1

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION

1-1 INTRODUCTION 2
1-2 SPECIFICATION 3

CHAPTER 2 OPERATION

2-1 INTRODUCTION 3
2-2 PREPARATION 4
2-3 POWER SUPPLY 5
2-4 STORAGE & TRANSPORTATION 6
2-5 INTRODUCTION & OPERATION OF THE TOP PANEL 7

CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

3-1 INTRODUCTION 8
3-2 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 9
3-3 FUNCTION GENERATOR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 10
3-4 DIGITAL VOLT/ AMP METER CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 11
3-5 SPEAKER CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 12

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK

25

CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES
30

CHAPTER 6 APPENDIX/APPENDICES (IF APPLICABLE)

35

CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

40
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GENERAL INFORMATION 1
1-1 INTRODUCTION
1-2 SPECIFICATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this manual is to provide the users of Digital Trainer Board all information,
including specification, instruction of operation, theories and precaution that are necessary to
operate the Trainer Board safely and smooth, there are four chapters in this report

The Digital Trainer Board contains four sections:

The Power Supply, the Function Generator, the Testing Instrument and the Input/Output Devices.

The Input/Output devices install on Trainer Board are more then sufficient for most experiments
in the field of Basic circuit and Electronic circuits. It is very versatile and has a wide scope of
application, from student and teachers in various level of educational and training institute to
engineers engaged in electrical and electronics research and development of anyone who has to
perform electronic experiments on a regular basis. It is easy to operate, simply connect the module
with the trainer using test leads and short-circuit clips provided in the accessory pack according to
the experiment manual.
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1-2 SPECIFICATION

The detailed specifications, as well as the limitation and terms of operation for this Trainer Board
are listed below.

(I) POWER SUPPLY

A. Dual DC Power Supply
1. Output Voltage: ± 3V ~ ±18V continuously adjustable.
2. Maximum Output Current : 1A
B. Fixed Power Supply
1. Voltage and Current Output: +5, 1A
+12V, 1A
-12V, 1A
C. AC Power Supply
1. Output Voltage: 12V ~0V ~12V
2. Output Current: 1 A
3. with Overload Protection.
.

(II) SIGNAL GENERATOR

A. Function Generator
1. Output Waveform : Sinusoidal, Triangle, Square.
2. Output Frequency : 10Hz ~100KHz, 4 ranges, continuously adjustable
3. Output Amplitude : ≥18Vp-p.

(III) INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Square, sine and triangle waves are produced using an LM348 and passive components. The
LM348 is a quad operational amplifier IC package; that is, it contains four separate opamps all in
the one IC. They are marked A, B, C & D in the schematic diagram.

Sine Wave.
A pseudo or imitation sine wave is produced by a wave shaping circuit. A diode is a non-linear
device. As the potential difference across it increases the current rises in the characteristic way
published in all textbooks. This circuit 'joins together' this characteristic curve to produce
an approximation to a sine wave. Two diodes have been joined together as a series pair in order
to provide a higher amplitude than would be obtained using only a single diode.

The shape of the pseudo sine wave could be improved at any particular frequency by filtering,
but filtering will cause distortion at lower frequencies and loss of amplitude at higher
frequencies. You can have perfect
sine waves at particular frequencies by switching in appropriate filters at those frequencies.
The sine wave is sensitive to loading and must be buffered. It is also low in amplitude and needs
amplification. R9 & R10 set the gain of opamp B by forming a voltage divider between the
source and the
output. If the wave shaper voltage is 1 volt higher than the reference (at the non-inverting input)
the opamp reduces the output voltage until the inverting input voltage set by the divider is equal
to the non-inverting voltage. The ratio of the values of R10 to R9 give the gain. The gain here is

Square Wave.
One opamp (LM348:D) is used. The voltage level to pin 13 is set by the resistor divider pair R1
and R2. The input to pin 12 depends on two things; firstly the potential of pin 14, and secondly,
the voltage output of opamp C at pin 8. When the input at pin 13 is higher than the input at pin
12 the output goes low. If it is lower then the output goes high. Switching back and forth
between the two states causes a square wave to be produced. The timeconstant (R4+R5)C2
determines the frequency.

Triangle Wave.
You can also consider that opamp D is set up as a bidirectional threshold detector with positive
feedback
provided by R3. R3 also gives hysteresis. The output provides a bias which tends to keep it in its
existing state before allowing switching to take place. The inverting
input is set up at about half the opamp output swing voltage by resistors R1 andR2. Accordingly
the signal
required from opamp C to cause switching is offset from this midpoint voltage by R11/(R11+R3)
which is
Approximately2/3 the voltage from midpoint to swing limits and is symmetrical above and
below the switching point. Opamp C is set up as an integrator. It performs the mathematical
operation of integration with respect to time. For a constant input the output is a constant
multiplied by the elapsed time, that is, the output is a ramp. Since the input signal goes to the
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inverting input, a high input will produce a ramp down and a low input will produce a ramp up.
The input signal is a square wave symmetrical about the midpoint potential. The current this
potential produces through R4 and R5 is constant so the up and down ramps are of equal gradient
and the resultant triangular wave is symmetrical. Any increase in the trim pot R5 reduces the
current and the integration constant which lowers the gradient of the ramp. The switching levels
haven’t changed so the frequency reduces while the amplitude remains constant. In a similar way
the current depends on the value of integration capacitor. Accordingly the integration constant
and hence
the frequency vary with the value of the capacitor. (Higher value, lower frequency since the
capacitor takes
Longer to charge.) If C2, for example, is increased to say 680nF then the minimum frequency
will be less than 1Hz. The output triangle wave does not require amplification but it does require
buffering so that that loading does not affect the waveform generator circuit. It is buffered here
with opamp A connected as a unity gain buffer. Unity gain is achieved by directly coupling back
the output to the inverting input.
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OPERATION
2-1 INTRODUCTION
2
2-2 PREPARATION
2-3 POWER SUPPLY
2-4 STORAGE & TRANSPORTATION
2-5 INTRODUCTION & OPERATION OF THE TOP PANEL

2-1 INTRODUCTION

In This chapter, the correct operating procedure and precautions daring operation for
Trainer Board circuit trainer will be explained in detail.

To ensure safe and smooth operation, the proper preparation, the correct power supply and
the appropriate storage and transport methods will be also discussed.

Most the power supply and function generator on……are equipped with overload
protection devices and it is capable of withstanding incorrect operation to certain degree.
How ever, accidental damage should be avoided to ensure maximum lifespan. Preparation
is following paragraphs for detailed explanation.

2-2 PREPARATION

Before operating Trainer Board please perform system check-up by following the
procedures listed below:

A. Check the AC source and determine the voltage (AC 110V/220V, 50/60 Hz) and
set the power selector switch on Trainer Board to the appropriate position.

CAUTION: Excessive voltage will damage the components while low voltage will
cause imprecise actions.

B. Connect the power cord between the AC source and Trainer Board

C. Check the socked for an 1A@110V, 0.5A@220V fuse. If the fuse is present and
looks to be in good order, turn on the power and check if the 7 segment LED
display of the digital meter is on.
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2-3 POWER SUPPLY

2-3-1 Accurate AC source is absolutely necessary to ensure safe and normal operation for the
Trainer Board. Trainer can adapt to either 110V or 220V AC 50/60Hz as long as the
power selector switch is set to the right position.
Trainer Board will meet the specifications published in 1-2 for as long as the and the
source accuracy is within ±10%. Excessive voltage can caused serious damage the Trainer
Board.

2-4 STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

2-4-1 Trainer Board must be stored in clean, dry environment. To prevent dust and particle
accumulation, the accompanying dust cover should be put on the storage.

2.4.2 Trainer Board is packaged carefully before leaving the factory. If the need arises and it
has to be transported again.
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2-5 INTRODUCTION & OPERATION OF THE TOP PANEL

2.5.1 Functions of the various switches, I/O terminals and knobs will be explained in this
section. Figure 2-1 from time to time to familiarize with the system.

FIG: USERS DESCRIPTION OF FRONT PANEL

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(I) POWER SUPPLY

C. Dual DC Power Supply
1. Output Voltage: ± 3V ~ ±18V continuously adjustable.
2. Maximum Output Current : 1A
D. Fixed Power Supply
1. Voltage and Current Output: +5, 1A
+12V, 1A
-12V, 1A
C. AC Power Supply
1. Output Voltage: 12V ~0V ~12V
2. Output Current: 1 A
3. with Overload Protection.

.
2-5-3 Signal Generator
1. Function Generator : Block 4 on Fig 2-1, listed from top down.
OUTPUT : 50Ω ± 10% output impedance.
FUCTION : Waveform selector (Triangle, sine, square)
RANGE : 100Hz~100kHz selector (4 ranges)
AMPLITUDE : Amplitude Controller, turn clockwise to increase.
FREQUENCY : Frequency Controller, turn clockwise to increase.
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2-5-4 Measuring Instruments
cover will later

2-5-5 Input/Output Devices

cover will later

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CIRCUIT ANYALYSIS
3-1 INTRODUCTION
3
3-2 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
3-3 FUNCTION GENERATOR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
3-4 DIGITAL VOLT/ AMP METER CIRCUIT ANALYSIS ( WILL NOT USED)
3-5 SPEAKER CIRCUIT ANALYSIS ( WILL NOT USED)

3-1 INTRODUCTION
3-2-1 The purpose of this chapter is to explain the theories behind the various circuits and the
roles of the components.
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3.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM - POWER SUPPLY SECTION

Fig: Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply Unit.

(I) Required Component in Power Supply Unit

1. Transformer – input voltage 220v and out put 12-0-12 (centre tap type)
2. Bridge Rectifier MIC RB208
3. Capacitor 50v, 470uf (2 pcs)
4. Capacitor 35v, 100uf (2 pcs)
5. Capacitor 25v, 100uf (2 pcs)
6. Regulator IC LM7805 (1 pcs)
7. Regulator IC LM7812 (1 Pcs)
8. Regulator IC LM7912 (1pcs)

1. Transformer Center Tap The center tap is simply another wire which is typically
connectedsomewhere in the middle of the secondary coil. For example, suppose you had a
transformer with 120VAC primary (2wires) and a 24VAC secondary (2Wires at each end of the
secondary coil). If you placed a center tap onthe coil, using the center tap and either end you
would get 12 VAC ifthe center tap is truly in the center. This concept is used in electronics to
generate positive and negative voltages using the center tap as the ground.
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Bridge Rectifier

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as
shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Capacitor
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage) exists across the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a
mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when there is a narrow
separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called plates.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in

farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference
between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage
current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has
an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies
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7805 Datasheet - 5V DC Voltage Regulator Data Sheet / Specs

The 7805 provides circuit designers with an easy way to regulate DC voltages to 5v. Here are the
7805 IC Datasheet and specification links that you need! Enjoy the Data Sheet!

Encapsulated in a single chip/package (IC), the 7805 is a positive voltage DC regulator that has
only 3 terminals. They are: Input voltage, Ground, Output Voltage.

Although the 7805 were primarily designed for a fixed-voltage output (5V), it is indeed possible
to use external components in order to obtain DC output voltages of: 5V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V,
15V, 18V, 20V, 24V. Note that the input voltage must, of course, be greater that the required
output voltage, so that it can be regulated downwards.

General Features:
Output Current up to 1A
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
Thermal Overload Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

LM78XX
Series Voltage Regulators
General Description
The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages
making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card regulation,
eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages
available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and other
solid state electronic equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over 1.0A load
current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak output
current to a safe value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal
power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided,
the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating. Considerable effort
was expanded to make the LM78XX series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of
external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve
transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter
capacitor of the power supply. For output voltage other than 5V, 12V and 15V the LM117 series
provides an output voltage range from 1.2V to 57V.

Features
Output current in excess of 1A
Internal thermal overload protection
No external components required
Output transistor safe area protection
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Internal short circuit current limit
Available in the aluminum TO-3 package
Voltage Range
LM7805C 5V
LM7812C 12V
LM7815C 15V
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Fig: Power supply unit after Assembling

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3-3 FUNCTION GENERATOR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Fig : Circuit Diagram of Function Generator.

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REQUIRED COMPONENTS OPAMP FUNCTION GENERATOR

Resistors, 5%, 1/4W

560R green blue brown 1
820 R Grey red brown 1
1k Brown black red 1
8K2 grey red red 1
10K brown black orange 1
15K brown green orange 1
82K grey red orange 1
100K brown black yellow 1
470K yellow violet yellow 1
1M brown black green 1
1M Piher log pot + spindle 1
1N4004 diode 4
9V battery snap 1
47nF ceramic capacitor 2
LM348 IC 1
14 pin IC socket 1
Kit 23 pcb 1
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Fig: Function Generator unit after Assembling

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Fig: outlet of different kind of Signal

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Fig: Out panel Digital Gate operations

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CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK

CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES

HTTP://WWW.DATASHEETCATALOG.ORG/DATASHEETS/150/44435_DS.PDF

CHAPTER 6 APPENDIX/APPENDICES (IF APPLICABLE)

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CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION