Engleza Anul I Sem I

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
1. What is Geography?
Geography (from Greek , geographia, lit. "Earth description) is a
complex interdisciplinary field of science devoted to understand the Earth and all
its human and natural complexities. Eratosthenes (276 194 BC) was the first
person to use the word "geography".
Geography touches every aspect of our life, influences where we live, affects
our economic prosperity, our local, regional and global relationships with each
other. Geography is concerned with where something is at, why it is there, and
how it relates to things around it.
Geography is all about the world in which we live and on which we depend.
Landscapes, peoples, places and the fragile environment are all interwoven. Its
unique combination of knowledge gives rise to a clear and incisive understanding
of the interconnections of our world including the human impact on our
environment. Learning through geography is a magnificent way of fostering
environmental responsibility, sustainable development and cultural awareness. 1
Make a comment on the following statement:
Everything has to do with geography.
2. Geography - a Spatial Science

Geography is described as a spatial science because it focuses on the
location of different elements and phenomena. Location is defined as the position
in space of something.
Absolute location refers to the latitude and longitude, and relative location
is given in relation to a known location.
Absolute location: Bucharest is located at a latitude and longitude of 4425 57N /
260614E (these are called geographic coordinates)
Relative location: Romania is located in South-eastern Europe, bordering the Black
Sea between Bulgaria and Ukraine. It also borders Hungary, Serbia and Moldova.
The Geographic Grid

The Geographic Grid is a grid system of lines (parallels and meridians) used to
determine the location of points on Earth.
Definition by Royal Geographical Society

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The prime meridian runs through Greenwich, London (UK) and it is referred to as
0 longitude. The opposite side of the prime meridian is called the International
Date Line2 (IDL) (180 longitude). These are the two major lines of longitude.
Our city, Iasi, is located at a latitude and longitude of:
a. 4425N/266E
b. 4425N/266W
c. 4709N/2735W or
d. 4709N/2735E?
COMPASS ROSE (WINDROSE)

A compass rose is a design element used to display the orientation of the
cardinal directions and their intermediate points. It can be found on compasses,
maps, nautical charts and monuments.
Cardinal directions:
North, East, South, West
Intercardinal directions:
Northeast,
Southeast,
Northwest
Southwest,
Adjectives:
Northern, Eastern, Southern, Western;
North-eastern, South-eastern, Southwestern and North-western
Eastern hemisphere/Western hemisphere
North Pole/South Pole
Which is the Northernmost point of Europe?

Which is the Easternmost county of Romania?
Do not mix up!

Check on the following nouns (singular forms). Which is the plural form for each?
IDL does not follow the meridian of 180 longitude entirely, but has various deviations eastwards
or westwards, generally in order to avoid crossing the nations internally.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compass
Compasses
Custom
Customs
Major lines of latitude

Besides the two major lines of longitude (prime meridian and International Date
Line), there are five major lines of latitude Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of
Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.
1. Where are high latitudes located?

2. Where are low latitudes located?
3. Which of the following values correspond to each major line of latitude?
a.66 33 39 N; b.66 33 39" S; c.23 26 21 N; d.0; e.23 26 21 S
Spatial vs. special. Make up sentences using each of these words.

Note the difference in pronunciation as well!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In which of the following locations are the coordinates 1,2,3,4 located?

a. Greenland; b. Cape Horn; c. Aral Sea; d. Kalahari Desert
1. 4647'42"N / 6139'13"E
2. 5558'48"S / 6717'21"W
3. 2234'12"S / 175'1"E
4. 7631'52"N / 6842'11"W.
3. The Continuum3 of Geography

Although Geography is divided into two branches, Physical Geography and
Human Geography, which are two separate areas of study, they are actually
seen as merging with one another along a geographic continuum. This gives
Geography the possibility to create a holistic view of Earth systems (diagram
below)4
In Geography, the inquiry is made using the following seven steps of the
scientific method:
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis formulation
3. Choose methods of analysis
3
http://earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/contents.html
Behaviour, behavioural, behaviourally (British English); behavior, behavioral, behaviorally
(American English).
4
10

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Data collection
5. Analysis hypothesis testing
6. Hypothesis acceptance or rejection
7. Report results.
The Geography students of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai can do

scientific research in the Geography Department or in the Scientific Research
Stations for study trips, in the Raru Mountains or in Tulnici (Vrancea).
Write down the plural forms of the
following nouns:
Singular
Steps of the Scientific Method
Plural
Basis
Observations..
Axis
Lead to Questions.
Crisis
Questions form
Hypotheses.
Oasis
Thesis
Hypothesis
Hypotheses must
be tested through
experimentation
Parenthesis
Analyse5 Data!
Diagnosis
Draw Conclusions!
Analysis
Ellipsis
Share Results!
Read the singular and plural forms of the nouns in

the column above paying attention to the
pronunciation of the suffix is and es
4. The Tools of the Geographer

One cannot imagine geography without maps, or a geographer working
without maps.
Maps can illustrate the spatial distribution of almost any kind of phenomena.
Reference maps created to help you navigate over the Earth surface.
Thematic maps communicate geographic concepts.
Large scale maps: show a smaller area in great detail.
Medium scale maps: less detail (these maps are good for agricultural
planning, where no great detail is needed).
Small scale maps: show large areas but have the least detail.
Aerial photographs real world view.
To analyse is used in British English; to analyze in American English.
11

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery give a larger view of the Earths
surface features.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) a computer-based technology that
enters, analyses, manipulates, and displays geographic information.
Aerial (noun) = anten
Aerial (adjective) = aerian
Thematic maps can use isolines.
Types of isolines:
Contour lines connect points of equal ...a6.
Isobars connect points of equal ...............b..
Isotherms connect points of equal ..........c.
Isohyets connect points of equal..............d.
Isobaths connect points of equal..............e
Isotach a line of equal ............................f..
Isopleths connect points of equal numeric
value ............g.
Isoline rules:
Two different isolines cannot cross each other.
Points on one side of an isoline will have a higher value than ones on the other.
Isolines cannot branch or fork.
The interval between isolines is a constant value.
GEOGRAPHIC ZONES
There are five main geographic zones, divided by the major circles of latitude.
The difference between them relates to the climate.
1. Torrid Zone (Tropical) (between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn)
2. Two Temperate Zones (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle/
the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle)
3. Two Frigid Zones (Cold) (between the Arctic Circle and North Pole/ the
Antarctic Circle and South Pole)
Fill in the right column of the table below with the appropriate term extracted from
the following list (Arctic, Antarctic, South Pole, North Pole, Subarctic,
Subantarctic, Midlatitude, Subtropical, Tropical, Equatorial), paying attention
to the location in the Northern or Southern hemisphere
Location:
10N - 10S
10N - 25N and 10S - 25S
25N - 35N and 25S - 35S
35N - 55N and 35S - 55S
55N - 60N
55S 60S
60N - 75N
60S 75S
Geographic zone
a elevation/altitude; b air pressure; c temperature; d precipitation; e water depth;

f wind speed; g numerical value.
12

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75N - 90N
75S - 90S
VOCABULARY Introduction to Physical Geography

aerial photographs = fotografii aeriene
Arctic zone = zona arctic (zona rece a
emisferei nordice)
Antarctic zone = zona antarctic (zona rece a
emisferei sudice)
Arctic Circle = Cercul Polar de Nord
Antarctic Circle = Cercul Polar de Sud
Botany = Botanic
Climatology = Climatologie
contour line = curb de nivel
earth axis = axa pmntului
Ecology = Ecologie
Equator = ecuator
equatorial zone = zona ecuatorial
frigid zones = zone reci
GIS =SIG
Geology = Geologie
Geomorphology = Geomorfologie
Hydrology = Hidrologie
high latitudes = latitudini mari
isobath = izobat
isobar = izobar
isohyet = izohiet
isoline = izolinie
isotherm = izoterm
isopleth = izoplet
latitude = latitudine
low latitudes = latitudini mici
longitude = longitudine
meridians = meridiane
middle latitudes = latitudini medii
North Pole = polul nord
parallels = paralele
Pedology = Pedologie
Physical Geography = Geografie fizic
Prime meridian = Meridianul de 0
reference maps = hri de referin
Remote Sensing teledetecie
South Pole = polul sud
subarctic zone = zona subarctic
subantarctic zone = zona subantarctic
subtropical zone = zona subtropical
temperate zones = zone temperate
thematic maps = hri tematice
torrid zone = zon cald
tropical zone = zona tropical
Tropic of Cancer = Tropicul Racului
Tropic of Capricorn = Tropicul
Capricornului
13

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRAMMAR
Coninut:
Reguli generale de gramatic (General grammar rules)
Pronume (Pronouns)
Verbe: a fi, a face, a avea (Verbs: to be, to do, to have)
Timpuri: Prezentul simplu i continuu
(Tenses: Present simple and continuous)
n limba englez, subiectul nu poate fi omis.

Ro: Mergem la scoala. / Engl: We go to school.
Ro: Ninge./ Engl: It is snowing.
Aadar, pronumele personal este foarte des folosit ca subiect.

Persoana
I sg
II sg
III sg (masc)
III sg (fem)
III sg
(lucruri)
I pl
II pl
III pl
Pronume
personal
Adjectiv
posesiv
Pronume
posesiv
Pronume la
dativ si
acuzativ
Pronume
reflexive
I
You
He
She
It
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
We
You
They
Our
Your
Their
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Us
You
Them
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
Alte pronume:
Pronume demonstrativ
(Demonstrative Pronoun)
Pronume nehotrt7
(Indefinite Pronoun)
Apropiere
Deprtare
this
That
these
Those
some, somebody, someone, something;
any, anybody, anyone, anything;
no, nobody, no one, none, nothing;
every, everybody, everyone, everything;
each, both, other, either, neither,
one, all, most, few, several,
much, many
Singular
Plural
Aceste pronume nehotrte pot fi folosite fie ca nlocuitor pentru substantive (someone, nobody,
everyone, etc) fie cu rol adjectival (no, every, etc).
14

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TIMPUL PREZENT (Present Tense) (1)
S8 + V + s/es la pers III sg
Interogativ: Do/Does + S + V
Negativ: S + do/does + NOT + V
Afirmativ
Interogativ
Negativ
I study
Do I study?
I do not study /dont study
You study
Do you study?
You do not study /dont study
He/she studies
Does he/she study?
He/she does not study /doesnt study
We/you/they study
Do we/you/they study? We/you/they do not study /dont study
Reguli la adugarea terminaiei s/es:
1. Verbele terminate n s, ch, tch, sh, x, z, o adaug es (watches, goes, teaches)
2. Verbele terminate n y:
a) dup vocal: play plays (y+s);
b) dup consoan: cry cries (y devine i + es)
Timpul prezent simplu descrie o aciune general, obinuit.
TIMPUL PREZENT CONTINUU (Present Continuous) (2)
S + To be (conjugat la prezent) + V + ing
Interogativ: To be (conjugat la prezent) + S + V + ing9
Negativ: S + To be (conjugat la prezent) + NOT + V + ing
Afirmativ
Interogativ
Negativ
I am studying (now)
Am I studying?
I am not studying /
You are studying
Are you studying?
You are not studying /
He/she is studying
Is he/she studying?
He/she is not studying /
Are we/you/they
We/you/they are not studying /
We/you/they are
studying
studying?
Reguli la adugarea terminaiei -ing:
1. Verbele terminate n -e pierd e-ul i adaug -ing (write writing; come coming);
Excepii: be being; see seeing; agree agreeing
2. Verbele terminate n -y adaug -ing fr s modifice -y final (crying, playing)
3. Verbele terminate in -ie transform aceasta terminatie in -y i adaug -ing
(die dying; lie lying)
4. -l final se dubleaz (BE10) (travel travelling; control-controlling)
5. Consoana final se dubleaz (dac e precedat de vocal scurt i accentuat) (run
running; get-getting; begin-beginning)
Timpul prezent continuu descrie o aciune n desfurare n momentul vorbirii
(now).
Sunt verbe n limba englez care NU au aspect continuu.
Verbe de percepie: to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste
Verbe ce denot aciuni mentale: to agree, to believe, to distrust, to
doubt, to find, to foresee, to guess, to imagine, to know, to mean, to mind, to
remember, to recognize, to recollect, to suppose, to trust, to understand.
Verbe ce exprim dorina: to wish, to want, to desire, to intend.
Verbe ce exprim stri emoionale, sentimente, atitudini: to adore, to
dislike, to detest, to hate, to please, to prefer.
Verbe care arat posesiunea: to belong.
8
S= subiect; V = verb la infinitiv scurt

V+ing= participiu prezent (present participle)
10
BE = British English
9
15

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIT 2
THE EARTH SYSTEM
1. The Earth Part of the Solar System11.
Our Solar System contains the sun and 8 planets12 which revolve around the
sun in elliptical orbits.
Because the planets are at varying distances from the sun, and because they
revolve around the sun, they each take a different time to complete one orbit.
Mercury completes its orbit in 88 days, that is, a year on Mercury lasts 88
days. The Earth completes its orbit in 365 days, which is the length of one year
on earth. The moon, which revolves around the Earth, takes approximately 27
days to do so.
The Solar System (age: 4.568 billion years)

The eight planets of the Solar System (by decreasing size) are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune,
Earth, Venus and Mercury
The distance from Earth to the Sun is 1 astronomical unit (150,000,000 km),
or AU.
11
Main source of information: http://earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/earth_system/solar_system.html

Eight classical planets are recognized by the International Astronomical Union. In 2008, Pluto was
classified as a dwarf planet. There are five dwarf planets currently recognized by IAU..
12
16

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Sun (in Greek: Helios; in Latin: Sol) is the star at the centre13 of the Solar
System.
Diameter = 1,392,684 km (Earth x109)
30
Mass = 1.98910 kg (Earth x 330,000)
Chemical composition: hydrogen (3/4); helium
(almost 1/4); oxygen, carbon, neon, iron
Internal temperature = 15 million degrees
Celsius
Structure of the Sun
(see diagram on the right)
1. Core
2. Radiative Zone
3. Convective Zone
4. Photosphere
5. Chromosphere
6. Corona
7. Sunspot
8. Granules
9. Prominence
Write down the nouns

corresponding to the
following adjectives (using
two different suffixes):
long
wide
deep
high
strong
thick
sharp
round
weak
hard
heavy14
Solar Wind and Auroras

The solar wind is a continuous flow of
charged particles (ions and electrons) from
the Sun.
During periods of high solar activity, the
solar wind is denser, travels faster, and
possesses more energy. Reaching the Earths
magnetic field it sets off amazing displays of
light by exciting atmospheric gases.
In
the
Northern Hemisphere
this
spectacular light shows are called Aurora
Borealis (or Northern lights). In the
Southern Hemisphere they are called Aurora
Australis (or Southern lights)

2. Movements of the Earth
a.The Earth rotates on its axis (Rotation of the Earth)
b.The Earth revolves around the sun (Revolution of the Earth)
Note the difference in meaning between the verbs
to rotate and to revolve.
13
British English: centre; American English: center.

If you need to check your answers, here they are: length, width, depth, height, strength,
thickness, sharpness, roundness, weakness, hardness, heaviness.
14
17

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rotation of the Earth
Revolution of the Earth
The Earth rotates once in 24 hours and

this results in:
1. Day and night
2. A difference of 1 hour between two
meridians 15 apart
3. The deflection of winds and ocean
currents
4. The daily rising and falling of the tides
The Earth takes 365 days to revolve once

round the sun. Every fourth year is given 366
days and this is called a leap year.
The revolution of the Earth and the inclination
of its axis result in:
1.Changes in the altitude of the mid-day sun
at different times of the year
2.Varying lengths of day and night at different
times of the year
3.The four seasons
Axial Tilt
The Earth currently has an axial tilt
of about 23.4
At present, it is decreasing at a rate
of about 47 per century.
For the next 1 million years the
Earths tilt will vary between 22 13'
44" and 24 20' 50".
Equinoxes and Solstices

Using the information in the table below describe these four events in the
revolution of the Earth (the spring equinox, the winter solstice, the autumn
equinox and the summer solstice), pointing out the main consequences.
Date
Subsolar
15
Point
Tangent
Rays
Day
length
Spring equinox
(vernal)
March 21
0
North and South
Poles
12 hour day
length
everywhere
Winter solstice
December 22
23 S
Arctic and Antarctic
Circles
24 hours of
darkness at North
Pole;
24 hours of day
light at South Pole;
12 hours of day
light at Equator
Autumn equinox
(autumnal)
September 23
0
Summer
solstice
June 21
23 N
North and South Poles
Arctic and Antarctic

Circles
24 hours of
darkness at South
Pole;
24 hours day light
at North Pole;
12 hours day light
at Equator
12 hour day length

everywhere
Which is the longest/shortest day of the year?

What is aphelion/perihelion and when does it occur?
What is a tangent ray?
15
Subsolar point is the place where the suns rays are hitting the Earth exactly perpendicular to its
surface (in zenith).
18

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Components of the Earth System

The Earth system is a complex
functioning system that includes all the
components of the various spheres
(see the diagram on the left)
the solid Earth .........................
the gaseous envelope surrounding
the Earth....................
the living organisms .......................
the water sphere..........................
the solid water.........................
made or modified by
humans..........................
The Earth System as a whole is a ....................... system.

Where does the Earth take energy from?
a. From the sun (exogenic forces exogenic processes)
b. From inside the Earth (endogenic forces endogenic processes)
Discuss on the endogenic or exogenic forces that created the phenomena below:
19

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. The Internal Structure of the Earth
Lithosphere = Crust + uppermost Mantle

The crust is broken into several individual pieces called tectonic plates.
These rigid plates are slowly but continually moving, generating earthquakes,
volcanic activity, and the deformation of large masses of rock into mountains.
Sea-floor spreading (oceanic lithosphere is being created)
Subduction zones (oceanic lithosphere is being consumed)
Continents and Oceans (Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word).
A continent is usually regarded as a large unbroken land mass completely surrounded by
water. Are there any exceptions?............
The seven continents (defined by physical and cultural conventions) are: ................
The Earth is called the Blue Planet because.............................

Which is the largest/smallest ocean? .........................
One ocean was recognized only in 2000 by the International Hydrographic Organization.
Name it: ..............................
20

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TIME UNITS16 more than you probably know!
HOURGLASS
sandglass,
sand timer,
sand watch,
sand clock,
egg timer.
The modern calendar has its origin in the Roman calendar,

which evolved into the Julian calendar and then the
Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar is the most
widely used civil calendar in the world, while the Julian
calendar is still used by the Berber people in North Africa
and on Mount Athos.
The shortest unit of time measurable at present is the attosecond, but there are
shorter time units than that. For example, the Planck time unit is, theoretically, the
smallest time measurement that will ever be possible, as smaller time units have
no use in physics as we understand it today.
List of time units:
Unit
attosecond
femtosecond
picosecond
nanosecond
microsecond
millisecond
centisecond
decisecond
second
decasecond
minute
hectosecond
kilosecond
hour
day
megasecond
fortnight
Length
18
10 s
1015s
1012s
109s
106s
0.001s
0.01s
0.1s
1s
10s
60s
100s
1,000s
60 min
24h
1 million s (11.6 days)
14 days
Unit
month
season
year
common year
leap year
biennium
triennium
lustrum
decade
gigasecond
jubilee
century
millennium
terasecond
megaanum
gigaanum
exasecond
Length
28-31 days
3 months
12 months
365 days
366 days
2 years
3 years
5 years
10 years
1 billion s (31.7years)
50 years
100 years
1,000 years
1 trillion s (31,700 years)
1 million years
1 billion years
31.7 billion years17
Do not confuse these: beside18 and besides19

Beside or besides?
1. Your book is beside/besides the computer.
2. Beside/besides John, who else is coming?
3. That is Paul playing beside/besides the piano.
4. Beside/besides I doubt Peter is even his real name.
5. There are four other Romanian families on the cruise beside/besides us.
16
Main source of information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_time

This is more than twice the age of the Universe
18
Beside = next to (lng)
19
Besides = apart from (n afar de, pe lng), another thing (n plus, i nc ceva)
17
21

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Between20 or among21?
1. I want to live ............... open-minded people.

2. He is unable to differentiate ............... fantasy
and reality.
3. What is the difference .............. hate,
loathing, and disdain?
4. Share these sweets ................. yourselves.
5. The map is ................ the palm tree and the
hut.
6. The billionaire divided his estate ............... his
5 children.
7. The employers are blind to the employees
conflict ................ work and life.
8. We must choose ............... two equally
unattractive alternatives.
9. Choose a colour palette from .............. the six
design schemes.
10. He was glad to find a friend ...............
enemies.
VOCABULARY The Earth System

Universe = univers
Milky Way = Calea Lactee
Solar System = Sistemul
Solar
Sun = Soare
Moon = lun
Planets = planete
Mercury = Mercur
Venus = Venus
Earth = Pmnt
Mars = Marte
Jupiter = Jupiter
Saturn = Saturn
Uranus = Uranus
Neptune = Neptun
Pluto = Pluto
The Sun:
Core= nucleu
Photosphere = fotosfer
Chromosphere = cromosfer
Corona = coroan
Sunspot = pat solar
Solar prominence =
protuberan solar
Solar wind = vnt solar
Radiative zone = zon
radiativ
Convective zone = zon
convectiv
20
21
The Earth:
Inner core = nucleu intern
Outer core = nucleu extern
Lower mantle = manta inferioar
Upper mantle = manta superioar
Crust scoar
Tectonic plates = plci tectonice
Plate Tectonics = tectonica plcilor
Sea-floor spreading = expansiunea fundului oceanic
Subduction zone = zon de subducie
Lithosphere = litosfer
Atmosphere = atmosfer
Biosphere = biosfer
Hydrosphere = hidrosfer
Cryosphere = criosfer
Anthroposphere = antroposfer
Earths Rotation = micarea de rotaie a pmntului
Earths Revolution = micarea de revoluie a
pmntului
Axial tilt = nclinarea axei terestre
Elliptical orbit = orbit eliptic
Spring Equinox = echiniciul de primvar
Summer Solstice = solstiiul de var
Autumnal Equinox = echinociul de toamn
Winter Solstice = solstiiul de iarn
Leap year = an bisect
Aphelion = afeliu
Perihelion = periheliu
Aurora Borealis (northern lights) = auror boreal
Aurora Australis (southern lights) = auror austral
Between = ntre (2 lucruri/fiine sau 3 foarte specific)

Among = ntre (mai multe lucruri/fiine mai general)
22

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRAMMAR
Timpuri verbale - continuare
TIMPUL TRECUT (Past Tense) (3)
S + V + ed sau V2*
Interogativ: Did + S + V
Negativ: S + did + NOT + V
Afirmativ
Interogativ
Negativ
I/you studied
Did I/you study?
I/you did not study /didnt study
He/she studied
Did he/she study?
He/she did not study /didnt study
We/you/they studied Did we/you/they study?
We/you/they did not study /didnt
study
*V2 verbele neregulate forma a doua
Reguli la adugarea terminaiei -ed:
1. Verbele terminate n -e adaug doar -d. (hoped, moved, arrived)
2. Verbele terminate n -y:
a) dup vocal: play played (y+ed);
b) dup consoan: cry cried (y devine i + ed)
3. Verbele terminate n -l dubleaz l in BE (fulfil fulfilled; compel compelled)
Timpul trecut simplu descrie o aciune trecut, care a avut loc ntr-un interval
trecut clar, care nu mai are legtur cu prezentul.
De multe ori, un alt timp din limba englez prezent perfect se traduce n limba
romn tot cu timpul trecut (vezi tabel 5). A nu se confunda aceste dou timpuri.
List de verbe neregulate:
(Infinitive)
Participiu
prezent
(Present Participle)
(to ....)
V1
Infinitiv
arise (a aprea, a se ivi)

be (a fi)
beat (a bate, a lovi)
become (a deveni)
begin (a ncepe)
bend (a ndoi, a ncovoia)
bite (a muca)
bleed (a sngera)
blow (a sufla)
break (a sparge)
bring (a aduce)
build (a construi)
burn (a arde)
burst (a izbucni)
buy (a cumpra)
arising
being
beating
becoming
beginning
bending
biting
bleeding
blowing
breaking
bringing
building
burning
bursting
buying
Trecut
Participiu trecut
(Past Tense)
(Past Participle)
V2
V3
arose
was/were
beat
became
began
bent
bit
bled
blew
broke
brought
built
burnt/burned
burst
bought
arisen
been
beaten
become
begun
bent
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought
built
burnt/burned
burst
bought
23

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
catch (a prinde)
choose (a alege)
come (a veni)
cost (a costa)
cut (a tia)
deal (a trata despre ceva)
dig (a spa)
do (a face)
draw (a trage, a desena)
drink (a bea)
drive (a conduce)
eat (a mnca)
fall (a cdea)
feed (a hrni)
feel (a simi)
fight (a lupta)
find (a gsi)
fly (a zbura)
forget (a uita)
freeze (a nghea)
get (a obine)
give (a da)
go (a merge)
grow (a crete)
hang (a atrna/spnzura)
have (a avea)
hear (a auzi)
hide (a ascunde)
hit (a lovi)
hold (a ine)
hurt (a rni)
keep (a ine/pstra)
know (a ti)
lay (a pune/aeza)
lead (a conduce)
leave (a prsi)
lend (a mprumuta)
let (a lsa)
lie (a zcea, a sta ntins)
lose (a pierde)
make (a face)
mean (a nsemna)
meet (a ntlni)
pay (a plti)
put (a pune)
catching
choosing
coming
costing
cutting
dealing
digging
doing
drawing
drinking
driving
eating
falling
feeding
feeling
fighting
finding
flying
forgetting
freezing
getting
giving
going
growing
hanging
having
hearing
hiding
hitting
holding
hurting
keeping
knowing
laying
leading
leaving
lending
letting
lying
losing
making
meaning
meeting
paying
putting
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
24

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
read (a citi)
ride (a clri)
ring (a suna)
rise (a crete, a se ridica)
run (a alerga)
say (a spune)
see (a vedea)
sell (a vinde)
send (a trimite)
set (a pune, a instala)
shake (a scutura)
shine (a strluci)
shrink (a se micora)
shut (a nchide)
sing (a cnta)
sink (a se scufunda)
sit (a sta jos)
sleep (a dormi)
speak (a vorbi)
speed (a grbi)
spend (a petrece)
spin (a nvrti)
spit (a scuipa)
split (a mpri, a scinda)
stand (a sta n picioare)
steal (a fura)
swing (a legna)
swim (a nota)
take (a lua)
teach (a preda, a nva)
throw (a arunca)
tear (to rupe)
tell (a spune/povesti)
think (a crede, a gndi)
understand (a nelege)
wake (a se trezi)
wear (a purta)
win (a ctiga)
wind (a rsuci)
write (a scrie)
reading
riding
ringing
rising
running
saying
seeing
selling
sending
setting
shaking
shining
shrinking
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
sleeping
speaking
speeding
spending
spinning
spitting
splitting
standing
stealing
swinging
swimming
taking
teaching
throwing
tearing
telling
thinking
understanding
waking
wearing
winning
winding
writing
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shook
shone
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
spoke
sped
spent
span
spat
split
stood
stole
swung
swam
took
taught
threw
tore
told
thought
understood
woke
wore
won
wound
wrote
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shaken
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
spoken
sped
spent
spun
spat
split
stood
stolen
swung
swum
taken
taught
thrown
torn
told
thought
understood
woken
worn
won
wound
written
25

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIMPUL TRECUT CONTINUU (Past Continuous) (4)

S + To be (conjugat la trecut) V + ing
Interogativ: To be (conjugat la trecut) + S + V + ing
Negativ: S + To be (conjugat la trecut) + NOT + V + ing
Afirmativ
Interogativ
Negativ
I was studying
Was I studying?
I was not studying /
You were studying
Were you studying?
You were not studying /
He/she was studying
Was he/she studying?
He/she was not studying /
Were we/you/they
We/you/they were not studying /
We/you/they were
studying
studying?
Timpul trecut continuu descrie o aciune n desfurare ntr-un moment trecut.
ARTICOLUL
(The Article)
Articolul hotrt
(Definite Article)
THE
Poziie: n faa substantivului (the boy = biatul)

Pronunie:
// naintea substantivelor care ncep cu consoan
/i/ naintea substantivelor care ncep cu vocal
ATENIE!!!
n limba englez articolul hotrat se folosete i n
anumite situaii deosebite: de exemplu, ntre prepoziie
i substantiv!
Ro: pe mas/ Engl: on the table
Ro: in camera/ Engl: in the room
Articolul nehotrt
(Indefinite Article)
A/AN
Poziie: n faa substantivului (a boy = un biat)

Utilizare:
a// naintea substantivelor care ncep cu consoan
an/n/ naintea substantivelor care ncep cu vocal
ATENIE!!!
n limba englez articolul nehotrt se folosete i n
anumite situaii deosebite: de exemplu, naintea
numelor predicative care desemneaz profesia,
sexul, calitatea cuiva.
R: Sunt student / E: I am a student
R: El este cretin/ E: He is a Christian
R: Ea e actri/ E: She is an actress.
26

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ARTICOLUL IN GEOGRAFIE
NU se articuleaz
Nume de continente
South America
Nume de ri
France
Germany
Canada
Nume de orae, sate
Los Angeles; London
Nume de insule (individuale)
Greenland
Nume de muni (individuali):
Mount Everest
Nume de lacuri
Lake Vostok
Se articuleaz
1.rile care au n denumirea lor prepoziia of
the United States of America
the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland)
2. the Netherlands
the Hague
Grupuri de insule:
the Cyclades; the Bahamas
Lanuri muntoase:
the Carpathians; the Himalayas
Nume de oceane, mri, fluvii; strmtori; cureni
oceanici; cascade
the Atlantic Ocean; the Black Sea; the Thames;
the Strait of Gibraltar, the Bosphorus; the Gulf Stream;
the Niagara Falls
Denumirile geografice compuse care conin prepoziia
of :
the Strait of Gibraltar; the Gulf of Mexico, the Cape of
Good Hope
27

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIT 3
THE ATMOSPHERE
Atmosphere (from Greek (atmos), meaning "vapour", and
(sphaira), meaning "sphere") is a dynamic mixture of gases surrounding the
Earth, which is held near the surface of our planet by its gravity.
What is the importance of the atmosphere for human life and activity?
1. Air Composition is being regulated by the biotic elements,

geological processes, volcanic eruptions and human activity.
The predominant gases in the
atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen and
argon (see diagram on the left). These
three gases can be considered constant
gases as their concentration has remained
virtually the same for much of recent Earth
history.
Other gases which are present in small
amounts, such as carbon dioxide, methane,
ozone, water vapour, are considered
variable gases, as their concentration is
changing. These gases exert a great control over the environment.
Read the main characteristics of the constant gases in the table below22:
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
A relatively inert gas produced primarily by the volcanic eruptions; important

component of protein in meat, eggs and the tissues of plants, especially grains
and members of the pea family; it cannot be ingested directly by organisms but
made available to plants, and then to animals, by compounds in the soil. Most
atmospheric N2 enters the soil by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms.
Important for animal and plant respiratory processes; generates chemical
reactions (oxidation) that breakdown rock minerals (chemical weathering); without
oxygen things cannot burn either. Free oxygen in the atmosphere is a product of
plant photosynthesis.
23
A colourless , odourless relatively inert gas; used for electric light bulbs,
fluorescent tubes; used to form inert atmosphere for arc welding; for growing
semiconductor crystals.
CARBON is the fourth most

abundant element in the Universe
(after hydrogen, helium and oxygen)
22
23
Source: http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/atmosphere/atmospheric_composition.html
British English: colour, colourless; odour odourless; American English: color, colorless; odor, odorless.
28

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Topics of discussion:
Where is carbon stored?
Is carbon dioxide in the air
constant throughout one year?
Why is carbon dioxide
concentration slightly lower in
summer than in winter?
Explain the evolution of carbon
dioxide concentration from 1960
till 2010 at Mauna Loa
Observatory.
How is carbon dioxide released
back in the air?
What is a carbon sink?
Do not mix up! FOURTH and FORTH

(similar pronunciations, different meaning)
Choose the right word in the sentences below (forth or fourth)

1. Put a cherry on top the first cake, then the second, and so forth / fourth
2. Remember, our mission is to travel forth / fourth into deep space and explore
new galaxies
3. My forth / fourth point relates to the students exams.
4. My son is the forth/fourth tallest in his class.
Greenhouse Gases: CO2 (carbon dioxide); CH4 (methane); N2O (nitrous oxide)
29

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
Did you know?
LAUGHING GAS - Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, is a
chemical compound with the formula N2O.
At room temperature, it is a colourless, non-flammable gas, with a slightly
sweet odour and taste.
It is used in surgery and dentistry for anaesthetic and analgesic effects.
It is known as "laughing gas" due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a
property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic.
It is also used an oxidiser in the launching of rockets and in motor racing to
increase the power output of the engines.
At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to
molecular oxygen24.
2. Atmospheric structure
The diagram below shows the vertical structure of the atmosphere, with its
different layers. The most important layer for human life and activity is the
troposphere. In troposphere air temperature decreases with height.
Atmospheric layers:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Discussion topics:
Describe air temperature
vertical variation.
(Check the vocabulary you can
use when describing the graph
in the table below)
Why is troposphere the

most important atmospheric
layer for human activity?
What is the role of the ozone layer?
24
Source of the text: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide
30

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the past 60 years or so human activity has contributed

to the deterioration of the ozone layer. The ozone hole is
defined geographically as the area wherein the total
ozone amount is less than 220 Dobson Units (DU). The
ozone hole has steadily grown in size (up to 27 million sq.
km.) and length of existence (from August till November)
over the past two decades. That is why consumption of
ozone depleting substances has largely been reduced in
many countries.
Is ozone always good?
Make a comment using the information in this table..
Type of ozone
Where?
Why is it good/bad?
Trend
GOOD OZONE
Stratosphere
Protects life on
Earth (UV filter)
BAD OZONE
Troposphere
Air pollutant
DECREASE
(ozone hole)
INCREASE
(photochemical smog)
Reading25
Rough day at work? Step outside and take a deep breath -- err, maybe not,
depending on what city you're in. If you're in Los Angeles, you'll probably want to step
back inside the office. The sprawling California city is among the worst air pollution
offenders in the United States, according to the American Lung Association. More than
50% of the Americans live in areas with unhealthy levels of particle pollution, tiny solid
25
Source: http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/20/health/air-pollution-report-irpt
31

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and liquid particles floating around the air we breathe, or ozone pollution, harmful gases
that react to sunlight.
"Ozone pollution is a powerful pollutant," Paul Billings, senior vice president of
advocacy at the ALA told CNN. "Breathing it in is like a sunburn of the lungs. It can
cause coughing and wheezing in healthy adults."
Heavy road traffic and a busy trade port are major contributors to Los Angeles' poor
air pollution. The city joins 12 other counties that failed all three air pollution tests by the
ALA. The report analyzed ozone, short-term and year-round particle pollution. That
means about 20 million people are being exposed to potentially damaging air pollution
levels. Several California cities ranked high on the ALA's air pollution offenders list, with
Los Angeles coming in at No. 1 for ozone pollution. Bakersfield ranked at the top for
particle pollution, which can increase risk of cardiovascular and lung issues.
Here are the top five cities in USA with the worst ozone or particle pollution:
1. Los Angeles-Long Beach, California
2. Bakersfield, California
3. Visalia-Porterville-Hanford, California
4. Fresno-Madera, California
5. Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, Arizona
What measures could be taken to reduce the photochemical pollution in

Los Angeles?
VOCABULARY The Atmosphere
argon = argon
atmosphere = atmosfer
atmospheric composition = compoziia
atmosferei
atmospheric structure = structura atmosferei
carbon dioxide = dioxid de carbon
carbon sink = loc de absorbie/depozitare a
carbonului
CFCs = clorofluorocarburi
Dobson Units (DU) = uniti Dobson
exosphere = exosfer
greenhouse effect = efect de ser
greenhouse gases= gaze cu efect de ser
helium = heliu
hydrogen = hidrogen
ionosphere = ionosfer
infrared radiation = radiaie infraroie
layer = strat
magnetosphere = magnetosfer
mesosphere = mezosfer
mesopause = mezopauz
methane = metan
nitrogen = azot
nitrous oxide = oxid de azot
outer space = spaiul cosmic
oxygen = oxigen
ozone = ozon
ozone layer = strat de ozon
ozone hole = gaur de ozon
pollution = poluare
short term pollution = poluare pe
termen scurt
stratosphere = stratosfer
stratopause = stratopauz
thermosphere = termosfer
troposphere = troposfer
tropopause = tropopauz
ultraviolet radiation = radiaie
ultraviolet
visible radiation = radiaie vizibil
year round pollution = poluare pe tot
parcursul anului
32

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRAMMAR
Timpuri verbale - continuare
TIMPUL PREZENT PERFECT (Present Perfect) (5)
S + have/has + V3*
Interogativ: Have/has+ S + V3
Negativ: S + have/has + NOT + V3
Afirmativ
Interogativ
Negativ
I/You have studied Have I/you studied?

I/You have not studied/ havent studied
He/She has studied Has he/she studied? He/She has not studied/ hasnt studied
We/You/They have
Have we/you/they
We/You/They have not studied/havent
studied
studied?
studied
*V3 participiu trecut (forma a treia a verbelor neregulate; V+ed la verbele regulate)
Utilizare (aciuni care au ceva legtur cu prezentul, fie i doar prin efecte):
Aciune care tocmai s-a ncheiat (cu adverbe ca: just, already, yet, lately, recently, up to
now, till now, so far, the last few days)
Aciune ce a avut loc n trecut i posibil s se repete/aciune cu moment neprecizat (cu
adverbe ca: ever, never, often, sometimes, seldom, always, usually)
Aciune desfurat ntr-o perioad de timp nencheiat (today, this morning, this
afternoon, this evening, this month, this week, this year)
Durata aciunii descris de for (I have studied for three hours)
nceputul perioadei descris de since (I have studied since 2 oclock)
TIMPUL PREZENT PERFECT CONTINUU (6)

(Present Perfect Continuous)
S + have/has + been + V+ing
Interogativ: Have/has+ S + been + V+ing
Negativ: S + have/has + NOT + been + V+ing
Afirmativ
Interogativ
Negativ
I/You have been studying
Have I/you been

I/You have not been
studying?
studying /
He/She has been studying Has he/she been
He/She has not studying /
studying?
We/You/They have been
Have we/you/they been
We/You/They have not been
studying
studying?
studying
Utilizare
Aciune nceput n trecut i continuat n prezent
Accentueaz continuitatea unei aciuni pentru o perioad mai lung de timp pn n
prezent
TIMPUL VIITOR (Future Tense) (7)

S + will/shall26 + V
Interogativ: Will + S + V
Negativ: S + will + NOT + V
Afirmativ
I will study
You will study
He will study
Interogativ
Will I study?
Will you study?
Will he study?
Negativ
I will not study /
You will not study /
He will not study /
26
Shall este folosit rar in ca auxiliar la formarea viitorului la persoana I singular i plural, doar n
engleza oficial, ns n engleza vorbit nu mai este folosit. Utilizarea n propoziii interogative ca
verb modal este ns foarte frecvent.
33

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------She will study
We will study
You will study
They will study
Will she study?

Will we study?
Will you study?
Will they study?
Will + not = wont
She will not study /

We will not study /
You will not study /
They will not study /
shall + not = shant
TIMPUL VIITOR CONTINUU (Future Continuous) (8)

S + will/shall + be + V+ing
Interogativ: Will + S + be + V+ing
Negativ: S + will + NOT + be + V+ing
Afirmativ
Interogativ
Negativ
I will be studying
Will I be studying?
I will not be studying /
You will be studying
Will you be studying?
You will not be studying /
He will be studying
Will he be studying?
He will not be studying /
She will be studying
Will she be studying?
She will not be studying /
We will be studying
Will we be studying?
We will not be studying /
You will be studying
Will you be studying?
You will not be studying /
They will be studying
Will they be studying?
They will not be studying /
Timpul viitor continuu desemneaz o aciune n desfurare ntr-un moment viitor.
NUMERALUL
Numeral ordinal
(Ordinal Numbers)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
30
32
40
43
50
one (unu)
two (doi)
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
thirty
thirty-two
forty
forty-three
fifty
Numeral cardinal
(Cardinal Numbers)
the first (primul)

the second (al doilea)
the third
the fourth
the fifth
the sixth
the seventh
the eighth
the ninth
the tenth
the eleventh
the twelfth
the thirteenth
the fourteenth
the fifteenth
the sixteenth
the seventeenth
the eighteenth
the nineteenth
the twentieth
the twenty-first
the thirtieth
the thirty-second
the fortieth
the forty-third
the fiftieth
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
30th
32nd
40th
43rd
50th
34

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
54
60
65
70
76
80
87
90
98
100
fifty-four
sixty
sixty-five
seventy
seventy-six
eighty
eighty-seven
ninety
ninety-eight
one hundred
109
135
200
1,000
1,457
3,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
8,000,000
1,000,000,000
the fifty-fourth
the sixtieth
the sixty-fifth
the seventieth
the seventy-sixth
the eightieth
the eighty-seventh
the ninetieth
the ninety-eighth
the one hundredth
one hundred and nine

one hundred and thirty-five
two hundred
one thousand
one thousand, four hundred and
fifty-seven
three thousand
ten thousand
one hundred thousand
one million
eight million
one billion
54th
60th
65th
70th
76th
80th
87th
90th
98th
100th
Atenie!!
Hundred, thousand, million
nu se folosesc niciodat la
plural atunci cnd sunt
precedate de un numeral sau
de several, a few, a couple
of.
Correct: There are three thousand students in our Faculty.

Wrong: There are three thousands students in our Faculty.
Wrong: There are three thousands of students in our Faculty.
Long scale
Short scale
Number
Continental Europe
French Canada
Older British
USA
English Canada
Modern British
100
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024
One
Ten
Hundred
Thousand
Million
Thousand million / Milliard
Billion
Thousand billion / Billiard
Trillion
Thousand trillion / trilliard
Quadrillion
One
Ten
Hundred
Thousand
Million
Billion
Trillion
Quadrillion
Quintillion
Sextillion
Septillion
Correct: I need ten million dollars.

Wrong: I need ten millions dollars.
35

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Modaliti de scriere a datei:

May 30, 1965
May 30th,1965
30 May 1965
30th May 1965
30th of May 1965
Citirea anilor:
1965
nineteen sixty-five sau
nineteen hundred and sixty nine
(niciodat nu se citete cuvntul
thousand)
Ton or tonne?
1 ton = 2,000 pounds = 907 kg (US)
1 ton = 2,240 pounds = 1,016 kg (UK) no longer officially used (since 1985)
1 tonne = 1000 kg (metric ton)
36

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIT 4
VEGETATION ON EARTH
1.
2.
3.
4.
Types of vegetation on Earth

Coniferous trees vs. Broadleaf trees
Tropical Rainforests distribution, characteristics
The Amazon Rainforest
1. Types of vegetation on Earth

Geographers divide the worlds vegetation into three main categories types
according to the appearance of the plants:
1. Forest
2. Grassland
3. Desert
Category
Forests
Grassland
Type of vegetation
Tropical
Evergreen
Forest
Tropical Monsoon Forest
Temperate Evergreen Forest
Mediterranean
(originally)
Cool Temperate Forest
Coniferous Forest
Tropical Grassland
Temperate Grassland
Deserts
and
Semideserts
Regional names/obs.
Rainforest
Maquis, chaparral
Deciduous/coniferous
Taiga
Savanna
Llanos
Campos
Steppe
Prairie
Pampas
Veldt
Downs
Tropical Desert
Semidesert
Tundra
Deserts can be found not only in the tropical areas but also in the cold
regions of the planet. Annual precipitation in the deserts is less than 200mm (and
37

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
less than 100mm in extreme deserts). Deserts have large diurnal temperature
range.
The Antarctic Desert, with an area of about 14 million km 2 is the largest
desert in the world. Other large deserts are: Arctic Desert, Sahara Desert,
Arabian Desert, Gobi Desert, Patagonian Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Kalahari
Desert, Great Basin Desert, Syrian Desert.
Locate all these 10 deserts on the world map!
Explain the lack of deserts in Europe.
Note the difference between desert (noun, adjective, verb) and
dessert (noun). Pay attention to the pronunciation!
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word, desert or dessert:
a. The plants and animals possess special features which allow them to
cope with the .. conditions.
b. I am not allowed to eat sugar, so, I will not take any .
c. An ice .. is defined as a polar area that supports little or no
vegetation and that is permanently covered by snow and ice.
d. If disturbed too often, the adult birds will ..the fledglings.
e. If you ., you will be shot when you're caught.
f. As soon as the bell went, the kids the building.
g. Would you like to see the .menu?
2. Coniferous trees vs. Broadleaf trees
1. What is the difference between conifers and evergreens?

Conifers (noun) - refer to the means of reproduction (the cones)
Coniferous (adjective)
Evergreens refer to the leaves (or needles)
2. What is the difference between broadleaf and deciduous?
Broadleaf refer to the leaves (they are NOT needles)
Deciduous - describes a part that falls off
38

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tropical Rainforests distribution, characteristics

All forests receive some precipitation but the so called rainforests27 of the
world are characterized by heavy rain throughout the year or for most of the year.
The tropical rainforest is characterized by its very large number of plants
and animal species, the great volume (biomass) of vegetation per unit area and,
generally, the poor quality of soil on which the forest grows. Some areas of
tropical rainforest are flooded each year, some are located high on the slopes of
the mountains.
Analyze the map below (in which the world distribution of tropical rainforest
is shown), locate the main tropical rainforests, and notice which continent
has the largest tropical rainforest cover. .
Characteristics of the tropical rainforest:

Contains a great variety of plants which are close together (examples of trees:
mahogany, ebony, rosewood, ironwood, greenheart, palm trees, tree ferns).
Consists of several layers28 (see diagram below).
Nearly all trees are broad-leaved evergreens because high temperatures and
evenly distributed rainfall permit growth throughout the year.
Absence of seasonal climatic change results in some plants being in flower,
others in fruit and others in leaf-fall at one and the same time.
The leaves of the trees form an almost continuous canopy which shuts out
most of the light at ground level.
When a part of a tropical rainforest is cleared, either for shifting cultivation or for
lumbering, a less luxuriant forest growth takes over. This is called secondary
forest and it consists of short trees and dense undergrowth
27
28
rainforest is also spelled rain forest

Understory can be spelled: understorey, and is synonym with underbrush.
39

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.Rainforest Animals
Butterfly
Hummingbird
Toucan
Chameleon
Parrot
Kingfisher
Macaw
Tree frog
Capuchin monkey
Cockatoo
Spider monkey
Squirrel monkey
Capybara
Sloth
Numbat
Armadillo
40

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tapir
Anteater
3. The Amazon Rainforest The Worlds Largest Rainforest

The Amazon River Basin is home to the largest rainforest on Earth.
The basin covers 40% of the South American continent and includes parts of
eight South American countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname, as well as French Guiana, a department of
France.
Watch the video at the link below and answer the five questions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qLObh08g-U
If the link is not functional, choose another video on the deforestation in the Amazon
41

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rainforest.
1. What are the resources the Amazon forest can provide?

2. When did deforestation start in Amazonia and how did this happen?
3. What are the main reasons why the forest is being cleared?
4. Is Amazonia land appropriate for agricultural use?
5. What are the effects of deforestation?
THE MEETING OF WATERS
The Meeting of Waters is the confluence between the Rio Negro, a river with dark
(almost black coloured) water, and the sandy-coloured Amazon River or River Solimes.
For 6 km the two rivers' waters run side by side without mixing. It is one of the main
tourist attractions of Manaus, Brazil. This phenomenon is due to the differences in
temperature, speed and water density of the two rivers. The Rio Negro flows at near 2km
per hour at a temperature of 28C, while the Rio Solimes flows at 4 to 6 km per hour at
a temperature of 22C.
Trees (in Romania)

artar
brad
carpen
castan
fag
frasin
mesteacan
molid
pin
plop
plop
tremurator
salcie
salcam
stejar
tei
ulm
tisa
zada, larice
maple
fir
hornbeam
chestnut
beech
ash
birch
spruce
pine
poplar
aspen
willow
acacia
oak
lime tree
elm
yew
larch
42

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOCABULARY Vegetation on Earth

broadleaf (broad-leaved) trees = foioase
(vezi explicaia text)
campos = campos (savan sud-american)
canopy = coronament
chaparral = chaparral (vegetaie
mediteranean nord american)
coniferous trees /conifers = conifere
dark environment = mediu ntunecat (lipsit
de lumin)
deciduous trees = arbori cu frunze
cztoare (vezi explicaia text)
deforestation = despdurire
desert = deert
dessert = desert
diurnal temperature range = amplitudine
termic diurn
downs = stepa australian
ebony = abanos
emergent trees = arbori emergeni
evergreen trees = arbori venic verzi
forest floor = stratul (vegetal) de pe sol
grassland = vegetaie ierboas
layer = strat/etaj
llanos = llanos (savan sud-american)
mahogany = mahon
maquis = maquis
needle-leaves = frunze aciculare
palm trees = palmieri
pampas = pampa(s)
prairie = prerie
rainforest = pdure umed
(tropical rainforest = pdure tropical
umed)
rosewood = palisandru
sandalwood = santal
savanna = savan
semidesert = semideert
shifting cultivation = agricultur
itinerant
steppe = step
taiga = taiga
tree fern = ferig arborescent
tropical monsoon forest = pdure
tropical musonic
tundra = tundr
understory = etajul (vegetal) inferior
veldt = veldt (stepa sud-african)
List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations

1COUNTRIES OF EUROPE
Name of the country/continent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Europe
Albania
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Adjective
European
Albanian
Austrian
Belarusian
Belgian
Bosnian
Bulgarian
Croatian
Cypriot
Czech
Danish
Estonian
Finnish
French
Inhabitant
a European
an Albanian
an Austrian
a Belarusian
a Belgian
a Bosnian
a Bulgarian
a Croatian/Croat
a Cypriot
a Czech
a Dane
an Estonian
a Finn
a French(man)
43

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
The Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
Great Britain (UK)
Vatican city state
German
Greek
Hungarian
Icelandic
Irish
Italian
Kosovar/Kosovan
Latvian
Liechtenstein
Lithuanian
Luxembourg
Macedonian
Maltese
Moldovan
Montenegrin
Dutch
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Sammarinese
Serbian
Slovak(ian)
Slovene(ian)
Spanish
Swedish
Swiss
Ukrainian
British
Vatican
a German
a Greek
a Hungarian
an Icelander
an Irish(man)
an Italian
a Kosovar
a Latvian
a Liechtensteiner
a Lithuanian
a Luxembourger
a Macedonian
a Maltese
a Moldovan
a Montenegrin
a Dutch(man)
a Norwegian
a Pole/Polish
a Portuguese
a Romanian
a Russian
a Sammarinese
a Serbian/Serb
a Slovak
a Slovene(ian)
a Spaniard
a Swede
a Swiss
a Ukrainian
a British/Briton
a Vatican citizen
COUNTRIES OF AMERICA (only South America !!!!!!!!!!!!)

Name of the
country/continent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
America
North America
South America
Central America
The Caribbean
Canada
Mexico
Unites States of America
Argentina
Bolivia
Adjective
American
North American
South American
Central American
Carribean
Canadian
Mexican
American
Argentine
Bolivan
Inhabitant
an American
a North American
a South American
a Central American
a Carribean
a Canadian
a Mexican
an American
an Argentine/Argentinian
a Bolivan
44

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
French Guiana
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Aruba
(The) Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Haiti
Jamaica
Martinique
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
51 Trinidad and Tobago
52 US Virgin Islands
Brazilian
Chilean
Colombian
Ecuadoran
French Guianese
Guyanese
Paraguayan
Peruvian
Surinamese
Uruguayan
Venezuelan
Belizean
Costa Rican
Salvadoran
Guatemalan
Honduran
Nicaraguan
Panamanian
Anguillan
Antiguan or
Barbudan
Aruban
Bahamian
Barbadian
Bermudian/Bermudan
Virgin Island
Caymanian
Cuban
Dominican
Dominican
Grenadian
Guadeloupe
Haitian
Jamaican
Martiniquais/Martinican
Montserratian
Netherlands Antilles
Puerto Rican
Kittitian or Nevisian
Saint Lucian
Saint Vincentian/
Vincentian
Trinidadian or
Tobagonian
US Virgin Island
a Brazilian
a Chilean
a Colombian
an Ecuadoran
a French Guianese
a Guyeanese
a Paraguayan
a Peruvian
a Surinamer
a Uruguayan
a Venezuelan
a Belizean
a Costa Rican
a Salvadoran
a Guatemalan
a Honduran
a Nicaraguan
a Panamanian
an Anguillan
an Antiguan or a
Barbudan
an Aruban
a Bahamian
a Barbadian
a Bermudian/Bermudan
a Virgin Islander
a Caymanian
a Cuban
a Dominican
a Dominican
a Grenadian
a Guadeloupian
a Haitian
a Jamaican
a Martiniquais
a Montserratian
a Netherlands Antillean
a Puerto Rican
a Kittitian or a Nevisian
a Saint Lucian
a Saint Vincentian/
Vincentian
a Trinidadian or
Tobagonian
a US Virgin Islander
45

Engleza Anul I Sem I

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engleza Anul I Sem I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

2. Geography - a Spatial Science

The Geographic Grid

Definition by Royal Geographical Society

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

COMPASS ROSE (WINDROSE)

Which is the Northernmost point of Europe?

Do not mix up!

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

Major lines of latitude

1. Where are high latitudes located?

Spatial vs. special. Make up sentences using each of these words.

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

In which of the following locations are the coordinates 1,2,3,4 located?

3. The Continuum3 of Geography

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

The Geography students of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iai can do

Steps of the Scientific Method

Read the singular and plural forms of the nouns in

4. The Tools of the Geographer

To analyse is used in British English; to analyze in American English.

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

a elevation/altitude; b air pressure; c temperature; d precipitation; e water depth;

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

VOCABULARY Introduction to Physical Geography

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

n limba englez, subiectul nu poate fi omis.

Aadar, pronumele personal este foarte des folosit ca subiect.

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

S= subiect; V = verb la infinitiv scurt

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

The Solar System (age: 4.568 billion years)

Main source of information: http://earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/earth_system/solar_system.html

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

Write down the nouns

Solar Wind and Auroras

Australis (or Southern lights)

British English: centre; American English: center.

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

Rotation of the Earth

Revolution of the Earth

The Earth rotates once in 24 hours and

The Earth takes 365 days to revolve once

Equinoxes and Solstices

North and South Poles

Arctic and Antarctic

12 hour day length

Which is the longest/shortest day of the year?

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

3. Components of the Earth System

The Earth System as a whole is a ....................... system.

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

4. The Internal Structure of the Earth

Lithosphere = Crust + uppermost Mantle

The Earth is called the Blue Planet because.............................

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

The modern calendar has its origin in the Roman calendar,

Do not confuse these: beside18 and besides19

Main source of information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_time

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students

1. I want to live ............... open-minded people.

VOCABULARY The Earth System

Between = ntre (2 lucruri/fiine sau 3 foarte specific)

Daniela Larion - English Language for 1st year Students