PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM

O V E R V I E W

PLUMBING
1.

The art and science of creating and

maintaining sanitary conditions in
building used by humans.

2. The art and science of installing,

repairing and servicing the pipes,
fixtures and appurtenances necessary
for bringing in water supply and
removing liquid and water-borne
wastes.

HISTORY
Copper Pipe used in a water system in the
ancient palace ruins in the Indus Valley 5,500
years old

Around 2,500 BC, the Egyptians used copper

pipes in their irrigation and sewerage
systems

HISTORY
In the ancient Babylon, the science of
hydraulics had been established as
evidenced by their skillful planning in
their network of canals
During the Roman Empire (500BC455AD), aqueducts were built to
convey water from sources to houses

HISTORY
Construction of underground public
water supply system for public baths.
Ex: bath of Diocletian, a bath that could
accommodate 3,200 bathers at one time.

HISTORY
The quality of plumbing declined after the
fall of the Roman Empire in A.D. 476.
During the middle ages, people
disposed of waste materials by
throwing them into the streets. In 1500s
a type of water closet was developed.
Septic tanks were introduced in the
mid-1800s, and a modern sewerage
system began operating in London in
the 1860s

HISTORY
Plumbing Practice in the
Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the
government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F.
Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on
the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.
In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized
Manila City Ordinance 2411, the Plumbing Code for the
City of Manila was enacted and placed under the
Department of Public Services, Manila.z

Principles
22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
All premises intended for human use or habitation shall
be provided with a supply of pure `nor subject to backflow
or back- siphonage.

1
2
3
4

Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be

supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed
and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion
through overheating.

Principles

5
6
7
8

Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with

a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the
sewer system.
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water
closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or
shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent
material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall
be located in ventilated enclosures.
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and
maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.

Principles
All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED
materials, free from defective workmanship, designed
and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service.

9
10
11
12
13

Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system

shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.
The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to
provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage,
aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to
prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.

Principles
Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere
unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be
allowed to enter the building drainage system.

14
15
16
17

Proper protection shall be provided to prevent

contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with
the building drainage system.
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision
shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.

Principles

18
19
20
21
22

Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to

backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable
condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to
be accessible for their intended use.
Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and
the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.
Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may
be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some
acceptable form of treatment.

Components
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
PLUMBING FIXTURES
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

Nature of Water

The Water Cycle:

3 Major
Phases:
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation

The Plumbing Cycle

Components & Flow in

Water Systems:
S U P P L Y

DISTRIBUTION

U S E

Water Mains,
Storage Tanks

Pressure,
Piping
Networks

Plumbing
Fixtures

S O U R C E

COLLECTION

Lakes, Rivers,
Reservoirs

Gravity,
Piping
Networks

Treated water
returned to the
original source

TREATMENT

DISPOSAL

Sewage Plants,
Natural
Purification

Sanitary and
Storm Sewers

The Plumbing Cycle

Water Functions Diagram:

SUPPLY

DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL

Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always

be only in one direction (from supply to disposal)
The two sides should always be carefully separated
from each other

WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

Sources of Water

Sources of Water
Rainfall
Obtained from roofs and watersheds. It is

soft pure and good on places where there is

an abundant rainfall

Natural Surface Water

A mixture of surface run-off and ground
water. Surface sources include river,
lakes, ponds and impounding
reservoirs.

Underground Water
That portion of the rainwater which has

percolated into the underground deposits

Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE

COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Natural
Surface
Water

Obtained from
ponds, lakes
and rivers

Easy to
acquire;
Usually in large
quantities;
Used for
irrigation,
industrial
purposes and,
when treated,
for community
water supply

Contains a large
amounts of
bacteria, organic,
& inorganic
substances;
Purification &
treatment is
necessary

Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE

Rain
Water

COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Collected from
roofs of
buildings and
special water
sheds and
stored in
cisterns or
ponds;
Cistern water
for drinking
should be
boiled,
chlorinated or
otherwise
sterilized

Water is soft &

pure and is
suitable for the
hot water
supply system

Only a source
during the wet
season;
Storage
becomes a
breeding place
for mosquitoes;
Roofs may not
be clean

Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE

COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Ground
Water

Obtained from
underground by
means of
mechanical &
manual
equipment;
From springs
and wells and is
the principal
source of water
for domestic
use in most
rural areas

Usually has an
abundant
supply;
requires less
treatment
because of
natural filtering

May have
organic matter &
chemical
elements;
treatment is
suggested;
Character of
ground water, its
hardness,
depends upon
the nature and
condition of the
soil and rock
through which it
passes or
percolates

Types of Water
Natural Water
Readily found in nature

Purified Water
Water which undergoes treatment, either
physical, biological or chemical means to
improve water quality.

Contaminated Water
Water with any material or substance that affects the
quality of water and affects the health of an individual.

Types of Water
Polluted Water
Water with the presence of any foreign
substance

Hard Water
Water with the presence of elements such as calcium,
Magnesium, Iron and aluminum.

Soft Water
Water without the presence of Calcium and Magnesium.

Types of Water
Grey Water
Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs

Black Water
Water plus human waste that is flushed out of toilets
and urinals.

Storm Water
Rain, Surface run-off.

Properties of Water:

1. Heat Capacity
ability to absorb heat without becoming much
warmer.

2. Surface Tension
ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself
together.

Properties of Water:

3. Capillarity
ability of water to climb up a surface
against the pull of gravity

4. Dissolving Ability
ability to dissolve almost any substance, it
is known as a universal solvent

Water Treatment

PROBLEMS

CAUSE

EFFECTS

CORRECTION

1. Acidity

Entrance of
oxygen and
carbon dioxide

Corrosion of
non-ferrous
pipes
Rusting &
clogging of
steel pipes

Raising alkaline
content by the
introduction of
a neutralizer
(sodium
silicate)

2. Hardness

Presence of
Clogging of
magnesium and pipes
Impaired
calcium salts
laundry and
cooking

3. Turbidity

Silt or mud in
surface or in
ground

Discoloration
Bad taste

Boiling
Use of an ion
exchanger
(zeolite
process)

Filtration

Quality of Water
Water Quality Problems &
Their Correction:
PROBLEMS

CAUSE

EFFECTS

CORRECTION

4. Color

Presence of
Iron and
manganese

Discoloration of Oxidizing
fixtures
filter
and laundry

5. Pollution

Contamination
by organic
matter or
sewage

Disease

Chlorination

Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE
ELEMENT
Calcium, Magnesium

REASONS FOR TREATMENT

Produces hardness

Sulfur

Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to

plumbing, stains clothing, etc.

Salt

Bad taste, highly corrosive

Iron

Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures,

interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria
clogs pipes

Pathogenic germs

Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis

Acid

Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains

clothing

Algae

Bad taste & odor

Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE
ELEMENT
Carbon Dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide

METHOD OF TREATMENT
Aeration

Suspended Material

Coagulation & Settling Process

Bacteria

Chemicals & Sand filtration

Calcium &
Magnesium

Addition of water softeners

Iron

Iron Filters

Sulfur

Chlorination

Pathogenic Germs

Disinfection

Acid

Marble or Limestone Filtration

Purification of Water
AERATION

praying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it

over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as
carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide

COAGULATION
(FLOCCULATION)

Process of removing of some suspended matter, along with

some coloration. Hydrated aluminum sulfate is added.

Purification of Water
FILTRATION

ater is passed through layers of sand

and gravel in concrete basins in order to
remove the finer suspended particles.

SEDIMENTATION

ater is passed through basins

so sediments can settle
through a period of time

CHLORINATION

ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill

the harmful bacteria.

Purification of Water
AERATION (OXIDATION)

rocess of improving the taste and color of water,

remove iron and manganese and decrease in
corrosiveness.

OZONATION

A water treatment process that destroys bacteria and

other microorganisms through an infusion of ozone, a
gas produced by subjecting oxygen molecules to high
electrical voltages.

Purification of Water
DISTILLATION

simple approach to purification. In this process, water is heated

to allow condensation.

SEDIMENTATION

t is important to control corrosion in order to keep water systems

operating freely and to prevent corrosive water from increasing

the concentration of hazardous materials. Use of copper pipes.

CORROSION CONTROL

he advantage of fluoridation is that children who drink fluoridated

water have lower rates of tooth decay.

Purification of Water
NUISANCE CONTROL

pplication of Copper Sulfate to the water body to resist organisms

such as algae..

ADSORPTION

chemical species is adhered without chemical reaction. Some

porous materials have the ability to attract contaminants to their
surfaces, thereby removing them from solution. Ex. Carbon

ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION

Treatment by exposure to ultraviolet radiation to kill bacteria.

WATER DESALINATION

he procedure is done by heating seawater then pumping water into

a low pressure tank, where the water partially vaporized. The water
vapor is then condensed and removed as pure water. The process is
repeated many times.

Wells & Pumps

Types of Wells
(General):
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells

Individual Well Springs:

(Types According to Method of Construction)

Dug Well
Most common type
Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
a.k.a. shallow well

Wells & Pumps

Bored Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger driven in by hand or
with power tools
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters,
but can reach 40+ meters with power tools

Wells & Pumps

Bored Constructed using an auger

cylindrical bucket

two-blade auger

helical auger

tubular auger

Wells & Pumps

Bored Constructed using an auger

Tripod used to support

long auger extensions
during drilling

Wells & Pumps

Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Makes use of a suction pump above, while
casing acts as the pump riser
Used only where ground is relatively soft,
hence sometimes referred to as
Sand-Point Wells

Wells & Pumps

Jetted Sand-point well, dug with extreme water
pressure

using jetting tube

jetting in casing

Wells & Pumps

Driven Well
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow
slotted iron rod and well screen
Depths are from 10-15 meters

Wells & Pumps

Driven Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron

guided on outside of pipe

guided on inside of pipe

driving on clamp

driving on inside of point

Wells & Pumps

Driven Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron

Drive points and screens. (a) perforated pipe with screen

Drive points and screens. (b) spiral

trapezoidal wire

Wells & Pumps

Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m

Wells & Pumps

Drilled dug with sophisticated mechanical equipment

Wells & Pumps

Drilled dug with sophisticated mechanical equipment

Wells & Pumps

Locating
a Well:
2 Most Common
Sources of
Contamination:
Septic Tank /
leach fields
Livestock
feedlots
Location must
not be less than
100 ft. away
from such
pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration

Wells & Pumps

Methods of Well Screening:

Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass.

Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide
additional screening

Wells & Pumps

2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Single Action (water is drawn
in with only 1 motion) or;

Double Action (water is drawn

in with either stroke)

Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

Wells & Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps
Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a
centrifugal force

Wells & Pumps

Jet Pumps
Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up
from a well.
There are four types of Jet Pumps:
Deep well Jet Pumps are used in high volume applications
Shallow well Jet Pumps are used for residential wells
Convertible Jet Pumps can
be used for deep wells
and shallow wells
Miniature Jet Pumps are
used for small applications

Wells & Pumps

Types/Classifications of Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The
discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes
only when the speed of the pump is changed. Sometimes an
air chamber is introduced to regulate the pulsation.

Wells & Pumps

Rotary Pumps
Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver

Rotary Pumps can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM

Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids

Wells & Pumps

Submersible Pumps
Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or
other media storage receptacle.
Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to
be submersible

Sump Pumps
Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number
of styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid

Wells & Pumps

Turbine Pumps
Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used for large applications
because of their multiple impellers

a turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below ground water

levels and a driving motor located higher up, usually over the
well casing at grade level.
Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000 GPM

DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Water Supply System
A system in plumbing which provides and
distributes water to the different parts of the
building or structure, for purposes such as
drinking, cleaning, washing, culinary use, etc.

Drainage System
All the piping within a public or
private premises which conveys sewage,
rainwater or other liquid wastes to a point
of disposal

DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Sanitary Drainage Pipes
Pipes installed to remove the
wastewater and water-borne wastes
from plumbing fixtures and convey
these to the sanitary sewer and other
point of disposal.
Ventilation System
A system of pipes, fittings and other
devices installed for the purpose of
providing circulation of air and creating
balanced atmospheric condition within
the
system
thereby
preventing
siphonage and backpressure.

DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Soil Pipe
A pipe that conveys the discharge of
water closets or similar fixtures
containing fecal matter.
Waste Pipe
A pipe that conveys only liquid
waste free of fecal matter.

DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Sewage
Any liquid waste containing animal
or vegetable matter in suspension or
solution. It may include liquids
containing chemicals in solution.
Drain
A pipe which carries ground and
surface water, storm water or waste water
into the building drainage system.

DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Storm Drainage System
System of pipes, fittings, devices
and appurtenances for removing storm
water-rainwater, surface run-off and
underground seepage resulting from
precipitation.