ELECTRONICS CODE LOCK USING ONE

TRANSISTOR
MINI-PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SIVARANJINI.G
RAJAMBAL.A

REGISTER NO:14TE1253
REGISTER NO:14TE1237

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Of
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
IV SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MANAKULA VINAYAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KALITHEERTHAL KUPPAM,MANNADIPETCOMMUNE,
PONDICHERRY 605107.

MANAKULA VINAYAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KALITHEERTHAL KUPPAM,MANNADIPETCOMMUNE,
PONDICHERRY 605107.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BONOFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled ELECTRONICS CODE LOCK
USING ONE TRANSISTOR is a bonafide Mini-project report of work done
by SIVARANJINI.G[14TE1253], RAJAMBAL.A[14TE1237] in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech Degree in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering by Pondicherry University during the academic year
2015-2016.

Staff In charge.

Head of the Department.

ELECTRONICS CODE LOCK USING ONE TRANSISTOR

CHAPTER

TITTLE
ABSTRACT

MOVTIVATION

II

INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT

PAGENO

SYSTEM COMPONENTS
2.1 COMPONENTS USED

2.2 TRANSFORMER

2.3 REALY

2.4 TRANSISTOR

2.5 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

2.6 REESISTOR

2.7 CAPACITOR

11

2.9 DIODE

12

2.91 MOTOR

13

2.92 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

14

LOGIC OPERATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION

15

3.2 STEP BY STEP OPERATION

16

3.3 ADVANTANGES

17

3.4 LIMITATIONS

17

CONCLUSION

18

ABSTRACT

This Project describes one transistor code lock circuit which is a key coded door lock
system. Earlier password based door lock system works using 8051 microcontroller.

For that circuit, we require programming. But, here interesting thing about this circuit
is that it can be done without any programming. This circuit is simple and made up of
simple transistor and buttons.

INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION:

This is of course the simplest electronic code lock circuit one can make.
The circuit uses one transistor, a relay and few passive components. The
simplicity does not have any influence on the performance and this circuit
works really fine.
The circuit is nothing but a simple transistor switch with a relay at its
collector as load. Five switches (S0 to S4) arranged in series with the
current limiting resistor R2 is connected across the base of the transistor
and positive supply rail. Another five switches (S5 to S9) arranged in
parallel is connected across the base of the transistor and ground. The
transistor Q1 will be ON and relay will be activated only if all the switches
S0 to S4 are ON and S5 to S9 are OFF. Arrange these switches in a shuffled
manner on the panel and that it. The relay will be ON only if the switches
S0 to S9 are either OFF or ON in the correct combination. The device to
be controlled using the lock circuit can be connected through the relay
terminals. Transformer T1, bridge D1, capacitor C1 forms the power
supply section of the circuit. Diode D2 is a freewheeling diode. Resistor R1
ensures that the transistor Q1 is OFF when there is no connection between
its base and positive supply rail.

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT

This Project describes one transistor code lock circuit which is a key coded door lock
system. Earlier password based door lock system works using 8051 microcontroller.

For that circuit, we require programming. But, here interesting thing about this circuit
is that it can be done without any programming. This circuit is simple and made up of
simple transistor and buttons.

CHAPTER-11
SYSTEM COMPONETS USED IN ELECTRONICS CODE LOCK USING ONE
TRANSISTOR

2.1 COMPONENTS USED:

Transformer.

Bridge rectifier.

Resistor.

Capacitor.

Buttons.

Diode.

Transistor.

Relay.

Motor

Ac source.

2.1.Transformer
A centre-tapped step-down transformer is used to provide a suitable voltage to the fullwave rectifier. We specifically selected this transformer so that the device could be connected
directly to the wall outlet. Also the centre tapping helps us to generate a positive polarity voltage
required for the circuit. Rating: 230/15 V AC, 50 Hz

CENTRE-TAP STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

2.3 Relay
Relays are defined as remote controlled electrical switches that are controlled by another
switch e.g. - a horn switch. Relays allow a small current flow in a circuit to control a higher current
circuit. The relay used here is a Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) relay whose magnetizing coil
terminals operate on 6V DC supply. It has the following terminals:
COIL- This is one end of the coil.
COIL- This is the other end of the coil. These are the terminals where we apply voltage to in order
to give power to the coils (which then will close the switch). The polarity does not matter. One
side gets positive voltage and the other side gets negative voltage.
NO- This is Normally Open switch. This is the terminal where the device is connected that we
want the relay to activate when the relay is powered. The device connected to NO terminal will be
deactivated when the relay has no power and will turn on when the relay receives power. We will
use this terminal for powering the pump.
NC- This is the Normally Closed Switch. This is the terminal where we connect the device
that we want powered when the relay receives no power. The device connected to NC will be
active when the relay has no power and will deactivate when the relay receives power.
COM- This is the common terminal of the relay. When the relay is powered and the switch is
closed, COM and NO will be shorted. If the relay isn't powered and the switch is open, COM
and NC get shorted.
It is used in normally open mode. A 1N4007 diode and a 100F capacitor are
connected in parallel to the magnetizing coil terminals. This is done because when voltage
input to the relay coil is removed and its magnetic field collapses, a huge reverse voltage is
produced. Without proper protection, this voltage will cause the contact that is switching the
relay coil to arc and will in time destroy it.

RELAY TERMINAL LAYOUT

2.4 Transistor
Transistors are semiconductor devices used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. At least three terminals for connection to external circuit are present. By applying
voltage or current to one pair of the transistor the current through other pair of terminal changes.
Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, transistors
can amplify a signal. In our circuit, the output from the NOT gate is not strong enough to activate
the relay. Hence, we used transistor C547B to amplify it. IC 7809 provided the 9 volts Vcc to the
BJT which was connected in common base configuration.

A C547 TRANSISTOR

A diode and a capacitor are connected in parallel to the magnetizing coil terminals of the
relay. This is done because when the voltage input to the relay coil is removed and its magnetic
field collapses, a huge reverse voltage is produced. Without proper protection, this voltage will
cause the contact which is switching the relay coil to arc and in time will destroy it.

2.5 Bridge rectifier

A Bridge rectifier is an Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) converter that rectifies
mains AC input to DC output. Bridge Rectifiers are widely used in power supplies that provide
necessary DC voltage for the electronic components or devices. They can be constructed with four or
more

diodes

or

any

other

controlled

solid

state

switches.

Depending on the load current requirements, a proper bridge rectifier is selected. Components ratings
and specifications, breakdown voltage, temperature ranges, transient current rating, forward current
rating, mounting requirements and other considerations are taken into account while selecting a
rectifier power supply for an appropriate electronic circuits application.

2.6 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage
levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal
levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power
resistors, that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have
resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors
can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing
devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

2.7 Capacitor.
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store electrical energytemporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by
a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be
thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric
acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely
used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal
capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic
field between its plates.

When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across
a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on
one plate and negative charge Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a
capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a
time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, its capacitance. Capacitance is

defined as the ratio of the electric charge Q on each conductor to the potential difference V between
them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V).
Typical capacitance values range from about 1 pF (1012 F) to about 1 mF (103 F).

The larger the surface area of the "plates" (conductors) and the narrower the gap between them, the
greater the capacitance is. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount
of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, known as the breakdown voltage. The
conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating
current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant
circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems, they
stabilize voltage and power flow.

2.8 Motor
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The reverse of this would be the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy
and is done by an electric generator.
vIn normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an
electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor. In
certain applications, such as in the transportation industry with traction motors, electric motors
can operate in both motoring and generating or braking modes to also produce electrical energy
from mechanical energy.

2.9 Ac source
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load. The
primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another and, as
a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power
supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger devices along with
their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and
consumer electronics devices.

Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power
supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including electrical energy
transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a batteries and fuel cells, electromechanical
systems such as generators and alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply.

All power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the energy source, and a
power output that delivers energy to the load. In most power supplies the power input and output
consist of electrical connectors or hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies
employ wireless energy transfer in lieu of galvanic connections for the power input or output.
Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as
external monitoring and control.

2.91 Diode
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one
direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow of current in
one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor
material with a pn junction connected to two electrical terminals.[5] A vacuum tube diode has
two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first
semiconductor electronic devices.

The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in
1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were
made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other
semiconductors such as selenium or germanium are sometimes used

CRICUIT DIAGRAM:

ELECTRONICS CODE LOCK USING ONE

TRANSISTOR

CHAPTER-III
Logic and Operation:

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
This Project describes one transistor code lock circuit which is a key coded door lock system.
Earlier password based door lock system works using 8051 microcontroller.
For that circuit, we require programming. But, here interesting thing about this circuit is that it
can be done without any programming. This circuit is simple and made up of simple transistor

3.2 STEP-BY-STEP OPERATION:

1.Initially, apply the input voltage of 230V and 50 HZ to the transformer.
2.Thus, step down transformer reduces this voltage to 6V.
3.This reduced AC voltage is applied to the bridge rectifier. This outputs a pulsating
DC.
4.The output voltage is applied to the buttons through a resistor of 2.2K ohms.
5.Now initially press the switch S1 and then press switch S3.
6.Now press the switches S2 and S4.
7.Now current flows through these switches to the transistor base as the parallel buttons
are opened.
8.The relay starts switching and supply is connected to the motor.
9.Now, you can see the motor rotating, indicating that its door lock is open

3.3 Advantages of the electronics code lock using one transistor:

It is very simple, reliable and low cost.

We can use it in security applications.

We can also use it in door lock This circuit systems to open the door.

3.4 Limitations:

If the user forgets the password i.e. the order of the buttons to be pressed it is difficult to
open the lock.

CHAPTER-1V
CONCLUSION

Conclusion:
This Project conclude that one transistor code lock circuit which is a key coded door
lock system. It is easy to design and low cost.