Curs Engleza in Afaceri

Universitatea Babe-Bolyai Facultatea de tiine Economice Catedra de Limbi Moderne Aplicate n Economie
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface_______________________________________________________________________5
UNIT ONE
COMMUNICATING IN BUSINESS_________________________________7
1. Socialising in business_______________________________________________________7
1.1. Lead-in________________________________________________________________7
1.2. Reading_______________________________________________________________9
1.3. Vocabulary development_________________________________________________10
1.4. Language focus: The Noun_______________________________________________12
1.5. Functions_____________________________________________________________14
2. IT applied to business______________________________________________________15
2.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________15
2.2. Reading______________________________________________________________16
2.4. Language focus: The Article. The Gerund____________________________________18
2.5. Functions_____________________________________________________________20
3. Written vs. oral communication_____________________________________________22
3.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________22
3.2. Reading______________________________________________________________22
3.4. Language focus: The Adjective and the Adverb_______________________________26
3.5. Functions_____________________________________________________________29
UNIT TWO
THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIRM_________________________________32
1. Types of Businesses________________________________________________________32
1.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________32
1.2. Reading______________________________________________________________32
1.4. Language focus: The Genitive_____________________________________________34
1.5. Functions_____________________________________________________________36
2. The place of work_________________________________________________________36
2.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________36
2.2. Reading______________________________________________________________36
2.4. Language focus: Prepositions_____________________________________________38
2.5. Functions_____________________________________________________________40
3. Company policy__________________________________________________________40
3.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________40
3.2. Reading______________________________________________________________41
3.4. Language focus: Relative Pronouns. Indefinite Pronouns/Adjectives. Demonstrative
Pronouns and Adjectives_____________________________________________________43
3.5. Functions_____________________________________________________________45
1
UNIT THREE
MANAGEMENT___________________________________________47
1. The manager_____________________________________________________________47
1.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________47
1.2. Reading______________________________________________________________47
1.4. Language focus: Reflexive Pronouns_______________________________________49
2. Work relationships________________________________________________________50
2.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________50
2.2. Reading______________________________________________________________50
2.4. Language focus: The tense system: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous_________52
3. Multinationals____________________________________________________________54
3.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________54
3.2. Reading______________________________________________________________54
3.4. Language focus: The tense system: Past Simple vs. Past Continuous______________56
UNIT FOUR
RECRUITMENT_____________________________________________59
1. Jobs_____________________________________________________________________59
1.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________59
1.2. Reading______________________________________________________________59
1.4. Language focus: The tense system: Present Perfect Simple______________________61
2. CVs and letters of application_______________________________________________62
2.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________62
2.2. Reading______________________________________________________________62
2.3. Writing_______________________________________________________________64
2.4. Language focus: The tense system: Present Perfect Continuous___________________66
3. The interview_____________________________________________________________67
3.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________67
3.2. Reading______________________________________________________________67
3.4. Language focus: The Subjunctive__________________________________________69
UNIT FIVE
EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS___________________________________71
1. The European Court of Justice______________________________________________71

1.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________71
1.2. Reading______________________________________________________________71
1.4. Language focus: The tense system: Means of expressing future___________________73
2. The European Parliament__________________________________________________74
2.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________74
2.2. Reading______________________________________________________________74
2.4. Language focus: The tense system: Future Continuous/ Progressive_______________77
3. Globalisation_____________________________________________________________78
3.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________78
2
3.2. Reading______________________________________________________________78
3.4. Language focus: The tense system: Future Perfect_____________________________81
UNIT SIX
CULTURE AND CIVILISATION__________________________________82
1. What is cultural diversity?__________________________________________________82

1.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________82
1.2. Reading______________________________________________________________82
1.4. Language focus: The tense system: Past Perfect_______________________________84
2. How does diversity differ from equal opportunities?____________________________85
2.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________85
2.2. Reading______________________________________________________________85
2.4. Language focus: The tense system: Past Perfect Continuous_____________________87
3. National stereotypes_______________________________________________________88
3.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________88
3.2. Reading______________________________________________________________88
3.4. Language focus: The tense system: Revision_________________________________91
UNIT SEVEN
TOURISM AND BUSINESS TRIPS_______________________________95
1. Tourism domestic and international________________________________________95

1.1. Lead-in_______________________________________________________________95
1.2. Reading______________________________________________________________95
1.4. Language focus: Numerals_______________________________________________98
1.5. Functions_____________________________________________________________99
2. Travelling on business____________________________________________________101
2.1. Lead-in______________________________________________________________101
2.2. Reading_____________________________________________________________102
2.3. Vocabulary development________________________________________________103
2.4. Language focus: Modal Verbs____________________________________________104
2.5. Functions____________________________________________________________106
3. Advertising in tourism____________________________________________________106
3.1. Lead-in______________________________________________________________106
3.2. Reading_____________________________________________________________107
3.3. Vocabulary development________________________________________________108
3.4. Language focus: Active/Passive Voice_____________________________________109
Supplementary Activities_______________________________________________________112
Appendix List of Irregular Verbs_______________________________________________118
Appendix ABC of the European Union__________________________________________122
Suggested Bibliography________________________________________________________126
Further Vocabulary Study______________________________________________________126
Further Language Study_______________________________________________________126
3
Preface
Objectives
The purpose of English for1st Year Business Students is to develop the written and oral
communication skills of business students. Functional-situational in approach, the course focuses
on two vital areas of the learning process: improving reading and writing skills as well as
developing learning skills. The subject matter, drawn from various business fields, is provocative
and timely but never too specialized. Its authors intended the textbook to be formative rather
than merely summative.
Seven units are devoted to training students in the skills of reading, developing vocabulary, and
writing. As students are guided through the process of learning effectively, they are able to
develop communicative strategies that carry over into real-life situations. Proving essential
practice in controlled exercises, the text enables students to focus on forms, functions, and the
processes of written discourse. These units are designed to help students:
Become familiar with the various vocabulary items related to business English
Become familiar with the various expressions related to specific language functions
Improve reading skills by focusing on both content and the use of theses expressions in
task-based writing exercises
Build up writing skills by practicing the contextual use of the vocabulary items and
focusing on grammar in controlled practice exercises.
Learn and review basic business vocabulary
The main objectives of the course are meant to be externally oriented and internally useful. The
structure of the units is systematic, concise and explicit, responsive to the variety of
communicative circumstances in business. The content is formative, aiming at developing
students awareness for the need for communicating correctly in a foreign language. Mainly
designed to be used as self-study material, the book intends to encourage students to take
individual study more seriously, to offer standardized exercises, to provide concrete examples, to
focus on language use (knowledge of language, language skills, awareness of the nature of
learning, awareness of the reading process, attitudes to reading: unknown words, strategies,
meaning, opportunities for discussion/ exchanges of opinion).
The texts provide opportunities for review and expansion of the skills throughout the term.
Furthermore, the units organisation allows the student to take advantage of individual study. The
abundance of material in the texts makes them easily adaptable to varying learner interests,
student specialties, and language levels. The students can select the exercises, topics, and
activities that are most relevant to their needs.
Introduction: to the student

This book is designed to help you to improve your reading and writing skills in business English.
The units of the book deal with carefully chosen texts that offer you the possibility of learning
specific vocabulary, grammar structures and functional language in appropriate contexts. The
tasks you will have to carry out will help you develop your language skills in an integrated way,
i.e. extracting the main ideas from a text// taking notes// writing a report etc.
The structure of each unit is the following:
a. Lead-in
b. Reading
c. Vocabulary development
d. Language focus
e. Functions
The lead-in section is devised to introduce you in the topic of the unit. It consists in questions or
exercises that forecast the subject matter to be discussed in the reading section.
The reading section contains texts that offer both information connected with the business
environment and the opportunity to improve and enrich your vocabulary with new words and
expressions.
The vocabulary development section offers explanations about some of the lexical items from
the text and expands the learning context to the lexical areas of the words/ expressions studied. It
presents both general and specialized vocabulary and the activities initiated here require a
sustained individual work with the dictionary with the aim of building your vocabulary.
The language focus section starts from examples found in the text. It has two sub-sections: one
that deals with the theoretical input of a certain grammar problem (rules, examples etc.) and the
second Practice that contains different types of exercises designed to give you practice in
using the language correctly and improving your control of grammar.
The functions section contains a number of different expressions that represent certain language
functions. This may help you to become familiar with the context in which these expressions are
used. You can also add variety to your language. The more expressions that you are able to use,
the more effective you can be as a speaker of a foreign language. The section also contains
suggested writing activities in order to focus your attention on individual activities that offer you
the possibility of making use of the knowledge you acquired within each unit, as a whole.
UNIT ONE
COMMUNICATING IN BUSINESS
1. Socialising in business
1.1. Lead-in
1.1.1. DOs and DONTs
Business manners make a major impression on colleagues, employees and customers but
sometimes, theres only a subtle difference between saying the right thing and the wrong
thing. Read the following situations and decide which is right and which is wrong:
1. When you want to intrude on a colleagues time, you say:
a. May I have a moment of your time?
b. Are you busy right now?
2. When you want to smoke:
a. Light a cigarette in a bathroom or corner.
b. Look for a smoking sign, or leave the premises to light up.
3. When you accidentally use profanity:
a. Please, excuse my anger.
b. I know I shouldnt say things like that, but being late makes me so mad.
4. When you are wondering when to start eating:
a. Start eating when you are invited to do so.
b. Dig in at the table before others begin their meals.
5. When you are wondering how to address someone you just met:
a. Repeat his or her entire name slowly and ask for the proper form of address.
b. Use a first name unless youre in a social setting or meeting a peer.
6. When youre initiating a conversation:
a. Enquire about personal habits or family backgrounds.
b. Offer pleasantries, and ask how your conversation partner is feeling.
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7. When you are not sure how to pronounce an individuals name, do say:
a. Im sorry, but would you pronounce your name for me again?
b. I guess Im going to emasculate your name.
8. When you are running out of time during an appointment:
a. Offer to make an additional appointment for further questions or comments.
b. Summarily end the meeting or anxiously look at the clock.
9. When you want to make a personal comment to a colleague:
a. Ask to speak to the individual privately.
b. Raise the issue during a meeting.
10. When you enter a room:
a. Place your items on the individuals desk unless he invites you to do so.
b. Stand until the other individual sits down.
11. When you hear a rumour:
a. Listen politely and without comment.
b. Repeat the rumour or harangue the individual for spreading the rumour.
12. When a conversation partner is not paying attention to you:
a. Stop the conversation entirely or bring public attention to the individuals behaviour.
b. Offer a mini-pause of a few seconds, followed by a warm nod of the head or a smile.
13. When you are trying to decide how to dress:
a. Dress casually.
b. Dress in approximately the same style as you expect the individual you are meeting to
dress.
14. When you are visiting someone and you must pass a reception desk:
a. Walk by the receptionist without acknowledging her.
b. Ask permission to go ahead, even if you know the direction to the individuals location.
15. When you take your coat off in someones office:
a. Ask where coats should be hung, even if you notice a hook on the wall.
b. Drape it over the back of your chair.
Consider the following questions:
How much perfume is appropriate to wear at the workplace?
What is the proper time to arrive for an appointment?
Can you exchange business cards while dining?
How should you exchange gifts with your fellow co-workers at the office during the holiday
season?
How can you get more privacy in your cubicle at work without being rude to your co-workers?
1.1.2. Tips to help your business manners
Match the situations below (1-6) with the suggested pieces of advice (a-f):
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
If you are behind schedule.

Return phone calls.
Keep paperwork under control
Lunch appointments
Avoid too much chat
Salary
a. You may think that you are not being paid as much as you should be. Do not discuss your
suspicion with your colleagues. A good way of finding out is to contact an employment
agency to find out the going rate. Having this objective information, you can discuss
your salary with your boss.
b. Although it is good to be friendly, do not spend too much time chatting to colleagues.
You have work to do. If a colleague is distracting you, be polite and say you have some
work to do. Ask if you can carry on the conversation after office hours.
c. If you want to take a client or customer out for lunch, a good rule of thumb is for you to
choose the restaurant and for the client or customer to choose the time.
d. Remember to take the time to contact your next appointment so that the person you are
due to meet is aware of the delay. If necessary, you can rearrange the meeting for a more
convenient time.
e. Try to respond to letters within a set time. Keep a record of requests for reply within a
certain time. If you are unable to respond quickly, write a short letter to the other person
explaining the delay and tell them when you reply.
f. Try not to leave any caller on hold for too long. It is better to tell someone you will call
back when you are free. Be sure to return calls as soon as you can. If you cannot return
the call immediately, apologise to the caller for the delay.
1.2. Reading
Suggest suitable headings for each paragraph of the article below:
BUSINESS MANNERS
Your manners are always under examination, and by committees little suspected, awarding or
denying you very high prizes when you least think it.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
1. Companies are looking for persons who can network effectively and adapt to a variety of
social and business situations. You may have the business qualifications. You have an excellent
record of good education and work experience. However, without good business manners you
will not succeed. Treating people with respect should be second nature to you. It helps to get on
well with the people you work with and with your superiors. It always pays to be polite. Here are
some basics of polite business manners:
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2. At social events, place your name tag on the right side of your chest so that the people you
meet will have a clear view of it when they shake your hand. Dont stand around waiting for
introductions to be made. Introduce yourself. Offer your business or calling card. Address both
married and single women as Ms. When you introduce two people name the person of higher
standing first.
3. Shake the hand of a woman the same way you should shake the hand of a man. Avoid the
extremes bone-crushing shakes and wimpy fingertip shakes.
4. If you are vegetarian, tell the server before you sit down so that special arrangements can be
made for you. Dont blow on your soup. Dont use a toothpick or put on makeup at the table (do
it in the restroom). Dont answer pagers or cell phone calls. Turn you pager off, and leave your
cell phones at home. Dont ask for a doggie bag. Dont pick up the check unless you invited the
other diners.
5. Pick up your clients at the airport personally. Carry their bags and open doors for them. Assist
them at the hotel check-in desk. Stand by in the hotel lobby while your clients examine their
rooms. Do everything you can to make them feel comfortable and important.
6. Dont light up unless your host or client does. If you do not smoke and your client or host
does, say nothing. Suffer in silence.
7. Pay attention to your surroundings and the people you meet, and the right thing to do will
often become apparent. When in doubt, imagine the actions of courteous, accommodating people
you know and ask yourself: how would they act in your situation?
(Source: Jerome R. Stockfish, No Wimpy Handshakes, Please!, The Tampa Tribune, 9
September 1998, on-line http://www.tampatrib./com/sections/story2bz.htm 26 September 1998)
1.3. Vocabulary development

1.3.1. Match the following vocabulary items from the text with the correct definition. The
number between brackets indicates the paragraph in which you can find the word.
1. name tag (par. 2)
2. business card/ calling card (par.
2)
3. standing (par. 2)
4. wimpy fingertip shake (par. 3)
5. server (par. 4)
6. doggie bag (par. 4)
a. status, position
b. member of staff serving at table/ wine waiter/
head waiter
c. small talk, good-natured remarks, chat
d. berate, criticise, scold (to criticize someone
angrily or try to change their opinion, often by
shouting at them)
e. a small flat piece of metal, plastic etc. with
your name on it, that you wear to show people
who you are
f. a small card that has a persons name on it, as
well as the address, telephone number, and email address of the company that they work for
11
7. pleasantries (ex. 1.1.1. par. 6)

8. harangue (verb) (ex. 1.1.1. par.
11)
g. a gesture of friendship, but not very firm or

strong
h. a bag or box that you take home from a
restaurant, containing the food that you did not
finish eating
1.3.2. Read carefully and use the dictionary to understand each vocabulary item:
diner (the other diners par. 4)
to dine with smb.; to dine out; diner-out; dinette; dining car; dining coach; dining hall; dining
room; dining saloon; dining set
introduction (introductions to be made par. 2)
to introduce; introducer; introduction; introductive; introductorily; introductory
Choose other words from the text and try to find all their derivatives.
1.3.3. Phrasal verbs
Form: verb + adverb particles // Some grammars consider phrasal verb the combination verb +
preposition.
put on: put on make up at the table (par. 3)
Check with the dictionary the following phrasal verbs:
~ about:
~ aside:
~ away:
~ back:
~ by:
~ down:
~ forth:
~ forward:
~ off:
~ out:
~ through:
~ together:
~ up:
They put about the rumour that the two companies will merge.
He puts money aside for the future.
Put the books away!
He always puts the files he works with back.
They put the other competitors by.
They put the rebellion down.
The Prime Minister has put forth the new Retirement Scheme Plan. / The apple
tree has already put its leaves forth.
He rejected all the proposals put forward by the Committee.
Put off this meeting!
The firemen took three hours to put the blaze out. / Children put out food for their
pet.
Employees shouldnt be put through the stress of being fired.
Lets put together our experience and your money!
When he finished talking, he put the receiver up.
Here are some other phrasal verbs from the text: turn off, pick up, stand by, drape sth. over. Use
the dictionary to find out what other adverbial particles can be associated with these verbs and
check their meaning. Make sure you will be able to use them in sentences of your own.
12
1.4. Language focus: The Noun

1.4.1. The Noun
Study the following nouns from the text; can you detect any difference?
Business businesses: His business is buying and selling shoes. There are different types of
businesses.
Introduction introductions: The introduction of the book is interesting. He made the
introductions.
People peoples: People think he is a successful businessman. Peoples in Asia are different
from peoples in Europe.
Manner manners: He has a self-confident manner. You should study business manners.
Silence no plural: Silence in the room!
Countable nouns
Form: Sg./ pl.: office/ offices; businessman/ businessmen
Determiners for Countables: the article (a, an, the), the numeral (one, two etc.), some, many,
several, a lot of etc.
Uncountable nouns
Form: They have only one form: milk, tea, coffee, information, news, trouble etc.
Determiners for Uncountables: little, a little, some (of), much (of), enough, the, no, zero article
, any, more, most (of the), a lot of (the), some, all (of) the, a great/ small amount of, a bit of
(informal), a piece of, a loaf/ slice of (bread), a lump of (sugar) etc.
Use:
a lot of - in positive sentences: I have a lot of work.
much in negative sentences and questions:
There isnt much work to do. Have you got much work to do?
some in positive sentences and in questions when the expected answer is yes:
I have some good news. Would you like some tea?
any in negative sentences and questions:
He didnt make any progress. Is there any good news?
no in negative sentences with a positive verb:
He has no experience at all.
Uncountable nouns:
Materials/ substances: oxygen, water, petrol, bread, chocolate, cheese, coffee, cream,
gold, hair, jam, oil, paper, snow, wind, wood
abstract nouns: heat, science, mathematics, economics, love, hate, happiness, advice,
experience, fun, help, health, information, knowledge, progress, weather, work
nouns that are uncountable in English but are often countable in other languages:
accommodation, music, equipment, furniture, homework, luggage, rubbish, traffic
13
Rule: Uncountables + Vb. in the sg.: Mathematics is important.

Always take a verb in singular: information, homework, advice, intelligence, wisdom, money,
luggage, knowledge, justice, nonsense, news, furniture, politics, economics, phonetics, measles,
sugar, bread, butter, fruit, gold, silver, jam, honey etc.
The plural is suggested by adding: three pieces/ items of several/ many pieces of
Always take a verb in plural: glasses, clothes, scissors, pyjamas, pants, trousers, scales, goods,
premises, savings, outskirts, grounds, compasses, pincers, scales, spectacles, tongs, scissors,
earnings, funds, manners, savings, stairs, contents, wages
Foreign plurals
analysis analyses
crisis crises
datum data
memorandum memoranda
phenomenon phenomena
formula formulae
focus foci
index indices
index - indexes
1.4.2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the correct form (singular or plural)
of the appropriate noun:
business (2), card, diner, event (2), family (2), friend, gentleman, man (2), meeting, phone,
register, responsibility, time, woman (2), year.
Many 1. ago 2. was conducted predominantly by 3. . A 4. s role was to maintain the 5.
and home 6. . Evening 7. and 8. were strictly for them enjoying with 9. and 10.
. Social 11. were maintained so only those in the business group would be included. A 12.
never carried his business 13. to these 14. , but a social card with just his name. 15.
have changed. Now, 16. is conducted continuously (thanks to breakfast 17. , e-mail, and
cellular 18. ); and 19. are now as present in the business world as 20. .
1.4.3. Choose the correct form of the noun in the following sentences:
1. Do you have any experience/experiences of working in marketing?
2. How many people/persons/peoples will be participating in the meeting?
3. The accident happened because the workers were not wearing protective
clothing/clothings.
4. Our son cannot join us on the trip because he has a lot of homework/homeworks to do.
5. The secretary did not know which of the six paper/pieces of paper/papers to take to the
conference room.
6. I think that you should print your advertisement on high quality paper/papers/pieces of
paper.
7. The clerk could not give any information/informations about the company profile.
8. We all like the new office furniture/furnitures.
9. Jane has got cold/a cold. She must have caught it from me.
10. It will cost a lot to repair the damage/damages caused by the flood.
14
1.5. Functions
a. Identifying yourself
Hello, Im from
Hello, my name isI work for
Hello, let me introduce myself, ImIm in charge of// Im responsible for
Hello, first name+ surnameIve got an appointment with
b. greetings when you meet someone for the first time
First greeting
Neutral
How do you do? Im (very) pleased/
delighted to meet you.
Its (very) nice to meet you.
Informal How do you do? Nice/ good to meet
you.
Hello. Nice to have you with us.
Hi. Pleased to meet you.
Reply to the greeting

How do you do? Its (very) nice to meet
you too.
Im pleased to meet you too.
Nice/ good to meet you too.
Pleased to meet you too.
c. Introducing people
Neutral
Informal
Phrase of introduction
Mr. X, Id like you to meet Y
May I introduce Y
Id like to introduce Y
Can I introduce
This is
I want you to meet
Relevant information
a colleague of mine.
From
Our Marketing manager.
Hes with
A friend of mine.
Hes over here on business.
d. Greetings
Greeting
Hello.
Hi.
(Good)
morning.
(Good)
afternoon.
Follow-up enquiry
How are you?
How are you doing?
How are things?
How have things
been?
Is everything okay/
all right?
Hows
everything
going?
Reply
Specific enquiry
Very well, How was your
holiday?
Not too
How was the trip?
bad.
How did the meeting
Fine,
go?
thank you. How did you enjoy
the film?
15
Reply
Very good.
Very
interesting
Very well/
fine.
Very much.
Greeting people you see less frequently

Neutral
Informal
You have met them several times before

Im very pleased to meet/ see you again.
Its (very) nice to meet/ see you again.
Good/ nice to see you.
Great to see you.
Good to meet you again.

Pleased to meet you again.
Role-play
Student A: You are a businessperson, representative of a large company, visiting for the first
time the head office of a possible partner company (give a name to the company you are visiting
real or fictitious). Introduce yourself to the receptionist and ask to see the Managing Director.
Ask as many polite questions as possible.
Student B: You are the receptionist of the company being visited. Welcome the guests and let
them know that the Managing Director will be seeing them in about an hour. Do not forget that
the guests are for the first time in your company and that your manners are representative of the
company.
Student A and B: Use the expressions suggested above.
Writing
Imagine a dialogue between Student A in the role-play and the Managing Director. Do not forget
that they have never met before. Use the expressions given above.
2. IT applied to business
2.1. Lead-in
1. Can the full effect of the current information revolution be predicted?
2. Is meeting face-to-face more valuable than corresponding electronically?
3. Is human power able to effectively control the way information technology shapes our
economic and political lives?
16
2.2. Reading
Read the text and find an appropriate title for it.
1. There is a big influence of technique on our daily life. Electronic devices, multimedia and
computers are things we have to deal with every day. Especially the Internet is becoming more
and more important for nearly everybody as it is one of the newest and most forward-looking
media and surely the medium of the future. The Internet changed our life enormously, there is
no doubt about that. A few years ago, if someone wanted to know about a companys products,
he would call and say: Can I have some brochures? Today, he does it all on the Internet. Its the
most efficient way to do business.
2. Although no one can predict the full effect of the current information revolution, we can see
changes in our daily lives. The computer is an important component of every modern office.
Companies already present their products, their services on the Internet and so they get more
flexible. Furthermore, they are able to exchange experiences, novelties and often they start new
projects together. They can also add files to their e-mail and thats why a big data transfer is
possible. They dont have to send disks with information around the world anymore, having
access to information digitally. Consequently, we may say that especially in the business sector,
knowledge provided by the Internet is power.
3. Another advantage of the Internet is the e-mail that has replaced the traditional letter. You do
not have to buy stamps anymore and it is much faster and also for free. But a question arises
here: is electronic correspondence more valuable than meeting face-to-face? Some neighbours
still stop by when a family crisis strikes but other people offer condolences via e-mail.
Whichever we prefer, the electronic seems to represent the future. The Internet pushes life
beyond the old physical barriers of time and space. Here you can roam around the world without
leaving home. Make new friends. Exchange the results of laboratory with a colleague overseas.
Read stock quotes. Buy clothes. Research a term paper. Stay out of the office, conducting
business via a computer that becomes your virtual office. Virtual community. Virtual travel.
Virtual love. A new reality.
4. One example: for the women staying home and taking care of their own children tele-working
(the work on computer at home) has become a current procedure. Also men take this opportunity.
What are the consequences, the advantages of tele-working? If you have a family, you can spend
more time at home, probably with your children. You can organise every day the way you want.
Meetings at the company are reduced to a minimum. Tele-working is also an advantage for the
owner of the company. Official studies substantiate that people who work at home are more
motivated than their colleagues at the office.
5. The Internet can also help people who cannot go out to find friends in the real life because
they are disabled. But they can chat with other people via the Internet. Sometimes it is also easier
for shy people to chat with a person they do not know.
6. Additionally, another big advantage of the Internet is the easy access to information. Online
reference books and dictionaries replace the real bookshop or the library. It is again cheaper to
search for information on the Internet than buying a book. The Internet contains a lot of
information which is renewed and up-dated. Moreover, you can read the daily newspapers from
17
all over the world, sometimes for free. In addition, most newspaper sites have an archive in
which you can search for old articles.
7. The Internet is also a big advertising company A lot of enterprises have a homepage with
ads and support opportunities. To stay competitive in international economy corporations must
open themselves to information and new ideas. Issues must be presented quickly with visual
aids.
8. Obviously, technology promises more and more information for less and less effort. As we
hear these promises, we must balance faith in technology with faith in ourselves. Wisdom and
insight often come not from keeping up-to-date or compiling facts, but from quiet reflection.
What we hold most valuable things like morality and compassion can be found only within
us. While embracing the future, we can remain loyal to our unchanging humanity.
(Source: text adapted from http://newroom.cisco.com)
(One possible suggestion for the title: The Impact of The Internet on Our Daily Life; can you find
some others?)
2.3.1. Match the following vocabulary items with the correct definition:
1. information (par. 2)
2. medium (par. 1)
3. brochure (par. 1)
4. digital (par. 2)
5. to roam (par. 3)
6. stock (par. 3)
7. to quote (par. 3)
8. to substantiate (par. 4)
9. ads (par. 7)
10. compiling (par. 8)
a. storing information such as sound or picture, as numbers or

electronic signals
b. the action of making something such as a list or book by bringing
together information from many different places // (using a computer
program to change a set of instructions)
c. knowledge or facts about someone or something
d. a short film on television or short article on radio that is intended
to persuade people to buy something
e. a way of communicating information and ideas, especially to a lot
of people, for example newspapers or television (pl. media/
mediums)
f. an amount of sth. that you keep so that you can use it when you
need it // one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is
divided (usually used in the plural)
g. a small magazine containing details and pictures of goods or
services that you can buy
h. to provide evidence that proves something
i. to move or travel with no particular purpose
j. to tell someone what price you would charge them to do a
particular piece of work
2.3.2. Use the dictionary to find the word family of the words in italics.
e.g.: reference: to refer, referable, referee, referendum, referent, referable, referring, reference
with its lexical area: reference book, ~ library, ~ mark, ~ peg, ~ point. Make sure you will be able
to use the words in sentences of your own.
18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
online reference (par. 6):

unchanging humanity (par. 8)
big influence (par. 1)
efficient way (par. 1)
predict the effect (par. 2)
6. advantage of the Internet (par. 3)

7. stock quotes (par. 3)
8. are motivated (par. 4)
9. they are disabled (par. 5)
10. advertising company (par. 7)

some neighbours still stop by (par. 3): = to stop for a while and look
to stop up:
They stopped up the hole in the wall with bricks.// He stopped up all night.
to stop off:
The runner stops off and waits for his friend.
to stop over: The train stops over for 2 minutes in that village.
Use the dictionary to find out what adverbial particles or prepositions can be attached to
the following verbs:
1. to roam (around: par. 3)
2. to go (out: par. 5) .
3. to come (from: par. 8)
2.4. Language focus: The Article. The Gerund

Notice the use of the article definite, indefinite, zero in the following sentences:
But a question arises here (par. 3)
The Internet is also (par. 7)
technology promises more and more information for less and less effort (par. 8)
The Article
The Indefinite Article
Form: a, an
Used: only with countables (not to be used with uncountables!)
He has an interesting job.
She is a secretary.
The Definite Article
Form: the
Used with: countable nouns singular and plural (the chair/ the chairs); uncountable nouns (the
rain, the news)
He is the man I told you about.
The Zero Article:
Used:
with abstractions: Fear is dangerous.
with proper names: I will meet Tom tomorrow.
with nouns of material: I like silver.
19
Phrases with indefinite/ definite/ zero article

indefinite:
to indicate frequency, speed, cost: once a month, 20 km an hour, $2 a pound
in exclamations: What a shame! What a pity! What a mess!
Definite:
With the meaning only one: the Parliament, the police, the zoo
for nationalities: the Romanians, the British
+ adjectives, to indicate a class: the rich, the poor
for regions, mountain ranges, oceans, seas: the Carpathians, the Black Sea
for hotels, restaurants, pubs, theatres, cinemas: The Continental, The National Theatre
for institutions (used for their main purpose) schools, hospitals, churches, universities: I go to
school. The school is far away.
for names of meals: Lets have dinner. (The dinner was good.)
for cities, countries, continents: Bucharest, France, Europe (but: the USA, the UK)
for mountains and lakes: Mount Everest, Lake Michigan
for streets: East Street
The Gerund
Look at the examples:
It is cheaper to search for info on the Internet than buying a book. (par. 6)
Wisdom comes not from keeping up-to-date or compiling facts. (par. 8)
Form:
Present gerund: short infinitive + ing: reading, writing, buying
Perfect gerund: having + past participle: having read, having written, having bought
Used after:
verbs: begin, start, go on, keep on, stop, leave off, give up, finish: He started working.
attempt, try, intend, cant help: I cant help arguing.
to avoid, delay, put off, postpone, excuse, want, need, mind: Avoid buying cigarettes.
adverbs: like, worth: Its worth going.
think of/ persist in/ rely on/ depend on/ thank for/ prevent from/ insist on/ succeed in/ etc.
adjective or past participles: fond of, tired of, used to
nouns + of: hope, intention, difficulty, necessity, possibility, habit, idea, risk, method, way,
custom
2.4.2. Insert the correct form of the article definite, indefinite, zero in the following
texts:
A. There are 1. people who do not read 2. paper in 3. morning anymore. They are
reading 4. e-paper. Even in the morning they are sitting in front of 5. computer and not
talking to each other while drinking 6. cup of tea. In 7. future there will be more and more
20
e-papers and 8. newspapers will disappear. Some are beginning to talk to their computer
(Come on, lets work!) but they are not able to talk to each other anymore. While chatting on 9.
Internet you are frequently using 10. abbreviations, incomplete sentences and so on. This
leads to speaking disabilities in everyday life.
B. 1 top managers of 2 corporation are appointed or dismissed by 3 corporations board
of 4 directors, which represents 5 stockholders interests. However, in 6 practice, 7
board of directors is often made up of 8 people who were nominated by 9top managers of
10 company. 11 members of 12 board of 13directors are elected by 14majority of
15 voting stockholders, but 16most stockholders vote for 17 nominees recommended by
18 current board members. 19 stockholders can also vote by proxy 20 process in
which they authorize someone else, usually 21 current board, to decide how to vote for them.
2.5. Functions
Presenting and supporting opinions
asking for opinions
What are your feelings on this?
To one person
What are your views on.?
What are your feelings about?
What do you think of .?
Whats your opinion about that?
To a group of people
Any reaction to that?
Has anybody any strong feeling about /
views on that?
Whats the general view on/ feeling about
that?
Has anybody any comments to make?
giving opinions
Strong
Im sure that
Im convinced that
I feel quite sure that
Its perfectly clear to me
that
Neutral
I think/ believe that
As I see it
From a financial point of
view
The way I see it is that.
Tentative
It seems to me that.
Im inclined to think that
My inclination would be
to
I tend to favour the view
that.
Role-play
Work in groups of at least 5 persons.
Student A: You are the production manager of a software company. One of the members of the
R&D department has developed new computer games software. You want to know more
technical details and to ask for the opinion of the Board of Directors regarding the launching of
the new software.
21
Student B: You work in a software company. You have designed new computer games software
(you may use your imagination to define it) and you want to get a pay raise for it. You need to
present your creation in favourable terms and find the opinion of the production manager. You
want the Board of Directors to agree with the launching of your product.
Student C: You are the Managing Director and the President of the Board. You want to know
how the new software can increase the sales figures of your company. You invite the designer
and the production manager to the Board meeting and ask for everyones opinion.
Student D (E, F, ...): You are members of the Board of Directors (which means you are heads of
various departments: e.g. management, finance, marketing & advertising). Ask for the opinion of
the participants in the meeting and give your own opinion on the new development.
Use the expressions suggested above as often as possible.
Pair work
Your division, specialised in producing soft for a car factory, has some problems with the
computers. Consequently, work is behind schedule. Work in pairs. One of you should make a
suggestion to deal with the situation; the other should accept or reject the suggestion.
Written task:
1. Imagine a dialogue between 2-5 persons asking/giving their opinions about information
technology applied to business.
2. One of the most negative aspects of the impact of the Internet in our daily life is the fact that it
alters the social behaviour, habits and abilities of people. Especially children are often badly
influenced by the Internet. Discuss the impact of the Internet on the social behaviour of children.
Consider the following questions and arrange your answers in the order you consider fit for
your essay:
1. Is the World Wide Web and the world of virtual space going to become more
important than the real world?
2. Will the Internet replace the other media and in a not too far away future will it be the
main medium in the world?
3. Is the Internet a suitable baby-sitter and friend for children?
4. Is it necessary to supervise the nosy children while they are surfing on the Internet?
5. Is the Internet a useful medium to educate children or not?
6. Whats your opinion about chatting on the Internet? Have you ever done this?
7. Can we trust the information we find on the Internet?
8. How does the Internet solve the problem of time and distance?
9. Does the Internet make people lonelier?
22
3. Written vs. oral communication

3.1. Lead-in
1. Can you define communication?
2. Which is, in your opinion, more effective in business environment: oral or written
communication?
3. Can silence be considered a business communication tool?
3.2. Reading
Silence: A Hidden Business Tool
1. In todays frantic world, silence is not often perceived as a business communication tool. Yet,
the strategic use of silence ranging from five-second pauses in a conversation to extended
periods of quietness can result in tremendous benefits to those who practise it.
2. Here are twenty ways you may be able to use silence for your and others benefit. Pick a few
suggestions that may work well for you and resolve to practise the powerful art of silence on
those many occasions when you have the opportunity to do so.
1. Inspire yourself: during periods of silence, the mind has a way of retreating to tranquil
thoughts that calm you down when you are worried.
2. Build productivity: quiet time is perfect for focusing on important, detail-oriented tasks.
Want a subordinate or colleague to work on a project for you? Youll get it done faster if
you arrange for the individual to work in a silent place.
3. Reduce stress: tough morning? Too much tension around you? Retreat to a corner and
remain still and silent for a few minutes.
4. Raise your stature: cultivating the art of graceful silence is one of the characteristics of
successful people. Next time you hear a distorted comment, angry retort, or biased
question thrown at you, remain silent for a short time. Others will respect you for your
thoughtfulness.
5. Emphasize the seriousness of an action: When it comes time to describe a vital initiative,
or to speak with a subordinate or colleague about something he/she has done wrong, let
silence play a part in your comments.
6. Get your prospect talking: when you are in the midst of a sales call, resist the temptation
to present every facet of your product or service. Instead, pause at key junctures, without
question or comment.
7. Raise the esteem of others: Many people are afraid to speak up during meetings. When
you sense fear on the part of a person near you, ask a general question, something that
calls for a thoughtful response and then wait. The individual might be uncomfortable at
23
first, but by stepping back and giving him centre stage for a few moments, youll give
him the opportunity to build self-confidence.
8. Analyse your own thinking: use quiet time to better understand your own reactions to
proposals and ideas.
9. Create atmosphere: silence, perhaps punctuated by gentle music, create a warm, inviting
atmosphere perfect for an employee retreat or a meeting requiring focus.
10. Generate ideas: while brainstorming is often a frenzied activity, great brainstorming is
frequently preceded by moments of calm silence, time for participants to gather their
thoughts and energy for what follows.
11. Stimulate discussion: running a meeting? Its easy for you to dominate the discussion.
But instead of going this route, pose a few problems to the group and resolve to remain
silent while the group grapples with them. You may be amazed at what comes out of the
discussion.
12. Solve problems: next time youre faced with a thorny problem, retreat to a quiet corner.
Dont try to force a solution. Just play with the problem in your mind, and let your latent
experience and skills forge a solution.
13. Ponder important questions: has a co-worker or customer asked you an especially
thought-provoking question? Have you read or heard something that intrigues you? The
next step: a period of silence, time to reflect on the implications of the question, as well
as your next step.
14. Ease conflict: parents use silent time-outs to ease friction in the home. Leaders in the
workplace can use periods of silence to cool conflicts and set the stage for productive
discussion of problems.
15. Visualise: rarely can you achieve breakthrough objectives while you are in the midst of
loud or frantic activity. Instead, use quiet time to walk through difficult problems or
imagine how youll achieve important initiatives.
16. Emphasize a point: when you want others to remember an important pronouncement,
nothing does it better than a short period of silence.
17. Gain energy: if you are feeling tired or anxious, a few moments of silence can help
restore equilibrium and clear the mind.
18. Concentrate: wise group leaders often call for a moment of silence while discussing
complex issues. The quiet time helps group members collect themselves and focus their
attention on the thorny problems at hand.
19. Give yourself strength: when you are about to enter a difficult meeting or engage in a
troublesome task, a quiet period helps you marshal your strength and feel a sense of poise
as you prepare for the task at hand.
20. Learn: when you remain silent and listen intently to the random chatter that fills your
day, you have a powerful opportunity to learn. Listen for gossip, ideas, and a wide range
of commentary about the people and the world around you. The result: greater knowledge
and wisdom that you can readily put to work.
(Source: http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/sociable/regulating-interaction.html)
Having read about the advantages of being silent in doing business, imagine how you can use
them in business situations in which you have to communicate:
Orally
In written form
What are the circumstances in which you have to use oral communication in business?
24
Suggestions: meetings, presentations, conferences, sales exhibitions and fairs(continue the

list).
What type of oral communication will you use?
Suggestions: face-to-face communication, telephoning, presentation (continue the list).
What are the circumstances in which you have to use written communication in business?
Suggestions: work relations within an organisation or between different organisations
What type of written communication will you use?
Suggestions: memos, reports, minutes of the meeting
The memo:
is used for the routine, day-to-day exchange of information within an organisation. A memo
should be clear and concise.
The format of the memo:
To:
From:
Subject:
Date:
The body of the memo (2-5 paragraphs)

E.g.:
To: Mike Andrews
From: Personnel Manager
Subject: Marketing training courses
Date: 13 April 2003
We need to improve the marketing knowledge and selling skills of our staff, in accordance with
the growing demand of well-prepared salesmen on the market.
Please see what the needs of our staff are and the domains in which they feel they need training.
Look for the best specialist able to prepare them and arrange staff workshops till the end of May.
Please have the data ready on 5 May. Let me know if you have any conflict in meeting this due
date.
The report
The format of the report:
- title page: the title, your name, department
- table of contents (if it is a detailed report about sth.)
- introduction: it states the problem that should be analysed, an explanation of
conditions/ circumstances/ general trends (applied to the problem in discussion),
your expectations
- experiment: describe the method you used to collect your data and observations
- discussion: analyse the results
- conclusion: summarize your results
- acknowledgements: you should give credit to all who assisted you
- references: the list includes any documentation that is not your own (books,
articles)
25

3.3.1. Match the following words (taken from the text Silence A Hidden Business Tool)
with their definitions:
1. frantic (par. 1)
2. bias(ed) (par. 4)
3. brainstorming
(par.10)
4. to grapple (par.11)
5. breakthrough
(par.15)
6. marshal (vb. par.19)
7. poise (par.19)
8. random (par.20)
9. chatter (par.20)
10. commentary
(par.20)
a. chosen or happening without any particular method,

pattern, or purpose
b. a discussion of sth. such as an event or theory // (a spoken
description of an event or sports competition that is given
as the event is happening, especially on radio or television)
c. done in a very urgent way
d. a controlled and relaxed way of behaving, even in difficult
situations
e. a way of developing new ideas, through a discussion in
which several people make lots of suggestions and the best
ones are chosen
f. continuous fast informal talk, usually about unimportant
subjects
g. an attitude that you have that makes you treat someone in a
way that is unfair or different from the way you treat other
people
h. to fight with someone
i. to bring people or things together and organise them so that
they can be used in an effective way
j. (adj.) a time when you begin to be successful at something
(it can also mean: a discovery or achievement that comes
after a lot of hard work)
3.3.2. Notice the way in which some words from the text you read are formed. You have
between brackets the number of the paragraph where they can be found. Try to find other
words built by the same rules, using the dictionary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
quietness (par.1), thoughtfulness (par.4), seriousness (par.5)

powerful (par.2), thoughtful (par.7)..
uncomfortable (par.7)
troublesome (par.19)
physiological (par.3)..

Use the dictionary to find the meaning of the following verbs:
1. result in (par.1)
2. walk through (par.15)
26
Check what other prepositions or adverbial particles can be attached to them and make
sure you can use them in sentences of your own.
3.4. Language focus: The Adjective and the Adverb

3.4.1. The Adjective and the Adverb
The Adjective
Consider the following expressions from the text Silence A Hidden Business Tool and notice
the use of adjectives and adverbs:
important detail, oriented tasks, complex issues, vital initiative, greater
knowledge
Youll get it done faster, Remain still and silent, to better understand
Look for some other adjectives and adverbs in the text.
The Positive degree
rich; expensive
The Comparative Degree
Of equality: (almost) as rich as
Of inferiority: Not so/ as big as, less rich than, less expensive than, much less expensive than
Of superiority: Richer than, far/ slightly richer than, more expensive than, much more expensive
than
The Superlative
Relative: The richest, the most expensive
Absolute: very rich/ expensive
Of inferiority: the least rich/ expensive
Ways of intensifying the comparison:
by repetition: It gets darker and darker.
with: far, still, ever, much, a great deal,:The event has even greater significance than he
thought.
the + comparative the + comparative: The sooner, the better.
with: extremely, terribly, exceedingly, quite: It is an extremely attractive salary.
with: far, by far: Its far more interesting than we thought.
The Irregular Comparison of Adjectives
Positive
good
bad
much
Comparative
better
worse
more
27
Superlative
the best
the worst
the most
many
little
late
late
far
far
old
old
more
less
later
the latter (the last from two)
farther
further (additional)
older
elder (attributively)
the most
the least
the latest (in time)
the last (in a sequence)
the farthest (in space)
the furthest (abstract)
the oldest
the eldest
The Adverb
Form: adjective + ly
Rapid rapidly, quick quickly, simple - simply
Careful-carefully, faithful faithfully
adv. + ward(s): backward(s), eastward(s), ..
noun+ long: headlong, sidelong,.
Formed by composition: Somewhere, meantime, beforehand, midway.
Identical adverbs and adjectives
Adjective
fast
long
much
little
low
Adverb
fast
long
much
little
low
Example
The fast car races fast.
After such a long meeting, will you stay here long?
He doesnt eat much because we dont have much bread.
He speaks little because there is little time left.
A low price toy plane flies low.
Make the difference:

hard work: He works hard (very much). He hardly works (he does almost nothing).
high mountain: The plane flies high. The report was highly (very) useful for us.
new colleague:
light parcel: I travel light (without luggage). Dont judge her lightly (superficially).
Short letter: He shut up short (all of a sudden). We will return shortly (very soon).
Use the dictionary and build correct sentences for the next two:
Quick/ quickly
Loud/ loudly
Comparison of adverbs
A.
Soon sooner soonest
Fast faster fastest
B.
Correctly more correctly most correctly
Comfortably more comfortably the most comfortably
Irregular forms of comparison
Well better best
Badly worse worst
Much more most
Little less least
28
Far farther/ further farthest/ furthest

Near nearer nearest/ next
Late later latest
Types of adverbs:
Adverbs of Manner: + ly: happily, easily, angrily, truly, sensibly, reasonably, comfortably,
automatically, beautifully, carefully, secretly, severely // hard, fast, well
Their place is after the verb.
Adverbs of time/ frequency: Now, yesterday, still, yet, already, early, late, soon, recently, lately
(=recently), afterwards, lately, soon, yesterday, since Monday, on Thursday; ever, never, often,
always (before the main verb). Adverb phrases of time can start with: since, for, at once, until,
then.
Their place is: at the beginning/ end of sentence (now, yesterday, soon); between Subject and
Predicate: I usually write memos.; between the auxiliary and the verb: They have never met him.
Adverbs of place: here, there, away, abroad, south, below, upstairs, next to, close to, anywhere,
everywhere, at home
Their place is after the verb.
Adverbs of degree: fairly, hardly, just, quite, really, very, extremely
Their place is before the adjective or adverb they modify: They really should stop arguing.
Sentence adverbs: actually, anyway, of course they indicate what we feel about a whole
sentence: Actually, he is a good manager.
The order of adverbs: manner, place, time: They worked hard on the project yesterday.
The position in the sentence:
Between S and P:
They often visit us.
After the verb to be, when this is the main verb of the sentence:
They are always late.
After the first auxiliary, modal or link verb:
Businessmen have always
tried to be successful.
Prepositions used in adverbial phrases: throughout, during, in, for, since
e.g.: She was ill throughout the holiday.
Ill go to Paris in July.
Ive played the violin for five years.
Adjectives and adverbs that make stronger sentences
Adjectives: absolute, complete, real, total: The meeting was a complete success/ a total disaster.
Adverbs: absolutely, completely, totally: I completely agree with him.
Very, extremely: He is extremely known in his field.
Really: Its a really big success.
Adjectives and adverbs that make weaker sentences
fairly, quite, pretty, slightly: The results were slightly appreciated by the committee. He is quite a
good negotiator.
3.4.2.
A. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adjectives and adverbs:
29
How to communicate 1. in the Digital Age Technology can be a 2. blessing and a 3.

curse. In some 4. ways, it 5. speeds up the communication process, but in other ways, it 6.
slows it down. We are 7. inundated with so many communication tools fax, electronic
mail, teleconferencing, postal mail, interoffice mail, voice mail, and others that oftentimes we
sacrifice face-to-face interaction for expediency. This 8. lack of connectedness can cause 9.
communication breakdowns and produce 10. stress.
Consult the list: severe, unpleasant, painful, obvious, effectively, tremendous, gentle,
irreversibly, hopelessly, continuously.
B. Read the following text about Gillian Thomson; there are some words missing but you
will find them at the end of each paragraph: find their right location in the text.
1. Gillian Thomson is the a). and director of The Protocol School of Palm Beach TM. She
served six years as the b.) officer and c.) director of public d.) for The Breakers a fivestar, luxury e.) in Palm Beach, Florida. She has held f.) positions with Sea World of
Florida, the Walt Disney World Dolphin Hotel, and northwest Airlines.
protocol, founder, management, relations, assistant, resort
2. The Protocol School of Palm a.) TM is Floridas leading b.) and protocol company. c).
are customized to help you d.) your self-confidence, heighten your communication e.) ,
outshine your competition and increase your f.) . Our goal is to entertain, educate, motivate
and g). the needs of todays leaders.
enhance, beach, etiquette, seminars, meet, bottom line, skills
3. Gillian Thomson is a frequent a.) to numerous trade and business publications and is the
editor-in-chief of the Protocol Post an b.) newsletter for c.) executives. She was recently
d.) Business Associate of the Year by the American e.) Womens Association of North
Palm Beach and is a f.) member of Palm Beach Countys Civility Committee.
savvy, awarded, contributor, business, electronic, founding
4. Ms. Thomson has a a.) of Science b.) in telecommunication from The University of
Florida. Furthermore, she is a c.) and associate of The Protocol School of Washington where
she d.) public relations, marketing and business etiquette to the e.) . A member of the
National Speakers Association, she is f.) to combating incivility in society while g.)
courtesy, respect and integrity. In highly competitive markets where many companies offer
similar h.) and products at similar costs, how you i.) your customers may be as important
to your companys success as the quality or j.) of your product. When you possess good
manners, it puts your clients and customers at k.) , increases customer satisfaction, and
positively affects your companys bottom line.
consultants, graduate, price, devoted, degree, treat, bachelor, teaches, promoting, ease,
services
30
3.5. Functions
Describing trends:
- intensifiers and softeners:
fractionally higher
marginally lower
slightly higher
a little lower
somewhat lower
considerably higher
substantially lower
a great deal higher
e.g. Sales were slightly lower..

Sales dropped slightly
There was a slight drop in sales.
far lower
much lower
dramatically lower
Productivity was dramatically higher.

There was a dramatic increase in productivity
Productivity rose dramatically.
- Rates of change
e.g. Sales rose dramatically/ sharply/ rapidly.
There was a gradual/ steady fall in population.
- comparison
Higher than
Larger than
The highest
Compared to
The lowest
much lower
a great deal lower
rather better than
considerably better than
slightly higher than
far lower than

a little lower than
Pair work
Look at the following graphs. Take turns in describing them to your partner. Use the expressions
suggested above.
Dom inoes Ltd. - Sales figures for 2002
$, m
900
821
800
700
600
500
435
400
300
350
345
265
256
200
123
100
256
250
270
271
76
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
31
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Firew orks Pty. - Sales figures for 2002

$, m
900
800
763 754 752
700
600
500
400
777
685
623
532
560
523
445
334
300
222
200
100
0
Jan Feb Mar
Apr May
Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Daphne Ltd. - Sales figures for 2002

$, m
800
752 755
700
600
689 663
502 532
500
600
523
432 430
400
300
222
200
100
125
0
Jan Feb Mar
Apr May
Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fresh Fruits Ltd. - Sales figures for 2002

$, m
800
700
634
600
500
400
527
465
598 625 570 578
477
402
389
300
690
276
200
100
0
Jan Feb Mar
Apr May Jun
32
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Group work
You want to expand your business and you have just found out that the bank agreed to give you a
$ 500, 000 loan on condition that the money should be spent on one major project. Your task is
to form a committee that should decide the main field of the project and will make a formal
recommendation as to how the money should be spent. A meeting has been called to discuss the
issue.
a. imagine a dialogue between the persons attending the meeting
b. write the minutes of the meeting
Writing
Discuss (write an essay) about the importance of written communication in business in various
fields of activity. If possible, use the expressions above.
33
UNIT TWO
THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIRM
1. Types of Businesses
1.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
How much do you know about private business activity?

Would you plan to set up your own small business after graduation?
What sort of business would it be?
What makes, in your opinion, a successful businessman/woman in your country?
1.2. Reading
Corporations And Other Types Of Businesses
1. Three major types of firms carry out the production of goods and services in the US economy:
sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.
2. Proprietorships and Partnerships
Sole proprietorships are typically owned and operated by one person or family. The owner is
personally responsible for all debts incurred by the business, but the owner gets to keep any
profits the firm earns, after paying taxes. The owners liability or responsibility for paying debts
incurred by the business is considered unlimited. That is, any individual or organisation that is
owed money by the business can claim all the business owners assets (such as personal savings
and belongings), except those protected under bankruptcy laws.
3. Normally when the person who owns or operates a proprietorship retires or dies, the business
is either sold to someone else, or simply closes down after any creditors are paid. Many small
retail businesses are operated as sole proprietorships, often by people who also work part-time or
even full-time in other jobs. Some farms are operated as sole proprietorships, though today
corporations own many of the nations farms.
4. Partnerships are like sole proprietorships except that there are two or more owners who have
agreed to divide, in some proportion, the risks taken and the profits earned by the firm. Legally,
the partners still face unlimited liability and may have their personal property and savings
claimed to pay off the businesss debts. There are fewer partnerships than corporations or sole
proprietorships in the United States, but historically partnerships were widely used by certain
professionals, such as lawyers, architects, doctors, and dentists. During the 1980s and 1990s,
however, the number of partnerships in the US economy has grown far more slowly than the
number of sole proprietorships and corporations. Even many of the professions that once
operated predominantly as partnerships have found it important to take advantage of the special
features of corporations.
5. Corporations
In the United States a corporation is chartered by one of the 50 states as a legal body. That means
it is, in law, a separate entity from its owners, who own shares of stock in the corporation. In the
United States, corporate names often end with the abbreviation INC., which stands for
incorporated and refers to the idea that the business is a separate legal body.
6. Corporations-Limited Liability
The key feature of corporations is limited liability. Unlike proprietorships and partnerships, the
owners of a corporation are not personally responsible for any debts of the business. The only
thing stockholders risk by investing in a corporation is what they have paid for their ownership
shares, or stocks. Those who are owed money by the corporation cannot claim stockholders
savings and other personal assets, even if the corporation goes into bankruptcy. Instead, the
corporation is a separate legal entity, with the right to enter into contracts, to sue or be sued, and
to continue to operate as long as it is profitable, which could be hundreds of years.
7. When the stockholders who own the corporation die, their stock is part of their estate and will
be inherited by new owners. The corporation can go on doing business and usually will, unless
the corporation is a small, closely held firm that is operated by one or two major stockholders.
The largest US corporations often have millions of stockholders, with no one person owning as
much as 1 percent of the business. Limited liability and the possibility of operating for hundreds
of years make corporations an attractive business structure, especially for large-scale operations
where millions or even billions of dollars may be at risk.
8. When a new corporation is formed, a legal document called a prospectus is prepared to
describe what the business will do, as well as who the directors of the corporation and its major
investors will be. Those who buy this initial stock offering become the first owners of the
corporation, and their investments provide the funds that allow the corporation to begin doing
business.
(Source: http://www.the-unitedstatesofamerica.com/admin/rechterframes/2704.htm)

1.3.1. Match the following words from the text with the correct definitions:
1. sole proprietorship (par. 1)
2. partnership (par. 1)
3. corporation (par. 1)
a. (legal) responsibility
b. business typically owned and operated by one
person or family
c. a document providing details about a business to
people who are interested in investing in it. //a
small book describing a school, university etc., and
giving details of its courses
4. liability (par. 2)
5. assets (par. 2)
6. bankruptcy (par. 2)
7. to charter (par. 5)
8. incorporated (par. 5)
9. stockholder (par. 6)
10. estate (par. 7)
11. prospectus (par. 8)
d. something such as money or property that a person

or company owns
e. a company that has the legal status of a corporation
f. two or more owners who have agreed to divide, in
some proportion, the risks taken and the profits
earned by the firm
g. a situation in which a person or business fails
h. a large company or business organisation
i. all the property and money that belongs to
someone, especially someone who has just died
j. drafting an official document describing the aims,
rights, or principles of an organisation
k. person that owns shares/ stocks
1.3.2. Notice the difference: Own/ owe

Own: possess; have possession of, be in possession of, be the owner of, hold
Owe: be indebted, be in debt, be obliged, have a loan from
1.3.3. Notice how the following words are formed:
Proprietorship, partnership, ownership: ~ + ship
Liability, responsibility < liable, responsible ~ + ty
Savings, belongings: verb + ing(s)
Unlimited: un + adj
Look for some other derived words in the text. Make a list and using the examples at hand, build
other words with the same prefixes and suffixes.
1.4. Language focus: The Genitive

1.4.1. The Genitive
Consider the following examples:
the owners liability (par. 2)
The nations farms (par. 3)
the number of partnerships (par. 4)
the key feature of corporations (par. 6)
s / of in the examples above indicates the Genitive
Look for some other examples with the same problem in paragraphs 7 and 8.
The Genitive indicates possession.
Types of Genitive
The Synthetic Genitive: s
Used with:
persons: Rogers suitcase
abstractions: economics importance
measurements: a miles distance; five minutes time, todays meeting
nouns indicating natural phenomena: the nights silence
nouns indicating continents, countries, cities: Africas animals, Romanias agriculture, Londons
traffic
nouns such as: the sun, the moon, the earth, car, ship, boat, vessel, body, mind, science: the
ships commander, the suns light
time: yesterdays film
Note: the nouns: house, shop, store, office, cathedral are usually omitted after nouns at synthetic
genitive: St. Pauls (cathedral) is a historical monument. // One can buy bread at the bakers
(shop).
The Analytic Genitive: of
Used with:
all kinds of nouns: the decrease of the income
names of material: the shine of gold
expressions of quantity: a lump of sugar
full containers: a glass of water
inanimate things: the windows of the house
The Implicit Genitive
Used with:
scientific terms: economy laws
titles: The European Union Parliament, The United Nations Organisation
1.5. Functions
Presenting information
Im going to talk about.
First of all, lets look at.
After that.
As you can see from the bar graph
Now, if we turn to..
Now, turning to.
Finally , lets look at.
In conclusion..
So, to conclude.
Writing
Present the advantages and disadvantages of having ones own business in Romania.
2. The place of work
2.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Can you imagine what jobs will be the most frequent in the future?
Will there be any jobs that will disappear? Why?
What will the workplace be like? Describe it.
What are the factors that contribute, in your opinion, to job satisfaction?
How do you imagine the place you are going to work at?
2.2. Reading
The Job and Work Environment of the Future
1. In future the majority of jobs will be in industries that provide services, such as banking,
health care, education, data processing, and management consulting. Continued expansion of
the service-producing sector generates a vision of a work force dominated by cashiers, retail
sales workers, and waiters. In addition to the creation of millions of clerical, sales, and
service jobs, the service sector will also be adding jobs for engineers, accountants, lawyers,
nurses, and many other managerial, professional, and technical workers. In fact, the fastest
growing careers will be those that require the most educational preparation.
2. The range of employment growth in various careers will be diverse. The greatest growth in
jobs will be for technicians and related support occupations. Workers in this group provide
technical assistance to engineers, scientists, and other professional workers as well as
operate and program technical equipment. Much of this growth is a result of rising demand
for engineers, computer specialists, lawyers, health diagnosing and treating occupations, and
preschool, elementary and secondary school teachers. The greatest decrease in jobs will be
in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations.
3. As we move into the 21st century, what will the workplace be like? Changes are expected in
both workers and the environment of the workplace. Workers will be more culturally diverse
while organisations will also change. Mergers and acquisitions displace workers with
increasing regularity. Failures, down-scaling, and mergers will be part of the workplace of
tomorrow. In addition, businesses are increasingly becoming international organisations. As
a result, success for companies will partly depend on the ability to relate to workers and
organisations in other countries.
4. Since millions of workers centre a great deal of life on the workplace, the heads of
organisations are increasingly realizing that the workplace is an important setting for
promoting health and welfare of individuals (Offermann & Gowing, 1990).
5. Job satisfaction of individuals in a work group may be influenced by both their co-workers
and their supervisor or manager: employees are more likely to be satisfied with their job if
they get along well with their fellow co-workers and if they perceive their boss or supervisor
to be warm, understanding, and have a high degree of integrity. As a rule, job satisfaction
increases as people grow older. Satisfaction probably increases because as we get older we
get paid more, we are in higher status positions, and we have more job security.
(Source: text adapted from: J. A. Simons, S. Kalichman, J. W. Santrock, Human Adjustment,
Brown & Benchmark Publishers, Iowa, 1994, pp. 248-262)
2.3.1. Match the words from the text with the correct definitions:
1. clerical (jobs) (par. 1)
2. merger (par. 3)
3. acquisition (par. 3)
4. failure (par. 3)
5. down-scaling (par. 3)
6. to relate to (par. 3)
7. service (par. 1)
8. accountant (par. 1)
9. treating (occupations)
(par. 2)
10. environment (par. 3)
a. a system provided by a government or official

organisation for the needs of the public
b. connected with the ordinary work that people do in
offices // job in an office
c. a company that is bought by another company
d. the place in which people live and work, including all the
physical conditions that affect them
e. the process of combining two companies or organisations
to form a bigger one
f. a lack of success in doing something
g. someone whose job is to prepare financial records for a
company or person
h. to be about something or connected with something // to
be able to understand a situation or the way someone
feels or thinks
i. jobs in which the employee takes care of people
j. descending tendency// sth. smaller in size, amount etc
than it used to be
2.3.2. Look at the example: rising demand (par. 2). Make the difference:
To rise rose risen: The sun rises at 7. Prices are rising. The temperature rises. We rose
from the ground.
To arise arose arisen: She arose in the distance like a small spot on the sky. I will solve
any problem which may arise.
To raise raised raised: He raised his hand. She raised the problem in the meeting. Car
producers will raise the prices.
Find antonyms for the following:
Decrease (par. 2).
Displace (par. 3).
Satisfied (par. 5)
Find other words with negative meaning that may be formed with the two prefixes:
De-: (reverse action): formation/ deformation; to frost/ to defrost

Dis-: (the opposite): continuous/ discontinuous; like/ dislike; comfort/ discomfort..
1. Mark the value of the verbs grow/ get = to become:
To grow: to grow older (par. 5); to grow red/ yellow/ well/ dark
To get: to get paid (par. 5); to get frozen; to get drunk; to get rich/ poor; to get married
Use the dictionary and find some other examples.
2.3.3. Verbs with prepositions
satisfied with their job (par. 5)
get along with (par. 5)
Do you know other verbs that require the preposition with?
2.4. Language focus: Prepositions

2.4.1. Prepositions
Form; type:
Simple: over, to, by, at, under etc.
Derived: beside, between, before etc.
Compound: upon, within, into etc.
Complex: instead of, because of, up to, according to etc.
Prepositional phrases: in front of, in spite of, on behalf of, with respect to etc.
Mark some of their lexical contexts:
verbs + prepositions: borrow sth. from, deal with, introduce someone to, laugh about sth., laugh
at someone, lend sth. to, pay for, wait for, apologize to/ for, argue about, ask someone about/ for,
complain about, confess to, explain sth. to, negotiate with, talk about/ to, thank someone for,
believe in, dream about, hope for, worry about
adjectives + prepositions: amused at/ by/ about, excited about, good at, interested in, kind of/ to,
nice to/ of/ about, pleased with, proud of, afraid of, anxious about, frightened of, scared of,
terrified of, ashamed of, bad at, bored with/ by, critical of, disappointed in, fed up with/ about,
suspicious of, upset about, worried about, amazed at/ by, angry at/ with, annoyed at/ by/ about,
surprised at/ by, different from, full of, engaged to, identical to, married to, responsible for,
similar to, sure about, used to
nouns + prepositions: advantage of, addiction to, connection with/ between, damage to,
disadvantage of, exception to/ of, increase in, reaction to, sympathy for, cheque for, friend of,
invitation to, photograph of, recipe for, reply to, witness to
Prepositions in time and place phrases
At:
time: at noon/ dawn/ five
place: at 22 Trafalgar Square/ at York
In:
time: in the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening/ in spring/ in May/ in 2003
place: in America, in England, in New York, in .Street
On:
time: on Sunday/ on the 22nd of June
place: on Fifth Avenue
Prepositions + gerund: capable of, charged with, begin by etc.
2.4.2. Use the correct prepositions:
A. The meeting is scheduled 1. noon because Mr. Tett is 2. a hurry. The exhibition is
planned to be opened 3. a fortnight, that is 4. 1 June. 5. the end of the month Tom has to
finish his report 6. ... the new product since this is the main topic our managing director will talk
7. 8. the opening of the exhibition. He is a bit excited, since 9. . 200 guests are invited,
10. all over the world. He has no reason to be scared 11. because he is 12. .. the best five
specialists 13. the world that have connection 14. this important issue. Mainly, he was
upset 15. whether he would have enough time for the presentation.
B. Mining and oil companies are good sources 1. discovering and getting foreign jobs.
Experienced miners can be almost sure 2. obtaining a job 3. South Africa provided they
enter as immigrants. Even though pay is made 4. sterling 5. local rates, it is sufficient 6.
a good standard 7. living 8. SA. Moreover, there is no hard work attached 9.
mining here since all physical labour is performed 10. crews 11. native boys. This explains
why no labouring or unskilled jobs are available 12. foreign mines only experienced mine
foremen and engineers are wanted.
2.5. Functions
Forecasting
Certainty
Will definitely+ vb.
I am sure that.
To be bound to
It certainly + vb.
Probability
Will probably
X should + vb.
X is likely to.
The likelihood is
that
Possibility
X could + vb.
Its possible we
X may + vb.
There might be
Theres just a
chance that.
Improbability
X is unlikely to
I doubt if.
Pair work
A. Which of the things in the pictures below would you use in your office? Why? Describe the
office of your dreams to your partner, using the expressions given above, and then listen to their
story.
B. Imagine that you are speaking to a group of consultants who are evaluating the efficiency of
your department/ faculty/ organisation etc. Give a detailed description of the duties and
responsibilities of your present job.
Writing: Use the expressions given under forecasting to refer to the university you would
build.
3. Company policy
3.1. Lead-in
1. Is it necessary for a company to have its own policy?
2. Does a well-defined policy contribute to the success of the company in the business
world?
3. What elements/ issues should be included in the policy of a firm?
4. Who decides upon the policy of the firm?
3.2. Reading
Corporations How Corporations Raise Funds For Investment
1. By investing in new issues of a companys stock, shareholders provide the funds for a
company to begin new or expanded operations. However, most stock sales do not involve new
issues of stock. Instead, when someone who owns stock decides to sell some or all of their
shares, that stock is typically traded on one of the national stock exchanges, which are
specialized markets for buying and selling stocks. In those transactions, the person who sells the
stock not the corporation whose stock is traded receives the funds from the sale.
2. An existing corporation that wants to secure funds to expand its operations has three options:
It can issue new shares of stock, using the process described earlier. That option will reduce the
share of the business that current stockholders own, so a majority of the current stockholders
have to approve the issue of new shares of stock. New issues are often approved because if the
expansion proves to be profitable, the current stockholders are likely to benefit from higher stock
prices and increased dividends. Dividends are corporate profits that some companies periodically
pay out to shareholders.
3. The second way for a corporation to secure funds is by borrowing money from banks, from
other financial institutions, or from individuals. To do this the corporation often issues bonds,
which are legal obligations to repay the amount of money borrowed, plus interest, at a designated
time. If a corporation goes out of business, it is legally required to pay off any bonds it has issued
before any money is returned to stockholders. That means that stocks are riskier investments than
bonds. On the other hand, all a bondholder will ever receive is the amount of money specified in
the bond. Stockholders can enjoy much larger returns, if the corporation is profitable.
4. The final way for a corporation to pay for new investments is by reinvesting some of the
profits it has earned. After paying taxes, profits are either paid out to stockholders as dividends
or held as retained earnings to use in running and expanding the business. Those retained
earnings come from the profits that belong to the stockholders, so reinvesting some of those
profits increases the value of what the stockholders own and have risked in the business, which is
known as stockholders equity. On the other hand, if the corporation incurs losses, the value of
what the stockholders own in the business goes down, so stockholders equity decreases.
(Source: http://www.the-unitedstatesofamerica.com/admin/rechterframes/2704.htm)

3.3.1. Match the words with the correct definition:
1. issues (par. 1)
2. to incur (par. 4)
3. transaction (par. 1)
4. to secure (par. 2)
5. expansion (par. 2)
6. dividends (par. 2)
7. bonds (par. 3)
a. corporate profits that some companies periodically pay out

to shareholders
b. legal obligations to repay the amount of money borrowed,
plus interest, at a designated time
c. the value of a property after you have taken away the
amount left to pay on the mortgage // the value of a
companys shares
d. the action or process of buying and selling something
e. a set of things, for example shares in a company, that are
made available to people at a particular time
f. money that you make by selling something or from your
business, especially the money that remains after you have
paid all your business costs (define gross profit and net
profit!)
g. to get money from a bank or from a person by promising to
give them goods or property if you cannot return the
money
8. returns (par. 3)
9. profits (par. 4)
10. equity (par. 4)
h. a profit on money that you have invested

i. the process of making a business, organisation, or activity
grow by including more people, moving into new areas,
selling more products etc.
j. to lose money, owe money, or have to pay money as a
result of doing something
3.3.2. Build the word family of the following:

expanded (par. 1):..
transactions (par. 1):.
approve (par. 2):.
specified (par. 3):
reinvesting (par. 4):
e.g.: to expand, expander, expanding, expanse, expansibility, expansible, expansion,
expansionism, expansionist, expansive
3.3.3. Look up the meaning of the following phrasal verbs. Add more phrasal verbs with
pay. Make sentences of your own to illustrate their meaning.
to pay out (par. 2)
to pay off (par. 3)
3.4. Language focus: Relative Pronouns. Indefinite Pronouns/Adjectives. Demonstrative

Pronouns and Adjectives
3.4.1. Relative pronouns. Indefinite Pronouns/Adjectives. Demonstrative pronouns and
adjectives
Relative pronouns
Read the following examples and look for others in the text:
someone who owns (par. 1)
which are specialized (par. 1)
the corporation whose stock is traded (par. 1)
corporation that wants (par. 2)
bonds which are(par. 3)
Who/ whom (who)/ whose: used for persons:
The secretary who wrote that report was fired.
The secretary whose report was bad was fired.
The secretary whom (who) you know was fired.
Which: used for things
The report which you read was a bad report.
The report whose content was boring was written by Mary.

That: used both for persons and things
The secretary that wrote the report.
The report that you read..
Indefinite Pronouns/ Adjectives: Some, any, no
Read the following examples:
Some companies pay (par. 2)
to pay off any bonds it has issued before any money is returned(par. 3)
some of the profits (par. 4)
Some: pronoun or adjective
Used: in affirmative sentences: We have to visit some subsidiaries. (adj.) They must also visit
some. (pron.)
Any: pronoun or adjective
Used:
in negative sentences: He hasnt any work to do.
after hardly, scarcely, barely: There are barely any suggestions to be made in this matter.
in interrogative sentences: Does he have any chance to win?
to express doubt; after if: If he meets any of you, he will surely help you.
To express no particular one, practically every: Any suggestion you have may help.
No: adjective
Used: in affirmative sentences, to express negative meaning: There are no bankruptcies to be
mentioned.
Some/ any/ no/ every + thing// body// one: something, somebody/ someone..
Other indefinite pronouns: each, all, another, (the) other(s), little, much, few, many, one, either
(of), neither (of)
Observation: The indefinite pronouns anybody/ anyone, anything, everybody/ everyone,
everything, nobody/ no one, nothing, somebody/ someone, something: used with the verb in the
singular
Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives
some of those profits (par. 4)
that option will reduce(par. 2)
Find the other demonstrative pronouns/ adjectives from the text and underline them.
This/ that
These/ those
This book here is different from that book there. (adj) I take this and not that. (pron.)
These people here will meet those people there. (adj.) These are engineers and those are
businessmen. (pron.)
Such
Used in the following structures:
such + a/an + noun: such a business/ such an office..

such + noun (pl.): Such products are..
such + noun (pl.) + as: You have to consider such conditions as..
3.4.2. Complete the following sentences using:
some, any, no
suitable relative/ demonstrative pronouns/ adjectives
Be careful: although there are some other words too, that fit into the blank spaces, you must use
only the required pronouns/ adjectives
The man 1. is waiting next to 2. car is my business partner. 3. say about him that he is
the greatest specialist in car marketing from our company. There is 4. difficult problem 5.
he can(not) find a solution for. When the company faces tough situations he raises his hand in the
middle of 6. meeting and he asks 7. question he is famous for: Can I be of 8. help? 9.
10. dont know him, would think he is mocking, but we all know the fact 11. he speaks as
seriously as he can. Nobody is offended by 12. way of behaving since we can rely on him in
13. serious case 14. appears. I dont know 15. idea was to hire him but he/ she did a
good job.
3.5. Functions
Trends
upward movement:
a rise
an increase
a climb
a jump
to rise
to increase, to go up
to climb
to jump
downward movement:
a fall
a drop
a decline
a decrease
to fall
to drop
to decline
to decrease
use of prepositions:
The percentage rose from.to.

The amount stood / stayed at
The figure rose by ..
There was a rise of.
contrast
contrast words or phrases: but, although, despite, in spite of the fact that, whereas, however,
nevertheless
in contrast (to).
On the other hand.
On the contrary
..while.
against.
compared to..
In comparison (to)
similarity
both..and.
likeX.
the same.
X is similar to..
Neither nor..
Similarly..
Pair work
Look at the table below. It gives you the prices for certain goods and the average salary over a
period of one year. Take turns in relating the trend of prices to that of the average salary. Use the
expressions given above. (The figures are fictitious!)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Bread
(1 kg)
10000
12000
11000
15000
13000
14000
12000
10000
15000
15000
16000
15500
Meat
(1 kg)
120000
140000
125000
130000
130000
160000
170000
Eggs
(1 pc.)
2500
2300
1700
1500
1500
1800
2000
185000
140000
175000
150000
160000
2700
2900
2700
2800
3000
Cigarettes
(20 pcs.)
18000
17500
19000
21000
19000
18000
22000
24000
26000
2800
2800
3000
Average salary
(gross)
3750000
4000000
4250000
4750000
4500000
3750000
4100000
4500000
4300000
4500000
5000000
5500000
Writing: Write about the company policy of a firm you choose, using the expressions above.
UNIT THREE
MANAGEMENT
1. The manager
1.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What makes a good manager?

What makes good communication at work?
What makes teamwork successful?
Could you be a good manager? Explain.
Could you be a good team worker? Explain.
1.2. Reading
Collaborative Team Leadership (1)
Teams work best when team members share both mutual accountability and leadership
responsibilities. The challenge of team leadership, however, even when there is a formally
designated team leader, is to collaborate in the leadership process.
Since leadership and collaboration are often presented and experienced as opposing
dynamics, most people have no frame of reference for collaborative team leadership. However,
this shared, interdependent style of taking the lead and then handing it off must be used by
team members if they are intent on high performance, productivity and success.
Collaborative team leadership is built on three key assumptions:
Effective collaboration requires strong, individual leadership. Personal leadership
skills are a prerequisite for effective team performance, and people will never be able to work
successfully in teams if leaders at all levels do not model collaboration.
Mutual accountability depends on individual accountability. Team members cannot
meet shared goals if they cant fulfil their own personal responsibilities.
A team can maintain control only by sharing control. If team members struggle to
distraction and compete against one another to win, they will all lose.
To master collaborative leadership, team members must think beyond their past
experience and expectations. Collaborative team leadership suggests that in a mutuallyaccountable, interdependent work environment, a team member must be able to take a calm,
clear personal position and use personal influence in precise, focused, yet flexible ways.
As leadership roles shift around task requirements, team members must be able both to
take the lead and share the lead in a fluid manner. To communicate such reciprocal respect and
support, they must also develop a sophisticated awareness of group process and other skill sets,
including:
Understand values and behaviours required in a collaborative team environment.
Recognize and seize opportunities to both lead and to follow.
Develop skills to move comfortably and successfully into either role.
(Source: http://www.innolectinc.com/collaborative_team_leadership.html)

1.3.1. Match the following words and phrases from the text with their right definitions
1. intent (adj.)
2. goal
3. performance
4. prerequisite
5. fulfil (v.)
6. mutual
7. seize opportunities
8. accountability
9. leadership
10. share (v.)
11. shift (v.)
12. awareness
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
management, control, guidance

take advantage of favourable circumstances
joint, reciprocated, reciprocal
move, transfer, reallocate
answerability, liability, responsibility
split, distribute, communicate, part
consciousness, responsiveness
obey, meet the terms
concentrating
achievement, accomplishment, success
requirement, condition
objective, target, aspiration
1.3.2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with a word derived from the word
given at the end of each sentence:
1. This should be a viable ... of good management.
2. All executives involved in the project did their job to the best of their ... .
3. Given the very few clues we have, this is a hardly ... flaw in our business
plan.
4. In order to be a ... businesswoman, you have to be acquainted with the
main issues of inter-gender communication.
5. Unfortunately, I cannot attach too much ... to your statistics.
6. Good ... is essential for the success of any kind of business.
7. One shouldnt elude ... when dealing with serious occupational tasks.
8. His greatest ... is that of being a flawless leader.
9. I would ... like to specify that we are behind schedule.
10. The effort which you put into our project will turn out to be an
invaluable ... .
11. Acting in ... with present legislation will prevent any problems with the
authorities.
CHARACTER
ABLE
IDENTITY
SUCCESS
CREDIBLE
LEAD
RESPONSIBLE
ACCOMPLISH
PARTICULAR
INVEST
ACCORD
12. The ... for this initiative to become fruitful are that all of you should
work overtime.
13. At the trade fair last year, our company received an award for ... .
14. ... talent is supposed to be in-born rather than acquired.
15. Thanks to our ... intervention, the company didnt go bankrupt.
REQUIRE
EXCEL
MANAGE
TIME
1.3.3. Fill in the blanks with ten of the following fifteen phrasal verbs from the list. Use the
remaining five in sentences of your own. You may want to consult a dictionary for the
meaning of certain verbs.
call back
set out
bring forth
call upon
set back
bring back
call for
set forth
bring about
call up
set off
bring out
call out
set aside
bring up
1. We had to ... the help of a consulting firm in order to solve our queries regarding
auditing.
2. They finally ... to invite their business partners to the annual conference on regional
development.
3. Im sorry to ... the subject of solvency but Im afraid we have to deal with this issue as
well.
4. Given that the new procedure failed, he decided to ... the previous one.
5. Please, dont hesitate to ... me ... as soon as youve got word from our main investor.
6. I suppose we will have to ... our differences and concentrate our efforts on solving the
problem in hand.
7. I wouldnt like the problem of travel costs to ... you ... in your intention to take part in
this years trade fair.
8. Following the news of the market crash, desperate firm owners began to ... for help
through all media.
9. I am sorry that Mr. Brown is not in his office now, but please dont hesitate to ... in an
hour.
10. The new management restructuring has ... significant changes in the companys policy.
1.4. Language focus: Reflexive Pronouns

1.4.1. Reflexive Pronouns
Look at the following example of a reflexive pronoun:
They are thus called upon to commit themselves to maximum performance and investment of
their full potential in teams and project.
Fill in with the suitable reflexive pronoun forms:
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
themselves
1.4.2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fill in the blanks with the right reflexive pronouns.

You should commit ... more to our line of action.
She couldnt find ... a better position.
I should have more confidence in ... when it comes to work involvement.
He keeps deluding ... about how efficient a manager he is.
The firm didnt manage to protect ... from cut-throat competition.
We should show more consideration to ... when we have to deal with unscrupulous
business partners like them.
7. I doubt whether they have given ... a second chance to set things straight in the
department affairs.
Pair work
Ask questions to find out whether your partner has the necessary qualities to become a good
team worker. You may wish to refer to hypothetical situations in order to identify their
personality traits.
Writing. In not more than 300 words, describe the leader that you admire most.
2. Work relationships
2.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Would you find it difficult to communicate with your boss? Why?

Would you prefer a male boss or a female boss? Why?
Should your boss get involved in your personal problems? Why?
Should you compete with your colleagues to win favour with your boss? Why?
To what extent does age difference count in work relationships?
2.2. Reading
Collaborative Team Leadership (2)
Collaborative team leadership is best learned and built as a team is chartered and begins
its work together. A team needs to develop the capacity to collaborate as leaders while fulfilling
their team charter. Progress in developing this capacity will be visible in the effectiveness with
which members:
Make decisions
Manage disagreements and conflict
Craft agreements
Solve problems
Clarify roles and responsibilities
Build consensus and coalitions for action
As individual leaders in a collaborative environment, for instance, team members must first
establish a clear, mutually satisfying identity or purpose. A teams purpose is clarified as
members negotiate agreement on their collective vision, mission, and values. This clarity allows
them to establish clear, measurable outcomes.
Team members must work to align their individual perspectives and positions first with one
another, and then with the business priorities and goals of the organisation. Once team members
are aligned as a group, they can communicate with passion and precision, and are more likely to
effectively influence and enrol partners outside the team.
During early discussions and throughout its life span, a team is continuously confronted by
the challenge of difference, and the differences will be the source of a teams strength and
conflict. When team members collaborate as leaders, they use conflict as a productive step by
building individual capacities to manage the teams relationship process.
To manage differences based on work style, personalities, race, gender, education, technical
background and experience -- as well as less visible issues -- all team members must be able to
initiate and negotiate at the interpersonal level. Consequently, this type of skill development
should be a priority from the beginning of a teams work charter.
Often, this is when well-timed, focused consultation and facilitation can give a team a boost
toward success.
(Source: http://www.innolectinc.com/collaborative_team_leadership.html)

2.3.1. Find words in the text above which mean:
contract, agreement, bond (par. 1)
doing something with skill, dexterity, expertise (par. 2)
agreement, accord, harmony (par. 2)
mental picture, foresight (par. 3)
result, product, conclusion (par. 3)
bring into line, line up, make parallel (par. 4)
extent, duration, period (par. 5)
sexual category (par. 6)
subject, matter, topic, concern (par. 6)
increase, enhancement, advancement (par. 7)
2.3.2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using a suitable word derived from the
word given at the end of each sentence:
1. We had a very ... discussion after he mentioned the difficult financial
AGREE
position of his family.

2. They do not consider competition to be a real ... to their success.
3. The change in the company policy ... changed our sales figures.
4. They had a ... role to the development of our human resources policy.
5. I wouldnt want to sound ..., but the job youve done leaves a lot to be
desired.
6. They ... attempted a major change in their company structure;
everything failed.
7. Through his ... we managed to come first in the contest with the other
firms.
8. The ... of this problem requires more extensive consideration.
9. The ... manager hesitated for days before firing half of his personnel.
10. There is a huge ... of ways to tackle the issue of unemployment.
THREATENINGLY
EXPECT
CONTRIBUTOR
RESPECT
SUCCESS
COMPETE
COMPLEX
DECIDE
DIVERSE
2.3.3. Fill in the blanks with the required dependent preposition:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I feel deeply committed ... my employees.

We should contribute more ... the development of this business.
The board of directors finally decided ... a plan for future restructuring.
She should pay more attention ... the way in which she treats her subordinates.
There have been no changes ... salary agreements.
The influence ... human resources policy is due ... the increased pressure ... the part of
international competition.
7. ... what means do you think we could reduce costs?
8. Im afraid that the manager is opposed ... our strategy of concentrating ... cost reduction
only.
9. Our cooperation could be conducive ... further success.
10. I would like to ensure ... particular that no change ... the company has taken place ... the
absence of careful deliberation.
2.4. Language focus: The tense system: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
2.4.1. The tense system: Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
Compare:
Human resources management works in close collaboration with senior executives.
(permanent situation)
Jane is working for Mr. Jones this week because his secretary is on holiday.
(temporary situation)
Present Simple
Form: short infinitive;! 3rd pers. sg: + s;? do/ does(3rd pers. sg.); - dont/ doesnt
He writes. Does he write? Yes, he does/ No, he doesnt.
It indicates:
-
habitual actions/ regular, repeated actions: He goes to work at 7 every morning.
general truths, permanent situations: The sun shines.

planned future actions, performed according to a schedule: The train leaves at 8
oclock.
Specific adverbs: every day/ month/ year, often, usually, always, never
Present Continuous
Form: to be (in the present) + verb + -ing
It indicates:
- an action happening now: I am reading now.
- an action happening in a limited period of time, a temporary situation: I am
writing the paper today.
- an arrangement in the near future: We are visiting them next week.
- complaints about bad habits: Why are you always interrupting?
! STATE VERBS ARE NOT normally used in the continuous form:
- verbs of perception: see, hear, smell, feel, notice, recognize
- verbs of emotion: want, refuse, forgive, wish, like, hate, dislike, prefer
- verbs of mental activities: think, understand, know, mean, believe, suppose,
remember, forget, realize
- verbs of possession: have, own, possess, belong
- verbs of appearance/ seeming: seam, signify, appear (= to seem), contain, consist,
keep (= to continue), concern, matter
- the auxiliaries; exception: to have = to eat: I am having lunch.
Their progressive meaning is suggested by using CAN in front of some of them: I can hear. He
can see.
2.4.2. Find the mistakes in the following sentences and correct them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
We work in your office till they finish painting ours.

Our firm is usually getting in touch with customers by mail.
Their company does not do very well these days.
Since we all work in the same office, we are spending most of our time together.
They want to know if the price is including VAT.
Human resources policy is giving consideration to various internal and external factors.
At present our CEOs try to establish the priorities for the further development of the firm.
What do you think this job is involving?
Are you realising that if we dont apply the new procedure in due course we will suffer
great profit losses?
10. Most managers are not able to attend the meeting because they are having flu.
11. I know that the competition is tough this year, but we survive on the market.
12. We sell our shares in the company. Do you want to buy them?
13. While Sarah is on holiday, Tracy handles her work as a secretary.
14. To be honest, I am doubting whether you will be able to succeed in this move.
15. You shouldnt pay any attention to the new manager. He is just sarcastic again.
2.4.3. Fill in the blank spaces with the correct form of the tense present simple or present
progressive.
When you 1. (to offer)material or handouts during a one-to-one meeting, 2. (to indicate)
what you 3. (to want) the individual to do with them, 4. (to review) them, 5. (to put) them
aside, or 6. (to look) at a particular page. 7. (not to give) another individual handout without
an explanation. When you 8. (to have) lunch with your business partners 9. (to follow) the
pace of the other individuals at your table in determining how fast to eat and what to eat. 10. (not
to eat/ drink) at a faster rate than others. If the service representative 11. (to deal with) you
this week you 12. (not to miss) the opportunity and 13. (to state) your problem clearly, with
a sincere request for help. The manger 14. (to ask) him to complete the task as quickly as
possible if he 15. (to want) to be promoted.
Pair work
Each of you should choose a leader that you admire. In turns, explain why you admire them and
give your opinion on your partners choice.
Writing. What is the strongest motivation at the place of work? Write approximately 300 words.
3. Multinationals
3.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What determined the need for multinational corporations?

Why is it more difficult to manage a multinational corporation?
Would you like to work in a multinational corporation? Why?
What factors influence communication in a multinational corporation?
Do you think that Esperanto could solve communication problems in multinational
corporations?
3.2. Reading
For telcos with global ambitions, success in the next twenty years will stem from
successful joint ventures and alliances. But while it is a simple matter to draw lines across the
globe in the manner of the nineteenth century colonial powers and to devise a Concert, an Atlas,
or a Unisource, there is no guarantee that such alliances will thrive or even endure. Where once a
global company such as Coca Cola simply sold its product or imposed a taste, and multinationals
geared the names or colours of identical products to the results of market research, the survival
of transnational telcos will depend on flexibility in managing cultural diversity.
Primarily, this entails the successful management of a multicultural workforce in a global
context. But it also means being able to vary services across cultures: not simple marketing ploys
imposed from outside, but an understanding of how culture drives differences from within. A
simple example of this is the way in which different cultures use the phone: an American walks
into his apartment after a week away and switches on the answer phone; an Italian rings his
mother. One requires an add-on device; the other needs single number dialling and favourednumber discounts. These differences may appear trivial, but they are profoundly culture-driven.
The development of genuinely transnational business organisations therefore requires
managerial approaches and systems which allow for variations which derive from such diversity.
This might be national cultural diversity between nations, races or ethnic groups (for example in
a two-nation joint venture), intra-national diversity involving the range of cultures within a
single nation (for example in the USA), or internal cultural diversity, where managers need to
deal with foreign-owned transnational companies in their own country (for example a British
telco manager dealing with a Korean manufacturer in the UK). All this is well known, and there
is indeed a burgeoning literature on the management of cultural diversity. But the problems go
deeper than is often appreciated: it is not simply a matter of minding matters or learning to deal
with varying attitudes to punctuality. These are the surface manifestations of much deeper
differences in mental structures. [...]
No comprehensive solution to the problems of cultural diversity in the context of the
telecommunications industry has yet been conceived. Indeed, there has been little specific
research. Yet it is clear that preparation for the successful management of such diversity in all its
ramifications will be a vital component of long-term success in the global market.
(Adapted from Managing Cultural Diversity in a Global World by Edward Burman, http://
www.eurodata.co.uk/body_burman.html)
3.3.1. Match the following words and phrases from the text with their right definitions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
derive from
make, create
prosper
last (in time)
adapt something
trigger, have something as a
consequence
7. artifice
8. price reduction
9. unimportant
10. authentic
11. prospering
12. make, create
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
discount
genuine
burgeoning
thrive
conceive
entail
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
trivial
stem from
ploy
devise
endure
gear sth. to sth.
1. We have decided to form a(n) ... with partners we have so far considered
rivals.
ALLY
2. Companies like Coca-Cola are world famous ... .

3. I wouldnt like to create any ... as concerns the terms of this contract.
4. All countries in the third world need relief supplies given their ... state.
5. I am sorry that because of your incompetence the problem we are dealing
with has become ... .
6. No discrimination based on ... will be exercised by this multinational
company.
7. I dont want to sound ... of your achievement but I think you need to
practise PR a bit more.
8. ... issued ordinance enables small companies to retain a larger part of
their profits.
9. Turning on the answer phone I discovered to my dismay that all messages
were rather ... .
10. She is a brisk, ... woman who has shown great competence in dealing
with all our clients so far.
NATION
UNDERSTAND
DEVELOP
MANAGE
ETHNIC
APPRECIATE
GOVERNMENT
COMPREHEND
BUSY
3.3.3. Fill in the blanks with the required dependent preposition:

1. We are sure that the present crisis stems ... our MDs inability to deal ... cultural diversity
in our company.
2. I am afraid I cannot find any solution ... our major problem.
3. In order to make it a perfect match you will have to gear the components of this device ...
the abilities of the other.
4. Our success is dependent ... your manner ... coping ... this merger.
5. I wouldnt like to impose my way ... you, but you should understand my concern.
6. By allowing ... slight variations ... the original design, you will be able to manage this
problem ... your own.
7. Differences ... cultural attitudes have to be taken ... account.
8. What is your attitude ... the Italian way?
9. His approach ... cultural diversity lacks ... careful preparation.
10. You have to possess ample preparation ... management to ensure a successful outcome of
this meeting.
3.4. Language focus: The tense system: Past Simple vs. Past Continuous
3.4.1. The tense system: Past Simple vs. Past Continuous
Simple Past
Form:
Regular verbs: - ed: worked, dropped, played, tried
Irregular verbs: 2nd form: see, saw; write, wrote; buy, bought
Interrogative: Did he buy?
Negative: did not/ didnt
It indicates:
a past, finished action, having no connection with the present: He told me to be

punctual. When I was 20 I lived in London.
- An action performed in the past: We met two weeks ago.
- a past habit: He played football twice a week. = He used to play = He would
play..
Specific adverbs: yesterday, last week/ month/ year, two days/ months/ years.ago, when
Past Continuous/Progressive
Form: to be (in the past tense) + verb + -ing
I was running.
Was I running?
Yes, I was. No, I wasnt.
It indicates:
-
past actions in progress: I was writing when he entered the room.

gradual development: It was getting cold.
Parallel actions in the past, one of which is in development: We listened to the
radio while we were having lunch.
- A gradual action, interrupted by a past, momentary action: I was writing when he
entered.
- An action continuing, especially after the time it was expected to finish: At ten I
was still reading.
Specific adverbs: at.o clock, at that time, this time yesterday, this time last month
!!! Simple and Progressive Past
while, as, when, whenever introduce the Past Progressive:
While/ as I was crossing the street, I saw him.
When I was talking to him, she came in.
They listened carefully whenever he was delivering a speech.
3.4.2. Choose the correct tense in the following sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
When the manager arrived he noticed/was noticing that the secretary had left.
I was trying/tried to get in touch with your secretary all day yesterday but I couldnt.
He typed/was typing the contract when his boss came/was coming in.
What did you do/were you doing yesterday as I tried/was trying to get through to you?
At that time he worked/was working in a pharmaceutical company.
I realised/was realising that somebody was ringing me up/rang me up as I was
going/went into the conference room.
7. My secretary did not understand/was not understanding how the new computer
programme was working/worked.
8. It was only later that I found out/was finding out there was somebody who knew/was
knowing that she spent/was spending time in prison at the time for tax evasion.
9. As nobody watched/was watching, it was easy for me to conduct the transaction my way.
10. He was going/went on his business trip to France when her plane crashed/was crashing.
Pair work
In pairs, draw a list of advantages and disadvantages of multinational corporations. When you
have finished, compare your list with the list of another pair. Add the new ideas to your list.
Writing. Using the list you have drawn in the previous activity, comment (in approximately 300
words) on the statement Multinational corporations are robbing poor countries of their national
assets.
UNIT FOUR
RECRUITMENT
1. Jobs
1.1. Lead-in
1. Where can you find information about job vacancies?
2. What information do companies generally give when they advertise for vacancies?
3. What are the steps that one has to take in order to apply for a job?
4. What are your expectations when looking for a job?
5. Should people accept any employment conditions simply because they are
unemployed? Why?
1.2. Reading
Henkel Cosmetics
Our Philosophy
Consumer orientation is the main philosophy of the Henkel cosmetics business. All our efforts
serve to make peoples lives more attractive and comfortable by offering high quality cosmetics
products that provide beauty and wellness to people all over the world. Our highly emotional and
trend oriented cosmetics business is strongly marketing-driven and requires multicultural teams.
Small but experienced competence centres with young and international marketing teams are
fully responsible for brand development. The fascination and flair of the world of cosmetics can
be felt in our working environment.
Task And Perspective
After university, you can start your career at Schwarzkopf and Henkel, e.g. as a marketing
assistant, receiving training on the job and taking part in international exchange and development
programmes to broaden your marketing and management skills. As a product manager with
several years of successful experience you have full responsibility for products and brands while
employing all modern marketing tools. Your target is to manage well-tailored market strategies
and brand concepts leading to the achievement of an optimum market share and profit
contribution for the specific brand at national or international level. Further career steps are
group product manager, marketing or sales director, leading you to general management tasks in
the international Henkel Group.
Requirements
You have just graduated (preferably in business administration) at university level or you have
already worked for several years at a consumer goods producer (cosmetics experience is
beneficial). Obviously, your theoretical knowledge and practical experience is excellent. Your
professional orientation and your personality profile is clearly international. In addition, you
possess very good knowledge of and practical experience in English and at least one other
foreign language. Beyond your organisational and analytical skills, you should have an
especially high level of creativity and conceptual thinking. If you are at the same time socially
competent, highly motivated, mobile and flexible, your perspectives in the Henkel cosmetics
business are almost unlimited.
(http://www.9.henkel.com/int_henkel/cosmetics)
1. market share
2. well-tailored
3. brand
4. obviously
5. beneficial
6. optimum
7. flexible
8. perspective
9. profile
10. flair
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
type of product or trade mark

intuition
best suited, most suitable
having healthy or profitable effects, results
evidently
targeted audience (public, customers)
set of characteristics
prospect, expected outcome
adaptable, multipurpose
suited, appropriately adapted
1. If you are looking for a job you should carefully read the ... page of
newspapers.
2. Generally companies decide to advertise their job ... in a newspaper.
3. If you decide to apply for a job you must be sure that you meet the ...
specified in the job description.
4. You should send your CV and a letter of application at the address ... in
the advertisement.
5. Your letter of application should ... your suitability for the job you are
applying for.
6. After reading the CVs and the letters sent by the ..., the company will
draw a shortlist of candidates, who are invited to attend an interview.
APPOINT
VACANT
REQUIRE
SPECIFIC
EMPHATIC
APPLY
7. Henkel needs young candidates for position in ... teams.

8. The company offers a ... salary and generous benefits.
9. ... count as much as work experience.
10. It is useful to have recommendations from two or three ... (e.g. former
employers, teachers, etc. ).
CULTURE
COMPETE
QUALIFY
REFER
1.3.2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the required preposition.
1. Our company finally decided to advertise ... their newly launched products.
2. As Mr. Jones retired, Peter decided to apply ... the position of senior production manager.
3. Should you need further information, apply ... our PR assistant.
4. If you want this job you should be ready to work ... pressure.
5. You will be responsible ... all aspects of production if you want this position.
6. Our employees are very committed ... our companys goals.
7. Try not to be envious ... Johns success! You know he deserves a promotion.
8. My letter comes ... reply to your advertisement for the position of operations officer.
9. Mr. Jackson is not really interested ... the position of customer services assistant.
10. This position involves looking ... very young children.
1.4. Language focus: The tense system: Present Perfect Simple
1.4.1. The tense system: Present Perfect Simple
The verbs in bold in the following sentence are in the Present Perfect tense.
You have just graduated (preferably in business administration) at university level or you have
already worked for several years at a consumer goods producer (cosmetics experience is
beneficial).
Form: to have (in the present) + the Past Participle
I have seen her. /Have I seen her?/ Yes, I have. No, I havent.
It indicates:
-
action begun in the past that continues in the present: I have known him for two
years.
Specific adverbs: for, (ever) since, all day, often, seldom, ever, never always, yet
- past action with results in the present: He has broken his leg.
Specific adverbs: already, recently, lately, so far, till now, up to now, up to the present,
- just finished action: He has just entered. Have you seen him yet?
Specific adverbs: just, yet, already
- an action that has been completed: They have repaired the fax.
1.4.2. Choose the correct tense (Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple) of the verbs given in
brackets to fill in the blanks in the following sentences:
1. Our company (to buy) ten new computers last month.
2. They (not hear) from their business partner since last summer.
3. Jane (attend) a seminar on recruitment techniques yesterday.
4. It is the first time that we (find) the right person for the job.
5. She (work) as a marketing assistant for twenty years, that is between 1960 and 1990.
6. He already (send) three letters of application to three different companies.
7. How many times you (apply) for a job?
8. When (come) the new manager to this factory?
9. Until recently nobody (know) how to operate the new security system in the office.
10. When the executive (arrive) we (feel) very confident of the companys success.
Pair work
A. Each of you should choose one of the four positions below (not the same, of course). Try to
persuade your partner that your choice is better than theirs.
personal assistant
accountant
human resources manager
salesperson
B. Imagine that you are speaking to a group of students from another university who are
interested in applying for a research project in your particular field of study. Discuss the different
job opportunities in this field.
Writing. Describe your favourite job in approximately 300 words. Give reasons in support of
your choice.
2. CVs and letters of application

2.1. Lead-in
1. What information do you think you have to give in a curriculum vitae?
2. What is the role of the letter of application?
3. To what extent do the CV and the letter of application represent ones suitability for a
certain position?
4. What aspects referring to your private life are of real interest to your potential employer?
5. What personal quality do you consider to recommend you as a potential reliable
employee?
2.2. Reading
The most common contents of a CV include:
Personal Details
Skills and Career Summary
Key Achievements
Qualifications
Career History
Don't forget: The ultimate test of YOUR CV is whether it meets the needs of the person making
the buying decision, and whether YOU feel comfortable with its content and style.
(http://www.contentmonster.co.uk/Job_hunting)
a) Look at the structure of a CV.
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name:
Date of birth:
Nationality:
Marital status:
Address:
Telephone:
EDUCATION/QUALIFICATIONS
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE/WORK HISTORY/WORK EXPERIENCE
(you can mention your employment periods either in ascending or in descending order; you may
want to mention outstanding achievements during each period)
ADDITIONAL SKILLS
(mention any training courses or periods of part-time employment that you consider relevant)
INTERESTS
(mention your favourite pastime activities, organisations or associations that you may belong to
especially if they are in a field relevant to the position you are applying for)
REFERENCES
(give two or three names of persons who have known you for some time and can recommend
you for the job)
b) Consider the following advice on writing a letter of application (also called covering letter).
The letter of application introduces you and your CV to a recruitment consultant or potential
employer. Such a letter should contain three distinct parts:
Introduction and statement of source
Statement of relevance to role advertised
Conclusion
Introduction and Statement of Source
The first section should clearly state the source of the advertisement, ie the newspaper
name, Internet or other source, the date that it was advertised, the job number and reference
number, if provided.
Examples of the first paragraph in a letter of application are:

"I am writing to express my interest in applying for the role of Sales Manager, advertised in The
Times on 13 May, 2000, Reference number MX/67845."
Or
"Following our recent conversation, I am writing to express my interest in the position of
Architect that was advertised on your Internet site on 13 February, 2000."
The purpose of this first paragraph is to clearly put you in the running for the job you
have applied for. Busy recruiters recruit a number of positions with similar titles at the same
time, and advertise these on similar dates. The first paragraph should give you a fighting chance
for the job by at least getting your application into the right pile.
Statement of Relevance to Advertised Role
The second section of your letter of application should clarify why you are an appropriate
candidate for this particular job. In preparing to write the second section, you should read the
advertisement clearly and identify the selection criteria articulated in the advertisement. You
should also be guided by conversations that you have had with recruitment consultants or
company recruiters, so that you clearly understand what they think is important in the role. They
often give you extra clues that are not in the advertised media. How you express this section is
up to you. For example, you might be more comfortable with the succinct:
"I believe I am ideally suited to this role because I have over 15 years experience in
sales, tertiary qualifications, managed accounts in excess of 10,000 etc, etc"
or you may prefer bullet-point form, for example:
"I believe I am ideally suited to this role because:
I have 15 years experience in sales
I have tertiary qualifications in sales and marketing
I have managed accounts well in excess of 10,000"
Concluding Section
In concluding your letter, express your interest in the job and provide any particular
contact details that may be unique, for example:
"I look forward to discussing this application with you in the near future. I can be
contacted on XXX or alternatively, XXX during work hours."
Another example might be:
"I look forward to discussing this application with you in greater detail in the near future
and will be available for interview at a mutually convenient time."
(www.contentmonster.co.uk/Job_hunting)
2.3. Writing
2.3.1. Using the models above, write a CV and a letter of application in response to the
following job advertisement:
Research Executive / Executive Assistant

We are currently looking for researchers to join MORI's Social Research Institute.
To fill these roles you will need the following skills & experience:
An understanding of issues facing the public sector and their relevance to SRI's work
An ability to work on a wide range of research projects under the supervision of a project
manager
First class report writing skills
An understanding of the demands of working in commercial environment
An ability to work on a number of different projects simultaneously and to prioritise a
demanding workload
A Research Executive is generally expected to have at least 1-2 years' relevant research
experience, while those with less experience generally join at the Executive Assistant level.
To find out more about our work, visit the Social Research Institute.
If you're interested in this vacancy, please send your CV and your letter of application to
Deborah Poole
Human Resources Administrator
MORI House
79-81 Borough Road
London
(http://www.mori.com)
2.3.2. Fill in the blanks in the following text with the words and phrases given below:
ago
among
hygiene
suppliers
brand
styling
sales
market
field
worldwide
kind
leading
since
consistent
continuously
... its foundation over 126 years ... our company has put ... focus on customer oriented
product development.
The Schwarzkopf & Henkel division is one of the largest of its ... in the world and its
...-name products business is ... expanding. With our cosmetic products we achieved ... of 2085
million Euro (2001) in 150 countries .... We hold ... market positions in all of the international ...
segments of our strategic business units. Our company stands for brand-name products in the ...
of hair colorants, hair ... and care, toiletries, skin care, oral ... and fragrances. The Schwarzkopf
Professional hairdressing unit is ... the worlds four leading ... of hair salon products.
(http://www.9.henkel.com/int_henkel/cosmetics)
2.3.3. Look up the following phrasal verbs. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with
the required tense form of the suitable phrasal verb.
break in
look after
break off
look for
break out
look forward to
break through
look into
break with
look out
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The meeting was interrupted when the secretary ... to say that the building was on fire.
They ... negotiations weeks ago because of the financial crisis.
The value of our shares fell dramatically when the scandal about the merger ... .
The new management had almost no difficulty in ... the lines of competition.
We are deeply sorry, but we had to ... our allies after more than one flaw were identified
in the contract.
6. We are very disappointed to find out that our MD is always ... his own interests only.
7. Our company ... an experienced production manager.
8. In conclusion, we ... for your reply.
9. We will have to ... the possibility of hiring more PR assistants.
10. If you dont ... you may end up in bankruptcy.
2.4. Language focus: The tense system: Present Perfect Continuous

2.4.1. The tense system: Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive
Form: to be (in the present perfect) + verb + ing:
He has been writing for two hours. Has he been writing?/ Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.
It indicates:
-
an action or situation in progress (and not the completion of that action): I have
been reading the book.
Temporary actions or situations: Ive been living in London (for two years).
Actions in the recent past we know about because of a present evidence: You are
wet. You have been walking in the rain.
Actions indicating how long something has been going on: How long have you
been playing chess?
!!!!!!
If you want to emphasize a situation in progress and not its completion present perfect
progressive can be used with verbs like: see, hear, look, taste, smell, want, realize, remember:
Ive been wanting to meet you for ages.
But
If you want to emphasize the completion of the action, present perfect is used: Ive always
wanted a good computer.
-
there are verbs that suggest an action in progress by their meaning: live, rain, sit,
study, wait, work (they can be used both with the present perfect simple and the
present perfect progressive, with little difference in meaning): He has worked/ has
been working in this office for two years.
2.4.2. Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences:
1. This morning our secretary has written/has been writing more than twenty letters to our
suppliers.
2. I have been applying/have applied for various jobs since September.

3. They have been trying/have tried to attract them into a profitable partnership for a very
long time, but with little success.
4. Our production manager has made/has been making the same mistake again.
5. How many times have you brought up/have you been bringing up the issue of working
overtime in a production meeting?
6. Sales figures have improved/have been improving lately.
7. He has answered/has been answering the phone since 10 oclock. Thats why he is so
tired.
8. We havent seen/havent been seeing our partner since the end of July.
9. The candidate hasnt said/hasnt been saying a word about his qualifications yet.
10. Why havent we thought/havent we been thinking of this solution earlier? It could have
saved us.
3. The interview
3.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the role of the job interview?

How much attention should one pay to appearance when attending a job interview?
Why is the presence of a psychologist useful in an interviewing team?
How can you fight stress during a job interview?
What questions do you expect to be asked in a job interview?
3.2. Reading
Job interview Advice
Before your interview, find out everything you can about the company (read their annual
report which can be obtained by telephoning them). Re-read your application, thinking through
your own career and the questions they might ask you. You should try to anticipate the general
questions which they will ask and also prepare some questions to ask them.
To do well at the interview you will need to convince the interviewer you are technically
qualified to do the job. You will also need to show that you are sufficiently motivated to get the
job done well and that you will fit in with the companys organisational structure and the team in
which you will work.
You should dress smartly for the interview and should leave home earlier than you need
to on the day of the interview you may be delayed by traffic or for other reasons. Be courteous
to all employees of the company. At the interview itself you must be positive about yourself and
your abilities but do not waffle.
When you are being interviewed it is very important that you give out the right signals.
You should always look attentive so do not slouch in your chair. Never lie to anyone in an
interview, your body language and tone of voice or the words you use will probably give you
away classic body language giveaways include scratching your nose and not looking directly at
the other person when you are speaking to them.
If you have a moustache you may want to consider shaving it off people with
moustaches can be perceived as being aggressive. You can always grow it again once you have
got the job.
(http://www.contentmonster.co.uk/Job_hunting)
3.3.1. Match the words and phrases with their corresponding definitions:
1. anticipate
2. waffle
3. annual
a. yearly
b. expect, foresee
c. pleasantly neat and clean in appearance
4. slouch
5. smartly
d. polite, respectful and considerate

e. talking a lot without saying very much that is clear or
important
f. rub
g. realise, notice, see or hear it especially when it is not obvious
to other people
h. sit/stand/walk in a lazy or tired way, with your shoulders and
head dropping down
i. cause somebody to be late
j. revealing, disclosing (usually something secret)
6. delay
7. giveaway
8. courteous
9. scratch
10. perceive
1. ... should be dressed smartly when attending a job interview.
2. This handbook will offer you ample ... on how to best use the computer
system.
3. The auditor will ... have done the right thing while going through our
papers.
4. You must be well-prepared ... if you want to succeed in being recruited for
a promising job.
5. She couldnt ... her shyness in front of the recruitment board.
6. Your CV is sadly ... . We are sorry to inform you that you have not been
offered this position.
7. Being ... prepared, you risk missing out on one of the biggest career
opportunities youve ever had.
8. Thanks to her ... skills the candidate selection process left us with one of
the best professionals we could have ever found.
9. Without wanting to sound ..., I think that this firm is not really one of the
best.
VIEW
GUIDE
HOPE
HAND
COME
CONVINCE
SUFFICE
ORGANISE
COURT
10. The failure of certain candidates to submit a complete application

package resulted in their immediate ... from the job contest.
QUALIFY
3.4. Language focus: The Subjunctive

3.4.1. The Subjunctive
Form:
Synthetic: present subjunctive: identical with the short infinitive: be, have, work.
It indicates:
- a possible action: It is necessary that you be here. It is important that the president
inform the investors
- expressions: Suffice it to say. So be it!
Synthetic: past subjunctive: identical with the past tense simple
It indicates:
- an action contrary to reality: I wish I were a doctor. (but Im not) Its time you
went home. She behaved as if she were the headmaster.
It is used after:
- if, if only, as if, as though
- wish (to indicate regret, an unreal fact)
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The synthetic subjunctive is rarely used.
Analytical:
Form:
Should/ would/ may/ might/ could + short infinitive
Should/ would/ may/ might/ could + perfect infinitive
It indicates:
- hypothetical facts/actions (suppositions, doubts, conditions, concessions,
purposes): They took the airplane so that they might arrive in time.
- A less probable condition: If he should succeed, I will be happy.
- In negative purpose sentences, after lest, for fear, in case: They paid for fear they
shouldnt get the merchandise.
It is used with:
- impersonal expressions: it is advisable/ important/ essential/ desirable/ possible/
likely/ probable/ strange/ unusual/ impossible/ (un)fortunate/, remarkable,
surprising: It is important that the chairman should call the meeting.
- it is/ was a pity/ shame/ surprise/ wonder: It was a pity (that) they should be fired.
- the nouns: idea, hint, thought, reason, supposition: The idea that they should be
present annoyed her.
- the verbs: command, order, demand, insist, request, suggest, propose, arrange,
offer, agree, settle: They requested the goods should be delivered fast.
- adjectives: to be + glad, anxious, pleased, sorry: I was glad that he should
graduate this summer.
After: although, though, whatever, however, no matter: He will win whatever he

should do. // so that: They phoned so that I wouldnt be taken by surprise. I took
the money so that they could buy the firm.
3.4.2. Put the verbs in brackets in an appropriate form, depending on the subjunctive
patterns required by the context:
1. My boss suggested I ... (look for) another job.
2. I insist they ... (make) all the required arrangement for the upcoming conference.
3. We really wish you ... (do) us the favour of not disclosing our bank account to the press
last week.
4. If only my secretary ... (work) right now!
5. The resources manager wishes you ... (not behave) like this at press conferences again.
6. My advice is that you ... (apply for) the post of superintendent.
7. It is essential that our company ... (employ) a larger number of staff.
8. At the conference he spoke as though he ... (know) about our plan before.
9. Supposing you ... (not be told) about this job offer, what would you have done?
10. Its odd that such a small number of people ... (apply for) the job.
11. Certain candidates are behaving as if they ... (not see) a computer before.
12. The recruitment officers wish that you ... (include) more details on your CV.
13. We think it is time that you ... (seek) employment elsewhere.
14. The initial arrangement that we ... (publish) some promotional leaflets for the vacancies
we have in this department was unfortunately unfeasible.
15. Suppose you ... (be given) this job; would you seek promotion soon?
Pair work
Consider the job advertisement in the previous section.
Student A: Use the CV and the letter of application you have written (task 2.3.1) and apply to
Student B.
Student B: Interview Student A for the position.
Change roles. Decide who is the better candidate for the job.
You may wish to have a look at advice on job interviews again (page 64).
Writing. Write a list of personal qualities that you would be looking for in a candidate for the
position of personal assistant. Would you qualify for this position? Give reasons in
approximately 250 words.
UNIT FIVE
EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS
1. The European Court of Justice
1.1. Lead-in
1. What do you know about the European Court of Justice?
2. Why is such an institution needed?
3. How fair is it to bring national matters in an international court?
4. Is it possible for citizens to sue the state? In what matters?
5. Should law be enforced by supra-national authorities? Support your answer.
1.2. Reading
A Court for Europe
The great innovation of the European Communities in comparison with previous attempts
at European unification lies in the fact that the Community uses only the rule of law to achieve
that end.
The six founding Member States, aware that unification, if it was to have any chance of
lasting success, must be achieved and maintained through legal means, determined that the
European Communities should be conceived in a legal instrument - the Treaties of Paris and
Rome.
Not only is the Community a creature of the law, but it pursues its aims exclusively
through a new body of law, Community law, which is independent, uniform in all the Member
States of the Community, separate from, yet superior to national law, and many of whose
provisions are directly applicable in all the Member States.
Like any true legal system the Community legal system needs an effective system of
judicial safeguards when Community law is challenged or must be applied.
The Court of Justice, as the judicial institution of the Community, is the backbone of that
system of safeguards. Its judges must ensure that Community law is not interpreted and applied
differently in each Member State, that as a shared legal system it remains a Community system
and that it is always identical for all in all circumstances.
In order to fulfil that role, the Court of Justice has jurisdiction to hear disputes to which
the Member States, the Community institutions, undertakings and individuals may be parties.
The Development of the Court of Justice
Since it was set up in 1952, more than 8,600 cases have been brought before the Court.
There were already 200 new cases a year by 1978, and 1985 saw more than 400 cases brought.
To cope with that influx while still dealing with cases with reasonable despatch, the Court
of Justice amended its Rules of Procedure to enable it to deal with cases more rapidly and
requested the Council to set up a new judicial body.
The creation of the Court of First Instance
In response to that request, the Council set up a Court of First Instance.
The aim of the creation of the Court of First Instance in 1989 was to strengthen the
judicial safeguards available to individuals by introducing a second tier of judicial authority and
enabling the Court of Justice to concentrate on its essential task, the uniform interpretation of
Community law.
(http //europa.en.int/abc/history/index)
1. amend
2. tier
3. strengthen
4. despatch
5. backbone
6. safeguard
7. challenge
8. attempt
9. pursue
10. provision
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
trial, the act of trying

follow, have as an aim
stipulation
contest the authority of
caution
main part of something
speed, efficiency
review, alter, change
rank, level, plane
make more powerful or important, provide a better basis for
1. His ... approach to pleading in court has been mentioned in the local
newspapers as his forte.
2. The prosecutor was ... more efficient than the lawyer of the defence
provided by the state.
3. Thanks to the ... of the jury, the case was settled in a matter of days.
4. My barrister gave me the proper ... that the litigation would be concluded
in my favour.
5. As a(n) ... he will hardly make a career at the bar.
6. Judge Tyson was appointed to conduct the ... of one of the most
horrendous murder cases in history.
INNOVATE
COMPARE
EFFECTIVE
ASSURE
INDIVIDUAL
PROCEED
7. The jury was happily ... to his plea for mercy.

8. Being a good lawyer does not require only good preparation and sharp
insight but also a certain amount of ... .
9. This lawyer is quite unpopular with most judges because of his ... in
stating his case.
10. The judges final decision leaves no room for ... .
RESPOND
CREATE
AUTHORITY
INTERPRET
1. She had a much better lawyer ... comparison ... mine.
2. The importance of pleading guilty in your situation lies ... the fact that you could get a
much lighter sentence.
3. Until recently, the Romanian authorities could not conceive ... the reality that certain
cases, unsolved by Romanian justice, would find settlement in Strasbourg.
4. I decided to go on with her case in a manner superior ... the one I have already employed.
5. As an accessory ... murder he was sentenced ... execution ... electrocution.
6. The two parties decided not to bring their case ... the court but to settle their
differences ... themselves.
7. IN response ... the subpoena, the only thing she did was to pack her bags and leave the
state.
8. Unable to concentrate ... the particulars of the case, the judge decided to adjourn the
hearing until after lunch.
9. It was such a publicised case that it received a media coverage ... compare.
10. There is little chance ... her succeeding in bringing the main witnesses in this case to the
stand.
1.4. Language focus: The tense system: Means of expressing future
1.4.1. The tense system: Means of expressing future
The verbs in bold in the following sentences express the idea of future.
If our authorities cannot solve our problem, we will address the European Court of Justice.
We are going to start a new business in Holland after the business plan is agreed on by all
parties.
There are several ways in which one can express future in English:
1. will + the short infinitive of the verb: He will come. Will he come?
Yes, he will. No, he will not (wont).
It indicates: a future event/ activity
2. Be going to + short infinitive: I am going to read this book.
It indicates: intention, probability
3. Be to + short infinitive: He is to deliver a speech.
It indicates: a future action very close to the moment of speaking
4. simple present: The train leaves at 9 oclock.
It indicates: a future action, included in a schedule
5. present continuous: We are visiting our subsidiary in London.
It indicates: an arrangement for immediate future
Specific adverbs: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next month/ week, year, soon, shortly, in
a months time, in three months time, etc.
1.4.2. Put the verbs in brackets in the right future form:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
We cannot attend the meeting tonight we (visit) our best friends.

According to the programme, the trial (start) at 10 oclock sharp.
His teachers are sure he (be) a successful lawyer one day.
You look very tired. If you want I (finish) the report for you.
Its already ten to nine. The witness (be) late.
I am simply exhausted. I think I (have) a coffee break.
Look out! That file (fall) from your desk and you (have) to put all the papers in order
again.
8. We (attend) the opening session of the conference on Monday. Would you like to join us?
9. I (win) that contest, whatever it takes!
10. Dont worry about the meeting! I (help) you to prepare the folders.
Pair work
Take turns in asking questions about the European Court of Justice. If you cannot answer them,
ask another pair. For each question you ask, you will be asked one in your turn. Draw a list of
questions that no one can answer. For the next class you will have to look for the answers in the
library and/or on the Internet.
Writing. The Romanian government cannot solve conflicts referring to human rights. Comment
on this statement in approximately 300 words. You may wish to give examples.
2. The European Parliament
2.1. Lead-in
Make a list of the roles played by Parliament in a state.
2.2. Reading
The European Parliament represents, in the words of the 1957 Treaty of Rome, 'the
peoples of the States brought together in the European Community'. Some 375 million European
citizens in 15 countries are now involved in the process of European integration through their
626 representatives in the European Parliament.
The first direct elections to the European Parliament were held in June 1979 when, 34
years after the end of Second World War, for the first time in history, the peoples of the nations
of Europe, once torn apart by war, went to the polls to elect the members of a single parliament.
Europeans could have devised no more powerful symbol of reconciliation.
The European Parliament, which derives its legitimacy from direct universal suffrage and
is elected every five years, has steadily acquired greater influence and power through a series of
treaties. These treaties, particularly the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty,
have transformed the European Parliament from a purely consultative assembly into a legislative
parliament, exercising powers similar to those of the national parliaments. Today the European
Parliament, as an equal partner with the Council of Ministers, passes the majority of European
laws - laws that affect the lives of Europe's citizens.
Members of the European Parliament
The European Parliament has 626 Members. The number of Members per state is laid
down in the Treaty.
Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) have been elected by direct universal
suffrage since 1979 and at subsequent five-year intervals. They are elected under a system of
proportional representation. Elections are held either on a regional basis, as for example in the
United Kingdom, Italy and Belgium, on a national basis, as in France, Spain, and Denmark, or
under a mixed system as in Germany. In Belgium, Greece and Luxembourg voting is
compulsory. A common core of democratic rules applies everywhere: these include the right to
vote at 18, equality of men and women, and the principle of the secret ballot.
Since the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993 every citizen of an EU member state
who lives in another country of the Union may vote or stand for election in their country of
residence.
In 1979 16.5% of MEPs were women, and this figure has risen steadily over successive
parliamentary terms, reaching 27.5% on 1 January 1996 and 29.7% after the 1999 elections.
Organisation
The European Parliament is the only Community institution that meets and debates in
public. Its decisions, positions and proceedings are published in the Official Journal of the
European Communities.
Members sit in political groups in the Chamber, not in national delegations. Parliament
currently has seven political groups, as well as 'non-attached' Members. Members also sit on
parliamentary committees and delegations, as either full or substitute members.
Members spend one week each month at a plenary session in Strasbourg, when
Parliament meets in full session. Additional two-day sittings are held in Brussels. Parliament's
secretariat is located in Luxembourg.
Two weeks in every month are set aside for meetings of Parliament's committees in
Brussels. The remaining week is devoted to meetings of the political groups.
With the assistance of its translators and interpreters, Parliament works in the eleven
official languages of the Union: Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek,
Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish.
Headquarters and places of work
The European Parliament, whose seat is in Strasbourg, has three places of work:
Strasbourg, Brussels and Luxembourg. The reasons for this are historical: these are the places
where the main European institutions have had their headquarters since they were established.
Strasbourg, symbol of Franco-German reconciliation, was chosen as the seat of the Council of
Europe, and since 1952 the European Parliament has also held most of its part-sessions there.
A protocol annexed to the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty states that: 'The European Parliament
shall have its seat in Strasbourg where the 12 periods of monthly plenary sessions, including the
budget session, shall be held. The periods of additional plenary sessions shall be held in Brussels.
The committees of the European Parliament shall meet in Brussels. The General Secretariat of
the European Parliament and its departments shall remain in Luxembourg.' For practical reasons,
however, a number of officials and the staff of the European Parliament's political groups work
in Brussels.
Like all parliaments, the European Parliament has three fundamental powers: legislative
power, budgetary power and supervisory power. Its political role within the European Union is
growing.

1. compulsory
2. core
3. subsequent
4. steadily
5. legitimacy
6. suffrage
7. reconciliation
8. election
9. polls
10. ballot
a. process of appointing somebody to a certain office

b. the place where people go to cast their vote for a political
candidate
c. act of coming to terms with previously antagonistic issues
d. state of being lawful
e. voting
f. uninterruptedly, consistently
g. happening at a later date
h. mandatory, which must be done by law or by rule
i. main and most important part of something
j. vote
2.3.2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with a word derived from the word given
at the end of each sentence:
1. Unfortunately, he was much too ... for the case to be a success.
2. In order not to ... our values of justice, we have decided to refer the case
to a higher court.
3. In Romania ... elections are held at the same time as the presidential
ones.
4. Having too little evidence to substantiate his case, he felt ... in front of
the proof provided by the defendant.
5. After weeks of endless debates, the warring factions in Israel are still ... .
6. Given that your application for pardon has exceeded the set deadline, I
regret to inform you that your request is ... .
7. On account of the intermittent proceedings of the case, the trial went ...
to its much delayed settlement.
8. This body has only a ... role, rather than one which would allow it
enforcement of immediate action.
9. I was certain that I would win in the trial because the amount of sound
evidence supplied by my opponent was by far ... to my own.
INVOLVE
REPRESENT
PARLIAMENT
POWER
RECONCILE
LEGITIMATE
STEADY
CONSULT
PROPORTION
10. The judge ruled that I was to be given accommodation in the ... area of
the city.
RESIDE
1. It is the first time ... history that a Romanian case has been settled ... the Court in
Strasbourg.
2. Its rather difficult to transform a matter of justice ... one of personal revenge.
3. ... a system of proportional representation elections seem more legitimate in certain cases.
4. Rather than holding elections ... a national basis, in such situations it is preferable to do
so ... international regulations.
5. The new law comes ... force as ... September 1.
6. An indefinite number of candidates ... presidency may stand ... election in Romania.
7. The figure of women representatives has steadily risen ... parliamentary terms.
8. Certain members who sit ... parliamentary committees have been found to be grossly
corrupt.
9. When Parliament meets ... full session special security measures are put ... practice.
10. The reasons ... the fact that the European Parliaments seat is in Strasbourg are more or
less historical.
2.4. Language focus: The tense system: Future Continuous/ Progressive

2.4.1. The tense system: Future Continuous/ Progressive
The verb in bold in the following sentence is in the Future Continuous tense:
Will you be meeting the president of the board tomorrow?
Form: to be (in the future) + verb + ing: I will be writing. Will I be writing? Yes, I will. No, I
wont.
It indicates:
- a developing action in the future: Tomorrow we will be reading all day long.
Specific adverbs: in a minute, in a second, at one oclock, at noon, tomorrow, this time next
week/ month/ year, all day long, all day tomorrow, all the week through, from two to five, by
then, by that time tomorrow, all the time
-
an action in progress, related to a conditional or a time clause: When I return,

Tom will be watching TV.
- A future action, part of a schedule: What will you be doing tomorrow? I will be
swimming.
A polite way of asking about someones plans: Will you be meeting them tomorrow?
2.4.2. Choose the correct future form of the verb in the following sentences:
1. This time tomorrow they will be debating/will debate the issue in the Parliament.
2. I will have/will be having a look at your report in ten minutes.
3. You should try to find another copy of the report. I will use/will be using it until evening.
4. She cannot handle the correspondence. I will fire/will be firing her.
5. Theres no problem for me to give you a lift to the airport. I will be going/will go that
way anyway.
6. Let me break the news to her. I will be meeting/will meet her in the office tomorrow.
7. This time next week our representative will be flying/will fly to London to conclude the
agreement.
8. They will stay/will be staying here until next Friday.
9. Will you use/will you be using the computer this evening?
10. We are deeply sorry for his retirement. We will be missing/will miss him.
Writing. Many Romanian citizens think that most members of the Romanian Parliament are
corrupt. Express you agreement/disagreement with this statement.
3. Globalisation
3.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What do you understand by globalisation?

Why do certain states oppose globalisation?
In what way can globalisation affect national identities?
How long will it take for Europe to become a union including all European states?
How will globalisation affect the Romanian society?
3.2. Reading
International agreements and treaties
Any accession of a State to the European Union and most international agreements
require the assent - i.e. the approval - of the European Parliament. In the case of an international
agreement or an accession treaty the European Parliament must be kept fully informed of the
mandate and the state of negotiations. It can ask for its recommendations to be taken into account
at any time.
Globalisation
Globalisation and the role of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) are a constant concern
of the European Parliament. Its recommendations to the Commission, the European Union's
main trade negotiator, carry a great deal of weight, since Parliament has to give its assent to the
outcome of negotiations in the WTO.
At the instigation of its Committee on Industry, External Trade, Research and Energy,
Parliament is calling for these trade negotiations to take more account of the problems of
poverty, development and democracy: the developing countries must derive more benefit from
the advantages of globalisation and, if necessary, be granted tariff exemptions. A fair world
economic order must go hand in hand with social development and respect for fundamental
rights. Parliament has called on the WTO to comply with the rules of the International Labour
Organisation (ILO).
Parliament has other concerns in this area, including trade in agricultural products, food
safety and quality, biodiversity and cultural pluralism.
The European Parliament is adamant that, for democracy and transparency in the WTO to
be reinforced, the latter must establish a parliamentary assembly.
Defending human rights in the world
The European Parliament, which attaches great importance to the protection of human
rights both inside and outside the Union, uses its power of assent as one way of promoting
respect for fundamental rights. It has, for example, rejected a series of financial protocols with
certain non-member countries on human rights grounds, forcing those countries to release
political prisoners or to subscribe to international undertakings on human rights protection.
Thanks to the European Parliament the Cotonou Convention, which links the European
Union to 77 African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP) now includes a 'democracy clause', i.e.
the option to suspend aid to states guilty of serious human rights violations.
In 1988 Parliament established the Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually to one or
more individuals or a group who have distinguished themselves in the struggle for human rights.
An international forum
The influence wielded by Parliament through its work on foreign policy and external
relations has given it the status of an international forum. In recent years the European
Parliament has been addressed by the UN Secretary-General, the President of the United States,
the heads of state of Mexico, Chile and Colombia, and the King of Jordan, to name only a few.
The area of freedom, security and justice
One of the European Union's objectives is to provide its citizens with 'a high level of safety
within an area of freedom, security and justice'. The European Parliament, attaches great
importance to the fulfilment of this goal.
Cooperation on security, i.e. police and judicial matters - criminal and civil cases, asylum
policy, immigration, terrorism and organised crime, the fight against drugs, corruption, racism
and xenophobia - now falls within the competence of the Union. Parliament plays a full
legislative role in this area.

1. mandate
2. xenophobia
3. fulfilment
4. wield
5. undertaking
a. the act of taking up a position of authority

b. consent
c. state of being excused from paying taxes or fees;
waiving
d. persistent, insistent, hard to dissuade
e. set of rules and principles applying to official situations
6. protocol
7. adamant
8. exemption
9. assent
10. accession
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
task, assignment, project

manipulate, handle
achievement
hate of other peoples or countries
turn during which one is in office
1. The ... states have to comply with a number of regulations required
by the European Union.
2. Romania has been reprimanded for prosecuting adults engaged in ...
relationships of different kinds.
3. It is hardly ... for you to seek a solution to your case in a Romanian
court of justice.
4. One of the main issues of ... is the disappearance of geographical
borders.
5. Romania has one of the highest records of nationals living under the
line of ... .
6. If you resort to such procedures, you could be accused of being ... .
7. European institutions are supposed to display ... in whatever services
they provide to individuals regardless of their country of origin.
8. Ever since the tragedy of September 11, ... has become one of the
main concerns of political institutions worldwide.
9. Trying to do justice for yourself outside any regulatory system is
regarded as being against the ... .
10. The Queen Mother, breaking away from the Christmas tradition, left
the issue of the British loyalty to the Crown ... .
ACCEDE
CONSENSUS
RECOMMEND
GLOBAL
POOR
DEMOCRACY
TRANSPARENT
FUNDAMENTAL
ESTABLISH
ADDRESS
1. I demand that I be duly informed ... any change occurring to the initial law enforcement
procedures.
2. All members finally agreed ... a joint plan ... action.
3. You should take ... account our recommendations ... the Commission.
4. You are supposed to take much more account ... the established set of rules.
5. If all things go as planned, we could derive much more benefit ... the advantages of
globalisation.
6. The stipulations of the treaty go hand ... hand ... what I have already assumed to be the
right path.
7. Failure to comply ... the rules of the organisation will trigger your immediate expulsion ...
all international bodies.
8. The organisation can use its power ... assent in cases based ... human rights grounds.
9. It is better to subscribe ... national undertakings ... human rights protection before
appealing ... the international ones.
10. The struggle ... human rights has had success so far ... the work of non-...-profit
organisations.
3.4. Language focus: The tense system: Future Perfect

3.4.1. The tense system: Future Perfect
The verb in bold in the following sentence is in the Future Perfect tense.
We hope that by 2010 Romania will have become a member of the European Union.
Form: will + have + past participle: I will have managed to deliver the goods. Will I have
managed? Yes, I will. No, I wont.
It indicates:
- a future action that will take place before a certain moment in the future or before
another future action: We will have met them by 4 oclock tomorrow. // He will
have posted the letter before you have time to complain.
- A supposition, referring to the past: They will have found out from newspapers.
- Adverbs: by, before, by the time
3.4.2. Use the correct future form of the verbs in brackets:
1. By the time you return they ... (finish) translating the materials for the conference.
2. He ... (file) charges against you before you meet him to apologise.
3. According to the action plan the project ... (end) in December.
4. The Chairman cannot come tomorrow. He ... (see) the President.
5. The witness ... (leave) the premises before you can stop him.
6. She ... (finish) investigating the crime scene by the time the police arrive.
7. Our conference ... (take place) after all participants are informed about the date.
8. Before the end of the year the United States ... (emerge) as the market leader in this
domain.
9. The European Parliament ... (issue) some new regulations after the plenary session.
10. The budgetary proposals of the commission ... (be considered) next week.
Pair work
Choose one of the following statements. Student A should argue in favour and Student B
against the chosen statement.
Globalisation is binding us all together.
The road to world democracy will take real change.
We cannot remain unchanged, set in our national and tribal ways.
Writing. Comment on the following statement: Globalisation is just a fashion. It will disappear
in a couple of years.
UNIT SIX
CULTURE AND CIVILISATION
1. What is cultural diversity?
1.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How would you define cultural diversity?

What separates members of multinational teams?
What unites members of multinational teams?
What are the disadvantages of diversity?
What are the advantages of diversity?
1.2. Reading
A diverse organisation is one which values difference. It is one which recognises that
people with different backgrounds, skills, attitudes and experiences bring fresh ideas and
perceptions. Diverse organisations encourage and harness these differences to make their
services relevant and approachable. A diverse organisation draws upon the widest possible range
of views and experiences, so it can listen to, and meet, the changing needs of its users, staff,
volunteers, partners and supporters.
The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) describes managing
diversity as:
"Managing diversity is based on the concept that people should be valued as individuals
for reasons related to business interests, as well as for moral and social reasons. It recognises
that people from different backgrounds can bring fresh ideas and perceptions which can make
the way work is done more efficient and products and services better.
Managing diversity successfully will help organisations to nurture creativity and
innovation and thereby to tap hidden capacity for growth and improved competitiveness".
(Managing diversity - a CIPD position paper, 1996)
The CIPD explains that the effective management of diversity can help "counteract
prejudice against a wide range of personal differences, for example: academic or vocational
qualification, accent, age, caring responsibilities, ethnic origin, gender, learning difficulties,
marital status, physical and mental abilities, political affiliation, previous mental illness, religion,
sexual orientation, spent or irrelevant convictions and trade union or non-trade union
membership".
(http://www. mori.com/digest/2000)

1.
2.
3.
4.
trade union
vocational
affiliation
prejudice
5. counteract
6. nurture
7. supporter
8. approachable
9. harness
10. background
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
origin, set of values defining a person

guide, set in order, curb, stop
available, easily accessible
champion, advocate, one who stands by somebody or
something
nourish, support, foster, sustain
retort, retaliate, strike back
preconceived idea
sense of belonging
occupational
organisation for the defence of labour rights
1. A knowledge of cultural difference is ... to any definition of cultural
interaction.
2. Sometimes cultural traits may suffer changes beyond ... .
3. A(n) ... traveller will fail to do justice to cultural difference.
4. A visitor to your country should be offered plenty of ... in exploring
local culture.
5. You might find a lot of ... locals while travelling in foreign countries.
6. Nationalists would like their countrys traditions to be ... .
7. Sometimes its difficult to choose when you are faced with a huge ...
of tourist attractions.
8. I wouldnt like to sound ..., but you should get more involved in the
mores of your host country.
9. I am neither moral, nor immoral. My ... is often a mystery to my
friends.
10. Her ... at Heathrow airport made her miss her connecting flight.
VALUE
RECOGNISE
EXPERIENCE
COURAGE
APPROACH
CHANGE
DIVERSE
REASON
MORAL
ORIENTATION
1. I am sorry to say that you are a candidate ... a suitable background for this job involving
talking ... foreigners.
2. My approach ... dealing ... cultural difference is a most successful one.
3. My experience draws ... my travels ... the world.
4. What is prejudice based ... and how could you steer clear ... it?
5. My job is related ... handling a wide range ... tourist services.
6. He is ... a background not entirely suited ... his job description.

7. He finally succeeded ... setting things straight.
8. Her capacity ... hard work in PR is overwhelming.
9. His prejudice ... other nationals boils down ... xenophobia.
10. My affiliation ... this political party will be ... an extremely short duration.
1.4. Language focus: The tense system: Past Perfect

1.4.1. The tense system: Past Perfect
Form: had + Past Participle: I went to work after I had finished my lunch. Had I finished? Yes,
I had. No, I hadnt.
It indicates:
-
a past, completed action that takes place before another past action: He gave me
the book when he had finished reading it.
- An action finished before a certain moment in the past: I had written the paper by
ten o clock.
The Past Perfect is not compulsory when after and before establish the sequence of the actions.
1.4.2. Use the Past Perfect where necessary.
1. The two parties (reach) an agreement when the member of our group made the
suggestion, so he had to accept it.
2. The Parliament (pass) this law a very long time ago.
3. By the time I called the office the secretary (leave).
4. When we wanted to complain about the PR officer being rude, the manager (fire) him.
5. Discrimination (be) a current practice in the company long before she brought up the
issue.
6. They changed their policy after a group of unsatisfied clients (sue) the company.
7. When they arrived the conference (begin) and they did not want to disturb the
participants, so they left.
8. The chairman opened the session after everybody (consult) the agenda.
9. We wanted to help them but by the time we got there they (finish) writing the
recommendations.
10. When she decided to accept the offer it was too late. Someone else (hire) as an assistant
manager.
Writing. Comment on the following statement: Cultural diversity makes teamwork almost
impossible because of culture clashes.
2. How does diversity differ from equal opportunities?

2.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What do you mean by equal opportunities?

How can you account for the fact that discrimination still persists in our world?
What types of discrimination do you know?
Have you ever been discriminated? If yes, under what circumstances?
To what extent does gender influence recruitment decisions?
2.2. Reading
While diversity and equal opportunities are both about making the idea of equality real in
your organisation, diversity and equal opportunities are not exactly the same thing. Equal
opportunities has a history dating back to the 1970s, while diversity is quite a recent idea,
starting to become influential in the UK in the 1990s.
In the International Journal of Public Sector Management, Wilson and Iles (1) identify
five main areas of difference between equal opportunities and diversity. While the article was
written primarily with the public sector in mind, there are a number of points that translate well
into the voluntary sector and to volunteer management.
Wilson and Iles five main areas of difference between equal opportunities and managing
diversity are:
1. The reasons for adopting equal opportunities or managing diversity (summary: Equal
opportunities is often seen as a legal requirement, which is imposed by external forces.
Managing diversity is internally driven)
2. Operational or strategic focus (summary: Organisations effectively managing diversity look at
outcomes as well as processes and procedures, and shift equal opportunities to be more strategic
rather than operational).
3. The perception of difference (summary: The equal opportunities approach is trying to right a
wrong for certain groups, whereas by managing diversity organisations are trying to get it right
for everyone)
4. The focus of initiatives (summary: Organisations which work within the equal opportunities
framework adopt a group approach, whereas the focus in the diversity model is on developing
individuals).
5. Different theoretical bases (summary: The equal opportunities style of management assumes
there is a single best way of doing things, whereas diversity accepts that one perspective is no
more correct than any other.

2.3.1. Fill in the blanks in the following text with the words given in bold:
requirements
diversity
pressures
sense
arguments
Many companies and organisations adopt equal opportunities policies because of external ....
Wilson and Iles suggest that this response "varies between a narrow minimalist response to
legislative ..., and a wider concern that people should be treated equally, based on ethical and
human rights or moral .... Managing ... on the other hand is internally driven, from a .... of
commitment by the organisation and its key players".
opportunities
force
staff
The driving ... behind introducing diversity management policies is seen as the business case that a diverse workforce will result in more focused marketing, greater creativity and decision
making and happier ... who stay longer and benefit from organisational ....
public
range
profile
volunteers
organisation
Looking at the marketing example - the voluntary sector supports and works with a diverse ... of
service users, supporters and partners. If the public face of an ... reflects that diverse public,
then individuals will more easily identify with it, thinking "this is an organisation for me".
Volunteers are the ... face of many organisations, and if diverse, will be more welcoming to users
and members. Also, if ... are drawn from a wide sector of the community, then they each tell their
friends and family, raising the ... of your service.
(adapted from http://www. mori.com/digest/2000)
2.3.2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with a word derived from the word given
at the end of each sentence:
1. ... at the working place is a topical issue in both the western and eastern
world.
2. Women usually contend that they have ... work opportunities as
compared with men.
3. Bill Clintons visit to Romania was a ... moment.
4. Exploring the ... sites of London could be a quite rewarding experience.
5. He is a government official extremely ... with different people in very
high circles.
6. After months of strenuous research, the main causes of their failure to
meet international standards remained ... .
7. This question ... addresses those prone to xenophobia.
8. ... tourists flock to the big cities of the world every day in search of yet
unimagined sensations.
9. Because your application is incomplete, it will rest ... until a further date.
10. After accumulating lots of practice in organising package tours, the
travel agency decided to ... their findings in a report published in a local
journal.
EQUAL
EQUAL
HISTORY
HISTORY
INFLUENCE
IDENTIFY
PRIMARY
NUMBER
PROCESS
THEORY
2.3. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the required preposition.
1. My methods differ a lot ... the more conventional ones.
2. The history of this project dates back ... 1985.
3. What did you have ... mind when you called that company?
4. The reasons ... establishing a new basis ... cooperation are ...my depth.
5. Lets focus ... this issue now and we will look ... the other one ... a later date.
6. ...the present framework of rules, we have to abide ...each one of them.
7. Equality ... job opportunities is essential.
8. Her influence ... the whole project is undeniable.
9. Theres no visible difference ... the way they are treating immigrants ... their country.
10. There has been no shift ... our regulations since they came ...force.
2.4. Language focus: The tense system: Past Perfect Continuous

2.4.1. The tense system: Past Perfect Continuous
Form: to be (in the past perfect) + verb + ing: I had been writing. Had I been writing? Yes, I had.
No, I hadnt.
It indicates: a past action in development before another past action and also continuing that
moment: When he came she had been reading for two hours.
!!!!!!!!!!!!
often used in past perfect and past perfect progressive sentences: when, after, as soon as, before,
by the time
e.g. After they had been quarrelling for minutes, I asked them to stop.
We had been waiting for weeks before we got the money.
They had been negotiating for hours by the time I got there.
2.4.2. Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences:
1. The staff complained that they had asked/had been asking for better working conditions
for two months.
2. We had hoped/had been hoping to solve our problem easily and were very disappointed
when we couldnt.
3. Our partners had looked forward/had been looking forward to the contract to be signed
and became quite angry when it had been cancelled/had been being cancelled.
4. The whole staff had worked/had been working until the last minute and they had no time
left to decorate the room for the meeting.
5. The newspapers had been publishing/had published a lot of articles on the accident for
weeks when they found out about it.
6. We had been discussing/had discussed all day with our partners and by 10 oclock the
agreement wasnt signed.
7. Our competition had done/had been doing everything they could to attack us and we had
to take steps towards fighting back.
8. When the PR assistant arrived, the customers had waited/had been waiting for her for
hours.
9. He asked us why we had written/had been writing such a long preamble to our report.
10. After the President had looked/had been looking through our papers for a while, he
decided to speak.
Writing. Comment on the following statement: People are born equal and therefore they should
benefit from equal opportunities in society.
3. National stereotypes
3.1. Lead-in
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What do you understand by stereotype?

To what extent are national stereotypes fair?
What sources do people use when establishing national stereotypes?
What are the main characteristics of the Romanian people?
How can you fight prejudices related to national stereotypes?
3.2. Reading
What is "Britishness"?
The survey conducted by MORI on behalf of the British Council among the successor
generation in thirteen countries reveals what foreigners think about all aspects of British society
and culture.
The United Kingdom is both loved and loathed for its traditions. The images most often
quoted of the Great Britain in the survey are the Queen and the Royal Family, kilts, castles and
rugby. This has implications for public diplomacy. What can be done to close the gap between
perceptions overseas and the reality of contemporary Britain without ignoring the strengths of
our traditions for which we are respected?
Arts
"British arts represent their culture - very reserved and grey" - Malaysia
"Avant-garde, eccentric, mad" - France
"They don't have any famous artists. They like soccer." - Saudi Arabia
Sixty-six percent of those polled believe that Britains reputation in the arts is based more
in the past than in the present. There is a clear lack of knowledge about British contemporary
arts. When asked to identify one or two contemporary artists Elton John and Hugh Grant topped
the list with 5% each. A worrying 60% were unable to name a single artist. The area of British
culture where people had the most knowledge was pop music and film.
Business and finance

"The British are managers by nature." - Egypt
"They manufacture things carefully. You buy a British garment and you know it will last
forever." - Mexico
Whilst 81% of people rated British goods and services as "good" overall and 74% think
British managers are good, the country comes behind the United States, Japan and Germany
when it comes to having world-beating companies. British business is seen as too risk averse.
"This permanent up-and-down risk which the Americans take is much too exhausting for the
Britons." - Germany. However Britain is recognised as a financial centre, though still behind the
USA and Japan.
Education
"They are well educated, well brought up people, able to keep up conversation." - Russia
"There is a high educational standard which the English are associated with, and if I wanted to
go abroad to study, this would be the only place." - Poland
Seventy-six percent of people questioned regard the British as well educated. British
higher education is particularly well respected with 88% of people rating it as "good". However
the United States still emerged as the market leader in higher education. Fifty-eight percent of
respondents believe that qualifications from the United States have the most credibility with
potential employers.
Media
"Even the more cultured people read the tabloids to be informed. Most of the scandals coming
from the Royal Family are found there." - Mexico
A significant minority (28%) believe that the British media cannot be relied on to tell the
truth. In Germany only 5% of people trust the truthfulness of the British media. However the
British media were regarded as being more truthful than their counterparts in most of the
countries surveyed.
Science and Technology
"The British are exploring more...cloning sheep and genetics and scary stuff." - South Africa
Whilst 62% of respondents agree that Britain has a reputation for scientific and
technological innovation, the UK was ranked well behind the United States, Japan and Germany.
Society
"They are well brought up people. Even if they don't like you too much, they try to be nice." Russia
"The UK are one of the first democracies in Europe" - France
Sixty-five percent of people questioned agree that the UK is a good model of democratic
government. A grudging 58% agree that the British legal system ensures that everyone gets a fair
trial. Sixty-five percent also believe that the country has a good health care service. British
institutions may be respected but a significant 41% believe that British people are not very
welcoming towards foreigners.

1. tabloid
2. grudging
3. emerge
4. averse
5. counterpart
6. avant-garde
7. gap
8. loathe
9. pop
10. survey
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
hate, detest
poll, research of public opinion
pause, break, distance
aesthetically new and experimental
popular, relating to the tastes of common people
opposed, objecting to, unfavourable to
exit, appear as
newspaper publishing scandalous material
equivalent, analogue
hesitant, ill-disposed towards
1. He sometimes uses ... language.
2. Please give me a ... of prices for oil.
3. The tabloids made much ado about the fact that she was ... in the
royal scandal.
4. Your ... behaviour could irremediably harm the relationship between
the two countries.
5. These are just a few of the ... underscoring our excellent policies
regarding cooperation among states.
6. My ... has often been reviled in tabloids.
7. I hereby wish to ... your contribution to our success.
8. Their ... efforts led to fruition.
9. Her ... skills are impeccable at all social gatherings.
10. Im sorry to say that the degree of your intelligence is ... in this
case.
LOATHE
QUOTE
IMPLICATE
DIPLOMATIC
STRONG
ECCENTRIC
KNOW
EXHAUST
CONVERSATION
SIGNIFY
1. I am speaking ... behalf ... all those who feel wronged by the Romanian Constitution.
2. ... the survey appear the figures ... this years rate ... diplomatic blunders ... the part ...
Romania.
3. Your behaviour will have consequential implications ... public diplomacy.
4. The gap ... my abilities as a diplomat and yours is enormous.
5. I respect this small country ... its great traditions.
6. His fame ... successfully handling conflict situations is one ... his advantages.
7. Teenagers are prone ... identifying themselves ... pop stars.
8. How do you rate ... a diplomat?
9. The English are associated ... a proverbial reserve ... definition.
10. Our country is the market leader ... button manufacturing.
3.4. Language focus: The tense system: Revision
3.4.1. The tense system: Revision

Simple tenses Continuous tenses
Present Simple
Present Continuous/Progressive
used for actions in the present, for things that used for actions or events that are happening or
are always true or that happen regularly, and developing now, for future plans, or to show
for opinions and beliefs
that an event is repeated
I/we/you/they enjoy (do not enjoy)
he/she/it enjoys (does not enjoy)
I am enjoying (am not enjoying)

we/you/they are enjoying (are not enjoying)
he/she/it is enjoying (is not enjoying)
Past Simple
Past Continuous/Progressive
used for completed actions and events in the used for actions or events in the past that were
past
not yet finished or that were interrupted
I/we/you/they enjoyed (did not enjoy)
he/she/it enjoyed (did not enjoy)
I was enjoying (was not enjoying)

we/you/they were enjoying (were not
enjoying)
he/she/it was enjoying (was not enjoying)
Future Simple
Future Continuous/Progressive
used for actions and events in the future
used for actions or events in the future that will

continue into the future
I/we/you/they will enjoy (will not enjoy)

he/she/it will enjoy (will not enjoy)
I/we/you/they will be enjoying

(will not be enjoying)
he/she/it will be enjoying
(will not be enjoying)
Perfect tenses Continuous tenses

Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive
used to show that an event happened or an used for actions or events that started in the
action was completed at some time before the past but are still happening now, or for past
present
actions which only recently finished and whose
effects are seen now
I/we/you/they have enjoyed
(have not enjoyed)
he/she/it has enjoyed
(has not enjoyed)
I/we/you/they have been enjoying

(have not been enjoying)
he/she/it has been enjoying
(has not been enjoying)
Past Perfect
usually used to show that an event happened or
an action was completed before a particular
time in the past
Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive

used for actions or events that happened for a
period of time but were completed before a
particular time in the past
I/we/you/they had enjoyed

(had not enjoyed)
he/she/it had enjoyed
(had not enjoyed)
I/we/you/they had been enjoying

(had not been enjoying)
he/she/it had been enjoying
(had not been enjoying)
Future Perfect
used to show that something will be
completed before a particular time in the
future
Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive

used for actions or events that will already be
happening at a particular time in the future
I/we/you/they will have enjoyed

(will not have enjoyed)
he/she/it will have enjoyed
(will not have enjoyed)
I/we/you/they will have been enjoying

(will not have been enjoying)
he/she/it will have been enjoying
(will not have been enjoying)
3.4.2. Fill in the blanks in the following text with the correct tense form of the verb in
brackets:
1. These conditions ... (be spelled out) in a European Parliament and Council regulation
(1049/2001 of 30 May 2001) regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and
Commission documents. A register open to the public in each institution and accessible via
Internet ... (be set up) from 3 June 2002 to make it easier to access and search for these
documents.
2. No definite date can be given at the moment for any of the applicant countries. Negotiations ...
(begin) with all the applicant countries except Turkey: first, starting in late 1997 - Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia -, then, at the end of 1999 - Bulgaria,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania and Slovakia.
Some negotiations ... (progress) faster than others. The fact that some (begin) later ... (not
preclude) their finishing earlier. The Gothenburg European Council ... (make) 2004 the target
date for the first accessions. The European Parliament ... (call on) the Union to be ready to
enlarge by the beginning of 2003, and hopes to be able to approve the first accession Treaties
before the European elections in 2004.
3. Organisations working within an equal opportunities framework often ... (concern) themselves
with policies and procedures to check that they ... (operate) within the law (eg: with the Race
Relations, Sex and Disability Discrimination Acts). These organisations often ... (meet) their
formal obligations, but ... (do) little more.
(adapted from http://www. mori.com/digest/2000)
3.4.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the verb:
I ... (meet) him at the English Garden restaurant in Chelsea. Although Blumenfeld ... (be) a
cosmopolite, he ... (know) London and Britain well. He ... (live) in the same house in the
Cambridgeshire village of Grantchester for 27 years, and (tend) what he ... (say) is a magical,
mid-19th century garden.
Some visitors, says Blumenfeld, ... (think) his garden ... (be) a wilderness. But he ... (spend)
several hours each day weeding, clipping, mowing and planting flowers, bulbs, bushes and trees.
His book ... (work) the same way, he says; he ... (take) ideas from all over, ... (trim) them a bit,
and ... (hope) his readers ... (see) them fuse into part of a larger prospect Utopia.
He ... (be born) in the Netherlands, and ... (move) to Paris when he was four. One day in
1940, as the Germans were about to launch their blitzkrieg on the Netherlands, Belgium and
France, the children in the primary school Blumenfeld ... (attend) in Vezelay ... (pelt) him with
rocks and ... (shout) Dirty spy!, Dirty German! and Dirty Jew! at him. He ... (go) home ...
(bleed) and ... (cry).
His family ... (make) a harrowing escape to the US by way of an internment camp in
Morocco, and it ... (be) to the US, says Blumenfeld, that he ... (owe) his optimism: his feeling
that human dreams are there to be fulfilled.
(from Financial Times Weekend February 21/22 1998)
Pair work
In pairs, try to fill in the following table referring to adjectives of nationality.
Country
Adjective
Croatia
Denmark
Finland
Greenland
Holland
Iceland
Israel
The Philippines
Poland
San Marino
Scotland
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Writing. Try to define the stereotype for your nationality.
Person
(if different
from adj.)
UNIT SEVEN
TOURISM AND BUSINESS TRIPS
1. Tourism domestic and international
1.1. Lead-in
1. Would you like to work in tourism? In what special field and why?
2. Is the way in which tourism is made in your country similar to the tourism industry
abroad?
3. What foreign country would you like to visit first as a tourist?
4. What foreign country would you like to go to on business first?
1.2. Reading
Read the text and find a suitable title for it as a whole, and for each of its paragraphs.
1. The travel industry is concerned with the planning, conducting and wholesaling of tours; the
retailing of tours and the dissemination of travel information and the counselling and advising of
travellers These three phases are carried out by a specific type of travel organisation: for the first,
we speak about the tour operators, the second is dealt with the individual travel agencies and the
third represents the domain of the travel information offices of public concerns.
2. The travel service employees do a lot of travelling. For example, the tour conductors are
constantly on the move. Usually, the travel agencies employees are encouraged to travel in order
to familiarise themselves with hotel, rail, air and road conditions as a necessary background in
advising their clients. These trips are usually paid for by the travel agency.
3. The specific work in the travel service deals with the various phases of travel such as making
hotel and ticket reservations, planning itineraries, and answering a wide variety of travellers
questions. The most common jobs one can apply for in tourism are: tour conductor or tour
manager, typist, receptionist, switchboard operator, ticket seller or reservation agent, travel
counsellor, traffic manager, sales representative. Another job, quite special in travel service is
that of a travel-companion. The travel companion is hired by elderly people or semi-invalids who
have ample funds for travel but dislike the fast pace of tours and the loneliness of going on their
own; too, wealthy people often require girls to chaperone their younger children or teen age
offspring during their summer travels.
4. Advertisement is of utmost importance in tourism industry. The better one can advertise a
tourist attraction and the services it offers, the bigger the number of tourists visiting that place
will be. Here is an example of how a certain place can be advertised in a tourist brochure:
San Francisco Attractions
Alcatraz Island and Prison
Board the ferry to Alcatraz Island at Fishermans Wharf and enjoy spectacular view of the San
Franciso skyline on the way to this must-see San Francisco attraction once home to notorious
prisoners like Al Capone. Tour tickets can be purchased at the ticket booth at Pier 41, San
Francisco Fishermans Wharf.
5. Baker Beach
San Franciscos most popular and locally beloved nude beach is nestled in the western shadow of
the Golden Gate Bridge. Aside from being the birth place of Burning Man, the great qualities of
Baker Beach are its size, close shore breaks, tide pools, steep bluffs, and climbable rocks. While
this stretch of the Pacific makes for rough swimming, it bodes well for panoramic sun bathing
and excellent shore fishing.
6. Chinatown
Enter at Dragons Gate at Grant Avenue and Bush Street. San Franciscos bustling Chinatown
is a tightly-packed warren of Chinese restaurants, shops, temples, and street vendors. Great for
gifts, and fireworks on Chinese New Year.
7. Grace Cathedral
The Gothic landmark of the west coast, the ornate beauty of Grace Cathedral is home to hidden
gardens, and curling dragon statues. The Grace hosts glorious concerts year round and its
Columbarium is the only sacred landmark in San Francisco where freshly cremated remains may
be laid to rest.
8. Mission District
The heart of San Francisos predominantly Latino neighbourhood is 24 th Street, a colourful
collection of authentic restaurants, taquerias, Mexican bakeries, produce markets, specialty shops
and murals. Mission Dolores at 16th and Dolores streets is the oldest structure in San Francisco
(many of San Francisos Spanish pioneers are buried on the side). Two blocks away, on Dolores
and 18th St., the palm tree studded Dolores Park still has a Spanish flavour.
(source: http://www.ci.la.ca.us/)
1.3.1. Match the words from the text with the correct definitions:
1. travel (par. 1)
2. wholesaling (par. 1)
a. a business that provides a service for people or

companies, especially by giving them
information or making arrangements
b. to go somewhere with a young woman or group
of children as their care-taker
3. retailing (par. 1)
4. agency (par. 2)
5. reservations (par. 3)
6. to chaperone (par. 3)
7. offspring (par. 3)
8. to purchase (par. 4)
9. landmark (par. 7) (or
landmass)
10. flavour (par. 8)
c. the particular taste that food or drink has

d. a major event or achievement that marks an
important stage in a process and makes progress
possible
e. someones child or children
f. to buy something
g. an arrangement by which something such as a
room in a hotel or a seat in a theatre is kept for
you to use later
h. the business of selling goods directly to the
public for their own use
i. the activity of going on a journey or visiting
different places, especially places that are far
away from where you live or work
j. the business of buying and selling large quantities
of goods, especially in order to sell them in a
shop
1.3.2. Derivation
1. travellers (par. 1): verb (travel) + -er: produce producer, employ employer, design
designer, teach - teacher
Use the dictionary to find some other nouns formed by this rule.
2. Mark the difference: advise (verb) (par. 2) advice (noun); other examples: devise (vb.)
device (noun), practise (vb.) practice (noun)
Look into the dictionary for some other pairs.
3. climbable (par. 5): verb (climb) + -able: perish perishable, recognize recognizable,
irrigate irrigable/ irrigatable, place placeable, demand demandable, agree agreeable
Other suffixes attached to verbs to form adjectives:
-ible: divide divisible, reverse reversible, extend - extendible
-ive: deduct deductive, decide decisive, affect - affective
Use the dictionary to find other examples.
4. to bode well (par. 5)/ to bode ill: to be a sign that sth. good/ bad will happen: The fact that
he didnt show up does not bode well; something bad must have happened.
5. produce markets (par. 3)
Mark the difference:
Produce (noun): fruit, vegetables, other things that farmers grow (dairy, agricultural, organic
produce): Farmers sell their produce at the market.
Produce (verb): to make/ grow sth., especially in large quantities to be sold: They produce goods
that are sold all over the world.
Product (noun): sth. that is made in large quantities so that it can be sold: pharmaceutical
products; Consumers are not always very cautious about checking the products they buy.
6. warren (par. 5): a place that is very difficult to find your way around because there are so
many ways you could go
to carry out (par. 1): to do a particular piece of work: The advertisement was carried out by a
local firm.
You can make out the meaning of the following phrasal verbs by reading the examples. After you
read the sentences, try to explain that meaning in words of your own.
carry over: Problems at work are sometimes carried over into your home life.
carry through: It is a difficult task but I am convinced that you will carry it through.
deal with (par. 1): to take action to do sth., especially to solve a problem: We have to deal with
our clients problems.
deal in:
I own a company that deals in rare wines.
deal smb. (in (AE): If you plan to buy that company, deal me in.
deal out = deal:
Each player deals the cards out.
1.4. Language focus: Numerals
1.4.1. Numerals
Look for these words in the text:
these three phases (par. 1)
for the first the secondthe third (par. 1)
Numerals
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Cardinal number
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Fifteen
Sixteen
Ordinal number
The first
The second
The third
The fourth
The fifth
The sixth
The seventh
The eighth
The ninth
The tenth
The eleventh
The twelfth
The thirteenth
The fourteenth
The fifteenth
The sixteenth
17
18
19
20
21
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
201
1, 000
2, 000
1, 000, 000
2, 000, 000
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen
Twenty
Twenty one
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
Sixty
Seventy
Eighty
Ninety
A/ one hundred
Two hundred
Two hundred and one
A/ one thousand
Two thousand
A/ one million
Two million
The seventeenth
The eighteenth
The nineteenth
The twentieth
The twenty-first
The thirtieth
The fortieth
The fiftieth
The sixtieth
The seventieth
The eightieth
The ninetieth
The one hundredth
The two hundredth
The two hundred and first
The one thousandth
The two thousandth
The one millionth
The two millionth
Mathematical operations: plus +; minus -; divided by :; times, multiplied by *; equals =

The right word order: ordinal number, cardinal number: The first two chapters are useful.
Use: comma for thousands: 1, 000, 000 and point for decimals: 1. 23
Hundred, thousand, million do not get s when accompanied by numerals: five hundred/
thousand/ million BUT: Hundreds of people/ thousands of flowers/ millions of stars
1.5. Functions
Inviting
accepting invitations
Neutral
Informal
Invitations
I was wondering if you
would like to join us for a
meal.
Would you like to
Thanking
Thank you very much.
Thats very kind of you.
Thank you for inviting
me.
How about ..ing?

Why dont you join us for
a drink?
What about going out for
a meal?
Why not come round for a
drink?
Thanks.
Accepting
That would be very nice.
Id like that very much.
Id like to come.
Id be delighted to come.
Ill look forward to it.
Thats a good idea.
What a good idea.
That sounds fun.
declining invitations
Neutral
Informal
Thanking
Thank you for inviting me.
Thank you very much.
Thats very kind of you.
Thanks.
Declining
Reason
But Im afraid I cant Ive already arranged
come.
something else.
But unfortunately
I wont be here tomorrow.
Im busy on Thursday.
But I cant.
but I cant make it then. I play squash every
Monday.
Thanking and showing appreciation

thanking people for hospitality/ personal help/ a service
Neutral
Thanks
Thank you very much. I really
appreciate your hospitality.
It was very kind of you to
invite me.
Thank you very much for the
meal.
Thank you very much for
organizing this evening.
everything.
Positive comment
Its been a very
pleasant weekend.
You really have a
lovely house.
Its an excellent
restaurant.
The meal was
delicious.
I have enjoyed
myself.
Thank you for all your help.

finding out about.
Informal
Thanks for the information.

Thank you.(very much)
Thanks for asking me out.
Thanks for the meal.
Thanks John.
Response
Thats quite all right.

Thats okay.
It was no trouble.
Youre welcome.
Dont mention it.
Thats okay/ all right.
It was great fun.

It was very good.
I enjoyed that.
Group work
The Romanian seaside resorts have suffered a major drop in business as the number of tourists
has considerably diminished lately. To revitalize the seaside tourism the Ministry of Tourism
wants to encourage private investments and setting up of small businesses. They say that an
increasing number of small high quality hotels will improve the quality of services and will make
the Romanian seaside competitive with other foreign tourist agencies. The Hotel and Services
department from the Ministry of Tourism has called a meeting to discuss the issue. You should
try to agree on the best way to revitalize the Black Sea coast resorts. The following people take
part in the discussion: representatives of the government, local officials, representatives of
business, and representatives of tourist agencies.
Writing
Read the following report on leisure facilities in Cluj written by a travel counsellor for the tour
operator who intends to include Cluj in a tour of Romania. What would you leave apart and what
would you include in this report? Can you improve it? Write a new report for the tour operator.
Make a two-day program for the foreign tourists coming in Cluj/ your native town.
Leisure facilities in Cluj-Napoca
The aim of this report is to describe and assess leisure facilities available in Cluj. It is
based on personal observation and some bits of information from Seven Nights Guide.
Sports: Cluj has a wide range of sport facilities, both public and private. There are few
modern leisure centres with facilities such as swimming pools (Sports Hall, Transylvania Hotel),
halls for judo and karate, fitness and aerobic clubs, power-gyms, tennis courts (Iuliu Haieganu
and Kios Park). Membership costs from Lei 200, 000 to over Lei 2, 000,000 a month, depending
on the activity provided by the centre.
Theatres: If you are in the mood for a good play The National Theatre of Cluj is an
excellent choice. It is easy to find as it is located near Victory Square. Opera concerts are also
held here. You can also see a play at The Hungarian Theatre. All theatres offer discounts for
students.
Museums and Art Galleries: The History Museum has an extensive collection of ancient
tools, objects, weapons, pottery, maps, documents, and other articles connected with ClujNapocas history and Romanias history. The Mineralogy Museum is an interesting place to visit,
as well. If you are an art lover, L. Badea Gallery is the best choice to see something interesting.
Shopping: Sora Shopping Centre is the place where you can buy almost everything.
Big in Mntur District and Central are also excellent places for shopping (Central is pretty
expensive. Watch out!). Definitely, shopping is the most pleasant activity in Cluj!
Entertainment: a lot of bars, pubs, restaurants await for you in Cluj. Kios Park is the place
where you can have a cool drink and rent a boat on the nearby lake. The Botanical Garden is a
refreshing place, too.
In conclusion I have to point out the fact that Cluj is well provided with leisure facilities
for a city of its size. Sports seem to be the most popular leisure activity, after shopping, of
course!
2. Travelling on business
2.1. Lead-in
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of travelling on business?
2. Would you apply for a career that implies a lot of travelling? State your pros and cons.
3. What business specialization is required for a post in international business relations?
2.2. Reading
1. Travelling on business is possible if one secures a post with a firm conducting a sizeable
export or import trade and having extensive direct sales organisations abroad. A college course in
foreign commerce would definitely help the candidate who aspires to travel abroad on business.
For those who want to develop a career in international business relations, specialization in some
field of business such as market research, banking, advertising, sales, insurance, or shipping is
almost essential.
2. Among the American firms which do send men abroad is the National City Bank of New York.
Men employed for their branches remain in the head office for six months rotational training
before going overseas. This is for the purpose of giving them some orientation as to the structure
and operation of the head office. At the termination of this period, the individual is assigned to a
foreign branch in South America, the Caribbean Area, the Far East, or Europe. The assignment
consists of three years training in an overseas branch, where the individual is expected to
become conversant with the customs, culture, history, and economic background of the country.
At the end of three years he returns on furlough; if his assignment has been satisfactory, he can
expect to go back to his next overseas assignment identified with the managerial end of the
branch.
3. Generally speaking, people have always thought for better paid jobs abroad, than in their own
country. But some general advice may be helpful when seeking work in the majority of foreign
lands:
4. Unless you emigrate to a job-rich country like Australia or South Africa, dont consider
heading overseas to seek work without the price of a return ticket and several months living costs
in your pocket. Nor should you go unless you are prepared, at least at first, to accept any job
including the sort of dirty, grimy, monotonous job you wouldnt consider in your native country.
Later on, of course, you may be able to switch to more challenging and creative work. But the
job seeker heading overseas on his own should be prepared at first to take on jobs that have
already been turned down flat by hundreds of natives.
5. To work overseas you must enter as an immigrant, or obtain a work permit, or seek a job for
which no work permit or immigration papers are needed. One easily found job for women that
by-passes most immigration hurdles is that of a Mothers Helper, more familiarly known in
Europe as au pair. Under this arrangement, any girl aged 18-30 or even more receives bed and
board plus about $10 a month pocket money in return for living with a family overseas and
acting as baby sitter, governess and general household help. Because they offer such an
incomparable chance to experience a foreign culture and to learn the language at first hand, au
pair opportunities are often referred to as the Poor Girls Junior Year Abroad Men may also
find ready work as camp counsellors, English speaking sports coaches, overseas sales
representatives etc.
6. No guarantee of employment in specific trades or professions is given migrants but even in
normal times, anyone who knows his job properly can expect to find work with a little job
hunting.
(Source: adapted from How to travel and get paid for it. How to get a job that takes you
travelling, by Norman D. Ford, Crown Publishers, New York, 1966)

2.3.1. Match the following words with the correct definitions:
1. to secure (par. 1)
2. foreign commerce (1)

3. insurance (1)
4. shipping (1)
5. branch (2)
6. assignment (2)
7. to consider (4)
8. grimy (4)
9. au pair (5)
10. board (5)
11. abroad (par. 3)
a. an arrangement in which you regularly pay a company

an amount of money so that they will give you money
if something you own is damaged, lost, or stolen, or if
you die or are ill or injured
b. have a particular opinion about someone or something /
to think about something carefully before making a
decision or developing an opinion
c. meals provided for you when you stay at a hotel, live at
another persons house etc.
d. part of an organisation a shop or office representing a
large company or organisation in a particular area
e. very dirty
f. the process of giving someone or something a
particular job, status or title
g. the business of carrying goods, especially in a ship
h. someone, especially a young woman who lives with a
family in a foreign country and helps with the children
and housework in exchange for the opportunity to learn
the language
i. the activity of buying and selling goods and services
from or in another country
j. to get or achieve something important, ie a job
k. in or to a foreign country
2.3.2. Derivation
1. insurance (noun) (par. 1): verb (to insure) + - ance
other examples: convey-conveyance, accept-acceptance, appear-appearance, guide-guidance
2. conversant (par. 2): if you are conversant with sth., you know about it and understand it
3. Mark the difference: immigration (par. 5)/ emigration
Immigration: the process in which people enter in another country in order to live there
permanently
emigration: the process in which people leave their country in order to live in another country
Immigrant
Immigrate
-
emigrant
emigrate
emigratory
The negative prefix im- can be attached to nouns, adjectives:

Mind the spelling: mobility-immobility, moderacy-immoderacy, parity-imparity, materialityimmateriality; moral-immoral, mature-immature, measurable-immeasurable
Find other examples!
4. overseas (par. 2): the preposition over can be attached to verbs, nouns or adjectives indicating
an exaggeration (in addition to the amount that exists)
Read the examples, mind the spelling and consult the dictionary if there are words you do not
understand:
Verbs: overact, overarch, overeat, overbalance, overbid, overbear, overdraw
Nouns: over-exposure, over-activity, over-anxiety
Adjectives: over-active, over-credulous, overdaring
5. he returns on furlough (par. 2): a period of time during which someone is allowed to be away
from a job or the armed forces
switch to (par. 4): to start doing a different thing
Use the dictionary to find the meaning of the following phrasal verbs: switch off, switch on
take on jobs (par. 4): to accept some work or responsibility
Use the dictionary to find the meaning of the following phrasal verbs: take after, take apart, take
back, take down, take in, take up, take upon
turn down (flat) (par. 4): to refuse to accept an offer or request
Use the dictionary to find the meaning of the following phrasal verbs: turn in, turn off, turn into,
turn out, turn up
Look for some other verbs to which the particles to/ on/ down can be attached. Make sure you
are able to use them in sentences of your own.
2.4. Language focus: Modal Verbs

2.4.1. Modal Verbs
Read the following examples from the text:
Later on you may be able (par. 4)
You must enter as an immigrant (par. 5)
The job seekershould be prepared (par. 4)
A college in foreign commerce would definitely help (par. 1)
Modals
May
Form: may// May he?// may not
It indicates:
Possibility: He may come today. (to be possible)
Probability: We may get that contract. (to be probable)
Permission: You may leave. (to be allowed/ to be permitted)
Might
Form: might/ might he// might not
It indicates:
- NOT the past of may BUT a stronger possibility/ probability/ uncertainty: You might be right
(but I strongly doubt).
Must
Form: must// Must he..?// must not = mustnt
It indicates:
necessity/ obligation imposed by the speaker: I must be punctual.
invitation, emphatic affirmation: You must see the exhibition.
Probability, logical necessity: He must be at home.
An unexpected/ contrary action: They must annoy us with their problems!
It is replaced by: to have to, to be obliged/ forced/ compelled to.
Should
Form: should// Should you?// should not = shouldnt
It indicates:
obligation: You should be present at the meeting.
Instructions/ advice: He should welcome them at the airport.
Expectation: The business should be profitable.
Past, unfulfilled expectation: They should have discussed the matter in detail.
Ought to
Form: ought to/ ought not to
It indicates:
Moral obligation: You ought to visit him at the hospital
Duty: You ought to write that report.
Not a very strong obligation in the past, present or future: He ought to play chess that day/ now/
to morrow.
Advisability: You ought to organise that meeting as soon as possible.
Necessity: He ought to be present at the conference.
Desirable, not performed action: You ought to have helped them. They ought not to have gone
there alone.
Supposition, probability: You ought to communicate them the decision by now.
Would
Form: would/ would you?/ would not = wouldnt
It indicates:
Polite request: Would you listen more carefully?
Opposition/ resistance/ unwillingness: They would not meet us.
Past habit = used to: I would stay in that chair, drink my tea and read a book.
Invitation: Would you have some more cake?
Refusal (in the negative): I wouldnt accept that.
Criticism of somebodys behaviour: She would keep talking without listening to her friends.
2.4.2. Rephrase the following sentences so that they contain one of the modals above:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
If you cannot find a job in your country, you emigrate to a foreign job-rich place.
Dont consider heading overseas to seek work without money in your pocket.
Dont go unless you are prepared to accept any job.
Sometimes you are forced to accept a monotonous job.
There are jobs you didnt accept in your native country.
Later on, of course, you will have the opportunity to apply for creative work.
The job seeker heading overseas has to take on jobs that have been turned down flat by
natives.
8. To work overseas you need to obtain a work permit.
9. It is advisable you find a job for which no work permit is needed.
10. Women will be able to work au pair. Under this arrangement, any girl is supposed to get
bed and board.
11. Their duty is to act as baby sitters. Their daily activity is to give general household help.
12. Their employers are also obliged to pay them a sum of money.
2.5. Functions
Cause, effect and purpose
Cause
Effect
Purpose
Result in.
Lead to
Since
As
Due to
Owing to the fact that
Because of
This means that.

As a result of.
So that
In order to
Writing
Write an essay in which you present your opinions about travelling on business. Use the
expressions above to emphasize cause, effect, purpose.
3. Advertising in tourism
3.1. Lead-in
1. What do you usually do when you visit a place (city, tourist resort) for the first time?
What are your priorities? (checking in, going to the bank, buying a local newspaper etc.)
Consider two situations: you are travelling on business/ for pleasure.
2. How do you choose your places to go?

3. What is the importance and role of advertising in tourism? Is there anything like negative
publicity in tourism?
3.2. Reading
Read the following text and attach to each paragraph a suitable heading. You will find
some suggestions at the end of the text. Also, find a title for the text.
Advertising in tourism must appeal to various types of tourists, from all walks of life. The
following brief presentations below appeal to a special type of public, the sophisticated
exhibitions visitor. Identify in each paragraph the element that arises his/her interest:
1. The 10th Biennale de Lyon showcases Latin American dance. Dance is deeply rooted in
the soil, from the arid Mexican landscapes to the southern tip of Argentina. Twelve
countries are participating and there are over 100 performances, including samba, chacha, tango, and other Latin beats. Plus a colourful parade featuring virtually every kind of
dance form.
2. Arles has been a multifaceted venue for the past 33 years, acting as a springboard for new
talent. The 2002 festival includes photographs by John Hinde, a retrospective of works by
Josef Koudelka and the inauguration of seven major awards.
3. Each summer, Paris and its many village-like quarters come alive with a vibrant selection
of music, dance, storytelling and circus acts. Some 134 performances, for the most part
outdoors, are held everywhere ().
4. The Musee de Grenoble houses a rare collection of works by artists from the Madi et Arte
Concreto Invencion movement that sprang up in Latin America after WWII. Paintings,
sculptures and reliefs illustrate the influence of Argentine artists in the history and
evolution of constructivism.
5. William Klein always dreamed of living in Paris. The City of Lights which he adopted as
his own, finally recognized his true talent in 1966: his famous shots of America were
exhibited here. His photographs of Paris in black and white and colour were presented to
the public. From them, 80 percent are works that have never been shown before.
6. Borgess (1899-1986) was a prolific author, erudite scholar and insatiable reader. After
going blind in 1955, he claimed life couldnt be imagined without books. Some 180
manuscripts, letters, photos and other objects that recount his life and work are exhibited.
7. Baseball is the theme of a novel exhibition exploring the role of this popular sport in
American culture. Approximately 500 collectors items (uniforms, balls, bats, mitts,
books, films, and historic documents), some of which are truly relics, trace the history of
the legendary sport.
8. Advertisement: Short term rentals of selected apartments of charm with truly
personalized services in the historical heart of Paris// Guest Apartment Services Paris//9,
quai Bourbon 75004 Paris// (Call for appointment) 01 44 07 06 20 Fax 01 46 33 37
73 // www.guestapartment.com E-mail: guestapart@wanadoo.fr
9. Advertisement: THE PARISIAN CHARM OF 2 HOTELS**

St. Jacques Hotel located in the heart of Quartier Latin, historical area of Paris and Riviera
Hotel located near the Arc de Triomphe and Champs Elysees Avenue offer room from $63 to
$114.
St. Jacques Hotel
Mo Clunny la Sorbonne
35, rue des Ecoles (5e)
Tel:.
Fax.
Hotel Riviera Hotel
Mo Ternes
55, rue des Acacias (17e)
Tel.
Fax..
(Source: Cultural horizons in Air France Magazine, pp. 138-147, no 63 Juillet, 2002)
Suggestions for headings: Kleins Paris, Play ball, Paris festivities, Arles photo festival, Short
term rentals, Grenoble Madi, Latin rhythms, Parisian charm, Borges era

3.3.1. Match the following vocabulary items with the right definitions:
1. to showcase (par. 1)
2. beat(s) (par. 1)
3. springboard (par. 2)
4. relief(s) (par. 4)
5. shot(s) (par. 5)
6. scholar (par. 6)
7. to recount (par. 6)
8. item(s) (par. 7)
9. mitt(s) (par. 7)
10. rental (par. 8)
a. something you rent, especially a house or a car

b. someone who studies a particular subject and knows a
lot about it, especially a subject that is not scientific
c. something that helps you to become successful
d. an individual thing, usually one of several things in a
group or on a list
e. to show someone or something in a way that attracts
attention and emphasizes their good qualities
f. a type of glove that you use for catching the ball (a
thick mitten that you wear on your hands to protect
them)
g. the main pattern of sounds in a piece of music, or the
strongest sounds in this pattern
h. a design or sculpture consisting of a raised surface on a
flat background
i. to say what happened
j. an attempt to do something // a view of something that
you have because of the position of the camera in
films, television, or photographs
3.3.2. Find the derivatives for each of the following lexical items:
e.g. object (par. 6): objectify, objection, objectionable, objectionably, objective, objectively,
objectivity, objector
performances (par. 3):
legendary (par. 7):..
charm (8):..
Explain the italicised vocabulary items by giving a definition, synonym or description of each.
Outdoors (3), constructivism (4), insatiable (6), recount (6), exhibition (7)
sprang up (par. 4) /spring-sprang-sprung/: to appear or be produced suddenly and quickly: A lot
of small businesses have sprung up lately in tourism services.
Use the dictionary and find the meaning of: spring on, spring from, spring for
dreamed of (par. 5)/ ed//dreamt, dreamt/: to think about something that you hope to have or
achieve: He dreams of a career in hotel management.
dream up:..
3.4. Language focus: Active/Passive Voice

3.4.1. Active/Passive Voice
Look at these examples:
Performances are held everywhere (3)
His photographs were exhibited..were presented (5)
Works that have never been shown (5)
Life couldnt be imagined (6)
Active/ Passive Voice
Rule: to be (any tense required) + the Past Participle of the verb to be conjugated
They give her flowers.
Flowers are given to her.
She is given flowers.
The use of the passive
When the logical subject is obvious or is not important: Goods should be delivered as
soon as possible.
When the object is more important than the logical subject: The manager was informed
on the situation.
When the speaker avoids mentioning the logical subject: The order has already been
placed.
In formal notices: Passengers are requested not to
Newspapers: President sacked because

Processes in science or engineering: The wheel is tested
Rules for changing from active into passive

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Active
Subject + tr. Verb + direct object
I wrote a report.
Subject + tr. Vb. + Dir. Obj.1 + Dir. Obj. 2
I asked him a question.
Passive
S (=dir. Obj.) + passive + (by.)
A report was written (by me).
S1(= dir. Obj.1) + passive + Dir.
Obj.2 + (by.)
He was asked a question (by me).
S2 (=dir. Obj. 2) + passive + (by)
A question was asked (by me).
Subject + tr. Vb. + Direct object + Indirect S(=dir. Obj.) + passive + ind. Object.
object
The money will be paid to us.
They will pay us the money.
S(=ind. Obj.) + passive + direct
object
We will be paid the money.
Subject + intr. Prep. Vb. + prep. obj.
S (prep. Obj.) + passive + preposition
I rely on Tom.
Tom is relied on.
Ex. to talk to/ about, to send for, to agree
upon, to look at/ after, to explain to, to
speak to/ of, to arrive at, to account for, to
laugh at, to refer to
Subject + verb phrase + prep. object
S (prep. Object) + passive +
You have to pay attention to the problem.
preposition
Ex. to put an end to, to take care of, to take The problem must be paid attention
notice of, to make use of, to take hold of, to to.
find fault with, to take possession of, to lose
sight of, to do away with, to put up with
Passive constructions:
It is said that
It is believed that
It is understood that
It is reported that
It is expected that.
It is thought that
Intransitive verbs with a passive
meaning: read, eat, wear, wash, act,
sell, open, feel, taste, shut, peel,
perform: Sweets sell well.
Passive forms with to have, to get:
S + have + direct object + past
participle: I had my car repaired.
S + get + past participle: We got
stuck in the traffic.
Verbs that have no passive: escape, fit, get, have, let, like, suit, survive: The skirt doesnt suit me.
They escaped from prison.
Verbs used with the passive: to be born, to be said: He is said to be a good businessman.
Passive Structures:
modals + passive: The meeting can be postponed.
Passive + infinitive + object: with the verbs: advise, believe, expect, feel, forbid, mean,
order, report, request, require, say, teach, understand: They were advised to negotiate the
price.
It + the passive of: agree, announce, discover, expect, hope, suggest: It was suggested
that they would work hard.
3.4.2. Read the following text and change some of the sentences from active into the passive.
The italicised words will help you.
Sometimes it is a real adventure not being sure if you have downloaded a virus or if it is only a
hoax. You cannot be sure whether you are alone or not: is there someone else working on my
computer or it is only me? To have more security you have to install a firewall, buy anti-virus
programmes and up-date them regularly. So, you have to spend much money only for preventing
a virus-caused break down or hacker-attacks. It is annoying not being sure if the money you have
spent will prevent all those things or if they create a new virus and a new way of hacking into
computers.
Make all the other necessary changes.
3.4.3. Use the correct tense and voice:
The wristwatch ... (come) into its own at the time of the first world war, when it ... (issue) to
officers as part of their kit. These early watches (especially those of the 1920s) ... (consider) by
current tastes to be too small and unreliable but, because they ... (be) cheaper than later models,
might ... (regard) as a good investment.
Watches produced between the 1930s and 1950s ... (be) today the most desirable, mainly
because they ... (be) attractive and often expensively bejewelled. The same ... (can) ... (say) for
the very earliest watches, made in the late 17th century.
The best vintage watches ... (be) all purpose: they tell the time; they are decorative; they ...
(make) a fashion statement and they are a good buy. If you ... (want) a bargain, ... (haunt) the
salerooms; if you ... (want) a guarantee, ... (go) to a respectable dealer. But, these days, wherever
you ... (find) one, a second-hand watch can be a first-rate investment.
(Weekend Ft. How to Spend It.22 Feb. 1998)
Watches. Who would want a manhandled watch, second-hand and, perhaps, second rate? But
buying at auction can put a pedigree piece on your wrist for a third of the original price.
Antony Thorncroft considers the options).
Supplementary Activities
I. What do the following mean?
1. They say that our colleague is a SHOPAHOLIC.
2. We cannot reach an agreement with him. He is an AIRHEAD.
3. It is true that our boss is rather strict, but we have to admit that he tries not to BAD-MOUTH
his staff.
4. Robert is very confident that he is going to win the contest. He considers himself the CAT'S
WHISKERS.
5. We need to attend that training course. After all it doesn't cost an ARM AND A LEG.
6. Our boss said that he would SACK us if we were late again.
7. He is a BRILLIANT candidate for this job.
8. Janes boss must have made a lot of money since he lives in a very POSH district.
9. Cooperating with them doesnt seem a very good idea. Ive heard they are BROKE.
10. Our production manager is really INTO his job.
11. Everyone around Peter was shouting but he was really LAID BACK.
12 I have told her not to interfere with my decisions but she keeps doing it again and again. Is
she trying to WIND me UP?
II. A way of enriching vocabulary is combining parts of two words. For example, "smog" is
a combination of "smoke" and "fog". Such combinations are called "portmanteau" words.
Can you explain the following?
ecotastrophe
camcorder
vegeburger
fantabulous
interpol
brunch
motel
swatch
hazchem
eurovision
III. Decide which of the variants given fits in the blanks in the following sentences:
ACCEPT / AGREE
We think the house was overpriced but James doesn't ... with us.
Banks ... damaged banknotes.
I am sure the agency will only ... to do the job if you pay him in advance.
It difficult for him to ... that he was sacked.
ADVICE / ADVISE
Your sales figures do not look very good. I ... you to change your policy.
It is useless to hire an external consultant if you never listen to their ....
We are very grateful for your ....
The situation is extremely critical. I do not know what to ....
CONTROL / CHECK
No one could ... the furious mob who was demonstrating against racial discrimination.
An external auditor came to ... all the files.
There have been many complaints on Peters behaviour. Not even his parents can ... him.
Students should ... all their answers before handing in their homework assignments.
LOSE / LOOSE
I suggest that you should put that file in a safe place or youll ... it.
That screw is a bit tight. Can you please ... it?
The opposite of "to find" is "to ...".
They tied the thief to a pipe but he got ... and ran away.
IV. Abbreviation is another means of enriching vocabulary.
Give the short forms of the following words:
photograph
telephone
popular (music)
mackintosh
aeroplane
public house
motor-cycle
motor-car
zoological gardens
gymnasium
taxi-cab
examination
newspaper
bicycle
veterinary surgeon
hippopotamus
kilogram
facsimile transmission
Give the long form of the following words:

ad, advert
lab
comfy
limo
doc
(women's) lib
nightie
mike
champ (sport)
demo
specs
pro (sport)
V. Complete the sentences below:

1. I don't think the police ever ... how the man escaped.
2. This milk smells terrible; I think it has ....
3. You should ... with your pair work until the teacher tells you to stop.
4. I am sorry I am late but my alarm clock did not ... this morning.
5. The price of meat has ... three times this year.
6. The headmaster the students around the school to ... all the rubbish.
7. We had a bad relationship in the beginning but we ... well ... him now.
8. They agreed to ... our dog when we go to Switzerland.
9. We should contact our supplier. We have ... paper.
10. Everyone admires her. Even the Managing Director ... to her.
VI. Complete these sentences in a logical way:
1. It will take him a long time to get over ...
2. They don't really get on with ...
3. She came in and took off her ...

4. Our neighbours usually wake up ...
5. They are trying to save up ...
6. He fell over when ...
7. They are trying to give up ...
VII. Expressions with CALL. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences.
1. I cannot understand why they were calling each other ... in the playground.
2. The Police called a ... to the investigation after they found further evidence.
3. After a while he found a call ... but he didn't have the right change.
4. Our friend studied the law for 6 years before being called to the ....
5. After the loss of our customers, the whole business was called into ....
6. That was a ... call! He nearly scored a goal.
7. Well, we must be going. ... calls, I'm afraid.
8. This kind of situation calls to ... the severe crisis of 1929.
9. You should not feel guilty. You have no call to ... yourselves.
10. They have tried to call our ... to this aspect but we did not understand them.
VIII. Fill in the blanks with a suitable verb.
1. Did you really expect us to ... up such an unsatisfactory offer?
2. His telephone manners are terrible. If he doesnt like want he hears he ... up abruptly.
3. There was no press release on the accident but a very skilled private detective managed to ...
up some relevant information.
4. Read the contract before signing it! You may ... up paying twice as much.
5. It is obvious that not a word in his story is true. I am sure he managed to ... up the whole thing.
IX. Place the following words in the sentences below:
rid of
off
around to
in
on
in
across
by
out of
around
1. Would you be so kind to tell me when the managers plane GETS ...?
2. Although Jane is really intelligent, she sometimes has problems GETTING her ideas....
3. More paperwork to do! We cannot finish everything today. Wed better GET ... this report
tomorrow.
4. Such an employee is useless. I am sure the manager will eventually GET ... him.
5. Hurry up! All our colleagues have already GOT ... the train.
6. After the lively dispute, the boss just GOT ... his car and drove away.
7. Doesnt he have a car? Ive noticed that he GETS ... by taxi.
8. If you really hate this job, you should resign. I know it is difficult to get another job but youll
GET ... somehow.
9. Where are we? I think we GOT ... the bus at the wrong stop.
10. I hate it when lawyers GET ... guilty people.
X. Complete each sentence with a word formed from the word in CAPITALS:
1. Your offer doesn't come up to our ... (expect)
2. Everybody knew about the meeting but there was a bare ... of people in the conference room
(hand).
3. He got an award for his ... activity (remark)
4. They ... make the same grammar mistake. (vary)
5. They accepted all the candidates, with the ... of John. (except)
6. For better production results we need new ... (equip)
7. The language he uses in his report is full of specialist terms; it is not very ... (access)
8. We should ... between qualifications and personal qualities when deciding who to employ.
(distinct)
9. ... numbers of people are taking up jogging nowadays. (increase)
10. No improvement of our profits is expected in the ... future (see)
XI. Complete the following sentences with one of the following words:
conditions
evidence
knowledge
place
responsibility
confidence
incident
opinion
prospect
verge
1. With this crisis, there is little ... of our company to make profit this autumn.
2. After heavy snow, ... for our climbing were rather difficult.
3. It is common ... that your boss is corrupt.
4. They were involved in an embarrassing ... just before the break.
5. Nothing can secure your ... in the company if you do not abide by regulations.
6. Our competitor is on the ... of signing the contract with our partner.
7. Whether his decision was right is a matter of ..., in my view.
8. We have every ... that our managing director is the person to solve our problem.
9. Dont blame him! There is no concrete ... that he disclosed the secret to our competition.
10. Their company has disclaimed ... for the damage, blaming it on the retailer.
XII. What are the verbs and adjectives corresponding to the nouns in italics in the
following text?
Blumenfeld says he desires harmony, stability, order, continuity and meaning in human
affairs. Yet these conventional hankerings are greatly enlivened by an innate suspicion of
technology and by a robust dislike of fashion, advertising, commercialism and shopping. All of
which, he admits, sets him against the grain of the 20th century.
(Financial Times Weekend February 21/22 1998)
XIII. Use the correct form of the verb:
A deck at an oceanfront residence in Point Pleasant Beach, N.Y., ... (collapse) Saturday night
during a party, ... (result) in injuries that ... (require) the hospitalisation of 31 people. Police ...
(say) several other people ... (treat) at the scene. Most of the injuries ... (involve) cuts, bruises,
broken bones and injuries to the back and neck. Police Chief Dan DePolo ... (say) some rot ...
(find) on the 20-foot by 12-foot deck, which (be) 10 feet off the ground. The house ... (condemn)
because the collapse ... (damage) part of its roof, DePolo ... (say).
(www.usatoday.com; no. 3251, Monday, July 8, 2002)
XIV. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word:
controversial
sliced
damaged
globalisation
lifting
multinational
written
across
cutting
growth
poor
policy
campaigners
profits
Rapid 1. of the world economy has 2. the proportion of abject poor 3. the planet,
according to a 4. study released today. Freer commerce, epitomised by the 5. of tariffs and
the 6. of trade barriers, has boosted economic 7. and lifted the incomes of rich and 8.
alike, says the study, 9. by a group of economists for the London-based Center for Economic
10. Research. The study seeks to refute claims of antiglobalisation 11. that Westerndominated capitalism has 12. the poor in the name of 13. for large, 14. and mainly U.S.
companies.
XV. Match the ads with their appropriate titles; one of the titles summarizes them all;
which one?
Opulence
Essence
Money can buy you
Vital plans
Loving words
Whenever youre apart, just a few touches and you can be together again, with the latest
technology, the Mitsubishi MT-30. A phone for the free spirited romantic, the MT-30s
lightweight, stylish design makes it easy to carry around. Its four-way rocker means it is simple
to dial accurately, even on the move. Available from leading retail and mobile phone stockists
nationwide. For more information call 01707 276100.
Michaela Frey Wien jewellery is the most enduring gift of love and is lovingly crafted 24 ct
gold is applied by hand, and fused into precious enamel. Individual collections are inspired by
modern and mythological art including Egyptian, Greco Roman, Modern Art, Viennese Art
Nouveau, Renaissance Zodiac, Nature and English Country Life. Each collection contains
several sets.
Michaela Frey Wien, 62 Burlington Arcade, London W1. Tel 0171 629 6647, Fax 0171 629
6648.
Never forget those important occasions again! The Psion Series 3c keeps track of your
schedule and your address book, whilst its Windows compatible word processor and spreadsheet
are ideal for letters and accounts. Weighing in at a compact 10 oz, its a discreet reminder of
everything you need to remember. At Dixons, John Lewis, Selfridges, Harrods etc. priced L
269.95 call 0990 143 050.for details. Custom cases around L 50 from Widget, 001438815444,
Mulberry leather carry case L 95, 01749 340528.
From the very beginning, Cartier has always sought to celebrate love. This harmonious scent
echoes extracts from the Old and New World. Russian birchwood, Italian bergamot, bitter
oranges from the Ivory Coast are the dominant notes. What better way to declare your love than
giving a fragrance called declaration? Prices from L 19.50 -for details of your nearest stockist,
please call: 0171 408 5776.
(Weekend Ft. How To Spend It.22 Feb. 1998
Watches. Who Would Want A Manhandled Watch, Secondhand And, Perhaps, Second Rate? But
Buying At Auction Can Put A Pedigree Piece On Your Wrist For A Third Of The Original Price.
Antony Thorncroft Considers The Options).
XVI. Speaking. You are the representative of The International Bank Co. at its branch in
Romania. You are discontent with the businesses you can run here, due to confused legislation.
Also, communication with your headquarters in New York is not fully effective. You intend to
write a report to the Board of directors, calling their attention on the problem. You need to find
out:
- the facts of the situation
- the extent of the problem (how serious it is)
- the history or background
- the causes
- the effects of the problem
Ask specific questions about the situation: who, which, what, what kind of, where, when,
why, how, how often, how much, how many, how long?
Work in small groups. Develop specific questions about the situation described. Discuss the
questions and write out a final list with the most representative for your problem. Find the
answers and write the report.
XVII. Speaking. The Ministry of Finance has proposed that the government charge the income
taxes differently, starting from January 2004. A representative of this ministry says that some
firms are taking advantage of the present procedure of charging income taxes and do not pay
their taxes. The representatives of the parties in opposition are reluctant to the Ministrys
proposal. They believe that people will pay more without any clear reason. Some economists,
too, are against the proposal, since they feel that these income taxes place a large financial
burden on people with limited incomes. A meeting has been called to discuss the issue. Work in
groups of three or four. You should try to agree on the best way to charge individuals and
organisations for their annual income tax. Present your solution to your colleagues.
Appendix List of Irregular Verbs

Infinitive
arise
awake
be
bear
beat
become
begin
behold
belie
bend
bet
bid
bind
bite
bleed
bless
blow
break
breed
bring
broadcast
build
burn
burst
buy
cast
catch
choose
cling
come
cost
cut
deal
dig
dive
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
eat
fall
feed
feel
Past Simple
arose
awoke
was/were
bore
beat
became
began
beheld
belied
bent
bet, betted
bid, bade
bound
bit
bled
blessed, blest
blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
(US also broadcasted)
built
burnt, burned
burst
bought
cast
caught
chose
clung
came
cost, costed
cut
dealt
dug
dived, (US also dove)
drew
dreamed, dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt, dwelled
ate
fell
fed
felt
Past Participle
arisen
awoken (US also awaked)
been
borne (US also born)
beaten (US also beat)
become
begun
beheld
belied
bent
bet, betted
bid, bidden
bound
bitten
bled
blessed, blest
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
(US also broadcasted)
built
burnt, burned
burst
bought
cast
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost, costed
cut
dealt
dug
dived
drawn
dreamed, dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt, dwelled
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
Infinitive
fight
find
flee
fly
forbid
forecast
foresee
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
kneel
knit
know
lead
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
make
mean
meet
mislead
misspell
mistake
misunderstand
mow
overcome
overdraw
oversee
overtake
overthrow
Past Simple
fought
found
fled
flew
forbade, forbad
forecasted, forecast
foresaw
forgot
forgave
forsook
froze
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung, hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt, kneeled
knitted, knit
knew
led
learned, (UK also learnt)
left
lent
let
lay, lied
lit, lighted
lost
made
meant
met
misled
misspelled,
(UK also misspelt)
mistook
misunderstood
mowed
overcame
overdrew
oversaw
overtook
overthrew
Past Participle
fought
found
fled
flown
forbidden
forecasted, forecast
foreseen
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
got, (US also gotten
given
gone
ground
grown
hung, hanged
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt, kneeled
knitted, (US also knit)
known
led
learned, (UK also learnt)
left
lent
let
lain, lied
lit, lighted
lost
made
meant
met
misled
misspelled,
(UK also misspelt)
mistaken
misunderstood
mown, mowed
overcome
overdrawn
overseen
overtaken
overthrown
Infinitive
overwrite
partake
pay
plead
preset
prove
put
quit
read /ri d/
rewrite
rid
ride
ring
rise
run
saw
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
shed
shine
shoe
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sink
sit
slay
sleep
slide
smell
sneak
sow
speak
speed
spell
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
Past Simple
overwrote
partook
paid
pleaded, (US also pled)
preset
proved
put
quit, quitted
read /red/
rewrote
rid
rode
rang
rose
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shed
shone
shod, (US also shoed)
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sank
sat
slew, slayed
slept
slid
smelled, (UK also smelt)
sneaked, (US also snuck)
sowed
spoke
sped, speeded
spelled, (UK also spelt)
spent
spilled, (UK also spilt)
spun
spat, (US also spit)
split
Past Participle
overwritten
partaken
paid
pleaded, (US also pled)
preset
proved, proven
put
quit, quitted
read /red/
rewritten
rid
ridden
rung
risen
run
sawn, (US also sawed)
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn, sewed
shaken
shed
shone
shod, (US also shoed)
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid
smelled, (UK also smelt)
sneaked, (US also snuck)
sown, sowed
spoken
sped, speeded
spelled, (UK also spelt)
spent
spilled, (UK also spilt)
spun
spat, (US also spit)
split
Infinitive
spoil
spotlight
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strike
string
strive
swear
sweep
swell
swim
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
thrive
throw
thrust
tread
undergo
underwrite
understand
undertake
undo
unwind
uphold
upset
wake
wear
weave
wed
weep
wet
win
wind
withdraw
withhold
withstand
write
Past Simple
spoiled, spoilt
spotlighted, spotlit
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank, (US also stunk)
struck
strung
strove, strived
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
thrived, (US also throve)
threw
thrust
trod, (US also treaded)
underwent
underwrote
understood
undertook
undid
unwound
upheld
upset
woke
wore
wove, weaved
wedded, wed
wept
wet, wetted
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrote
Past Participle
spoiled, spoilt
spotlighted, spotlit
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck, (US also stricken)
strung
striven, strived
sworn
swept
swollen, swelled
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrived, (US also thriven)
thrown
thrust
trodden, (US also trod)
undergone
underwritten
understood
undertaken
undone
unwound
upheld
upset
woken
worn
woven, weaved
wedded, wed
wept
wet, wetted
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
written
Appendix ABC of the European Union

ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly: the 'parliament' of the Cotonou Convention, which
links 77 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries to the member states of the European
Union. It is made up of representatives of the 77 countries and 77 Members of the European
Parliament, and promotes north-south interdependence, human rights and democracy. Its
meetings are held in ACP and European Union countries on an alternating basis.
Acquis communautaire: the whole range of laws, practices, principles and obligations adopted
or developed by the European Union. Countries seeking membership are legally obliged to
accept the acquis communautaire and to incorporate it in their legislation before they can join the
European Union.
Area of freedom, security and justice: this 'area', which under the Amsterdam Treaty must be
progressively established, will embrace measures on asylum, immigration, police and judicial
cooperation in civil and criminal matters, prevention of racism and xenophobia, and the fight
against organised crime.
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union: the Charter, which was drawn up and
adopted by a Convention made up of representatives of the European Parliament, the national
parliaments, the member states and the European Commission, was proclaimed at the Nice
European Council in December 2000. The European Parliament sees the Charter as the first step
towards a European Constitution.
Citizenship of the Union: all nationals of EU member states have the status of citizens of the
Union. This guarantees, among other things: freedom of movement and residence within the
territory of the Union; the right to vote and stand in local and EP elections in the country of
residence; and the right to petition the European Parliament and to bring complaints before the
European Ombudsman. Citizenship of the Union does not replace national citizenship, but
complements it.
Codecision: a legislative procedure introduced by the Maastricht Treaty which places the
European Parliament and the Council of Ministers on an equal footing in the adoption of
Community legislation.
Committee of the Regions: a consultative committee set up by the Maastricht Treaty and made
up of 222 representatives of the local and regional authorities of the Union, appointed by the
member states. It meets in Brussels.
Common foreign and security policy (CFSP): initiated in the early 70s, at first in the form of
'European political cooperation', the Union's foreign policy has developed steadily; the
Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties codified it and incorporated the common security dimension.
The High Representative for the CFSP assists the Council Presidency in this area.
Convention: a Convention on the future of Europe was set up by the Laeken European Council
in December 2001 to examine essential issues connected with the future development of the
Union. It is made up of 16 MEPs, 30 members of national parliaments, 15 representatives of
member state heads of state and government, and 2 European Commissioners. Under the
chairmanship of Valrie Giscard d'Estaing it is headed by a bureau consisting, apart from the
chairman, of two vice-chairmen and 9 other members of the Convention. 39 representatives of
the 13 applicant countries will participate in a consultative capacity.
Council of Europe: Not to be confused with the European Council, this is an intergovernmental
organisation with 43 member countries which drafts pan-European Conventions for adoption in
areas such as human rights, culture and education. It has been based in Strasbourg since 1949.
The Council of Europe is not an EU body.
Council of the European Union: made up of ministers (or their representatives) from each of the
member states. It meets periodically in Brussels or Luxembourg to adopt Community legislation,
often jointly with the European Parliament under the codecision procedure. The Council
presidency rotates among the member states on a 6-monthly basis. The make-up of the Council
varies with the subject (finance, agriculture, foreign affairs, etc.). Its decisions are prepared by
the Committee of Permanent Representatives of the Member States (Coreper). [See also
European Council]
Court of Justice of the European Communities: consisting of 15 judges appointed by the
member states and 9 advocates-general, the Court ensures compliance with the law in the
application and interpretation of the treaties. Its seat is in Luxembourg. Not to be confused with
the International Court of Justice, which is an organ of the United Nations and has its seat in The
Hague, or the European Court of Human Rights, which has its seat in Strasbourg and is an organ
of the Council of Europe.
Decision: in European law a decision is binding in its entirety on those to whom it is addressed
(cf. Regulation).
Directive: EU directives are binding on the member states as regards the results to be achieved,
but leave the choice of method up to them (cf. Regulation).
Economic and Social Committee: a consultative committee consisting of 222 representatives of
various economic and social groups in the Union. It meets in Brussels.
Enlargement: the term used to describe the four waves of new accessions whereby the six
founding members of the European Community - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg
and the Netherlands - were joined by a further nine: Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom
in 1973; Greece in 1981; Spain and Portugal in 1986; Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995. At
present 13 central and eastern European and Mediterranean countries are applying for
membership, 12 of which have begun membership negotiations with the European Union. In
order to join the EU they have to satisfy political and economic criteria and incorporate the
acquis communautaire into their legislation.
Erasmus: European Union programme, now merged with the Socrates programme, under which
students from one member state can spend part of their education in another country of the
Union.
Eurogroup: informal grouping of the twelve members of the Economic and Finance Council
representing the euro zone.
European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom): established by the Treaty of Rome
in 1957.
European Central Bank: based in Frankfurt, the European Central Bank is responsible for the
monetary policy of the euro zone, i.e. the member states that have opted for the single currency.
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC): the first European community, set up by the
Treaty of Paris of 18 April 1951. It was abolished in 2002.
European Commission: the institution that initiates Community legislation, runs European
common policies, implements the budget and ensures compliance with the treaties. It is made up
of 20 independent members (2 each from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom
and one from each of the other member states). It is appointed for 5 years subject to the approval
of the European Parliament, to which it is accountable. The current President of the Commission
is Romano Prodi.
European Community (EC): under the 1992 Maastricht Treaty the EC replaced the European
Economic Community (EEC) established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. It governs matters
relating to the free movement of people, goods, services and capital, transport, competition, tax,
economic and monetary policy, trade policy, employment and social policy, culture, health,
consumers, industry, regional development policy (economic and social cohesion), research, the
environment and development. It forms part of the wider entity of the European Union.
European Council: since 1975 the European Council has brought together, at least twice a year,
the heads of state or government of the member states of the Union - assisted by the foreign
ministers - and the President of the European Commission. It lays down the broad policy
guidelines of the Union and discusses topical international issues of major importance. The
meetings are referred to by the media as 'summits'. [See also Council of the European Union]
European Court of Auditors: the European Court of Auditors has 15 members. It monitors the
management of Community finances and can inform Parliament and the Council of any
irregularities it may uncover. It is based in Luxembourg.
European Parliament resolution: a text adopted by the European Parliament embodying its
opinion either on a legislative text - a 'legislative resolution' - or on any subject chosen on
Parliament's own initiative - a 'non-legislative resolution' - with the intention of influencing a
given European Union policy.
European Union (EU): the European Union is based on the Communities - the European
Community, and Euratom - plus the common foreign and security policy and common action in
the fields of police and judicial cooperation.
High Representative for the CFSP: this office, which was created by the Amsterdam Treaty, is
filled by the Secretary-General of the Council with the aim of assisting the EU presidency in
matters of foreign policy and common security.
Intergovernmental Conference (IGC): forum in which the member state governments negotiate
changes to the treaties.
Investiture of the Commission: the member states nominate the person they envisage appointing
as President of the Commission 'by common accord'. The nomination is then approved by the
European Parliament. The member states, in consultation with the President-designate, choose
nominees for the other members of the Commission. After individual hearings by Parliament's
standing committees, the Commission thus formed is subject, as a whole, to a vote of approval
by the European Parliament, and is then formally appointed.
Presidency of the European Union: the presidency of the Union rotates among the member
states every six months.
Qualified majority: the method of voting used by the Council in the legislative procedure
(except where unanimity is required). It involves giving the vote of each member state a
weighting which broadly reflects the size of its population.
Regulation: in European legislation regulations are of general applicability; they are directly
applicable in all member states.
Structural funds: the term denoting the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the
European Social Fund (ESF), the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund and the
Cohesion Fund. Their purpose is to narrow the development gap between regions and between
EU member states.
Suggested Bibliography
***
Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary (London: Collins ELT, Harper Collins
Publishers, 2003)
Budai, L., Gramatica englez teorie i exerciii (Bucureti: Teora, 2001)
A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar (London: Oxford University Press,
1996)
Vince, M., Advanced Language Practice (London: MacMillan Heinemann ELT, 1994)
Vince, M., Intermediate Language Practice (London: MacMillan Heinemann ELT, 1998)
Further Vocabulary Study

UNIT 1 COMMUNICATING IN BUSINESS
Michael Vince Intermediate Language Practice, p. 199-202;
Michael Vince Advanced Language Practice, p. 212-216; 219-220
UNIT 2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIRM
Michael Vince Intermediate Language Practice, pp. 236-238;
Michael Vince Advanced Language Practice, pp. 224-227
UNIT 3 MA NAGEMENT
Michael Vince Advanced Language Practice, pp. 203-206; 209-213; 220-223
UNIT 4 RECRUITMENT
Michael Vince Intermediate Language Practice, pp. 231-233; 242-244
UNIT 5 EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS
Michael Vince Advanced Language Practice, pp. 203-205; 209-213; 216-219
UNIT 6 CULTURE AND CIVILISATION
Further Language Study

THE TENSE SYSTEM
Michael Vince Advanced Language Practice
Tense consolidation Units 1 4 (pp. 1-24)
Progress Test (pp. 25-29)
Michael Vince Intermediate Language Practice

Units 2 9 (pp. 3-36)
Problems, Errors and Consolidation (p. 37)
A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet A Practical English Grammar
The present tenses (pp. 152-162)
The past and perfect tenses (pp. 161-179)
The future (pp. 180-194)
GERUND/INFINITIVE
Unit 19 (pp. 107-113)
Units 38 39 (pp. 152-165)
The infinitive (p. 212-227)
The gerund (pp. 228-233)
Infinitive and gerund constructions (pp. 234-238)
ACTIVE/PASSIVE
Units 6-7 (pp. 30-40)
Units 15 16 (pp. 58-63)
The passive voice (pp. 263-268)
MODALS
Units 11-12 (pp. 59-70)
Units 17 18 (pp. 64-71)
May and can for permission and possibility (pp. 128-133)
Can and be able for ability (pp. 134-136)
Ought, should, must, have to, need for obligation (pp. 137-146)
Must, have, will and should for deduction and assumption (pp. 147-149)

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Universitatea Babe-Bolyai Facultatea de tiine Economice Catedra de Limbi Moderne Aplicate n Economie

THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIRM_________________________________32

1. The European Court of Justice______________________________________________71

CULTURE AND CIVILISATION__________________________________82

1. What is cultural diversity?__________________________________________________82

TOURISM AND BUSINESS TRIPS_______________________________95

1. Tourism domestic and international________________________________________95

Introduction: to the student

If you are behind schedule.

1.3. Vocabulary development

7. pleasantries (ex. 1.1.1. par. 6)

g. a gesture of friendship, but not very firm or

1.4. Language focus: The Noun

Rule: Uncountables + Vb. in the sg.: Mathematics is important.

Reply to the greeting

Greeting people you see less frequently

You have met them several times before

Good to meet you again.

a. storing information such as sound or picture, as numbers or

online reference (par. 6):

6. advantage of the Internet (par. 3)

2.3.3. Phrasal verbs

2.4. Language focus: The Article. The Gerund

Phrases with indefinite/ definite/ zero article

3. Written vs. oral communication

Suggestions: meetings, presentations, conferences, sales exhibitions and fairs(continue the

The body of the memo (2-5 paragraphs)

Date: 13 April 2003

3.3. Vocabulary development

a. chosen or happening without any particular method,

quietness (par.1), thoughtfulness (par.4), seriousness (par.5)

3.3.3. Phrasal verbs

3.4. Language focus: The Adjective and the Adverb

Make the difference:

Far farther/ further farthest/ furthest

How to communicate 1. in the Digital Age Technology can be a 2. blessing and a 3.

e.g. Sales were slightly lower..

Productivity was dramatically higher.

far lower than

Firew orks Pty. - Sales figures for 2002

763 754 752

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Daphne Ltd. - Sales figures for 2002

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Fresh Fruits Ltd. - Sales figures for 2002

598 625 570 578

Apr May Jun

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIRM

How much do you know about private business activity?

1.3. Vocabulary development

d. something such as money or property that a person

1.3.2. Notice the difference: Own/ owe

1.4. Language focus: The Genitive

2. The place of work

a. a system provided by a government or official

De-: (reverse action): formation/ deformation; to frost/ to defrost

2.4. Language focus: Prepositions

3.3. Vocabulary development

a. corporate profits that some companies periodically pay out

h. a profit on money that you have invested

3.3.2. Build the word family of the following:

3.4. Language focus: Relative Pronouns. Indefinite Pronouns/Adjectives. Demonstrative

The report whose content was boring was written by Mary.