Planning and Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
A review on planning, congurations, modeling and optimization

techniques of hybrid renewable energy systems for off
grid applications
Rajanna Siddaiah n, R.P. Saini
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 23 December 2014
Received in revised form
17 December 2015
Accepted 27 December 2015
Hybrid renewable energy (HRE) system based power generation is a cost effective alternative where power
grid extensions are expensive. This system utilizes two or more locally available renewable energy
resources such as wind, solar, biomass, biogas and small hydro power with or without conventional fossil
fuel energy sources to create standalone mode to meet the energy needs in rural remote areas. This study
offers a comprehensive review of the research work carried out in planning, congurations, and modeling
and optimization techniques of hybrid renewable energy systems for off grid applications. Hybrid
renewable system utilities today are more dependent on an optimal design to minimize the cost function.
This paper presents a review of various mathematical models proposed by different researchers. These
models have been developed based on objective functions, economics and reliability studies involving
design parameters. The present study will familiarize the reader with various optimization techniques of
system modeling and enable them to compare these models on the basis of their cost functions.
Researchers may consider the most suitable model from the various hybrid renewable system models
proposed in this study to develop customized designs for optimizing system size while incurring least cost.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
HRES congurations
Planning
Economic modeling
Reliability modeling
Modeling and optimization techniques
Contents
1.
2.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hybrid renewable energy system congurations for off grid applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.
DC-coupled HRE conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.
Power frequency ac-coupled HRE conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.
Hybrid-coupled HRE conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.
Hybrid-coupled with DG system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Hybrid renewable energy system based energy planning for off grid applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.
Village/block level power generation of HRE systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
District/state level energy planning of HRE systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Modeling and optimization techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Classical techniques based optimization models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
Articial intelligence techniques based optimization models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.
Hybrid techniques based optimization models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Economics based modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Reliability based modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corresponding author. Tel.: 91 8791340700.

E-mail address: srajannamce@gmail.com (R. Siddaiah).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.281
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396
1. Introduction
In a developing country like India, majority of the population
live in remote rural areas and a number of small isolated communities in such areas live without access to electricity from the
power grid [1]. Extension of the grid to these remote regions is not
cost-effective or feasible. It is therefore necessary to nd alternative power solutions that could be employed in place of the
power grid. Possible options for off grid rural electrication
include single technologies and hybrid based power generation
[2]. Hybrid based energy systems have proven effective in supplying the required electrical load in off grid applications. The
most important characteristic of an HRE system is that it utilizes
two or more renewable energy sources with or without connecting to conventional generators which improves system efciency
and reliability, and overcomes the economic limitations arising
from single renewable energy sources [35]. Further, HRE systems
are becoming increasingly popular for decentralized power generation at remote sites due to improvements in power converter
and renewable energy technologies which enhance system efciency [6,7]. However, many remote areas have insufcient
renewable energy resources and it becomes necessary to use
conventional options like diesel/petrol/gasoline based generator to
complement the available renewable energy resources in order to
meet the load demand [810]. It is clear that the decision of
employing only HRE systems or using HRE system in combination
with diesel/petrol/gasoline based generator depends on the
availability of the renewable energy resources in the considered
region. Any intended plan to set up a power plant must consider
the availability of renewable resources in the considered area.
Next, several alternative plans must be developed out of which the
most suitable one should be selected [1114].
To utilize the available renewable energy resources efciently
and economically, optimal models are required to be developed
based on prediction of the renewable energy resources data using
suitable techniques [15]. Thus, decentralized energy planning
entails discovering a set of resources and power conversion devices to fulll the energy needs of an optimally modeled system in a
cost-effective and efcient manner while ensuring quality and
reliability [16,17].
The modeling of an HRE system is a very complex task which
requires the development of mathematical models for each component. The mathematical models of renewable energy sources
need to be optimized through various optimization techniques in
order to minimize total system cost of the hybrid energy system
[1821]. The selection of optimum combination of HRE system
components depends on the reliability and economy of the components. Where there are multiple well-dened hybrid system
models, the model which provides consistent and adequate power
at lowest cost is selected [22,23]. Different geographical areas have
specic renewable energy resources which vary according to
season. This random nature of natural resources warrants the
making of a hybrid system conguration that would extract
maximum possible energy from these resources so that the supply
of energy from such a system is uninterrupted and consistent. To
this end, it is necessary to develop a well-dened hybrid based
model for combining natural resources with or without conventional fossil fuel energy resources to form a micro-grid used in offgrid applications [24].
The present study aims to address the issues related to HRES
with a detailed review of system planning, mathematical modeling, optimization and other aspects of economic and reliability
based models. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents schemes and summaries of different hybrid renewable
energy systems in off-grid applications; Section 3 discusses the
works carried out on system planning with a summary of various
377
HRE systems; Section 4 presents different mathematical modeling

and optimization techniques based objective functions aimed at
developing a cost effective design, as well as a summary of the
HRE systems; Sections 5 and 6 present an economic and reliability
based model for evaluating the least costs and optimal sizes, with
a summary of the HRE systems; nally, conclusions are made
based on the extensive review of the hybrid renewable energy
systems.
2. Hybrid renewable energy system congurations for off grid

applications
Renewable energy resources randomly occur in nature and, to
make a standardized framework, these resources are integrated to
construct a hybrid system conguration for fullling the energy
requirements of consumers in distant areas. Appropriate interfacing power conversion circuits and controllers to the AC bus,
reduces the number of power conversion stages and losses in
power transferred to the load/utility [25]. The assortment of
schemes with their merits and demerits of various hybrid
renewable energy congurations in off grid applications are
discussed below:
2.1. DC-coupled HRE conguration
In a dc-coupled conguration, the dc renewable energy
resources may be connected, either directly or through a dc/dc
power converter, to a dc bus line to which the dc loads are connected. The ac renewable energy resources are connect with the
same dc bus line through an ac/dc power converter. This systems
conguration can also supply ac power to the ac loads through a
dc/ac converter. The storage system can also be connects to the dc
bus line through a bi-directional converter to supply dc power to
the dc loads in response to the demand. Fig. 1 shows a schematic
representation of an off grid dc-coupled HRE system [24,2629].
2.2. Power frequency ac-coupled HRE conguration
In power frequency ac-coupled conguration, an ac renewable
energy resource may be connected, either directly or through an ac/
ac power converter, to the power frequency ac bus line to which the
ac loads are connected. The dc renewable energy resources are
connected through a dc/ac power converter to the same bus line.
This system conguration can also be used to supply dc power to dc
loads through an ac/dc converter. A schematic of an off grid power
frequency ac-coupled HRE system is shown in Fig. 2 [24,2729].
2.3. Hybrid-coupled HRE conguration
The hybrid-coupled hybrid conguration has both the dc and
power frequency ac bus lines. In this conguration, an ac renewable energy resource is directly connected to the power frequency
ac bus line and the dc renewable energy resources is connected to
the dc bus line through proper power converters. This can reduce
the conversion losses and eliminate the use of converters in the
conguration. As a result, a hybrid-coupled hybrid system conguration minimizes the cost and increases the system efciency
as compared to the ac and dc coupled congurations. But a hybrid
coupled conguration is relatively complex in terms of control and
energy management. A schematic representation of a hybridcoupled HRE system is shown in Fig. 3 [11,24].
378
Nomenclature
are respectively, the under and over achievement of

the goal
Lj
objectives of the objective function
wj
weighing factor of the each goal
b j and C are respectively,the corresponding goals and total
annual cost in dollars
Ri
annual energy of the ith resources in kW h/m2
X ij
part of ith resources used for Jth task
A ij
cost in dollars in kW h when ith resources used for
Jth task
Qdump (t) dumped energy at t time
load demand i at t time in kW
Pi (t)
Ii (t)
fraction of time t that the load i is supplied energy
C and S are respectively, the unit cost of the system and
available energy source
X, and D are respectively, the energy resource in kW h, efciency of the device and energy demand
Nh, Nw, Ns, Ng and Nb are respectively, the no. of MHP, wind,
SPV, diesel generator and battery systems
Ch, Cw, Cs, Cg and Cb are respectively, the capital costs of MHP,
wind, solar PV, diesel generator and battery units
B1(I1),B2 (I2) and B3 (I3) are respectively, the benets for
investment in the use of bio-gas, wind and PV panels
power project
VF,VM and VD are respectively, the bio-gas and manure and
dung collected from the households
Vs,L and w are respectively, the value of fuel-saving, cultivation
cost and weighting factor for L
vk
kerosene value saving
R
electrical connection cost
C ij/ij
ratio of cost/efciency of the ith system used for jth
end use
Xij
quantum of ith renewable energy resources used for
jth end-use
Lcj
plant land area with crop c by j size of farms in ha
Hj
total human labor days required by j size of farms
Hownj
own labor days put in by j size of farms
Bfj
store-bought feed by j size of the farms in tons
Bkj
energy purchased in physical units by class j
Ycj
crop yield of C type by j size of farm in tons/ha
Pc and Pn are respectively, the crop price C per ton and ton of
fertilizer of type n
Pk and Bn are respectively, the prices of energy purchased per
physical unit in kL and purchased for chemical
fertilizers
Pf
per ton price of store-bought feed
w
wage rate per day
Cl(Q),C2 (R) andC3(Bmax) are respectively, the yearly costs
potential of the SPV, wind and battery storage system
as functions of their size
Q,R and B max are respectively, the function variables of the
corresponding system
ai, bi and ci are respectively, the cost function coefcients of the
of the diesel generating unit
T
planning period
PDit and Sj are respectively, power output of i diesel generation
unit of time t and cost coefcient of j battery
storage unit
Pjt
power output of j battery storage unit at t time
D
load demand
P ri,t
rating of the i microprocessor unit at t time
d j and d j
TC
Cj
E jdt
dn
Ctot
F
O&M
C
CHP
HR
ORC
CP
HS
CT
Gt;i;j;k;n
optimized total cost of all the end users

unit cost of the jth generating unit (Rs/kW h)
optimum amount of generation of j generating unit for
end use in a day d at t time
days in number
system total cost
actualization factor
operation and maintenance
actualized cost
combined heat and power of diesel engine
heat recovery
organic ranking cycle
type of collector
heat storage system
cooling tower
total generation corresponding to CC t,I,j,n and ltk
PV
WT
g DG
r;t;i;j;k;n g r;t;i;j;k;n g r;t;i;j;k;n are respectively, the generation unit of
rth Dg, PV and WT unit
WT
DG
OC PV
OC
OC
are
respectively, the cost of generation of
and
r
r
r
rth units of SPV, WT and DG units
CPVi, CWTj, CBh, CINg and CCT are respectively, the cost of wind,
photovoltaic, battery inverter and controller systems
N(x)
number of components hybrid system
x
decision variables of vector
Cc(x),Cm(x) and J(x) are respectively, the capital and maintenance cost functions and total system cost function
ES m
saving of electricity at mth month
CC w and CC p are respectively, the capital investment cost of
WGS and PVG
AF w and AFp anualization factor of WGS and SPVGS
AOM
are respectively, the annual operating and
maintenance cost
Ni
number ith system units
R
useful lifetime of the project
ir
real interest rate
CRF
cost recovery factor
O & MC operation and maintenance cost of the system components in US$/unit-yr
1 and 2 are respectively, the weights of the economic and
quality index
Ci
per-cost power output of each generator
Perfij
power quality assessment of all the generators
Pij
power output each power suppliers
C antot ()total annualized cost
CC, RC and MC are respectively, the capital, replacement and
operation and maintenance cost of the system
Ni
no. of each energy resource
Ki
cost converting factor from replacement to
present cost
, and are respectively, the cost of the SPV, wind and other
costs like installation and commissioning
EL(t)
daily load demand at time t
EPV(t) and EW(t) are respectively, the average daily output
energy of the SPV and wind turbine
EfNPC g expected value of the net present cost
and are respectively, the signicance level and limiting
parameters
Pr
rated load power
CACm and,COMm are respectively, the minimization of annualized investment and operation and maintenance cost
of all element of the system
CREMPn replacement cost of fuel cell and electrolyzer
C, k and n are respectively, the cost of energy in U.S. cents/

kW h, annual capacity factor in per-unit and amortization period in years
P, r
are respectively, the installed cost in U.S. $/kW and
xed annual interest rate in per-unit
E load
yearly output in kW h
TPV
total present value of actual cost of all system
components
I and n are respectively, the annual discount rate and system
life in years
Cpv, Cwind, and C bat are respectively, the sum of present value of
capital and maintenance costs of the SPV, WES and
battery bank in the life span
CO PV,CO W and CO Bat are respectively, the sum of capital and
maintenance cost of SPV,WES and battery bank in the
life span
Y PV YW and Y Bat are respectively, the life time year of SPV, WES
and battery bank
E an(,, h) annual energy supplied from solar-wind
hybrid system
and h are respectively, the azimuth angle, slope angle of the
plane in radians and height of wind turbine
d and T are respectively, the discount rate and useful lifetime
TAC and E tot are respectively, the total annualized cost, and
annual total energy
C cap, Crep and Camain are respectively, the initial capital, replacement and annual maintenance cost of each
component in US$
Y rep and Y proj, are respectively, the replacement cost and
project lifetime component in year
E annual annual consumed energy (kW h/year)
C acap, C amain and C arap levelized capital cost, maintenance and
replacement cost of the system vectors respectively
w, s, b
are respectively, the WES, SPV and battery storage
systems
Ii, S Pi,OM Pi Initial cost, present worth salvage value, and
operation and maintenance cost (OM) for ith equipments respectively
ACC, ARC and AMC are respectively, the annualized capital,
replacement and maintenance cost of project lifetime
Cav, i and Ki are respectively, the average generation cost (Rs/
kW h), summation index to include all devices and
load factor for ith device
capital cost in Rs/kW for the ith device
Pi
Pr and Ri are respectively, the present worth factor purchased in
n years later and rating in kW of the ith device
Co, Cinst Preplaced and PWmaint are respectively, the component
cost, installation cost, replacement and maintenance
cost respectively
E Gen and LCC life cycle cost for hourly energy generation of
hybrid system
Kd and lp annual real interest rate and system life period in
years respectively
ANN and ICC are respectively, the annualized costs and installed capital cost
CFnet
net capacity factor considered for one year
2.4. Hybrid-coupled with DG system

Hybrid-coupled conguration with conventional diesel generator is shown in Fig. 4. In this conguration, ac renewable energy
resources and diesel generator are directly connected to power
frequency ac bus line while the dc renewable energy resources are
connected to the dc the bus line by proper power converters. The
379
and are respectively,the cost of a SPV and batter system

CO
total constant costs including the cost of design
installation of a wind turbine
DE (t)
decit energy for hour t
P load
total load demand for the given period
EHS,
expectations for healthy
ELS
risk system states
gDG,gPV r,t,i,j,k,n, and gWT r,t,I,j,k,n are respectively, the generations
of DG, PV and WT units
Ht
number of hours associated with tth time frame
Ppv and Pw are respectively, the power supplied from the SPV
and WES
C and SOC are respectively, the cost of the components and
state of battery charge
N,h,L
are respectively, the number of time intervals, number
of hours and average annual power load in kW
D
duration of unavailability of load (h)
E GEN and EL(t) are respectively, the total energy generation and
energy demand
inv, B Inverter and battery efciency respectively
P1 and P2power supply probabilities of SPV and WES success to
meet the demand respectively
q1 and q2Probabilities of failure for the possible combinations of
SPV and WES respectively
En
batteries energy stored at any time t
EBm,and EBmin minimum allowable energy level and minimum
battery energy level
E B,t 1 energy stored in the batteries in previous hour
Phmin,Phmax are respectively, the minimum and maximum
power generated by the hybrid system in kW
Ph
power output of system
fpk (Ph) and am are respectively, the probability density function
of system power output and number of days of the
mth month
toutage(i) outage operating time in hours of battery; 1 for load is
greater than the generating capacity plus the battery
storage level, otherwise 0
eunserved(i) energy not supplied in the hour i of the year
Ew(t) and E pv(t) energy generation from WES and SPV
respectively
CT,CCpt and CMtn are respectively, total cost, total capital cost
and maintenance cost
NSol,Nwind, and NBatt are respectively, no. of solar, wind battery
systems
CSol,Cwind and CBatt are respectively, unit cost of solar, wind and
battery system
Ptsol & Ptwind power generated by solar and wind turbine system
CAPEX,R &E are respectively, capital cost of DRE system,
replacement cost and NPV of use full energy of the
lifetime of the projects
Ck,, Rnpv,Snpv,and O&M npv are respectively, capital cost, net present value of replacement, salvage and O & M cost of
the system components
Qn,d
annual energy in kW h, annual discount rate
Ccap,Crep, capital cost and replacement cost respectively
Cmain,Cs maintenance and salvage cost respectively
combination of the renewable energy resources with diesel generators can save the fuel consumption and achieve a constant
power supply best suited for remote areas applications. But the
main drawback of this conguration is the emission of greenhouse
gases that cause global warming in addition to availability of the
fuel problem [24]. The summary of HRES congurations for off grid
applications is given in Table 1.
380
Fig.1. DC-coupled HRE conguration.
Fig. 2. PF AC-coupled HRE conguration.
Fig.3. Hybrid-coupled HRE conguration.
3. Hybrid renewable energy system based energy planning for

off grid applications
Hybrid renewable energy system with or without diesel generators for off grid applications is a theme of current origin with
limited applications. The energy planning concept at the decentralized level involves preparing an area-based standalone mode,
based on the development of renewable energy sources at the
lowest cost to the economic and the environment. The objective of
the planning is to minimize the overall annual cost of energy
through the minimization of the non-local resources or the maximization of the overall system efciency. The decentralized level
planning refers to a cluster of village/block and district/state level

regions across the countries. Some illustrations of the planning
models functional to the village/block and district/state levels have
been reviewed in the following section.
3.1. Village/block level power generation of HRE systems
The individual villages or clusters (blocks) of villages make distinctive rural identities. Each village or a block of villages is usually
characterized by vast unpopulated areas in between, with scarce or
no population. A power distribution plan for the villages should
meet various energy needs of the villages and should be devised
381
Fig.4. Hybrid-coupled HRE with DG system.
Table 1
Summary of HRE system congurations [11,24,2629].
Sl. Type of
no. schemes
AC R.E
DC R.E
DG Converters Storage
resources resources
systems
Merits
DCcoupled
PF ACcoupled
Hybrid
-coupled
Hybridcoupled
with diesel
generator
Conguration is simple and no synchronization If the dc/ac converter fails, the whole system
is required.
would not be able to supply ac power to ac
loads.
Synchronization is required to match with the
This scheme is well-matched for rural and
urban Areas applications, including households, ac bus line and the incoming output from the
communities, commercial as well as Small Scale generator which is derived from the ac/dc
renewable energy resources.
Industrial loads.
Hybrid -coupled scheme has high system efSystem control and energy management are
ciency and lower system cost.
more complex than those of ac and dc coupled
congurations.
Best suited for rural applications. Hybrid system Causes global warming due to the emission of
green house gases. System control and manwith diesel conguration can increase the
agement is quite complex.
power supply availability and save diesel.
Demerits
Note: DC R.E ResourcesSPV and WES System; AC-R.E Resources-MHP/SHPBMSBGS.
within the limits set by a Gram Panchayat and/or Taluk Panchayat

[17]. Various researchers have proposed plans for the distribution of
power generated through the HRES in remote villages the worldwide. Some of the decentralized village/block level models of various countries have been reviewed in the below section.
A micro-level energy planning study was carried out by
Deshmukh and Deshmukh [20] in the northern part of Rajasthan,
India. The goal programming method was used to obtain multiple
goals based optimal resources allocated for mixing the energy
needs at the inter-village level. The inter-village mix of the microlevel energy planning resulted in a better use of energy sources as
compared to single villages. Patil et al. [30], the methodology of an
optimum combination of energy resources with battery was constructed, based on the seasonal load demand fullling the energy
requirements of the proposed area. Akbar and Fatholah [31] proposed a methodology to design the optimal sizing of the hybrid
systems to satisfy the energy demand with the least total cost
through different heuristic techniques. They suggested that the
PVwindbattery system was more cost effective than the PV/
battery and Wind battery system. They also reported that the
ABSO yielded more promising results compared to other techniques. Ramakumar et al. [32] proposed an integrated renewable
energy system for different scenarios of solar energy to fulll
different energy needs best suited to the remote rural areas in the
developing countries. The objective function was formulated to
minimize the total annual cost subjected to the energy and power
constraints. Nicola et al. [33] worked out the cost competitiveness
(levelized cost of energy) of the PV solar and micro hydro power
based village grid, and compared them with the power based
diesel generator. They also estimated the emission cost of CO2 and
potential of reduction in it. Ashenayi and Ramakumar [34]

developed an IRES model to fulll different energy needs as
appropriate to the remote rural areas, with the loss of powersupply probability used as the preferred indicator for the proposed
system to minimize the initial capital investment cost through the
objective function, while essentially minimizing the annual operating cost of the system. Luiz and Silvio [35] carried out an economic analysis of a hybrid dieselphotovoltaic system for decentralized energy generation in Northern Brazil. Seven villages were
identied for the use of the hybrid systems in the specied power
range, considering the low average load in the area. They also
experimented with other local utilities, like low income, customer
based, cost effective hybrid systems. Ramakumar et al. [36] proposed a knowledge-based design to minimize the total capital cost
at the selected reliability level. The design procedure was applied
for each time-section to nd the ratings of the energy converters
and/or quantities of the resources needed as well as the sizes of
the energy storage systems to fulll the energy requirements at
the desired reliability level, subject to resource availabilities and at
Minimum Capital Cost. The nal design was based on these seasonal designs and the prioritization of the various seasons.
Balamurugan et al. [37] carried out a one-year period simulation on the basis of the load data of three villages in Chennai. The
hybrid energy system comprised gasier, wind, SPV, and battery,
with the goal of maximizing the energy supply to the load and
minimizing the dumping of energy. Mahmoud et al. [38] analyzed
the feasibility of the historical data for seasonal electrical consumption and seasonal observations of the renewable energy
sources. They worked out the economic metrics, such as the
annual worth, future worth, benet-to-cost ratio and internal rate
382
of return. Based on these economic metrics, both the solar and the
hybrid systems proved feasible with a very slight margin. Joshi
et al. [39] developed an LPM based optimization model to minimize the cost value function for a mix of energy sources and
conversion devices in a typical Indian village for the domestic and
irrigation sectors. The study revealed that wood and agricultural
residues were the preferred energy sources for cooking in the
domestic sector.
Gregoris et al. [40] carried out a comparison of the two systems
for both the locations in terms of the technical and economic
aspects, arriving at the result that the type of the system to be
used in each case was directly dependent on the climatic characteristics of the specic location. More specically, for Nicosia,
the solely PV system was a better option than the PVwind hybrid
system, while in Nice the opposite was the case. Ashok [41]
developed a general optimized model for nding the optimal
combination of community based hybrid energy systems developed for Indian conditions. The solar PV, wind, and micro-hydro
with diesel and battery backup were considered in the model. A
decision support system was also developed using it to help the
designer in sizing the hybrid power system hardware and selecting the operating options on the basis of the overall system performance and economies, when the site specic conditions and
load proles were known. Das et al. [42] proposed an energy
consumption strategy for the end-user applications in the
domestic and agricultural sectors in India. They measured the biogas project benets in terms of the bio-gas and manure outputs
with reasonable resource constraints. The households were supposed to provide the required animal residues for the bio-gas
production, or to acquire the shortfall from other households.
Radha [43] proposed cycle charging strategy based hybrid/offgrid power generation systems for a remote coastal area of Oman.
The three optimized models and the cost of energy were determined based on the concept of the least cost of energy. Akella et al.
[44] proposed an integrated renewable energy system model for
fullling the energy requirements in the Indian context. They
determined the unit cost and the cost of hybrid combination IRES
based model with the reliability range of 1.00.75 EPDF. Gupta et al.
[45] developed a mathematical modeling of the solar, biomass,
biogas, MHP and diesel system for modeling the hybrid energy
system. The resource assessment was made based on the economic
penetration levels of the photovoltaic array areas and the cost
optimization for a hybrid energy generation system. Chinmoy and
Chattopadhya [46] proposed a block level energy planning for
residential lighting through a multi-objective fuzzy linear programming approach, to design a model of energy utilization by
developing a frame for an optimized solution considering four
sources and six devices for meeting the energy demand of the study
area. Baniasad and Ameri [47] carried out a techno-economic analysis of a standalone energy system capable of fullling the load
demand of 50 remote rural households in Iran. The economic feasibility was determined in terms of total net present cost. Three
different hybrid system congurations, namely the PV/bat, wind/bat
and PV/wind/bat were examined for the purpose. Nfah et al. [48]
simulated the best electricity supply options for some remote villages in Cameroon for meeting the typical village demand of
111 kW h/day. They also determined the levelized cost and breakeven grid distance of the hydro as well as the PV hybrid systems.
Neves et al. [49] conducted comparative study of rural electrication projects to determine ways of effective utilization of
energy in islands and remote villages. To this end, they analyzed
documented projects executed in regions with less than 100,000
people. In order to identify the determinant factors for the success
of the electrication project, they considered different indicators
such as energy demand and proposed technical solutions for
island and remote village characterization. Lee et al. [50] proposed
two hybrid approaches (PV wind with small hydro power dominant system) for meeting the energy needs of Thingan and Kolkhop villages in Makawanpur district, Nepal. This system also
reduced environmental hazard by reducing the demand for fossil
fuel and wood.
Trifkovic et al. [51] implemented a supervisory controller for
proper power management and a set of local controllers for efcient
hydrogen generation and consumption. A model predictive controller was designed for optimal operation of the electrolyzer and
fuel cell. The controller performance showed signicant improvement in the utilization of both components. Consequently, better
power management of the hybrid energy system could be achieved
as compared to when there was no model predictive controller.
From the above discussion, it is evident that adequate work has
been done in off-grid applications for a village/cluster of villages for
meeting two or more types of energy needs. However, it is necessary to explore a plan to meet all the needs of the rural people
staying in a village. Studies are required to assess the feasibility of
energy planning at the panchayat level. Further, block/taluk level
energy planning has been attempted globally for meeting all the
basic needs of a village in (more than 500) blocks/taluks. Still, there
have been very limited efforts at block level planning and even
these efforts are not based on any optimization approach. The
studies based on load sectors and target population for village/block
level energy plans of HRE system is given in Table 2.
3.2. District/state level energy planning of HRE systems
The district/state level energy planning includes numerous
blocks of villages with various needs and energy sources. A few
energy plans on the district/state level have been discussed below.
Hiremath et al. [17] developed a bottom-up approach of the
decentralized energy planning to fulll the power requirements of
the rural areas in an affordable, environmentally sustainable and
reliable way. The proposed model was designed to meet the
energy needs at the lowest cost, free from environmental hazards.
The decentralized energy based planning was carried out in
Tumkur district in India. Various scenarios were considered during
the decentralized energy planning for the year 2005; and the plan
could further be extended to the year 2020. Iniyan et al. [52,53]
presented an optimal renewable energy model for an efcient
utilization of the renewable energy sources in India for 2020 and
2021. This model aimed at minimizing the cost/efciency ratio on
the basis of demand, reliability, social acceptance and potential
constraints. This model apportioned the renewable energy
resources for various purposes, including pumping, cooling,
lighting, transportation and cooking, for 2020 and 2021. Devadas
[5456] proposed a methodology to carry out a primary survey of
the rural power utilization patterns and the controlling aspects
regarding power inputs and outputs in the rural energy scenario.
Further, two micro-level planning models for a rural energy system with an extensive data comparison from the secondary and
primary sources were presented. Herrmann and Osinski [57]
proposed a methodology of the top-down and bottom-up
approaches at various levels of sustainable land use plan for the
rural areas of South Germany. Malik and Satsangi [58] developed a
multi-level power planning in India involving districts, blocks,
villages, rural areas and states. Based on the rural survey of
Wardha district, it employed the extrapolation technique. The
proposed technique considered the approach of moving from the
village level to the corresponding block level energy scenario, and
then from the block level to the district/region level energy prole.
The results showed that the model appropriately allocated the
optimum combination of energy sources using a mixed integer
based linear programming technique.
383
Table 2
Studies based on load sectors and target population for village/block level energy plans of HRE System.
Study areas
Energy sources
Applications
Planning Target population
DS C/I A/L Other
Remote community in the Northern SPVBSDG

Australia
Villages in Rajasthan, India
SPVWESBGE
Remote hilly area uttarakhand,India SPVWESMHP
BMEBGSBT
Rafasanjan, south of Iran
SPVSWTBS
Hypothetical rural village, India
SPVSTP WES SHP
BGE
Indonesia
SPVMHPBS
Hypothetical rural village in India
SPVWES SHP
BME
seven villages in northern Brazil
SPVBSDG
Hypothetical rural village in India
SPV WESSHP
BMS
3 Villages in Chennai, India
SVPBMSWESBS
Abu Dhabi
SPVSWT
Rural village in India
BGEBTDG
Nicosia,France
SPVSWTBS
Rural village in Kerala
SPVSWTDGBT
Rural villages in India
SPV-WES-BGE
Oman
SPVWESDG
Jaunpur block in Uttaranchal
Narendra Nagar block in
Uttarakhand
Narayangarh Block of Midnapore
District in India
Kerman, Iran
Cameroon in South Africa
Thingan and Kolkhop in Nepal
Canada
ST
ST
Evolutionary algorithms
LP/MPSX SIMPLEX
[31]
[32]
ST
ST
LCOE based approach

IRES/LPSP
[33]
[34]
LT
ST
Software based model

IRES/KB
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
HOMER
Economic based model
LP
TRNSYS
NLP
DP
Energy-economic
optimization
LP/LINDO 6.10
MILP Model
[44]
[45]
MOFLP model
[46]
HOMER
Simulation tool
Hybridization tool
Matlab/simulink
[47]
[48]
[50]
[51]
SPVSWTBS
SPVMHPDG
SPVWIGMHP
SPVWIGFCHS
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
[20]
[30]
ST
ST
[1]
Dynamic modeling and

ANN
GP
LPSP IREM Model
SPVWESBGE
SPVSWTSHP
BGEDG
SPVBGS
References
0200 200500 500 &

above
ST
Techniques/software/
model
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
Table 3
Studies based on load sectors and target population for district/state level energy plans of HRE System.
Study areas
Energy
resources
Applications
Planning Target population
Residential C/I A/L Other
Tumkur district in India

Indian context
Kanyakumari District of Tamil
Nadu, India
South Germany
SPVSTPWES
BGS
BGSBMS
Six geopolitical zones of Nigeria SPV WESDG
MT
MT
ST
References
WINQSB/GP
MOP/Delphi tool
[17]
[52,53]
GAMSMINOS/LP
model
GIS/modeling
approach
HOMER software tool
[5456]
0200 200500 500 and

above
Techniques/software/
model
MT
ST
[57]
[105]
Note: DSDomestic Sector; CCommercial; IIndustrial; AAgricultural; STShort-Term; MTMedium-Term; and LTLong-Term; SPVSolar Photovoltaic; BGSBiogas
Generating System; BMSBiomass Generating System; SHP/MHPMicro/Small Hydro Power; WESWind Energy System; DGDiesel Generator; BSBattery System; FCFuel
cell; HSHydrogen Storage.
A district/state includes several thousand villages, with blocks

or panchayats having differing energy resources and needs. Not
much literature exists on the feasibility of the decentralized
energy planning at the district/state level and the integration of
sub-units within a district and/or state. The studies based load
sectors and target population for district/state level energy plans
of HRE system is presented in Table 3.
4. Modeling and optimization techniques
Modeling ensures proper designing, analysis and optimization of
a mathematical representation of the system enabling an observation of the effect of changes in the system variables. The design of
HRE system mainly depends on the performance of the system
components.The better performance with least cost of the system

can be achieved through optimal modeling of the individual system.
The optimization techniques through mathematical modeling help
in solving complex problems in the hybrid systems [59,60]. Many
researchers have carried out studies to address the problems related
to the standalone systems, and most of these studies have delivered
promising results in terms of reduced cost and increased system
reliability. This paper offers a critical review of various modeling
techniques employed in the hybrid system based power generation
for off-grid applications.
4.1. Classical techniques based optimization models
The classical techniques based optimizations facilitate the
nding of optimum solutions of the continuous and differentiable
384
Table 4
Comparison of various modeling and optimization techniques used for HRE systems.
Techniques/
approach
Energy
sources
Objective function(s)
Criteria
Findings
Economic
Environmental
Social
Technical
Determined optimal resources allocated for mixing the energy at [20]
Minimizes total annual cost

(
)
M
N
P
P
C
Ri
Aij X ij
Economic
Developed a very simple model for any arbitrary resource- tasks [32]
Minimizes dumped energy and Maximize the energy supply

(
24
P
P
P i I i t Q dump t g
Technical
A. Classical/conventional techniques
MOGP
STPBGS
Minimizes under and over achievement of the goal
P
BMS
j 1; 210
Minimize
d j dj
subjected to
Objective functionj wj dj wj dj bj
LP
SPVWES
SHPBGS
HOMER/EMS
SPVBMS
WESBS
t1
LP/LINDO Software
6.10
MOP
SPVWES
SHPBGS
SPVSTP
WESBGS
combinations.
Optimal size of IRE based model has been achieved based on
j1
different seasonal conditions through LP approach.
LPM
BGSBMS
RESNRES
Minimizes the cost of the energy generation

Minimizes cost/efciency ratio
6 P
1

P
C ij =ij X ij
Minimize
Economic
Technical
Economic
Technical
Social
Maximizes the revenue of the rural system
Economic
SPVWESBS
LP
SPVWES
SHPBGSDG
LP
SPVWES
SHPBGSBS
SPVWESBS
DP
SPVWES
SHPDG
SPVWES
BGS
Technical coefcients are considered as useful indicators for areas [54]

belonging to similar agro-climatic zones and with comparable
socio-economic conditions.
Suggested an optimal location of energy-transformation devices [61]
to minimize the cost of the supply system for meeting the energy
demand and saving in the North China Plain.
Determined the optimized active area of SPVwind and battery [62]
storage system to minimize the LCC.
Suggested a cost effective hybrid energy system including micro [63]
hydro, solar, biomass, biogas and diesel generator using LP based
approach.
Minimizes total life-cycle cost of the system

Z C 1 Q C 2 R C 3 Bmax C 4 Q ; R; Bmax
Minimizes cost of hybrid energy system
dn P
6
24

P
P
MIN : TC
C j Ejdt
Economic
Economic
Minimizes the total cost of the energy

P
Minimize : C T
C ij Rij
Minimizes equipment cost of the system

P
P
P
P
P
CPVi N PV i C WT J N WT j C Bh N Bh CINgi N INg C CT k N CT k
Minimize X
Economic
Addressed a optimal reliability model based on economic feasi- [64]
Economic
Linear programming has been used to evaluate the economic [65]
NLP/NIA
lighting, pumping, cooling, heating, and transportation needs.
d1j1t 1
LP/MATLAB
Determined system feasibility based on EPDF values.

[44]
For EPDF values between 1.0 to 0.75, the system is found feasible.
Proposed an effective OREM for dissimilar demand use such as [52, 53]
Economic
Minimizes total cost of energy supply

PP
OF MinC
Cij Xij
i
LP/MSDA
Presented a novel method for fair use of storage and surplus [37]
energy in batteries as per demand integrating SPV-BMS-WES.
j1i1
LPM
the inter-village level through micro level planning.
Minimizes total capital cost

CC
Nh
P
h1
Ch
N
W
P
w1
Cw
Ns
P
s1
bility for a remote site.
feasibility of the HRES according to the NPV.

Economic
Cs
Ng
P
g1
Cg
Nb
P
b1
Discussed a NLP based method for sizing of hybrid system to save [41]
the total fuel cost of DG.
Cb
Maximizes total benets for a xed investment
Economic
Proposed an appropriate alternate energy model for rural energy [42]
NLP
WESDGBS
Minimizes the overall cost of the system
Economic
MILP
SPVWESBS
Minimizes initial investment cost
Economic
MILP
SPVBMS
Minimize the system cost
Economic
Analytical method/
MCS
SPVWESDG Minimize the production cost of SAPS

nPV
nWT
nDG

P PV
P WT
P DG
gr;t;i;j;k;n OC PV
g r;t;i;j;k;n OC WT
gr;t;i;j;k;n OC DG
Minimize f G Gt;i;j;k;n
r
r
r
Economic
r1
r1
r1
planning process in the developing countries at the end-use

activities i.e. agriculture and household sectors.
Determined the most cost effective optimal conguration of the
wind-diesel and wind-battery hybrid for the seasons of the year.
Demonstrated the performance of the integer based model to
determine the location and size of the HRES than the binary
based model in terms of investment cost.
An optimal biomass solar town model was presented for a smart
eco-village that can assist the planners or and the policy makers.
The optimized production costs of SAPS are obtained and nullify
the correlation between the solar radiation and the load.
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
i1
References
MOEA
SPVSTP
Total cost of the system
B. Articial intelligence techniques

IRES/KB
SPVWES
Minimizes total capital cost
SHPBMS
GA
SPVWESBS Minimizes the system cost of hybrid system

min J x min C c x C m x
x
GA
GA
SPVWESBS
SPVWESBS
Economic
Environment
Investigated economic viability of thermal and photovoltaic [70]
Economic
Developed knowledge-based IRES-KB tool for optimal sizes of [36]
Economic Technical
Investigated a GA based meta-heuristic model for optimal num- [76]
Economic
Optimal desalination system conguration was obtained by [77]
energy storage at a pre-selected reliability level.

ber units to minimize the total cost.
Minimizes capital and maintenance costs
Best power quality and lowest cost of the system

min f
3 P
n
P
1 C i 2 perf ij P ij
Economic
Technical
Environmental
selecting chromosomes from the total state space of potential

solutions.
Determined quality index parameters to minimize cost and [78]
improve power quality of each system generator used.
PSO
WESFCBMS Minimizes the net present cost of the system

NPC NPC WG NPC el NPC f c NPC ref &reac NPC comp NPC conv
Economic
Developed a fast novel PSO based solution technique for sizing of [79]
Evolutionary PSO
SPVWESBS
Maximizes benet-cost ratio (BCR)

P12
ESm
1
max :BCR CC w AF W mCC
P AF P AOM
Economic
Maximized BCR of hybrid system to determine the impact of [80]
Minimize net present cost of the system

NPC i N i CC i RC i K i O&MC i CRF i ir; R
Minimizes levelized cost of energy
Economic
Technical
PSO
SPVWESBS
PSO
SPVWESBS
PSO
Ant colony
SPVWESBS
SPVWESBS
Minimizes life cycle costMinLCC
k A PV;W;Bat
hybrid energy systems to minimize the NPC.

changes in electricity cost and capital cost.
Economic
Reliability
C k OMNPV;k RNPV;k SNPV;K
Minimizes total cost of the system

MINC T C Cpt C Mtn
A PSO based solution technique was developed to lessen the [81]

annual NPC including reliability index of each resource.
A PSO based approach has been proposed to analyze the LCC& [82]
LCE of the hybrid system considering losses between generation
and demand side.
Proposed methodology to minimize the total net present cost of [83]
the hybrid system through PSO based optimization approach.
Optimized value of PV, wind and battery systems has been found
as 21, 4 and 63 respectively.
Proposed the suitability of ACO method to optimize the total cost [84]
of the hybrid system.
Economic
Technical
Economic
Reliability
Economic
Determined the least net present cost of the hybrid renewable [85]

C Cpt CRF N Sol C Sol N wind C wind N batt C batt C backup
"
#
24
24
X
X

P tsol t C wind
P twind t 365
C Mtn C Sol
Mtn
Mtn
t1
DMOPSO
SPVWESBS
t1
Minimizes NPC
energy system using dynamic multi objective PSO based

approach.
C. Hybrid techniques
SA-Tabu Search
SPVWES
DGBIODG
FC
Monte Carlo simu- SPVWESBS
lation/PSO
Minimizes the system's cost of energy

C antot
MinCOE Eanloadserved
Minimizes the net cost system

L
P
N i CC i RC i K i MC i PWAir; R
NPC
Economic
Technical
SPVWESBS
Minimizes the system cost
minimizes system cost PV WP W WP
Economic
A hybrid iterative-GA based method was investigated to select [89]

optimal sizes of PV array and wind turbine that offer minimum
system cost.
Subject to : EL t r EPV t PV WP EW t W WP
MODO/GA
SPVWESBS
Minimizes hybrid system life cycle

cost primary embodied energy cost.
SPVWESBS
Minimizes cost of energy
ANN/GA/MCS
SPVWES
DGBS
Minimizes the net present cost
Economic
Technical
Reliability
Technical
Economical
A GA based approach has been used to design a hybrid PV-wind- [90]
Technical
Economical
battery system for a residential area considering LCC, system

embodied energy and loss of power supply probability.
Designed three ANFIS based PV-wind hybrid congurationto get [91]
the least cost of energy based on LPSP and probability of unmet
load over total energy produced.
Proposed an optimum load management strategy to minimize [92]
energy supplied by the diesel generator and battery bank.
385
ANFIS
systems. Efcacy rate of hybrid approach (SA-TS) was found to be

better than the individual Technique.
Proposed a hybrid MCS-PSO to determine the capacity of the [88]
hybrid wind, SPV and battery system considering the uncertainty.
Economic
Reliability
i1
Hybrid iterative/GA
Presented optimal size with least cost of the autonomous power [87]
i1j1
conversion system considering oil prices and various

associated costs.
C REMP n
SPVWES
DGBS
SPVWESBS
Evolutionary
algorithms
SO/MCS
Minimizes the total annual cost

minimize TAC Capital Maintenance
Minimizes expected total cost
n elec;FC
m WTG;PV;elec;FC;tk
Note: SPVSolar Photovoltaic; STPSolar Thermal Power; WESWind Energy System; BMSBiomass System; BGSBiogas System; SHPSmall Hydro Power; BSBattery System: DGDiesel Generator: FCFuel Cell; HPSHydrogen
Power System.
tem allocation, power generation and transmission in the HRE

system.
Technical
Economical
Technical
than those of the other algorithm minimized total annual cost.
MCS Simulation model achieved the least expected cost for sys- [95]
optimal sizes as well as minimizes the total cost of power plant.
Developed a fast and efcient PSO/DE algorithm to determine [93]
Minimizes the total costs of the system

(

P
C AC m C OMm
F obj min
SPVWES
HPS
PSO/DE
Min E fNPC g
Energy
sources
Techniques/
approach
Table 4 (continued )
Objective function(s)
subject to : P r fENS r g Z 1
Criteria
Technical
Economical
Findings
ABSO based models were found to be more promising and robust [94]
References
386
functions. The methods are analytical in nature and make use of

the differential calculus techniques in constructing the optimum
energy models. These optimization techniques have limited scope
increases, where the problems include objective functions that are
not continuous and/or differentiable. The conventional optimization methods used in the hybrid energy systems are based on:
linear programming model (LPM) [36,44, 6265]; dynamic programming (DP) [42]; non-linear programming(NLP) [41,66];multiobjective programming (MOP) [52,53]; multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) [70]; multi-objective goal programming [20]; analytical method [69]; and multi-input linear programming (MILP) [67,68]; software and optimization tools
[71,72];.These are reviewed below.
Deshmukh and Deshmukh [20] developed a multi objective
goal programming (MOGP) based optimized energy scenario for
maximizing the efciency of the system, reliability of the local
resources, employment generation and social acceptance for the
proposed system, as well as minimizing the cost, use of petroleum
products, and emissions. The energy resources were allocated for
meeting the energy needs of cooking, lighting, pumping, heating
and cooling, and biomass was used as the major energy source.
Ramakumar et al. [32] designed a linear programming IRES model
for fullling the energy requirements of the developing countries
and worked out the total annual cost of the system through the
objective function subjected to a set of energy and power constraints. Akella et al. [44] cost variables of resources were incorporated into the objective function in order to achieve the minimum generation cost. Devadas [54] developed an LP based model
to maximize the energy production and revenue from the crops
subjected to system constraints. The revenue generated in the
rural system was achieved by deducting the total cost of fertilizer,
commercial energy, animal feed and the wages of the hired
laborers from the crop revenue. Fang [61] proposed an optimized
model through the linear programming (LP) method and 78
equations were developed for the developmental changes of the
rural energy supply and system demands. Hennet and Samarakou
[62] developed a photo-voltaic conversion system with generating
wind machines with the optimal capacity of the battery storage
system, minimizing the total life-cycle cost of the system through
the objective function subjected to system parameters. The algorithm comprised generating the system costs corresponding to
various values of the parameters and using these costs in a search
procedure to determine the minimum cost function. Gupta et al.
[63] proposed an integer-linear programming based, steady-state
model to determine the optimal unit cost and operate the hybrid
energy system, using hourly supply resources and load demand.
The model was quite general and applicable to various energy
demand supply combinations. The cost optimization function was
used to nd the unit cost of the total energy demand.
Patil et al. [64] developed a cost function IRES model to generate
electricity as the end product. The model was formulated based on
the residential, community, agricultural and small industrial loads
with the optimized function considered for minimizing the cost of
the energy of the IRES systems while considering the reliability
parameters, such as the energy index ratio and the expected energy
not supplied. Nagabhushana et al. [65] proposed a cost function
model to minimize the equipment cost of the hybrid renewable
power system. Ashok [41] proposed a numerical iterative algorithm
based hybrid model for the electrication of the rural community
areas in Kerala, India. The objective function was formulated for
designing the size optimization of the solar-wind-micro-hydro
hybrid system. Zeftawy and El-Ela [66] developed three optimized
models to minimize the total diesel generation cost, combining the
diesel-wind energy systems through the non-linear programming
technique. This technique was used to optimize the combination of
the winddiesel generation units to meet the load demand. Iniyan
387
Table 5
Merits and demerits of various sizing methodologies of HRE systems.
Modeling techniques/
approach
Classical techniques
Linear programming model
(LPM)
Non-linear programming
(NLP)
Multi-objective programming (MOP)
Multi-input linear programming (MILP)
Merits
Demerits
Linear problem optimization is competent for probability The breakdown/non-functioning of any one of the [36,44,54,6365]
index reliability analysis and economic constraints.
Numerical approach based model enables solution of a

complex Problem with a great number of very simple

operations.
Trade-offs between different benets of different objects and
chooses the prior one.
Sensitivity analysis was carried out to validate the results.
Binary variables problems are feasible to have an optimal
solution. Model was useful for policy makers in tropical
countries to evaluate an environmental smart eco-village
Goal programming is well suited for multiple objectives and
used to satises task rather than optimize.
Helpful in arriving at investment decisions about new
systems
Computationally efcient as compared with MCS and
requires less computational time.
The method is highly modular and can be extended to new
sites with other parameters

renewable may drastically affect the overall system

energy delivery capability
Numerical method always works with more [41,66]
iteration.
wind uncertainty has not been considered.
Time consuming and decision-making process is [52,53]
found to be less transparent. Potential constraints
are used to obtain realistic distribution pattern.
Model is more realistic and signicantly increases [67,68]
the difculty in solving it.
Multi-objective goal programming (MOGP)

Dynamic programming (DP)
Analytical method
Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms

(MOEA)
Articial intelligence
Genetic algorithm (GA)
Particle swarm optimization

(PSO)
The method can work out the problems of scattering and Several modications are required.
Conicting in nature.
optimization.
Heuristic methods are most successive and have the max-
More time and thought is required in the on con- [20]

struction of program coding.
Too many recursive functions may be confusion in [42]

the coding.
Method requires discrete continuous probability [69]

density functions for each segment.
Quite difculty in coding
[70]
Real-coded GA techniques are based on the mechanism of Highly depends on converging at local optima due [7678]
natural selection and natural genetics.
to intensication process.
imum efciency rate.
Knowledge based System

(KB)
Ant colony
Hybrid techniques
Simulated Annealing-Tabu
search
Monte Carlo simulation-PSO
Hybrid iterative/GA
References
KB establishes rational basis design, and prediction.

Fairly, and quick
high convergence speed
[75,7983]
Design process is repeated for each time-section to [36]

obtain the required set of design.
required long term memory space
[84]
Meta heuristic techniques can improve the quality and con- Repeatability of optimization results obtained with [87]
vergence, instead of individual SA and TS.
the same initial condition.
Optimization ability can be easily completed.

The method suffers from the partial optimism
Chromosomes with a higher tness value are used to pro- Suboptimal solutions are reached due to
[88]
[89]
duce the next generation.

linearly changing of the decision variables.
MODO/GA
Dual-purpose projection was made to facilitate results.
The tradeoff between cost and sizing is a major [90]
ANFIS
Manufacturers data to be used for its hybrid system.
The tradeoff between cost and sizing is a major [91]
ANN/GA/MCS
Considered probabilistic parameters with generating training Complexity in designing of the system.
[92]
Chronological characteristics are not taken into
input-output data for an uncertain function.
Evolutionary algorithms
Most robustness and quick convergence.

Most suited for multi objective problems
Requires less computational time
compromise in hybrid sizing.

compromise in hybrid sizing.
Optimization-MCS
account.
Inertia weight are randomly adjusted
[94]
Too many sampling recursive functions and vari- [95]

ables lead confusion in the coding
et al. [52,53] developed an OREM for renewable energy allocation in

India for the year 202021. The optimized function was devised to
minimize the ratio of cost and efciency, while satisfying the constraints of social acceptance, the reliability factor of the renewable
energy systems, the potentials of renewable energy, and the energy
demand for different end-uses. The cost, efciency, social acceptance, reliability, demand, and potential factors were treated as
input in the model and the results were analyzed. Ferrer-Marti et al.
[67] suggested two alternative mathematical models that could be
used either as an integer or a binary variable to dene the location
and size of the equipment. The formulated optimized function
involved two alternative functions that could be used with either
integer or binary variables, in order to dene the location and size
of the equipment. Ho et al. [68] proposed an optimization based
model to minimize the cost components of the designed hybrid
system, including biomass, biogas, solar photovoltaic, battery storage and inverter systems, while satisfying the resource availability,
inverter operation and binary constraints through the MILP based

techniques.
Khatod et al. [69] developed a systematic, analytical approach
based SAPS model, with wind and solar energy sources. The
optimized function was considered to minimize the production
cost of SAPS and nullify the correlation between the solar radiation
and the load. The considered study period was one year, divided
into numerous time frames, with each time frame considered
separately. Balamurugan et al. [37] formulated an objective function to maximize the energy supply to the load and minimize the
dumped energy. They developed an optimization model to optimize the availability of energy to the loads, according to their
levels of priority. Xavier et al. [70] proposed a multi-objective
evolutionary, algorithm based optimized function. However, it was
difcult for the investment intensive solar or storage technologies
to efciently respond to the highly variable loads when not connected to a main grid. Therefore, the objective function based
optimization model was used to minimize the total cost, taken as
388
the cumulative investment cost for all the components over 20

years, in addition to the operational cost. Das et al. [42] used an
objective function for maximizing the advantages from a xed
investment. The optimized function was formulated on the basis of
a multistage decision making process by separating the three
projects into three sequential steps, with the objective of formulating a policy that would result in the maximum total benet
achievable by dynamic programming. Joshi et al. [39] developed
an optimal mix of technologies for cooking, lighting and irrigation
from the locally available renewable energy resources and commercial sources. Wood and agricultural residues were the preferred energy sources for cooking in the domestic sector. Biogas
was economically feasible only for the plants holding 8 m3 or
more. Electricity was found to be the best option for lighting and
for irrigation, but diesel-powered pumps were preferred to electric
pumps. Biogas was found economical for lighting only when the
biogas-conversion efciency in the mantle was taken to be twice
of the 2% presently available. Sunanda and Chandel [71] carried
out a comparative analysis of 19 software tools used for multiple
generator hybrid system. Further, they obtained different optimal
congurations of PV-battery and PV-wind-battery hybrid for the
proposed area through HOMER and RETScreen software. Iqbal
et al. [72] presented various types of linear and non-linear optimization algorithms used in renewable energy sources. These
optimization techniques applied to different end usershomes,
small units, and industry. They also gave future research directions
for optimizing off grid and on grid based systems.
4.2. Articial intelligence techniques based optimization models
Articial intelligence can be dened as the application of science and engineering in making intelligent computer programs.
Generally, the AI techniques are appropriate methods and provide
better optimization results [73,74]. However, heuristic based
optimization approaches are used to optimize the utilization cost
and life time of energy storage cost and to maximizes the efciency [75]. The earlier researchers implemented numerous AI
techniques to solve the size and cost optimization problems of the
hybrid energy systems in off-grid applications. The AI based
techniques reviewed in this study are: knowledge based system
(KB) [36]; genetic algorithm (GA) [7678]; particle swarm optimization (PSO) [7982]; evolutionary particle swarm optimization
(EPSO) [83]; Ant colony [84]; SAM/DMOPS/SM [85]. These are the
techniques applied in most optimization problems as well as
hybrid energy system planning for off-grid applications.
Ramakumar et al. [36] proposed a knowledge-based IRES
model to minimize the total capital cost at a pre-selected reliability level. The model was applied for each time-section to nd
the ratings of energy converters and/or quantities of the resources
needed. Koutroulis et al. [76] investigated the optimal number and
type of system components for 20 years using genetic algorithm.
The optimized function was formulated to minimize the total
system cost subject to the constraint of load power with zero load
rejection. In 2010 [77], a methodology was tried to design a
desalination based hybrid system comprising the solar and wind
systems through a generic algorithm optimization function, to
minimize the sum total of the capital and maintenance costs
occurring during the desalination system's life period. The successful system operation of the desalination plant powered by the
PV modules and the W/Gs was through the natural selection and
survival of the ttest. Zeng et al. [78] used the optimized function
to minimize the objective of the system. Hakimi and Tafreshi [79]
proposed two hybrid system congurations comprising the fuel
cells, wind units, an electrolyzer, a reformer, a compressor, an
anaerobic reactor and a hydrogen tank, through a novel, PSO based
intelligent method applied to the problem of sizing in a hybrid
power system, for meeting the demand of a residential area. Lee

and Chen [80] developed an advanced multi-pass dynamic programming to determine the optimal size of the battery energy
storage system and the optimal contract capacities for the time-ofuse-rated customers at the Taiwan Power Company.
Ardakani et al. [81] formulated an optimized cost function to
minimize the net present cost of the hybrid generation system
operation over 20 years. Amer et al. [82] proposed a hybrid
renewable energy system to satisfy the load demand. The Particle
Swarm Optimization Technique was used as the optimization
searching algorithm for reducing the levelized cost of energy with
a satisfactory range of production, considering the losses between
the production and the demand sides. The objective function was
introduced in the tness values sensitive to the particle swarm
process. Askarzadesh and dos Santos Coelho [83] developed three
grid independent hybrid renewable energy systems for electrication of a small load area in Kerman Iron. Optimal model of
hybrid system was achieved based on the integer variables of
system components such as total active area papels, total swept
area of the wind turbine blades and number of batteries using PSO
based approach. They found PV/WT/battery hybrid system was
most cost effective and reliable for meeting the energy demand of
the proposed area. Fetanat and Ehsan [84] proposed size optimization for the hybrid photovoltaic-wind energy systems using the
ant colony optimization technique for a continuous domain based
integer programming. The objective function of the PV-wind system design was the total design cost, which was the sum of total
capital cost and total maintenance cost to be minimized. The
optimization was separately performed for three renewable
energy systems, including hybrid systems, solar standalone system
and wind standalone system. Shara and ElMekkawy [85] developed a multi-objective optimization frame based on three design
criteria while considering LPSP: total net present cost of the system, renewable energy ratio, and CO2 emission. They also assessed
a combination of renewable energy technologies to increase the
renewable energy ratio (RER) in the study area. For the analysis,
they considered wind turbines, PV panels, heat pumps, biomass
boilers, and PEV cars. Results revealed that RER increased by 100%
in both cases while a higher NPC was observed in the
stochastic case.
4.3. Hybrid techniques based optimization models
Even though the above mentioned optimization techniques are
successful in dealing with the hybrid renewable energy system
problems, the technical literature provides other promising hybrid
techniques. Hybrid based techniques (combining two or more
algorithm) are the promising techniques to overcome the limitation of single algorithm [86]. Hybrid techniques are: SA-Tabu
search [87]; Monte Carlo simulation-PSO [88]; hybrid iterative/
GA [89]; MODO/GA [90]; articial neural fuzzy interface system
(ANFIS) [91]; articial neural network/GA/MCS [92]; PSO/DE [93];
and evolutionary algorithms [94]; simulation optimization-MCS
[95]. These techniques offer better solutions for the HRES.
Katsigiannis et al. [87] formulated an optimized function to
minimize the cost of energy while satisfying both the economic
and the technical constraints. The problem was related to the
results obtained by simulating the operation of the SAPS for a
given time, i.e. the optimal sizing problem of the SAPS renewable
energy technologies. The solution to this problem involved considerable difculties due to the large number of design options
and the uncertainty in the values of many important input parameters. Here, two popular met heuristic methods, namely SA and
TS, were applied and compared. Bashir and Sadeh [88] developed
an algorithm to determine the capacity of the system for wind,
photovoltaic cell and battery for supplying a certain load. The
Table 6
Studies based on various cost function(s) models used for HRE system.
Energy resources
Techniques/
approach
Preferred
indicators
SPVWESBS
PSO
LCE
Cost function (s)
Findings
Minimizes the levelized cost of energy LCE
MOP/GA
LCC
SPVWESBS
HSWSO method
LCE
SPVWESBS
LPSP
COE
SPVWESBS
LPSP
LCE
SPVWESDGBS
GA
LCE
SPVBSDG
LCOE
DPSP
LUEC
PSO
TNPC
SPVWESDGBS
HOMER software tool NPC
ANN/GA
NPC
1 r n
E Gen t
minimizes total net present cost
TNPCCRF
COERs=kW h P
8760
t 1
EGen t
di1 din
1
1 din
iAMC
Minimizes the net present cost of system NPC ACCh ARC
j
i1 i
SPVDGBS
GA
LCC
Minimizes the Life cycle cost C :N PV :N Batt C O
SPVWESBS
Genetic algorithm/
LPSP
ACS
ACS C cap:
PSO
TCS
MHP BMSBGS
WES SPV
LPSP/C
AGC
TC
C av
i w;s;b
i1 i proj
Y
1 i proj 1
PV Wind Bat Tower C rep
r 1 r n
m
1 r n 1
i
1 iY rep 1
C amain PV Wind Bat Tower
Ii SP i OM pi
P
TLCC
[99, 100]
[101]
[102]
annualized total system cost to the energy production over the

year. Also calculated degree of system reliability based on
deciency of power supply probability.
Determined 12 combinations of optimized model based on the [104]
different types of the system components through cycle
charging.
They proposed 10th combination (minimum COE and Maximum RF) was preferred for the study area.
Bat
Proposed a methodology frame for achieving break even cost [109]

for both off and on grid extension through trade off solutions.
pi Ri
87:6
d
LCOE TLCCCRF
:1d1
E
dN 1
[98]
Minimizes the average generation cost of energy of four dif- [110]
Ri K i
ferent IRE model and considered scenario four as the most

reliable & cost effective for the study area.
Obtained three scenarios based results on the basis 0, low, [111]
medium, intermediate and high O&M values of solar and wind.
389
Matlab/Optimization
technique
[97]
were simulated through HOMER. The PV/Diesel/battery hybrid

model was considered as most economic for the study area.
Proposed a methodology to minimize the net present cost of the [106]
diesel based hybrid system. Also discussed failure rate of the
battery system through sensitivity analysis.
Proposed optimized sizes of wind 1.5 kW, No of PV modules [107]
-53 W and battery storage 100 Ah with a round-trip efciency of 0.85 for meeting energy need of typical house in
Massachusetts.
Proposed ten combinations of hybrid system model of which [108]
seventh one was most reliable suited for the proposed area.
The objective is to minimize the annualized cost of the system.
SPVWESBS
[90]
There are seven optimal combination of hybrid system models [105]
TAC
Minimizes total net present cost C NPC CRFi;n
1 ij 1
SPVWESBS
Levelized cost of equation has been established based on the [82]
Levelized unit cost of energy has been calculated based on [103]
Minimizes the levelized unit electricity cost

LUEC $=kW h PLCCCRF
8760
CRFd; n
SPVWESDG
nancing, insurance, maintenance and various depreciation

schedules.
1x
Determined optimal sizes of nine PV modules (240 W), one
Minimizes the total life cycle cost LCC Pw
Pr C inst C ma int x x 1 x PW replace
wind turbine (900 W) and battery storage capacity of 180 Ah
for the proposed study area through GA technique.
Pn
COi =yi COPV =Y PV COW =Y W COBat =Y Bat Degree of system reliability was determined with two sizing
Minimizes levelized cost of energy LCE i 1Ean
Ean ;;h
parameters for 1 and 3 day storage battery bank.
Least cost of energy with an LPSP of 1% and 5% was achieved
for the system.
h
i

An optimal size of solar-wind systems has been designed to
1 r n
P
Minimizes cost of energy C 1r
r n 1 87:6k O&M
meet all the energy needs of inhabitants, rather than focusing
only on electricity. Also estimated grid and off grid investment
cost per person.
h
i
Analyzed and compared monthly and daily energy balances for
1 dn
PVC 1d
n
d 1
Minimizes levelized cost of energy LCE TAC
optimal hybrid PV/wind system congurations for all 5 sites in
E tot
Etot
Corsica Island.
C
x C amain x C arep
Minimum average battery bank state of charge (77.58%) with
Minimizes levelized cost of energy LCE acap
E annual
diesel generator was achieved. Also discussed minimization of
CO2 emission levelized cost of energy.
LCOE of hybrid system has been estimated on basis of cost of
Minimizes levelized cost of energy

PN OM 1 C
electricity production for a given lifetime of a system.
C L
1 r n
n 1
LCOE PN STF1 dn
t 1
SPVMHP BMS
BGSWESDG
n 1
SPVWESBS
d1 d
ICC ANN O&Mn=
1 dn 1
8760CF net
;
SPVWESBS
8
<
References

f d;n C cap C rep C main C s
N1
NP
t
NPC
Note : COECost of Energy; LCELevelized Cost of Energy; ACSAnnualized Cost of the System; TCSTotal Cost of the System; NPCNet Present Cost; AGSAverage Generation Cost; LCCTotal Life Cycle Cost; LUEC Levelized Unit
Electricity Cost; COSCost of System.
NPC
HOMER
SPVWESHS
Minimizes net present cost

SPVWESBSDG
NPC
HOMER/PSO/CPSO
NPC
Q n =1 dn
n 1
SPVWESBSDG
Minimizes net present cost and cost of energy for different [114]
LCE PN
LCE
GA
Findings
Cost function (s)
Preferred
indicators
Techniques/
approach
Energy resources
Table 6 (continued )
combination of hybrid system using genetic algorithm based

on different power rating of pumping water and tilt angle of
solar system.
Minimizes the net present cost of the PVdieselbattery based [115]
hybrid system using CPSO.
Obtained two Scenario based hybrids models with production [116]
of hydrogen and storage system.
Hybrid model of wind PV system was found to be most feasible for study area.
References
390
optimized function was formulated to minimize the cost as well as

the specic reliability constraint. The Monte Carlo simulation
technique was considered to assess the uncertainty in the wind
and photovoltaic power generation. The particle swarm optimization was used for the optimal sizing of the system. Khatib et al.
[89] proposed a hybrid technique based algorithm to create a set of
possible congurations for the proposed system, while the genetic
algorithm was employed to nd the optimum conguration. The
optimization problem involved an optimum capacity pair that
covered the load demand at a specic LLP at the minimum cost.
The optimized function was formulated to minimize the unit cost
equation. Abbes et al. [90] developed a multi-objective based
model to nd the best compromise between the life cycle cost, the
embodied energy and the loss of power supply probability. A
controlled elitist genetic algorithm was implemented using
Matlab. The model had a better tness value that could help in
increasing the diversity of the population even with a lower tness
value. Rajkumar et al. [91] proposed an ANFIS based technique to
grasp the learning abilities of the ANN through the intelligent
system's performance, using prior knowledge. These techniques
provided the membership function parameters that best allowed
the associated fuzzy inference system to track the input/output
data. This optimisation model was used to nd the conguration
of the hybrid system with the lowest cost and excess energy.
Lujano Rojas et al. [92] formulated an optimized function to
minimize the operational cost of the system. The optimal conguration of the hybrid system was achieved by considering the
probability of a determined level of reliability that must be guaranteed in a certain grade. These hybrid programming models can
be used by integrating the probabilistic simulations of both an
ANN and a genetic algorithm.
Sanchez et al. [93] proposed the optimal sizing to satisfy the
power demand of the electric load with the lowest cost. An optimized function was considered as the target as well as the tness
function for both the algorithms to nd the optimal solution
within the search space. The minimization problem included
investment, O&M, and replacement cost of the system's components. Maleki and Pourfayaz [94] proposed an optimum sizing for
the hybrid power system with a reliability index in terms of the
loss of power supply probability, using the evolutionary algorithms. Chang and Lin [95] investigated the uncertain environment of a hybrid energy system through the simulation optimization and Monte Carlo simulation based techniques. They
developed a hybrid power system model to estimate the power
shortage cost, energy storage cost, power generation cost and
carbon emission cost. The proposed model aimed to seek the
optimal size of the PV, wind and diesel power generators as well
as of the energy storage system. Fadaee and Radzi [96] addressed
overview of optimization methods based on multi-objective
approach using evolutionary algorithm. Based on study, they
suggested that, genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization are most popular applied method in the development of
hybrid based modeling.The comparison of various modeling and
optimization techniques used for HRE system and merits and
demerits of various sizing methodologies of HRE systems are given
in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.
5. Economics based modeling

Renewable energy systems are generally entail high capital
costs, even though they have low operation and maintenance
(O&M) costs and less fuel costs, due to which an economic analysis
is required to determine the optimum cost and benet ratio, and
achieve the least possible unit price of the HRES. Various investigators have developed the economic based sub-models: levelized
Table 7
Studies based on various reliability function(s) used for HRE systems.
Energy resources
Techniques/models
Preferred
indicators
SPVWESBS
LPSP based model
LPSP
Reliability function (s)
T
P
Findings
Determined desired system reliability requirements (0 LPSP value) with least LCE, [94]
DEt
while system comprising a 125 W photovoltaic module, one wind generator (600 W)
and storage batteries (using 253 Ah).
t 1
LPSP P
T
P Load tt
t 1
SPVWESBS
SPVWESBS
SPVWESBS
LPSP
PT
LPSP
t o
power:f ailure:timeP supplied t o P needed t

N
PT

LPSt
LPSP 1 PT t
Evolutionary
algorithms
LPSP
GA
LPSP
LPS
8
r
r
X
X
>
>
< LPSP
LPS=
EL;t
LPSP
>
>

>
;
: LPSt ELt EGt EB;t 1 EB: min :inv >
T

P
LPSP
t 1
t1
LPSP t 1
Presented an optimal combination for 100% reliability system with a 2-day-storage [97]
ELoad t
9
>
>
=
t1
The Loss of Power Supply Probability was considered as the long-term average [118]
ELt E Gt EBt 1 E Bmin :inv

T
P
ELt
t 1
SPVMHPBMS
BGSWESDG
PSO
SPVWESMHP
BMSBGS
IREOM/C
SPVWESBS
Recursive algorithm
EENS
EIR
EIR
EENS
EENS
EIR
0 8P
760
EENS
LD
B
EIR 1 @i E1 O
C
A
L D
bility preferred indicator of expected energy not supplied (EENS) and energy index
ratio (EIR).

EIR 1 EENS=EO
9
8
KF
X
>
>
>
>
>
=
< EENS
EENSf >
Developed a recursive algorithm based model to consider the outages due to pri- [119]
mary energy uctuations and hardware failure.
f 1
SPVWESBS
SPVWES
Mixed-integer multi- EENS

EIR
PSO
Analytical approach
RENS
LOHE
LOLE
>
>
>
>
>
>
;
:
EIR 1 EENS
EO
8
9
R P h max
< EENS L P
=
P h :f P h P h dP h
L 4 P h max
h min
R P h max
: EENS
;
L

P
:f
P
dP
P
r
L
r
P
h
h
h
h
min
h
max
Ph
P h min
nPV

nWT
nDG
P PV
P WT
P DG
RENSt;i;j;k;n
g r;t;i;j;k;n
gr;t;i;j;k;n
gr;t;i;j;k;n
NT
X
LOHE
fraction of the load not supplied by a stand-alone system. An LPSP of 0 means the
load will always be satised and an LPSP of 1 means that the load will never be
satised.
Determined the fuel consumption operating hours of the DGs and the batteries [104]
combination over a year. Also chose 10 as the minimum operating hours of the DGs
for 2061 h/yr.
Developed an optimized model with energy balance techniques considering relia- [110]
8760
X
i1
battery bank, and only the con guration with more than 1.5-day-storage battery
bank reliability requirement.
Proposed a cost effective hybrid system and system rank for different LPSP values [99]
(0%, 0.3% and 1%) and found the most cost effective hybrid system for LPSP value at
5%.
Determined optimal size of PV and wind through GA and degree of system reliability [117]
has been assessed based on LPSP concept.
r1
r1
Additionally, presented a methodology to determine an upper limit to the size of the

battery storage system to satisfy a given energy demand.
Proposed a convolution technique to assess the long-term performance of a hybrid [120]

r1
Ht EHS
system. Mathematical expressions were also developed to nd the optimal power

generation by the wind and solar output power.
To consider the intermittence of the solar and wind, Beta and Wei-bull distribution [69]
functions were used in the modeling of the system. The analytical method proved to
be computationally efcient as compared with the Monte Carlo simulation method.
t1
LOLE ELS
SPVWESBS
Reliability based
model
REPG
DPSP
T
P
T
P
EPGt
REPG P
t 1
T
GA
LLP
E L t
Ph 8760
energy
LLP Ph h1 8760
h 1
SPVWESBS
SPVWESBS
Reliability based
model
LOLE
Reliability based
model
LOLR
LOEE
8760
P
i1
Reliability indices were considered due to the probability that an inadequate power [103]
supply might result if the hybrid system was unable to meet the load demand.
t 1
T
t 1
SPVDGBS
EPGt
REPG P
EL t
t 1
def icit h
Several scenarios of hybrid based power generation were developed to choose the [112]
load demad h
eunserved i
LOLRa 1 p q
SPVWESBS
HSWSO
References

LOLRb q1 q2 p1 q2 p2 q2
most optimal conguration that fullled the load demand with a specied value of
loss of load probability (LLP).
Several scenarios of the hybrid based power generation were developed to choose [122]
the most optimal conguration that fullled the load demand with a specied value
of the loss of load probability (LLP).
The LOLR evaluation was carried out based on the probability network modeling [123]
using the binomial distribution to achieve optimal congurations.
391
Note : LPSPLoss of Power Supply Probability ; EIREnergy Index Ratio; EENSExpected Energy Not Supplied; LLDLoss of Load Deciency ;DPSPDeciency of Power Supply Probability; LOLELoss of Load Expectation ;EPGExcess
of Power Generation; LOLRLoss of Load Risk.
392
cost of energy (LCE) [82,97103]; net present cost (NPC) [105,106];

total life cycle cost (LCC) [107,111]; annualized cost of the system
(ACS) [108]; total cost of the system(TCS) [109] and average generation cost(AGC) [110]. These preferred economic indicators are
reviewed in this section.
Amer et al. [82] developed a simple optimization approach
used to optimize the hybrid system using the PSO technique. The
Levelized Cost of Energy was used as the preferred indicator for
minimizing the life cycle cost. The life cycle cost was considered as
life time energy production and expressed in terms of Euros per
kW. Abbes et al. [90] developed 120 Pareto optimal sets and chose
a conguration that met the residential electricity demand. The
Elitist generic algorithm for a multi-objective optimization was
applied successfully for the sizing of a PVwindbattery system.
The LCC and EE were correlated in the design of the autonomous
hybrid system. Yang and Zhou [97] proposed a hybrid solarwind
battery system optimization sizing (HSWSO) model, a novel optimum tool developed based on the loss of power supply probability
and levelized cost of energy concept. Using the LPSP objective
function, the congurations of a hybrid system which can meet the
system reliability requirement were obtained. There were three
sizing parameters in the simulations, i.e. the capacities of the PV
system, wind system and battery bank. Ramakumar et al. [98]
developed a cost function model to minimize the cost of energy
generated by a renewable energy system. They addressed the basic
economic issues related to the renewable energy sources and the
advantages of the integrated use of several resources, as well as
the importance of quality in arriving at the energy system
topologies. The optimum sizing of the autonomous hybrid PVwind system with battery storage, using the optimization model,
was developed by Diaf et al. [99]. The system congurations can be
obtained in terms of a system power supply reliability requirement by using the loss of power supply probability concept. In
[100] two optimal sizing of the HPPS system congurations were
achieved to meet the energy needs of ve sites located on Corsica
Island. The proposed hybrid system was the best option for all sites
and yielded a lower LCE. The optimum cost function to minimize
the levelized cost of energy was obtained by considering the ratio
of the total annualized cost to the cost of the annual electricity
delivered to the hybrid system. Bilal et al. [101] proposed a Pareto
based, multi-objective, GA based optimal sizing for a hybrid solar
windbattery system, with the aim of minimizing the annualized
cost as well as the probability of the loss of power supply. Bachir
et al. [102] identied the economic viability of a hybrid PV/diesel
conguration, based on the concept of levelized cost of electricity.
Kaabeche et al. [103] recommended an optimal size for the different system components of the hybrid photovoltaic/wind based
power generation system, using the iterative technique. They also
proposed a grid-independent hybrid PV/wind system, simulated
by running the developed program and utilizing the relationships
between the system power reliability and system congurations.
They considered an economic model based on the levelized unit
electricity cost concept for assessing the protability of the system.
Upadhyay and Sharma [104] considered the cost of energy as one
of the most excellent economic protability indicators of system
cost analysis in this study of hybrid energy systems, with the cycle
charging strategy for a remote area demand of 7 un-electried
villages of Dhauladevi block of Almora district, with an account of
the available resources of solar, hydro, biomass and biogas energy,
along with the addition of diesel generator. Olatomiwa et al. [105]
proposed a hybrid system for rural electrication in six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. They evaluated the economic aspects
in terms of the net present cost, cost of energy and renewable
energy fraction of the hybrid system for all the climatic zones.
Lujano-Rojas et al. [106] estimated the technical and economic
effects of the charge controller operation and the coulombic
efciency for the autonomous hybrid energy systems, as well as

the techno-economic effects of the charge controller operation and
the coulombic efciency of the standalone hybrid power systems.
The effects of the charge controller operation and the coulombic
efciency on the number of hours of operation of a conventional
generator were analyzed, along with fuel consumption and net
present cost. Borowy and Salameh [107] attempted the optimum
size of a battery bank and a PV array for a standalone hybrid
system to meet the load of a typical house in Massachusetts, USA.
The long term data (30 years) of both wind speed and radiation
were used to calculate the average power generated by a wind
turbine and a PV module. For a given load and a desired loss of
power supply probability, the optimum number of batteries and
PV modules was calculated based on the minimum cost of the
power system. Yang et al. [108] recommended an optimal design
model of hybrid solarwind systems with battery banks, applied to
design a hybrid system to supply power for a telecommunication
relay station along the south-east coast of China, ensuring that the
annualized cost of the system was minimized while satisfying the
custom required loss of power supply probability (LPSP). They
considered ve decision variables in the optimization process, i.e.
the PV module number, PV module slope angle, wind turbine
number, wind turbine installation height and battery capacity for
the proposed system. The economic based model was considered
to minimize the annualized cost of the system while satisfying the
custom required loss of power supply probability. The optimal
design model was developed on the basis of the least cost. Wang
and Singh [109] proposed an optimum design of a standalone
hybrid energy system using a mixed-integer PSO algorithm. Their
economic based model was used to minimize the total cost of the
system subject to the physical and operational issues. The cost
model involved the initial cost, and the operational and maintenance cost for each type of energy resources, from which the
salvage value of the equipment was subtracted.
Ranaboldo et al. [111] proposed different congurations of
hybrid based projects through adapted design algorithm by considering multiple scenarios of O&M costs. Results showed that
lower the O&M costs of wind turbines and solar panels, higher was
the share of wind energy over the total production. Ismail et al.
[112] investigated a cost effective hybrid model for a small rural
community in Palestine. They also minimized the cost of energy
through the objective function while incorporating the global
warming emissions in the optimization process. Martin and Susanto [113] developed a model to calculate the breakeven distance
between the grid extension and the selected DRE technology. The
results showed that, in many cases, the DRE could be cheaper than
a grid extension.
Carroquino et al. [114] proposed a drip irrigation system powered by renewable energy and conventional gen-set for the study
area. They evaluated levelized cost of energy based on the annual
net present cost through genetic algorithm. Based on simulated
results, two optimal hybrid systems; only diesel and photovoltaic
diesel are proposed for the study area. Out of these two models,
photovoltaicdiesel based hybrid system was more protable for
the whole year. Also consider the variation of solar tilt angle and
scheduling of pumping water for sizing the hybrid system. Khare
et al. [115] proposed optimized models based on homer software.
Obtained results are compared with particle swarm optimization
(PSO) and then chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO). It has
been found that CPSO found to be better results compared to
HOMER software and PSO. They suggested two hybrid congurations; PVwinddieselbattery system and PVdieselbattery
system. Environmental point of view, Prior one was found to be
most feasible solution and as per the net present cost point view
second one was most feasible for the proposed area. Kalinci et al.
[116] proposed HOMER based optimization models based on the
[103]
[112]
Calculated based assumption of load at xed hour
Not capable of meeting the customer demand
EPG/DPSP
LLP
[69,122]
dance with time.
Normalized with total annual energy demand

LOLE/LOLR
EENS & EIR
system.
Increased computational efforts and suboptimal solutions

The effectiveness of the system for serving a variable load in accor- [104,110,119,120]
393
ACS
TCS
AGC

LCC
NPC

account.
Salvage cost is not included
Net present cost depends on fuel cost and the uncertainties about the [105,106]
battery banks lifetime.
The considered maintenance cost is quite low.
[107,111]
Neglected O& M cost of cable, electric meter and micro grid.
Interest rate and ination rate are quite low.
[108]
Salvage cost of battery storage is not included
[109]
Taxes and insurances are not included.
[110]
Moderate No of PV and moderate capacity of wind are taken in to [82,97103] LPSP
Preferred indicator Limitations

Preferred indicators Limitations
References
Reliability based models

Table 8
Limitations of various economic and reliability models studied by various investigators.
In the existing HRES literature, the reliability means of using

renewable energy sources have mostly not been considered due to
the relatively inconsequential contribution of such resources to the
bulk power systems and the lack of appropriate techniques, the
available techniques being computationally demanding, especially
in systems with a large number of due congurations. A relatively
higher use of these energy sources in the small isolated power
systems can create signicant impacts on the cost and reliability.
Various investigators have developed the reliability sub-models on
the concepts of these reliability indices: loss of power supply
probability (LPSP) [94,97,99,117,118]; expected energy not supplied (EENS & EIR) [104,110,119,120]; loss of load expectation and
loss of load risk (LOLE & LOLR) [69,122]; excess of power generation (EPG) and deciency of power supply probability (DPSP)
[103]; and loss of load probability (LLP) [112]. These are
discussed below.
Khatod et al. [69] presented a systematic analytical approach
for the wellbeing assessment of small autonomous power systems
with wind and solar energy sources. They accounted for the
uncertainties related to the solar radiation and wind speed
through the Beta and Weibull distributions. The proposed hybrid
model was computationally very efcient and required less time
and much less amount of meteorological data than the Monte
Carlo simulation method. They also carried out different system
reliability assessments in terms of the expected energy not supplied, loss of health expectation and loss of load expectation for
the proposed system. Maleki and Pourfayaz [94] proposed an
articial bee swarm optimization for optimal size of a standalone
PV/WT/FC hybrid system implementing LPSP rules to maximize
the allowable loss of power supply probability. Hongxing et al. [97]
implemented a hybrid solarwind system optimization sizing
(HSWSO) model, a novel optimum sizing tool, developed on the
basis of the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and the LCE
concepts. Three sizing parameters as well as orientations of the PV
modules and height of the wind turbines were incorporated in the
simulation method, in order to optimize the different sizes of the
components of the hybrid system, employing a battery bank. Diaf
et al. [99] considered one of the least levelized costs of energy for
the system sizing of an autonomous hybrid wind-with-battery
bank through probability index method, on the basis of loss of
power supply probability. The reliability function based model in
terms of the deciency of power supply probability and excess
power generation was proposed by Kaabeche et al. [103]. These
reliability indices were considered due to the probability of an
inadequate power supply when the hybrid system was unable to
meet the load demand. The excess power generated was given as
the surplus in power generated, and used by the system. Upadhyay
and Sharma [104] developed a hybrid energy system with the
cycle charging strategy for remote area electrication. The reliability based model was optimized with the energy balance techniques by considering the expected energy not supplied as a
probabilistic index used in the reliability analysis of the hybrid
Economic based models
6. Reliability based modeling
LCE
References
meteorological geographical data of the island. HOMER uses net

present cost while ranking system suitability. They proposed PV/
wind turbine and only wind turbine based hybrid system with
production of hydrogen and storage system. The scenario of PV/
wind turbine based hybrid system was found to be most feasible
while much reduction in NPC and reduced capacity of hydrogen
tank. Also examined variation of NPC by changing parameters of
annual average solar radiation as well as annual average wind
speed. The studies based on various cost function(s) models used
for HRE system is given in Table 6.
Difcult to represent the dynamic changing performance of the [94,97,99,117,118]
394
energy system. Borowy and Salameh [107,118] computed the

optimum number of a PV model, and batteries for the wind and PV
hybrid systems. The LPSP considered the long term average fraction of the load not supplied by the standalone system.
Patil et al. [110] developed an IREM model based on the seasonal load prole and determined two system sizes, i.e. the specied system sizes and the manufacturer specied system sizes.
They also worked out the reliability indices in terms of the
expected energy not supplied. The developed model was optimized with the energy balance techniques by considering two
different probabilistic values of the EENS. This value could differ
due to the variation of hourly average demand, irradiation, wind
velocity and the state of charge of the battery bank. Ismail et al.
[112] considered different scenarios of the hybrid based power
generation to choose the most optimal conguration that would
cover the load demand with a specied value of the loss of load
probability. They also considered an energy balance study based
on the assumption that no power interruption would occur
through the year or through a certain LLP value. Xu et al. [117]
investigated the genetic algorithm with the elitist strategy for
optimally sizing a standalone hybrid power system with the
objective of minimizing the total capital cost, subject to the constraint of the Loss of Power Supply Probability. Karaki et al. [119]
presented a probabilistic performance assessment of the autonomous solar-wind energy conversion systems computed by combining their discrete load duration curves expressed in terms of
load variation over one time frame of the basic evaluation period.
Tina et al. [120] presented a probabilistic approach based on the
convolution technique to evaluate the long-term performance of a
hybrid power system for both standalone and grid-linked applications. To assess the energy performance of the hybrid system,
the reliability parameter was considered through the use of the
energy index of reliability, directly related to the energy expected
not supplied. Wang and Singh [121] developed an optimal hybrid
model using PSO based approach by considering the multi-criteria
parameters. Georgilakis and Katsigiannis [122] also considered the
same concept which was expected to surpass the available capacity and the expected energy not supplied when the load exceeded
the available generation. In [123], a method was introduced for the
assessment of the optimal solar-wind hybrid system. The optimal
combinations were obtained based on the loss of load risk (LOLR)
and evaluation of the cost by minimizing the PV portion. The
optimum alternative was obtained as 60% and 40% proportion of
the PV and the wind respectively. The studies based on various
reliability function(s) used for HRE system is presented in Table 7,
and limitations of the various economic and reliability based
models are studied by various investigator is given in Table 8.
7. Conclusions
Hybrid renewable energy system based power generation has
been recognized as a feasible and has proved to be cost effective
power generation option in off grid applications due to advancements in power converter and renewable energy technologies
which improve system efciency. In this study, an attempt has
been made to review relevant aspects of the hybrid renewable
energy system for off grid applications. Different approaches to
system congurations and HRES based energy planning systems
applicable to village/block, and district/state levels worldwide
were reviewed and presented considering the target population
and energy sources. Based on the review, it is observed that
reliability based models are good measure of system performance
as they eliminate, to a great extent, the uncertainty that comes
with renewable energy resources. Further, various economic based
models have been studied and it has been observed that optimal
sizing of the hybrid system helps achieve lowest cost. The cost is
arrived at by considering the overall cost incurred over the operating life of the system.
The sizing methodologies used by different researchers for the
sizing of integrated system components were also discussed and
summarized. It was observed that hybrids of two or more optimization techniques allowed better assessment of risk by considering greater number of parameters, enabling establishment of
global optimum system congurations.
Although a lot of work has been carried out in the area of HRES,
yet there exist gaps that need to be addressed through extensive
analysis to determine the technical and economic benets of any
new HRE system. This study encourages researchers to consider
developments in technology and criteria for HRES in order to come
up with effective solutions that give optimal system size with
least cost.
Acknowledgments
The corresponding author wishes to express his sincere thanks
to Alternate Hydro Energy Centre and Quality Improvement program (QIP) Centre, IIT, Roorkee, India for providing research
facilities and All India council for Technical Education (AICTE),
Government of India for providing nancial support in the form of
research scholarship. He also wishes to express his gratitude to
Malnad College of Engineering (Govt aided), Hassan, Karnataka,
India for nancially sponsoring him to pursue doctoral study.
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Planning and Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 376396

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

A review on planning, congurations, modeling and optimization

Corresponding author. Tel.: 91 8791340700.

HRE systems; Section 4 presents different mathematical modeling

2. Hybrid renewable energy system congurations for off grid

are respectively, the under and over achievement of

optimized total cost of all the end users

C, k and n are respectively, the cost of energy in U.S. cents/

2.4. Hybrid-coupled with DG system

and are respectively,the cost of a SPV and batter system

Fig.1. DC-coupled HRE conguration.

Fig. 2. PF AC-coupled HRE conguration.

Fig.3. Hybrid-coupled HRE conguration.

3. Hybrid renewable energy system based energy planning for

planning refers to a cluster of village/block and district/state level

Fig.4. Hybrid-coupled HRE with DG system.

Note: DC R.E ResourcesSPV and WES System; AC-R.E Resources-MHP/SHPBMSBGS.

within the limits set by a Gram Panchayat and/or Taluk Panchayat

potential of reduction in it. Ashenayi and Ramakumar [34]

Planning Target population

DS C/I A/L Other

Remote community in the Northern SPVBSDG

LCOE based approach

Software based model

Dynamic modeling and

0200 200500 500 &

Planning Target population

Residential C/I A/L Other

Tumkur district in India

Six geopolitical zones of Nigeria SPV WESDG

0200 200500 500 and

A district/state includes several thousand villages, with blocks

components.The better performance with least cost of the system

Determined optimal resources allocated for mixing the energy at [20]

Minimizes total annual cost

Minimizes dumped energy and Maximize the energy supply

Optimal size of IRE based model has been achieved based on

different seasonal conditions through LP approach.

Minimizes the cost of the energy generation

Maximizes the revenue of the rural system

Technical coefcients are considered as useful indicators for areas [54]

Minimizes total life-cycle cost of the system

Minimizes the total cost of the energy

Addressed a optimal reliability model based on economic feasi- [64]

Linear programming has been used to evaluate the economic [65]

lighting, pumping, cooling, heating, and transportation needs.

Determined system feasibility based on EPDF values.

Minimizes total cost of energy supply

the inter-village level through micro level planning.

Minimizes total capital cost

bility for a remote site.

feasibility of the HRES according to the NPV.

Maximizes total benets for a xed investment

Proposed an appropriate alternate energy model for rural energy [42]

Minimizes the overall cost of the system

Minimizes initial investment cost

Minimize the system cost

SPVWESDG Minimize the production cost of SAPS

planning process in the developing countries at the end-use

Total cost of the system