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Frame =
Endoskeleton
Surface
Structures
Sco0 Drake

Le Corbusier, Precisions

Surface =
Exoskeleton

Frame or Shell?

Le Corbusier, Precisions

Long Span Shell

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Yokohama Passenger Terminal, Foreign Oce

Architects

Cardboard Banquet,
Cambridge

Yokohama Passenger Terminal, Foreign Oce

Architects

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Cardboard Banquet, Cambridge

Cardboard Banquet, Cambridge

Folded Plate
Staircase

Stairporn.org

Folded Plate
Structures
The fold acts as a conNnuous
joint between the two planes
of the material so that
together they begin to act like
a truss: concrete can be
poured, steel can be folded,
Nmber can be glued

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Plywood
Chairs Aalto,
Eames
Unfolded

Failure

Folded

Edge support

Barrel Vault Kimbell Art Museum, Louis Kahn

Eduardo Torroja, Zarzuela Hippodrome, Spain, mid-1930s.

Freyssinet, Hangar at Orly

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Suspended thin shell catenary curve:

Alvaro Siza, Portugal Pavilion Expo 1998

Shell Villa Kotaro Ide 2008 Nagano

Utzon Sydney
Opera House

Shell Villa Kotaro Ide 2008 Nagano

Utzon
Ribbed
Vault

Le Corbusier, Precisions

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Pierre Luigi Nervi

palazze0o dello sport, Rome

Pierre Luigi Nervi

palazze0o dello sport, Rome

Pierre Luigi Nervi

Saarinen - TWA

Saarinen - TWA

Saarinen - TWA

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Saarinen - TWA

Saarinen - Dulles

Saarinen - Dulles

Felix Candela

Felix Candela

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Felix Candela

Felix Candela

Faceted Surfaces

Eladio Dieste Cristo Obrero Church 1956

Eladio Dieste

Eladio Dieste

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Mapungubwe InterpretaNon Centre
Peter Rich Architects

Mapungubwe InterpretaNon Centre
Peter Rich Architects

Mapungubwe InterpretaNon Centre
Peter Rich Architects

RoboNc Bricklayer

RoboNc Bricklayer

Geodesic Dome (surface)

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Geodesic Dome Frequency

Lucio Santos

10

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11

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12