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Qui in Tn c
Cc Ngy Th Tn c
Bn Vn Tn c
Mi Trng Tn c
My Khi Nim V Th Gii Hi La
Dn Vo Phc m Nht Lm
Bn Tin Mng V Mi Lin H Vi Nhau
Tiu Dn P T. Mtthu c Kit Vua C Nc Tri
Tiu Dn P T. Mcc c Kit Ging Vin Thin Cha
Tiu Dn P T. Luca c Kit Cu Nhn Th
Tiu Dn P T. Gioan c Kit nh Sng Tc Sinh
Tiu Dn Cng V Tng c Kit Linh Kh Tc Sinh
Tiu Dn Th Gi Tn Hu R-ma KT .Cng Chnh Ha 1
Tiu Dn Th 1 Gi Tn Hu C-rin-t KT Cao Minh TC
Tiu Dn Th 2 Gi Tn Hu C-rin-t KT S TC
Tiu Dn Th Gi Tn Hu Ga-lt KT . Cng Chnh Ha 2
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Qui in Tn c
Ngun gc danh t Cu c v Tn c
Tn c xut hin di hnh thc mt b
sch gm 27 cun, vit bng ting Hi Lp v
mi cun di vn khc nhau rt nhiu. Mi cui
th k th hai ngi ta mi quen gi b sch y
l "Tn c". V cc sch trong b ny, dn
dn c uy tn rt cao, nn trong thc hnh,
ngi ta coi ngang hng vi cc bn vn Cu
c, m t lu, Kit hu vn coi l b Thnh
Kinh duy nht ca h v t tn cho l "L
Lut v Ngn S" theo thi quen Do Thi
ng thi. S d gi chung b sch ny l Tn
c, ct yu l v cc nh thn hc Kit Gio
u tin, theo chn Thnh Phaol (2C3, 14),
nhn xt rng: cc bn vn y bao hm nhng
qui nh ca mt Giao c Mi, phi ch huy
mi tng quan gia Thin Cha v dn ca
Ngi, trong giai on cui cng ca lch s Cu
. V ch "Giao c" ch l dch ch dng
trong ting Hi B, ch Giao c k kt
gia Thin Cha v dn Israen. V ni ti mt,
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Cc Ngy Th Tn c
Cc sch c coi l qui in, thnh
nhng bn vn thnh v ngay t ngy ngi ta
chp nhn, hng th mt th c min,
khin cho c bo ton trong tnh trng tt
mi cho ti thi pht trin ngh in. Cn nhng
sch khng i vo qui in, th khng c nh
th. Tuy mt vi cun trong s (sch aik
hoc th Thnh Banab) c mi ngi qu
trng, v nh c bo ton hn hoi, mc
du b loi ra ngoi qui in, nhng my cun
khc th tri li, v khng c yu chung
bng, nn b gt ra ngoi vng x dng ca
Gio Hi cch tn nhn hn, v do rt d b
thng tn. l l do gii thch v sao phn
ln nhng sch y ch cn lu li du vt m
thi.
Ngi ta dnh ting ngy th tc l sch
thiu chnh ngha, cho mt s sch, tuy ging
phn no vi cc vn th qui in trong Tn
c, nhng b coi l bao hm nhng tng
ngoi lai i vi t tng chnh ng hong ca
Gio Hi, v xt chung th ch dnh ring cho
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Bn Vn Tn c
Hn 5,000 th bn sao li bng ting Hi
Lp
Bn vn 27 cun lm thnh b Tn c, ta
bit c nh rt nhiu th bn, son bng
nhng ngn t rt khc nhau v hin nay cn
gi li trong cc th vin tn mt khp hon
cu. Trong mi th bn ny, khng c cun no
l t tay tc gi; nn tt c u l nhng bn sao
i sao li cc th bn ngy xa, do chnh tc
gi t mnh vit ra hay l c cho th k vit.
Mi sch Tn c, khng tr cun no, u
vit bng ting Hi Lp v hin c trong ngn
ng ny hn 5,000 th bn, m nhng cun c
hn vit trn ch co, v nhng cun khc
vit trn da giy. Trn ch co, th ta c nhng
phn i khi rt nh trong Tn c m thi.
Hai th bn xa nht v qu nht: bn
Vatican v bn Sinai
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Mi Trng Tn c
X Paltin b quyn li t tng ngoi lai
chi phi
Kit Gio xut sinh trong lng mt dn tc
tri qua mt lch s y bin ng. Sau thi k
au n lu y ti Babylon nh du quyt
lit vo lng tm Do Thi, dn Iraen tm
nh c li Paltin. Nhng khi v t Ha
ri, ngi Do Thi phi xc nhn l thi k
i thay, v t y khng cn vn sng
y y ht nh trc na. V hn khi trc, x
Paltin tr nn mi tranh ginh cho nhng
quyn li vt qu sc mnh, v cng hn
trc, cn b l thuc vo cc nh hng qu
quyt v bn b ca nhng lung t tng ngoi
lai, tc l ngoi gio, ngy cng xung t gt
gao hn mi vi cc tp truyn Do Thi, m h
c gng duy tr bt chp mi kh khn tr ngi.
Tri qua nhiu thng nm, cuc chm trn gia
o Do Thi v th gii xung quanh tin ho ti
nhng hnh thc ngy cng bo ng hn.
Ni thuc Hi Lp, ri La M
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tn
tn
vi
cc
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Dn Vo Phc m Nht Lm
Phc m, theo ngha danh t Hi Lp, trc
tin c ngha l Tin Mng cu (x. Mc 1,1),
l li rao ging Tin Mng y. l ngha
Thnh Phaol hiu, khi ngi ni n Phc m
ngi ging: tc l li ngi loan bo n cu
ni Bn Thn c Gisu l ng Kit. Vy
Phc m hay Tin Mng, u tin khng phi l
mt cun sch, mt tc phm vn chng hay
l lch s. S d gi l Phc m hay Tin Mng,
bn cun sch gn cho Thnh Mtthu, Mcc,
Luca v Gioan chnh v mi cun ny u cng
b Tin Mng y, trong thin tng thut cc li
ni vic lm ca c Gisu, cng nh k li
cuc T Nn Phc Sinh ca Ngi.
c gi hin i a tm s chnh xc. H lun
lun tra cu nhng s kin phn minh, kim
chng r rng. V th h ngc nhin khi c
bn Phc m ny, thy li vn ri rc, lc
thiu lin tc vi nhau. Nht l khi h thy sch
y bao hm nhiu mu thun xem ra khng th
no gii p, li khng th tr li cho mi vn
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quyn nng ca cc bn vn ny l ku mi c
gi em lng tin cy.
Th l vic nghin cu ph bnh cc cun Tin
Mng, gip ta vt qua s c Tin Mng mt
cch ngy th v i su vo chnh vin nh Tn
c. D c th i xa trong tin trnh tra cu
ny, ta vn phi t ra cu hi: c Gisu l ai?
c gi no mun c Tin Mng theo vin nh
ny, nht l va c va nghin cu v i
chiu cc bn vn, t s khng thy mnh bp
bnh tr tri, m cn lun lun khm ph thm
c nhiu im hn iu mnh c tnh lc
u. V mi cun Tin Mng c nhiu yu t
gii p v c li hiu ring v cc s kin
trong tp truyn, nn s gip c gi kim
chng v lm cho thm phong ph s mnh
hiu bit v Cha Gisu. V nh y, m c th
lun lun i t c Gisu ti th ti nim tin
ca cng on Kit hu u tin t lng xc tn
ca cc chng nhn ti chnh ng l ngun
pht sinh s xc tn ny.
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a) S kin Nht Lm
Cc d ng gia ba Tin Mng Nht Lm lin
quan ti: cc ti liu dng, th t sp xp
cc ti liu y, sau cng l cch din t.
- V ti liu, th sau y l phng chng s
nhng cu chung cho c hai hoc c ba cun
Tin Mng.
Chung cho c ba Tin Mng - Mt: 330; Mc:
330; Lc: 330.
Chung cho Mt v Mc - Mt: 178; Mc: 178.
Chung cho Mc v Lc - Mc: 100; Lc: 100.
Chung cho Mt v Lc - Mt: 230; Lc: 230.
Ring cho mi Tin Mng - Mt: 330; Mc: 53;
Lc: 500.
Th l bn cnh nhng phn chung nhau, cn
c nhng ngun ti liu ring cho mi Tin
Mng.
- V th t sp xp, th cc tch truyn gom
thnh bn phn ln:
A. Chun b cho s v Cha Gisu.
B. S v x Galil.
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C. Ln thnh Girusalem.
D. S v ti Girusalem. T Nn v Phc
Sinh.
Bn trong bn phn ln ny, Thnh Mtthu
phn phi cc tch truyn theo mt th t ring
cho ti chng 14, ri t trnh by cc tch
truyn chung vi Thnh Mcc v theo cng
mt th t nh ngi. Thnh Luca, th xem cc
tch truyn ring vo mt ton th y ht nh ca
Thnh Mcc (nh Lc 6,20-8,3 hay 9,5118,14). Tuy nhin phi k nhn rng: bn trong
s ha hp ton th ny c s khc bit nhau,
i khi trong chnh nhng on chung nhau
(v.d. nh Lc vic ku gi cc mn hay
cuc ving thm Nadart).
- V cch din t, ta cng nhn thy cc bn
vn ging nhau cht ch: v d nh cng mt
ch ha him (aphientai) dng Mt 9,6 = Mc
2,10 = Lc 5,24; hoc ch c 2 trn 63 ch khc
nhau Mt 3,7b-10 = Lc 3,3,7b-9. ng khc,
thy t ngt khc nhau, trong nhng on xt
chung th rt ging nhau hoc kt cu y nh ht,
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(14,1-16, 20), ri trn cn bn gio l (16,2120,34). Cha Gisu c dp ban b cho cng
on Ngi mt gio hun c bit. Mc sau,
th xy ra ti Girusalem, Cha Gisu khi s
vo thnh Girusalem cch trng th, ri chim
hu n Th (21,1-22); sau Ngi chm
trn vi cc k th: Ngi dng ba d ngn by
t nh c Cha Cha (21,28-22,14), ri vinh
thng my cuc tranh lun v cm by ging
ra tm cch bt b Bit Phi (23). Sau Ngi
loan bo cuc phn xt ton th th gian (2425), ri Ngi cho thin h xt x v ln n
Ngi (26-27). Sau cng, c Cha Cha cho
Ngi Phc Sinh (28).
Nh th, Thnh Mtthu k li mt v kch.
Cha Gisu i dn Do Thi phi lin kt
tron vn vo Bn Thn Ngi. Ngi loan bo
vic nhn dn ngoi vo trong Nc Tri. S
gp g ny, l ra phi lm cho dn Cha c
nn hon tt, nhng v ngi Iraen khc t,
nn mi bin thnh phn r, xt xa. V th cng
on cc mn , trung tn theo gio hun Cha
Gisu phc sinh, t y l dn tht ca Cha.
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l bi hc ct yu trong bi ging dy cc mn
(6,27-42; x. 10,25-37; 17,3-4). Ngi nng
ngh din t lng yu thng bng vic chia s
cho ngi ngho (x. 11,41), l ci ng thi
cn th hin l tng ngi mun t b tin bc
na (x. 5.11; 14,33). Cc i hi ny tht kht
khe, th m nim vui li n vang trong Phc
m ny hn mi cun khc: trc my li bo
tin cu (1,14.28.41.44; 6,23; 8,13), trc
nhng t by n y trong vic c Gisu xut
hin (1,47; 2,10), khi thy cc php l c
Gisu lm (10,17; 13,17; 19,37), khi n rc
s ip (10,21) v khi ti nhn n nn tr li
(15; 19,6), khi Cha Phc Sinh (24,52): tht n
cu Cha Cha chnh l ting ku gi phi
vui mng.
3. c Gisu loan bo s Ngi n trong
ngy tn th v Thnh Luca duy tr vin nh
ny cho cui thi k Hi Thnh (12,35-48;
17,22-37; 18,8; 19,11,27; 21,5-36): nhng s
ngi nhn mnh ti n cu hin thi, ti
quyn Ch T c Gisu Phc Sinh vinh hin,
ti tc ng Thnh Linh trong Hi Thnh c
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bin h trc ta n Do-thi hoc R-ma (4,812; 5,29-32; 7,2; 22,1); no din ging cho ki-t
hu khc (1,16-22; 11,4-17; 15,7; 15,13;
20,18). C th thm vo cc din t ki-t hu
ny, nhng kinh nguyn (4,24) v mt bc th
(15,23-29). ng khc, cn my din t vn tt
(5,35-39; 19,25-27.35-40; 24,2-8; 25,14-21)
cng nh mt bc th (23,25) c gn cho
ngi Do-thi hay l dn ngoi.
Chc chn tc gi Cng v dng cc
ngun ti liu. C nhiu du ch theo chiu
hng y. Cc ngun ti liu l th thnh
vn hay l truyn khu? C l l c hai. D sao,
cc ngun y phi c s vng vng v uy tn
kh ln. V rt c l chnh n l l do gii thch
s khc nhau ca hai phn sch, mc du s
nht tr vn chng trong ton th lm chng
tm quan trng ca cng trnh bin son.
Nhng ri mt iu l rt kh c lp trng hp
"l trnh" hay "nht k hnh trnh". V nhng
on vn dng ch "chng ti", tuy gi thit l
c nht k ny, nhng li khng th gip ta xc
nh gii hn ng t u ti u.
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Nh vy l cc ngi n nn tr li c gia
nhp nhng nhm m sch Cng v sm gi
l cc Gio on (5,11; 7,38; 11,26). Trong
sch, ta thy rt r l c nhiu Gio on,
nhng iu y khng ngn tr h thc l
mnh tin bc trn cng mt "con ng",
cng mt "o Cha CHA" (9,2), m cc phn
t, bt lun u, cng gi nhau bng cng
my danh hiu v s c ngy c gi l Ki-t
hu, ki-t thuc (11,26; 26,28). V th, khng l
g m ting Gio Hi, sau dng gi chung
cc Gio on, l "Gio Hi c Cha CHA
sm bng gi mu" (20,28; x. 9,31). D sao, r
rng l i vi tc gi, ton th cc tn lp
thnh dn duy nht ca Cha CHA, trong
c tin qui t cc ngi chu v khng chu
ct b (15,14; x. 18,10). Cn nhng ngi Dothi "khng chu nghe" c Gi-su, th b loi
ra ngoi (3,23; x. 13,46).
Dn v cc Gio on ny thuc ring v
Cha CHA, nn c bit gn gi vi Ngi v
vi bn thn Cha Gi-su. ng ti ki-t hu l
phm n bn thn c Gi-su (9,5). Gia nhp
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thit c n cu (15,1.5). hn l
phng trit gip gii quyt cc vn t
ra, do s ngi Do-thi v ngoi-do-thi sng
chung v n ng bn trong cc Gio on.
Nhng i vi tc gi sch Cng v, vic gii
quyt cc vn ny c nu ln dt khot
mt ln ti X-sa-r. ng m t mt cch tha
mn r rng, cuc chin thng Gi-ru-sa-lem
(15,4-29). Thc ra, cuc chin thng ny t
ti, nh mt s dn xp (15,19.20) va cu vn
c s "hip thng" Gio Hi, va bo m
c nhng g thit yu, tc l: d c chu hay
khng chu ct b, cng phi nh c tin v n
sng Cha Gi-su, th ki-t hu mi c n
cu (15,9.11).
Mt ki-t hu gc Do-thi, by gi c l
do no c trung thnh vi php ct b v
Lut Mi-sen? Tc gi khng ni chi v iu y
ht. C l ng khng t t cu hi y bao
gi. D sao, ng cng khng coi l iu
quan trng hng u, v ng suy ngh t tng
l: trc cnh a s ngi Do-thi t chi Tin
Mng (13,46), t y n cu c ngh
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Tiu Dn Th Gi Tn Hu R-ma c
Kit ng Cng Chnh Ha 1
Th quan trng nht ca T. Phao-l
Trong cc Th Thnh Phao-l, Th R-ma
hn l quan trng hn ht. Khng nhng l
Th di nht m thi. Xt v phng din gio
l, cng l mt trong nhng Th phong ph
nht khin ngi ta thng coi l mt Th
Kho lun. Li l Th kt cu mch lc hn c.
ng Can-vanh qu quyt rng: "Ton th
Th ny u sp t theo phng php." Sau
ht, v phng din lch s, khng mt Th no
khc gy nh hng ln lao bng. Mt Thn
hc gia Th phn mi y dm qu quyt
(hn l c phn hi qu ng) rng: lch s Hi
Thnh ha ng vi lch s gii thch Th
ny. C nhin l bn vn vn lun lun chim
v r u i trong lch s ch gii Thnh Kinh.
Trong s nhng ngi ch gii Th ny, ta
thy c: . -ri-gin, T. Gio-an Kim Khu, .
Th-o--r, . Am-b-r-si-t, T. u-gt-tinh,
. A-b-la, T. T-ma A-qui-n, v.v... Nhng
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Tiu Dn Th 1 Gi Tn Hu C-rin-t
c Kit Cao Minh Thin Cha
Cng on C-rin-t
T. Phao-l sng mi tm thng C-rint loan bo Tin Mng ti (Cv 18,1-8), t
nm 50 n 52. Theo mt s ngi c lng,
tuy khng chc lm, th dn s Co-rin-t thi y
c hn na triu ngi, m hai phn ba l n l.
B ph hy nm 146 trc Cng nguyn, ri
mt trm nm sau c ng X-sa-r ti thit,
l mt thnh th mi, s thnh vng phi
thng nh v tr a l v hai ca bin, mt l
Ken-c-r trn bin -gi (vnh Sa-r-nch), hai
l L-ch, trn bin A-di-a-tch (vnh Co-rint).
Co-rin-t c hai c tnh trong i sng
nhng ca bin ln thuc bt c thi i no.
Mt l dn c gm mi ni ging, mi tng
gio pha trn vi nhau, hai l i sng xa hoa
bung tung ca nhng ngi thy th ham m
tm lc th, sau nhng thng vt bin lu di.
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nhng li khng th n r vo mt nn vn ha
chu nh hng su xa nhng trit thuyt nh
nguyn. T. Phao-l c th u hng trc
iu cc c gi ngi "c th tin", nh tc gi
sch khn ngoan v ng Phi-lng lm, trong
nhng hon cnh tng t. V h lm ht
sc t nhn mnh n im ngi ta kh
chp nhn ny, v nu bt ln nht l i sng
bt t cc linh hn. Cn T. Phao-l th tri li,
ngi mnh lit qu quyt v im ngi ta phn
i, tc l vic k cht sng li. Ngi khng tm
cch dng trit l chng minh l iu y c
th c, nhng ngi chng t l "nu k cht
khng sng li, th c Ki-t cng khng sng
li na" (15,13.16) v nh th th c tin ngi
Co-rin-t tht l rng khng (15,14).
Chnh v im sau ht lin quan ti mt vn
ngy nay cn t ra mt cch tng t, nn
ta thy Th Co-rin-t th nht c l l bc th
hin thi hn ht mi Th T. Phao-l. Hn l
nhng gii php ngi nu ra, i khi ty vo
iu kin vn ha khc vi nn vn ha chng
ta by gi (x. 11,2-16); nhng tnh trng T.
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Tiu Dn Th 2 Gi Tn Hu C-rin-t
c Kit S Thin Cha
Trong cc Th T. Phao-l, Th Co-rin-t th
hai l mt bn vn tranh u v thuyt phc hn
l bi thuyt trnh theo h thng nh Th Rma, T. Tng Phao-l dng trong mt li
vn linh ng v tha thit, bin h cho chc
tng ca ngi chng li i phng v c
qu quyt ngi ch l thuc vo mt mnh c
Ki-t. Trong cc li khuyn nh, T. Tng
pha ln vi nhau mt cch tuyt ti lng yu
thng vi li trch mng, cn thnh n bng
bng vi tnh u ym thit tha. Ngi mun bo
ton vi bt lun gi no s nht tr ca Gio
on Co-rin-t v gp phn xy dng Gio
on y cho tht su xa.
Mt bn vn thit lp hn hoi v nng
c ch gii
Chnh bn vn Th ny c thit lp
vng vng nh c nhng th bn t th k th
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Ngy thng gi Th
Cn ngy thng gi Th th xc nh lm
sao? Th R-ma bin son nm 57 hoc 58
vo u ma xun, khi T. Tng lu tr ngn
hn Co-rin-t. Vy ton th cc th trao i
gia T. Tng v Gio on Co-rin-t u
xy ra trc ngy thng . Nu lu ti thi
k lu tr cn thit bin son Th R-ma, ti
khong thi gian cn bc Th cht kp ti
Co-rin-t v gy nn nhng kt qu mong
mun, th phi xp th ny (D) vo t na l
bn nm thng trc, hoc ti Tr-t, hoc ti
Ma-k-oan, khi T. Tng hnh trnh hng
ti Co-rin-t, tc l cui nm 56 (hay cui nm
57).
ng khc, ta nn nh T. Phao-l b Corin-t vo ma h 52; ngi n -ph-s mt
nm sau tc l nm 53; cc tin tc nguy
ngp v tnh cnh Gio on Co-rin-t ch n
tai ngi vo my tun hoc my thng sau
tc l nm 54. Vy ngi vit ton th cc
Th vo khong sm nht l nm 54 v tr nht
l cui nm 56 (57).
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Tiu Dn Th Gi Tn Hu Ga-lt c
Kit ng Cng Chnh Ha 2
Mun hiu Th Ga-lt, cn hiu tnh hnh lch
s cc Gio on T. Phao-l vit th cho.
Cuc khng hong i T. Tng phi can
thip khng phi l mt bin c c tm nh
hng a phng. l mt thi im quan
trng trong tin ca Gio Hi mi pht sinh.
Lc by gi Gio Hi cn phi la chn dt
khot, trung thnh vi chn l Tin Mng. V
bt c thi i no trong lch s mnh, Gio Hi
vn cn phi nhn danh cng mt s trung
thnh y lm li s la chn ni y.
Trc ht, xin trnh by nhng chi tit ta bit
c v tnh hnh lch s, nh vo sch Cng
v Tng v chnh bc Th, ri chng t T.
Tng lm sao bnh vc chn l Tin Mng
b tn thng ti Ga-lt v nu nhng giai on
Thnh nhn theo trnh by. Sau ht s ni
v sao Th ny c tnh hin thi thng trc.
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ct b mi c n cu , th c tin h b tn
thng mt ri. T. Tng gip h nhn thc
l cn la chn v la chn ny quan trng lm.
Khng phi vn ngi n vi ngi kia. T.
Phao-l u c phn nn v h lm thit hi cho
ngi, nu h thch nhng nh ging thuyt khc
hn (4,12). y l chn l ca Tin Mng duy
nht, y l s t do Tin Mng y loan bo cho
ta, y l thp gi ca c Ki-t, ngun thng
ban s t do c sc trong i sng mi ca
con ci Cha.
M Tin Mng s b tn thng, nu hy mt
c tnh ph bin v nhng khng ca n cu
do Tin Mng y loan truyn, nu con ngi
li ch trng nh cc vic lm c cu
thot, ch khng nh c tin n nhn n
cu thot do Thin Cha ban nhng khng cho
h trong c Ki-t. V th, cn la chn. T.
Phao-l trnh by s la chn do Tin Mng bt
ht mi ngi phi thc thi, nh ba cp danh t
i lp.
Trc ht l cp c tin v l lut i lp hai
giai on lch s n cu , hai "ch " tng
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Tiu Dn Th Gi Tn Hu -ph-s Th
Lnh, Huyn Phu Hi Thnh
i tng v ni dung Th
ti trung tm ca th -ph-s l nh
Thin Cha (huyn nhim) an bi t mun
thu, giu kn tri qua bao i, thi hnh trong
c Gi-su Ki-t, mc khi cho T. Tng v
khai trin ra trong Gio Hi. Tc gi tn dng
Gio Hi l thc ti ph th, va trn gian va
Thin quc, hay ng hn, l ci hin thi th
hin cng trnh Thin Cha, tc l vic to
thnh mi. Gio Hi xut pht t Th Lnh l
c Ki-t v m rng ti nhng kch thc
hon ton vin mn theo nh Thin Cha n
nh: l vin nh bao la tc gi mun cho tn
hng nhn vo. Ngi din t sc m rng
y bng hai hnh nh xen tro vo nhau: l
s thn th ln ln v vic xy dng ngi nh
Thin Cha. Ki-t hu nh php thanh ty c
thp nhp vo Thn Th y l ni qui t c
ngi Do-thi c ngi dn ngoi, nn chnh h
cng tr nn to vt mi, nh vic tn dng,
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Tiu Dn Th Gi Tn Hu Co-lo-x c
Ki-t Tt C Trong Tt C Mi Loi
Ni dung Th
Khun kh (duy c bn chng) v ngay
qung din thn hc ca Th Co-lo-x cng
u vn tt. Theo c truyn, Th ny vo s cc
Th "vit khi b t".
Theo thi l, Th bt u bng nghi l m th
(1,1-20): l li cho thm v t n v Tin
Mng tin b (3,8), ri cu xin cho tn (912), tip theo l bi ca tng c Ki-t l
u v tr v do cung cho c l Th (13-20).
My c. 21-23 ku gi cc ngi nhn Th, ri
t li ku gi chuyn sang gi nh s v tng
c s mng th hin iu tn dng trong
bi ca tng: T. Phao-l phi lm cho li v cc
au kh c Ki-t nn hon tt, hu by t
vinh quang Thin Cha gia ch dn (1,242,5).
T 2,6 n 3,4 l li dn coi chng, tc l l
do khin T. Phao-l gi Th ny. Ngi bo
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mi tng quan tht l phin phc, v Th Colo-x c h hng vi nhng Th thuc ngy
thng khc nhau. V d nh ti "nguyn t
th gian" v my kiu ni lm cho Th Co-lox gn vi Th Ga-lt (x. Ga 4,1-11 v Co 2,623). ng khc, Th Co-lo-x cng vi Th
Phi-l-mn v Th -ph-s lm thnh mt
nhm m c im l c cng mt tnh hnh
nh nhau: T. Phao-l ang b t (Plm
9.10.13.23; Ep 3,1; 4,1; 6,20), y cho ng Tikch v O-n-sim mt s mng tng t (Plm
12; Ep 6,21-22). Th Co-lo-x li khng phi l
chng lin h g vi Th Phi-lp, l mt bc
Th khc vit khi b t. Nhng cc yu t ny
khng phi l quyt nh v ta c th xt ti
vic cc Th vay mn ln nhau.
3. Bn cht xc nh ca cn khng hong
Co-lo-x. Nhng y na, tht kh a ra
mt ngy thng chc chn. Tnh h ca my
cu m ch v nhng gio l v nhng thc
hnh, thi gian cc hin tng nhim gia
nim tin ki-t gio v cc tro lu tin ng o
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t ti lm lm cho mi tn ng trc mi
nguy chnh mnh phi cht trc ngy by lu
trng i, T. Tng nh tan nhng mi lo s
ca cc ngi ngi vit Th cho (4,13-18).
Nim hi vng vn cn nguyn, v cn c trn
vic Phc sinh ca c Ki-t v trn Quyn
nng Thin Cha ng Phc sinh c Gisu. Mt ki-t hu khng phi l mt k cht
vnh vin. Cha Phc sinh s khng qun mt
ai trong nhng k thuc v Ngi v ht thy
mi ngi s thng phn vo Ngy i th v
vo s Vinh quang. Trc tin cc ki-t hu
qua i s sng li vo ng lc, ri cng vi
ki-t hu cn sng, h s i n Cha, li
vi ngi lun mi.
T. Phao-l gio hun nh vy qui chiu vo
mt li Cha phn (x. 4,15) v dng cc hnh
nh c truyn ca li vn khi huyn do-thi
(ting tng lnh thin thn v loa Thin Cha
loan tin iu Thin Cha quyt nh). S kin
giu ngha, y l T. Tng khng ngng li
xc nh v ngy gi, nhng ngi nhn mnh
v tnh t nhin ca ngy y s n nh k
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phi ng o thuc th k th 2, m ch gm
my nt chung vi o Do-thi. Cc tro lu
cp n trong Th rt c th xut hin ngay
t khi T. Phao-l tng cn sng.
Cn vic t chc Gio Hi, c th l t
ti mc pht trin m cc Th khc ca T.
Phao-l cha bit n. Cc ch th lin quan ti
vic y rt c th l phn nh mi u t ca T.
Phao-l trc khi qua i. y cng vy,
khng th a ra l chng no quyt lit chng
li tnh chnh tng.
Chng ti cha ni ti s kh iu ha khun
kh lch s ta gp thy trong cc Th mc v
vi cc s kin do sch Cng v tng cung
cp. Thc ra, vic T. Phao-l b t "ln th hai"
l mt gi thuyt, nu ln vi mc tiu duy nht
l to nn mt khun kh lch s, trong i
sng T. Phao-l chiu theo cc Th mc v, c
th n khp vo. Ni th khng phi l khng
c vic b t ln th hai. V cui sch Cng v
k li chuyn b t ln th nht, khng tt nhin
hm l T. Tng khng cn sng na. Ta
thy l chng ny c phn kh hiu. Theo
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c l gi ci v ny "ng l k cng ca
bn t nh".
Hn l T. Phao-l vit Th ny ti R-ma
hay ti X-sa-r. Du sao Th ny cng ng
thi vi Th Co-lo-x; T. Phao-l khi y ang
b t (Co 4,3.10.18; Plm 9.10.13.18) v bn
cnh ngi c nhng bn ng nghip (Co 4,714; Plm 23-24). Ta khng nh ni khc m bit
r hn ngi nhn Th. Hnh nh ng y l
mt ngi quan trng trong Gio on Co-lox, dng ti sn v nh hng m gip Gio
on (c. 5-7). l ngi T. Phao-l gip
n nn tr li: ngi d dt nhc cho ng iu y
(c. 19). Ngi qu trng ng lm, nn gi ng l
"cng s vin ch i" (c. 1).
Hon cnh
Chng ta cha bit r hon cnh vit Th
ny. Nhng cn c vo nhiu cu T. Phao-l
m ch trong , ta c th phng on mt cch
kh ng s tht.
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cc Gio on bn ng v cc Gio on bn
Ty.
Cc Gio on bn ng vn coi Th Hi-b
l ca T. Phao-l. Tuy nhin tp truyn rt vng
ny khng ngn tr c nhn nhn ra nhng d
bit gia Th Hi-b vi nhng Th khc ca T.
Phao-l.
Mun nu nhng nt ring bit ny, ng Cl-men A-lc-xan-i coi l bn thch nghi
sang ting hi-lp mt bn vn do T. Phao-l
bin son bng ting hi-b (x. u-x-b Lch s
Gio Hi VI, 14,2). ng tng l nhn ra trong
li vn ca T. Lu-ca. Sau t lu, ng O-rigin cn phn bit r rng hn na. ng ni l
t tng ca T. Tng , nhng hin nhin
khng phi do ngi bin son. Th Hi-b l tc
phm ca mt mn T. Phao-l, din t trung
thnh, nhng theo cch th ring, gio hun ca
thy mnh. Mn y l ai? ng O-ri-gin th
nhn l khng bit (sd VI 25, 11-13). Tuy
khng bit tc gi l ai, nhng lng tin ca ng
i vi bn Kinh Thnh y vn cn nguyn ven.
Cc nh ch gii khc bn ng, t lu tm ti
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nht l Ep 5,2) l ni ti cn bn ca Th
Hi-b c c cn c vng vng hn ht. C so
snh Ga 2,20 vi Ep 5,2.25, l thy r kha cnh
hin t v t t ca Cng trnh Cu Chuc
dn dn sng t thm trong cc mi trng T.
Phao-l; (4) sau ht c th nu nhiu im
tng ng trong gio l v c Ki-t gia
Th Hi-b v cc Th vit khi b t, nh Cha
Con l hnh nh Thin Cha c siu tn vt
trn cc thin thn. Danh hiu Ngi tip th sau
khi dng mnh hin t. By nhiu ghi nhn ct
yu khng cho php ta t khc mi gi tr ca
tp truyn bn ng coi Th ny l ca T.
Phao-l. Ta c cn c tin l Th Hi-b do
mt bn ng nghip ca T. Phao-l bin son.
Cn vic xc nh r hn tc gi l g, th ta
khng th hi vng c. V ngay tp truyn
thi c phn vn gia nhiu gi thuyt nh
T. Lu-ca, T. C-l-men R-ma hoc T. Ba-nab. Nhng khng gi thuyt no c bng
chng. V th cc ngi thi nay i tm gi
thuyt mi. Gi thuyt c th tn thnh hn ht
hn l nh ng Lu-t-r gii thiu v gn Th
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Ngi nhn th
Bn vn khng ghi r chi tit v cc ngi
nhn Th. Nhan "gi ngi Hi-b" khng
thuc chnh vn. Tuy c t thi c, nhng rt
c th l chn nhan y lc xen bn vn
vo tuyn tp gm nhiu bc Th. ngha
nhan y khng r rng. Nhiu nh ch gii
c thi nhn kt lun ngi nhn Th gc
Do-thi, ti x Pa-l-tin v ni ting Hi-b.
Li nhn , by gi khng ai theo na, v ai
ny u cng nhn vn hi-lp trong Th khng
phi l vn dch.
C nhng tc gi gn y ch trng Th ny
vit cho ngi Do-thi ngoi Ki-t gio v
chnh xc hn l cho cc phn t thuc phi
Qum-rn: gi thuyt ny khng ng, v Th
khng ku mi n nn tr li, nhng khuyn
nh kin tr v tin ti trong c tin (3,6; 5,12;
6,9-12; v.v.). ng khc, tuy c nhng mi lin
quan khng chi ci c vi cc vn th
tm thy gn Bin Cht ti Qum-rn, nhng
cng c nhiu lin h rt r rng vi Do-thi
gio trong gii hi-lp v ngi ta cn tng l
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C cu
Vic ta khng bit v cc hon cnh bin
son Th Hi-b khng gy bt li g to tt, v
loi vn ca tc phm ny bo m cho n bit
lp kh nhiu i vi nhng bin c ring. iu
quan trng hn nhiu l phn bit nhng nt
chnh trong Th.
Li c thi chia ra hai phn, mt phn gio l
(1,1-10,18), mt phn lun l (10,19-13,25)
khng tng ng vi ch tm tc gi, v ngay
t u ng xen gio l vi li khuyn nh
(x. 2,1-4; 3,7-4,16; 5,11-6,12), bi ng ch
liu cho c tin lin hip mt thit vi i sng
ki-t hu.
Li chia ra ba phn: (1) Li Thin Cha (1,14,13); (2) chc Thng t c Ki-t (4,1410,18); (3) i sng ki-t hu (10,19 cui), tuy
c th cn c vo mt s ghi nhn chnh xc,
nhng khng trung thnh nu ln ton th cc
s kin.
Nghin cu chnh xc hn th s thy ni bt
ln k thut bin son rt l vng chc vi
nhng phng thc ("ng khung", "ch mc",
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(12,28). i vi h, k nguyn mi bt u
(1,2; 9,26).
Khng c ni l h t mc tiu. n ku
gi trn tri ca h (3,1) cha th hin vin
ton. i sng h cn tip din trn gian, ni
h khng c thnh tr bn vng, v i sng y
cn hng v thnh tng lai (13,14). H i
ch ng Cu mnh xut hin ln th hai
(9,28). H cm thy Ngay y gn (10,25.37),
nhng cha c hng hon ton nh sng
ngy y.
Mi tng quan gia h v Thin Cha nh
c Ki-t l ci c tht, v cht ch, nhng th
hin trong c tin. Ch nh c tin h mi c
vo, ngay t by gi, trong s ngh yn Thin
Cha (4,3). Nu h cho s khng tin thu
vo lng, h lin b tch ri xa c Ki-t (3,14)
v xa Thin Cha (3,12; 10,38) m b h i
(10,39). Trong cch ni v c tin, tc gi lin
kt hai quan im kh d bit, mt c tnh thun
tr hn, xc nh ni dung c tin (11,1.3.6),
mt c tnh hin sinh hn, t ra tnh ng ch
ca c tin v lm cho c tin gn vi c cy
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ni no cp n, iu tc gi a thch hn l
chng t c tin phong ph ni cc vic lm v
tt c nhng g c gi tr th hin trong Cu
c, u c c tin lm cn bn. ng khc,
ng cn nhn mnh l trong tnh trng th thch
ta cn phi sng, c tin chng ta phi km
thm s kin tm tr ch (6,12; 10,36; 12,1-13).
S d c Ki-t gnh ly au kh v ci cht
nhn loi m bin n nn con ng vinh
quang cho Ngi (2,9) v cu cho ta (5,8-9),
khng phi l chun cho chnh mnh ta khi
ng u vi chng, nhng l gip ta
ng u mt cch y trn hi vng (12,2-3).
Tuy tc gi nhn mnh nhiu n hiu nng
hon ton ca hin t duy nht l Hin t ca
c Ki-t, nhng ng khng ngn ngi trnh
by i sng ki-t hu nh vic tin dng cc
hin t ( s nhiu: 13,16). ng khuyn tn hu,
nh c Ki-t, dng ln Cha Cha "mt
hin t lin l tn dng" (13,15) v ng khc
li qu quyt gi tr hin t ca i sng phc
v anh em v bc i (13,16). Theo gng hin
t ca c Ki-t v kt hip vi Ngi, ki-t
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v t tc phm mnh di uy tn mt ng bo
tr thi danh. Trong trng hp ny, bc Th
s bin son vo khong cc nm 80-90.
Cc nh ch gii hin i nhm vo vn t
nh khc, t ra i vi Th Gia-c-b. Gi cho
"Mi hai chi tc Tn c", tc l, nu hiu t
ng theo ngha en, gi cho cc ngi Do-thi,
Th ny ch nhc n Danh hiu Gi-su Ki-t
c hai ln (1,1 v 2,1) v mt cch lt qua,
nn mt s ph bnh gia coi l thm vo
v sau, ki-t ha mt bn vn thun do-thi.
y l gi thuyt phiu lu, cn phi gt i, v
cuc tranh lun sau T. Phao-l ca 2,14-26 lm
cho khng cn th bnh vc gi thuyt ny.
Nhng vn tht vn cn y nguyn: mt tc
gi ki-t hu c th gi cho ai mt tc phm,
trong bn thn Cha Ki-t ng vai tr qu
lu m n th? Hn l cho ki-t hu thuc nn
vn ha hi-lp cn gi tng quan vi cc hi
ng trc kia h l phn t. Nhng cng
rt c th l cho cc ngi Do-thi hi-ha, c l
theo khuynh hng -x-min, m tc gi trng
thu phc nh nhn mnh ti nhng g ki-t hu
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Cc ngi nhn Th
Th bao hm t ch dn gip ta nhn nh
chnh xc ai l ngi nhn Th. Th gi cho kit hu trong nm tnh thuc quc R-ma
trong min Tiu , l nhng kiu bo tn c
c n "la chn" (1,1). Ban u danh t "Tn
c" ch cc ngi Do-thi sng ngoi x Pa-ltin, nn thot nhn, xem ra cu y gi thit y
l cc ki-t hu gc Do-thi. Thc ra danh t
ny rt c th dng cch tng trng ch
ki-t hu Tn mc khp hon cu (x. 2,11), m
a s phi l gc ch dn. V li m ch li
sng ca h khi xa, thch hp vi cc ngi
cu ch dn hn l cu tn do-thi (1,14.18;
4,3). Tuy nhin, h quen thuc vi Thnh
Kinh. Bng chng l Th nng dng cc s
kin trong Cu c.
Cc cng on nhn Th ny a s l do cuc
truyn gio T. Phao-l sng lp, ngha l nu
khng trc tip do T. Phao-l, th t na do
nhng cng tc vin ca ngi, t my trung tm
chnh ta ra nhiu tnh khc nhau trong min
Tiu (x. v d ng -pa-pha em Tin Mng
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u-s-b, ng Pa-pi-a, hi u th k 2, xc
nhn tng quan mt thit gia T. Tng
Ph-r v T. Mc-c, tc gi Tin Mng 2 (x. c
Cv 12,12).
Tuy nhin mt s nh chuyn mn hoi
nghi Th ny chnh tng l ca T. Ph-r. y
l my lun c chnh h a ra vi nhng cu
ngi ta c th tr li cho h:
a) Ting hi-lp trong Th c mt phm tnh
rt cao, nn xem ra kh c th gn cho T. Phr l tay thuyn chi x Ga-li-l c. V
ngi ta cng khng gii p im kh ny
bng cch qu quyt l T. Ph-r vit bn
vn bng ting A-ram, ri nh ai (Sin-vanh:
5,12) dch sang ting hi-lp. V trong trng
hp ny, s khng gii thch c v sao li
trch dn trong Th u trc tip rt ra t bn
vn hi-lp Cu c, khng tr cu no. Nhng
lun c ny khng quyt lit. Ngi ta k
nhn rng ting hi-lp thng dng Pa-l-tin
thi Cha Gi-su, nh cc bt tch gn y mi
khm ph c chng minh iu y. Nh vy
T. Ph-r rt c th bit ting ny. ng
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V Ti T au kh trong Th ny. ti y bt
ngun t sch ng I-sai (52,13-53,12), ta thy
hin r mt trt trong cc Tin Mng (Lc 22,37
v Is 53,12), trong cc bi ging T. Ph-r (Cv
3,13.26; x.4,27-30) v trong Th ny (2,21-25).
C nhin khng nn qu cao gi tr tht ca
cc on vn ging nhau nh th, v c
nhng tuyn tp cc li c Gi-su lu hnh
rt sm trong ton Gio Hi. Nhng d sao,
chng cng minh chng rng l lun cn c vo
s "thiu k nim trc tip v c Gi-su trn
th" l l lun rt ng hoi nghi.
d) C l Th m ch cc ln bt b cng
nhin u ht mt cch tng qut (ch khng
phi thun a phng), nn ta khng c th t
v tr Th vo trc triu i hong o-mixing (nm 81 n 96 sau Cng Nguyn), v do
lu nm sau khi T. Ph-r qua i (4,12 v
5,9). - kin ny cng phi bc c. Trc
tin phi k nhn rng tm trng trong Th ny
phn nh khc xa sch Khi huyn trong
trnh by hin nhin l Nh Nc bt o. Cn
trong Th 1 T. Ph-r, khng c g nh th. V
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c vo bn vn Th ny m li a ra qu
nhiu gi thuyt khc nhau v mt phng v
hay bi ging thanh ty, iu y chng minh
l gi thuyt ht sc h . Thm vo y cn
hai s kin: mt l khng gp li chnh xc no
nhc n l nghi thanh ty trong Th (ngc li
vi cc bn vn nh Rm 6,3-4; Co 2,12; Tt 3,5),
tr ra c mt ln, nhng l trong on vn c
gi tr in hnh (3,21); hai l khng gp trong
bn vn du vt mt tin trnh, cho php ta sp
xp li cc giai on ca l nghi thanh ty (v
nh ng t hi-lp m ch vic ti sinh 1,23,
th dng 1,3 ri; x. 1,3).
Vy khng c l no hoi nghi tnh th tn
v s nht tr ca Th 1 T. Ph-r. Th ny n
r chc chn vo c mt tp truyn gio l
chung cho Gio Hi s khai. Cu kt (5,12) xc
nh ng mc tiu Th ny: khuyn ln v
cng c lng tin cc ki-t hu m nhit tm khi
y liu mnh ha ra ngui lnh v lng can m
li b th thch trc nhiu gian nan khn kh.
Mun c vy, tc gi qui chiu vo cc li
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sinh (1,3) (nn lu s phc sinh cac Gisu Ki-t lin h ti mc no vi vic th hin
n cu thot: 1,21; 3,21). V i tng, th cy
trng hng ti Nc tng lai, ti gia ti bt
dit bo m cho tn , hng ti lc nim tin
s bin thnh s nhn thy v dn Thin Cha
c chim hu cch vin ton v dt khot n
cu ban cho h trong c Gi-su Ki-t
(1,4.7.13). Cn v cc hu qu i vi i sng
hin thi ca cc tn , th khng c ln cy
trng vi thi khc k hay l lng nhn nhc
th ng, nhng phi coi nh ng lc cho np
sng mi (1,13-15). Nim cy trng gip tn
hn hoan chin u (1,6), khng phi mc du
th thch (thot tin xem nh mu thun),
nhng l gia th thch kia (4,12-13). Th
gian khng ngng t vn cy trng, nhng
tn phi lun lun sn sng gii thch nim
cy trng y mt cch bo m an ton (3,1516).
c) Lm chng trong cuc sng mi ngy
Th ny nhn mnh ti s mng ca dn
Thin Cha gia trn gian: Thin Cha
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ng l v trch dn cc Th khng c Hi
Thnh nhn nhn.
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*
Nhng trang sau y chng ti trch trong
cun Khi huyn do gio s Vinh sn bin
son chung vi l.m. Phm Quan in nm
1958 nhng cha c dp xut bn. Mt v Gio
s Kinh Thnh c bit li gii thch ca gio
s Vinh sn Mo-ra ni ln cm ngh ca ng
rng: "Vous avez trouv l'interprtation", ni
l tc gi tm ra li gii thch chn chnh
cho sch Khi huyn.
Trong phn ch gii sch Khi huyn, chng
ti s trch nhiu trong sch ni trn vi ghi
ch (v).
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Gi tr tng gio
Theo ta c th cho rng sch Khi huyn,
u tin l vit cho Gio on non nt
chu, ang phi ng u vi hai bin c v
i: Gi-ru-sa-lem tan tnh v nhng cn bch
hi m mu.
Trng thy n th sp , nm 70 sau Cng
Nguyn, cc ki-t hu sinh qun I-ra-en sao
khi nghi ng sc ton nng, c cng bnh v
lng trung tn ca Thin Cha i vi nhng li
Ngi ha.
Ri trc nhng cuc quc R-ma bch
hi, lung lc c ci sng cn ca Gio Hi, cc
ki-t hu sao cho khi nghi ng li Cha Gisu: "Ta thng th gian", "Ta s li vi cc
con ht mi ngy ti khi tn th" (G 16,33; Mt
28,20).
Nhng ki-t hu lm cnh ny, nhng ngi
ang b li cun rt lui hoc bt tay vi th tc,
T. Gio-an phi cho thy chnh cnh n th
nt li l dp biu dng Vng quyn Thin
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