ib
f
I c

1 1

Since I af 0

I
1 f

I f
2
I f

I 0f I f I f 0

Note, because of the path to ground the zero

sequence current is no longer zero.

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DLG Faults, cont'd

From the voltage relationships we get
f
V f0

V
1 ag
1 1

1
V f 1 2 Vbgf
3


2

f
1

V f

bg

V f V f

Since Vbgf Vcgf

Then Vbgf V f0 ( 2 )V f
But since 1 0
2

1
2

Vbgf V f0 V f
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DLG Faults, cont'd

V f0 V f

Vbgf

Z f ( I bf I cf )
Also, since
f
Ib

0
If

2
I f

I f

I cf I 0f I f 2 I f
Adding these together (with 2 -1)
Vbgf

Z f (2 I 0f I f I f )

with I 0f I f I f

V f0 V f 3Z f I 0f
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DLG Faults, cont'd

The three sequence networks are joined as follows

Assuming Zf=0, then

V
1.050

If

0
Z Z ( Z 3Z f ) j 0.1389 j 0.092

4.547 0
37

DLG Faults, cont'd

V f 1.05 4.547 90 j 0.1389 0.4184

I f 0.4184 / j 0.1456 j 2.874
I 0f I f I f j 4.547 j 2.874 j1.673
Converting to phase: I bf 1.04 j 6.82
I cf 1.04 j 6.82
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Unbalanced Fault Summary

SLG: Sequence networks are connected in series,

parallel to three times the fault impedance
LL: Positive and negative sequence networks are
connected in parallel; zero sequence network is not
included since there is no path to ground
DLG: Positive, negative and zero sequence
networks are connected in parallel, with the zero
sequence network including three times the fault
impedance

39