0731684416667239

Original Article
Eccentricity-based design-oriented model

of fiber-reinforced polymer-confined
concrete for evaluation of load-carrying
capacity of reinforced concrete
rectangular columns
Journal of Reinforced Plastics

and Composites
2016, Vol. 35(23) 17341758
! The Author(s) 2016
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DOI: 10.1177/0731684416667239
jrp.sagepub.com
Mohamed F M Fahmy1,2 and Omar A Farghal2
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete rectangular columns confined with
fiber-reinforced polymer composites and subjected to small eccentric loading. Seven design-oriented models of
fiber-reinforced polymer-confined concrete were implemented in OpenSees software to establish the theoretical axial
force-moment interaction diagram for rectangular columns. The examined models were categorized into two types:
stressstrain models developed for fiber-reinforced polymer-confined non-circular concrete tested under the effect
of concentric loading and others designed for fiber-reinforced polymer-confined non-circular concrete subjected to
eccentric loading. The accuracy of these models was examined against the experimental results of eccentrically
loaded fiber-reinforced polymer-confined reinforced concrete rectangular columns. Results indicated that the local
stressstrain law obtained from the concentric compression tests would not reflect very well the local behavior of
the compression zone of fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete members subjected to the combined effect of
flexural and axial loadings. Adoption of a rational approach reflecting the impacts of eccentric loadings on the stress
strain relationship of the fiber-reinforced polymer-confined concrete revealed a much better evaluation of the loadcarrying capacity of both reinforced concrete rectangular columns and plain concrete square columns under the effect of
axial loads with various eccentricities.
Keywords
Rectangular-column, fiber-reinforced polymer-confinement, eccentricity, interaction diagram, OpenSees
Introduction
Numerous experimental works examined the behavior
of ber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-conned circular
columns under the eect of dierent loading conditions, such as concentric loadings, combined axial
and lateral loadings, and eccentric loadings.18
Whats more, over 100 analytical models were
developed to dene the stressstrain relationship of
the concentrically loaded FRP-conned circular concrete columns.916 In addition, a well-documented
strengthening design for the externally FRP-conned
columns was provided.1721
Several studies have also been conducted on square
and rectangular columns to examine their behaviors
after connement with externally bonded FRP

sheets.2241 In addition, the interaction mechanisms
between the external FRP and the internal transverse
steel reinforcement on conning concrete columns triggered the interest of several researchers to establish a
stressstrain model that could accurately predict the
1
International Institute for Urban Systems Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China
2
Civil Engineering Department, Assiut University, Egypt
Corresponding author:
Mohamed FM Fahmy, International Institute for Urban Systems
Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
Email: mfmf1976@yahoo.com
Fahmy and Farghal
1735
behavior of the conned concrete with both types of

reinforcement.4248 Toward providing more solid presentation for the behavior of concrete columns under
general loading conditions, some studies focused on
the development of advanced plasticity models and
conducting nite element analyses.4953 Regarding
eccentrically loaded columns, however, limited experimental and numerical studies have been conducted on
rectangular and square columns. To be more precise,
Table 1 presents a summary for the experimental works
conducted on FRP-conned square and rectangular
columns under the eect of eccentric loadings. In general, it could be noticed that the availability of a database focusing on eccentrically loaded noncircular
columns is, so far, few and several parameters still
need study further. For example, available experimental results are for reinforced concrete (RC) rectangular
columns subjected to medium-to-large eccentric loading
and less works about the eect of the small eccentricity:
e/h 1/6, where e is the eccentricity of the applied load
and h is the depth of the column cross-section.
Moreover, compared to square columns, a far fewer
number of experimental works were conducted on the
behavior of eccentrically loaded rectangular columns.59,60 Furthermore, the only FRP type, which
was applied as a strengthening material for eccentrically
loaded columns, was carbon FRP (CFRP) with a very
limited range of the connement ratio (fl/f0 co, where fl is
the lateral pressure provided by the FRP jacket and f0 co
is the unconned concrete compressive strength), e.g.
0.06, 0.09 and 0.22. In the same way, Parvin and
Wang54 concluded that, in view of a preliminary investigation study on the behavior of square plain concrete
columns conned with CFRP and subjected to small

eccentric loading, further research is needed to evaluate
the eect of column size, type of FRP, and the eect of
cross-section shape.
For the purpose of predicting the eect of FRPconnement on the enhancement of the load-carrying
capacity of RC columns under the action of eccentric
loadings, the current version of ACI guidelines
for strengthening concrete structures with FRPs
[ACI440.2R-08] presents equation forms when eccentricity is less than or equal to 0.1h. When the eccentricity
is larger than 0.1 h, the theoretical axial forcemoment
(PM) interaction diagram for the FRP-conned
member should be constructed using the stressstrain
laws of the constituent materials of the column crosssection. That is to say that the theoretical PM
diagrams should be developed by satisfying the strain
compatibility and force equilibrium using stressstrain
models for the FRP-conned concrete and steel
reinforcements.
In order to properly evaluate the load-carrying capacity of FRP-conned rectangular columns, the
accuracy of the available stressstrain models of FRPconned concrete was evaluated in rather few studies.
For example, Rocca et al.12 proposed a methodology
for the construction of a simplied PM diagram using
the stressstrain models proposed by Lam and
Teng10,61 following the principles of equilibrium and
strain compatibility. However, the accuracy of the proposed methodology was validated against a database of
non-circular RC columns mostly subjected to large
eccentric loadings. El Sayed and El Maaddawy36
adopted the model proposed by ACI 440.2-08 and
Table 1. Summary of the FRP-strengthened rectangular columns under the effect of eccentric loading.
No.
Dimension
References
b/h
Parvin and Wang54

El Maaddawy35
6
4
1
1
El Maaddawy et al.55
Quiertant and Clement56
El Sayed and El Maaddawy36
Song et al.57
Hadi and Widiarsa58
Chaallal and Shahawy59
3
8
1
1
9
El Maaddawy et al.55
Sadeghian et al.60
El Sayed and El Maaddawy36
1
1
1
1
1
1.75
6
5
1
1.25 and 1.45

1.5
1.25
L/h
2.82
4
3.56
12.5
4
6
4
6.00
3.2 and 3.0
5
4
Note: S and R are abbreviations of square and rectangular cross-section.
e/h
0.0, 0.07and 0.14
0.30, 0.43, 0.57
and 0.86
0.0, 0.46 and 0.6
0.1
0.3
0.08
0.0, 0.13 and 0.25
0.0, 0.21, 0.43,
0.86, and 1.14
0.0, 0.46 and 0.6
0.67 and 1.0
0.3
f 0 co
(MPa)
FRP type
Type
fl/f0 co
21.4
28.5
CFRP
CFRP
0.54
0.74 and 0.19
20
40.1
20
23.2
79.5
25
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
0.25
20
40
20
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
0.22 and 0.21

0.09
0.22
0.25
0.2
0.08 and 0.24
0.06
1736
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 35(23)
developed an analytical model predicting the loadcarrying capacity of FRP-conned columns. The developed model was evaluated in the light of available database of square RC columns conned with CFRP and
tested under uniaxial and biaxial eccentric loading. The
model showed a good ability in predicting the compressive strength; however, scanning the results presented
by the authors revealed an error of 21% in the predicted strengths of rectangular columns subjected to
small uniaxial eccentric loadings. Hadi and Widiarsa58
compared the constructed axial loadmoment interaction diagrams using ACI 440.2-0818 model against
the experimental results of high-strength concrete
square columns conned with CFRP, and they found
that the theoretical interaction diagram showed values
that were close to those of the experimental result,
except at the point under concentric load.
Research objectives
In this study, seven design-oriented stressstrain models
developed for the FRP-conned concrete were tested to
numerically evaluate the eect of small eccentric loadings (0.1 < e/h 0.17) on the load-carrying capacity of
FRP-RC rectangular columns. These models were classied into two types according to the applied axial load:
the rst type included six models developed for FRPconned concrete under the eect of concentric loadings and the second type comprised a model established
for FRP-conned concrete subjected to eccentric loadings. All models were implemented in the OpenSees
software62 to construct the theoretical axial force
moment (PM) interaction diagram for the FRP-conned noncircular columns. In the light of the numerical
and experimental results of RC rectangular columns
subjected to small eccentric loadings, an eccentricity-
based modication on the stressstrain models of the

FRP-conned concrete has been proposed to construct
the PM diagrams for FRP-conned concrete rectangular columns. The constructed PM diagrams
based on the proposed modications on two designoriented models to reect the impacts of eccentric loadings were evaluated against the experimental results of
RC rectangular columns and plain concrete square columns tested under the eect of axial loads with various
eccentricities.
Experimental studies
Layout of experiment and materials
An experimental program was conducted on six RC
rectangular columns subjected to concentric and eccentric axial compression loads before and after applying
external CFRP jackets, as shown in Table 2. The
tested columns had a rectangular cross-section of
160 250 mm (b h) and a total height of 960 mm.
The dimensions were selected to represent short columns (column aspect ratio was 3.8) and to avoid the
formation of considerable secondary moments due to
the slenderness eect. Moreover, the chosen dimensions
were adaptable with the conditions of the available testing machine and capacities of the instruments used.
Hence, these columns were reinforced with six longitudinal deformed bars, 6 12 mm (with proof (yield)
stress and ultimate tensile strength of 386 MPa and
578 MPa, respectively). Before applying the proposed
strengthening technique, all specimens were designed
to produce the condition of under-designed columns;
that is, the tested columns were poorly detailed with a
deciency in design compared to the requirements of
the current design-code provisions.63 So, internal steel
Table 2. Data of the tested columns.

Column data
Column no.
f0 cu
(MPa)
f0 co
(MPa)
R.0
FC.0
26.0
26.0
21.0
21.0
R.13
FC.13
26.5
26.5
21.5
21.5
e 33 mm (e/h 0.13)
R.17
FC.17
27.0
27.0
22.0
22.0
e 42 mm (e/h 0.17)
Note: f is the FRP confinement ratio.
AS
Internal stirrups
Eccentricity(e) (mm)
Strengthening system
6 12 mm
1 j 6 mm @ 125 mm
e 0.0 mm (e/h 0.00)
Control column 1
Fully confined
(one ply, f & 2.69 %)
Control column 2
Fully confined
(one ply, f & 2.69 %)
Control column 3
Fully confined
(one ply, f & 2.69 %)
Fahmy and Farghal
1737
stirrups of 6-mm diameter and 125-mm spacing (S)

(with yield and ultimate strengths of 280 MPa and
410 MPa, respectively) were used as a transverse
reinforcement in all tested columns; the internal steel
stirrups were less than the required transverse reinforcement ratio ensuring the ductility demand. The average
compressive strength for three standard cubes (f0 cu)
after 28 days and the corresponding concrete cylinder
compressive strength (f0 co) are listed in Table 2. The
external reinforcement was a CFRP sheet of
0.131 mm equivalent dry ber thickness (tf). The rupture strength, ultimate strain, and modulus of elasticity
of such CFRP sheet without polymeric matrix were (in
accordance with the manufacturer) 3550 MPa, 1.5%,
and 230 GPa, respectively. The impregnation resin used
for the completion of CFRP sheets has a tensile strength
and exural modulus of elasticity (according to the
manufacturer) of 30 MPa and 3800 MPa, respectively.
The tested columns were designated R.0, R.13,
R.17, FC.0, FC.13, and FC.17. The designation R
and FC denoted reference and full-conned, respectively, and the following decimal numbers signied the
ratio of the eccentricity to the column depth (e/h 0.0,
0.13, or 0.17). Three columns in the experimental program (R.0, R.13, and R.17) served as control samples
without FRP strengthening, and the other three columns (FC.0, FC.13, and FC.17) were entirely conned
with one ply of CFRP sheet in the circumferential
direction, see Figure 2(c). To avoid local failure of
the ends of the tested columns, both the upper and
the lower end zones (125 mm) were provided with ve
internal closed stirrups of 6-mm diameter, see Figure 1
and Table 2, and they were conned with additional
layer of CFRP sheet of 125-mm width, see Figure 2(c).
It is noteworthy that the upper and lower end zones
(As = 6 12 mm)
168
Clear concrete
cover = 12 mm
125
h = 250
960
125
Stirrups
6 /125 mm
125
125 A
b =160
Section A-A of
the control
samples
(As = 6 12 mm)
125
Clear concrete
cover = 12 mm
168
Stirrups 5 6
Corner radius
= 25 mm
b =160
h = 250
Section A-A of the

FRP-Confined
samples
Figure 1. Details of the internal reinforcement for the test

columns (all dimensions are in mm).
of the control columns were also conned with

two-layer of CFRP sheet of 125-mm width, see
Figure 2(b). The bonded unidirectional CFRP sheets
were with a ber orientation perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tested columns. When executing
the CFRP wrapping system for the FC.0, FC.13, and
FC.17 columns, an overlap length of 100-mm in the
circumferential direction was applied for the dierent
columns, but no overlap was provided in the longitudinal direction. To avoid stress concentration at the
column corners, all column corners were rounded into
a curved shape of 25-mm radius. Moreover, a gap of
10 mm was provided between both loading sides of the
tested columns and the loading plates using a highstrength shrinkage-compensated mortar to avoid any
direct compression loading on the outer FRP jackets
of the externally conned columns; in addition, this
material ensured atness of the loaded surfaces of
the tested columns.
Instrumentation
Four electrical strain gauges were attached to the surface of the bonded CFRP sheets to measure the hoop
strain at the column mid-height, and two vertical electrical strain gauges were axed at the same level to the
two opposite sides subjected to the maximum and minimum compressive stresses, see Figure 2(b) and (c). The
vertical strain gauges were attached to the surface of the
bonded CFRP sheets in the case of the strengthened
columns and to the surface of the concrete for the control columns. Moreover, a linear variable displacement
transducer (LVDT) was used to measure the average
axial deformation of the column through a gauge
length equal to the column height (960 mm). The
LVDT used measured the upward movement of the
lower rigid head of the testing machine (Figure 2(d)),
so the measured deformations represented the average
axial shortening of the tested columns. Both the strain
gauges and the LVDT were connected to a data acquisition system which in turn was connected to a computer to regularly record all measurements.
The load was monotonically applied using a compression testing machine of 5000 kN capacity with a
load-controlled rate of 180 kN/min till the failure
load. For the eccentrically loaded columns, the magnitude of the eccentricity was small to ensure that the
FRP jackets delaminate along the circumferential direction just as they behave in the concentric loading.54
Therefore, the values of the applied eccentrics were
approximately 32.5 mm and 41.5 mm, which resulted
in small e/h ratios of 0.13 and 0.17, respectively. The
latter value caused that one side of the column was
unstressed and the other side was subjected to the maximum compressive stresses.
1738
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Rigid steel
plate
Load cell
125
S.G.
710 mm
960 mm
960 mm
Gauge length of the axial

deformation= 960 mm
Two layers
of CFRP
Full CFRP
wrapping
(one layer)
LVDT
Two layers
of CFRP
h = 250 mm
125
S.G. = Electrical strain gauge
Data acquisition system
Figure 2. Details and arrangements of the bonded CFRP sheets to the tested columns: (a) concrete dimensions; (b) control sample,
(c) fully confined column, and (d) details of the test setup (all dimensions are in mm).
Table 3. Experimental results of the tested columns.

Maximum hoop CFRP strains
Column
Pmax (kN)
Mean axial strain

"c,mean (mm/mm)
R.0
R.13
R.17
FC.0
FC.13
FC.17
1124
1061
1004
1466
1260
1218
1. 30
1.19
1.21
0.0037
0.0035
0.0035
0.0062
0.0052
0.0060
"s1 (m")
"s2 (m")
"s3 (m")
"s4 (m")
Failure
mode
8024
4410
3287
9918
5154
3938
Rupturea
3433
4119
9193
4571
b
M1
M1
M1
M2
M2
M2
Note: M1and M2 are the first and second failure modes, respectively.
a
The recorded strain value was greater than the ultimate strain capacity of the CFRP due to sudden rupture of FRP sheet.
b
Strain gauge 4 failed to continue measuring the change in the strain values at an early stage of loading.
Experimental results and discussion

Table 3 summarizes several response characteristics of
the tested columns, including the maximum load
(Pmax); the ratio (R) of the maximum loads of the
strengthened columns to their counterparts of the control columns; and the mean axial strain
("c,mean) max/L, where max is the measured axial
shortening of the tested column at the maximum load
and L is the column height. In addition, it includes the
transverse strains of the CFRP sheets (("1 and "2) at the
short direction and ("3 and "4) at the long direction)
corresponding to the failure load and the failure
modes of all columns.
Failure mode. Two failure mechanisms were observed

during the experimental tests of the rectangular RC
columns. The rst mechanism was due to the crushing
of the concrete at either the middle third zone or the
upper third zone, and it was observed for both the concentrically and eccentrically loaded control columns
(R.0, R.13, and R.17), see Figure 3(a). The second failure mechanism was observed for the FC.0, FC.13, and
FC.17 columns due to rupture of the CFRP sheet.
For the FC.0 column, rupture of the CFRP sheet
located in the middle third of the columns height
resulting in a delamination of the concrete cover
along the whole perimeter of the cross-section, see
Figure 3(b). However, rupture of the CFRP sheet was
Fahmy and Farghal
1739
(a)
(b)
R.0
R.13
R.17
Concrete
crushing
Concrete
crushing
Figure 3. (a) Failure aspect of the three tested control columns and (b) failure aspect of the fully confined columns.
1400
1200
1200
Axial load (kN)
(b) 1600
1400
Axial load (kN)
(a) 1600
1000
800
600
R.0
R.13
R.17
400
200
End of the linear stage
1000
Increase in the
shortening with the
increase in e
800
600
400
FC.0
FC.13
200
FC.17
0
0
10
Axial shortening (mm)
10
(c) 1600
Axial load (kN)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
R.0
R.17
FC.0
FC.17
400
200
0
10
Figure 4. Load-shortening relationship of (a) control columns; (b) fully-confined columns; and (c) concentrically and eccentrically
loaded columns.
at the top third of the height of the FC.13 and FC.17

columns, and it was accompanied with both a partial
delamination of the concrete cover and a local concrete
crushing, as shown in Figure 3(b). The observed concrete crushing was towards the part of the column
cross-section, where the axial load was applied.
Notably, although the transverse reinforcement ratio
was insucient to ensure a ductile behavior after reaching the maximum strength, buckling of the longitudinal
reinforcement was not observed in all columns until the
applied load was removed at a failure load equal to

90% of the column maximum strength.
Load-shortening behavior. Figure 4 presents the relationship between the applied axial load and the corresponding shortening of the tested columns; from this point
forward, shortening represents the average axial
deformation of the tested columns under the eect
of the applied axial loads (concentric or eccentric).
Figure 4(b) indicated that the FRP-conned columns
1740
1200
S1
S2
S3
S4
1000
800
600
S3
400
P
S2
200
0
S1
2000
4000
6000
Transverse strain ()
8000
S1 -(FC.17)
S2 -(FC.17)
600
S3 -(FC.17)
400
S3
200
S2
S1
S4
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
S1- (FC.13)
S2- (FC.13)
S3- (FC.13)
S4- (FC.13)
1000
800
600
S3
400
P
S2
S1
S4
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
(d) 1600
1400
1200
800
1200
10000
Increase in the strain S2
1000
Increase in the strain
200
S4
(c) 1600
1400 Increase in the strain S2
Axial load (kN)
(FC.0)
(FC.0)
(FC.0)
(FC.0)
Axial load (kN)
(b) 1600
1400
5000
Axial load (kN)
Axial load (kN)
(a) 1600
1400
1200
S2 (FC.0)
1000
Increase in the strain
at the same load level
800
S2- (FC.13)
S2 -(FC.17)
600
S3
400
200
S2
S1
S4
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Figure 5. Transverse strain in the FRP sheets versus the applied axial loads for the columns (a) FC.0, (b) FC.13, (c) FC.17, and (d) for
all strengthened columns.
had almost a linear relationship up to an axial shortening of more or less 2 mm, which met a mean axial strain
of 0.002 mm/mm, and afterwards a non-linear behavior
was observed. The control columns approximately
failed without warning at the maximum achieved
strength; however, the FRP-conned columns
possessed a reasonable ductility before failure, see
Figure 4(a) to (c). In addition, it is apparent from
Figure 4(c) that the applied connement technique
had a considerable eect on the axial stiness of the
tested columns. For instance, the applied connement
technique was able to control the column axial deformation up to an axial load of approximately 400 kN
showing higher stiness compared to the unstrengthened samples. With further loading, although the
eect of the load eccentricity on the load-shortening
relationship was insignicant up to the end of the
linear stage, the increase in the load eccentricity was
associated with a considerable increase in the deformability of the tested column. At an axial load of
1218 kN (the maximum strength of the column
FC.17), the measured axial shortenings of the FC.0,
FC.13, and FC.17 columns were 2.46 mm, 3.0 mm,
and 5.75 mm, respectively. This result revealed that
the concentrically and eccentrically loaded columns
would have dierent mean axial strains at the same
axial load level: the higher the eccentricity of the
applied load, the higher the mean axial strain.
CFRP transverse strain. The applied axial load versus the

CFRP transverse (circumferential) strains of the FRPconned columns are shown in Figure 5. The CFRP
transverse strains were measured at the mid-height at
the short and long directions of the column cross-section: two transverse strains (S1 and S2) were attached to
the two opposite short directions subjected to the minimum and maximum normal stresses, respectively and
two transverse strain gauges (S3 and S4) were axed to
the middle of the two opposite faces of the column long
direction. For the column FC.0, Figure 5(a) shows
comparable curves to the four transverse strain
gauges (S1 to S4) attached to the CFRP jacket, where
all strains increased linearly with the increase of the
applied axial load up to 1000 kN and with further loading a non-linear relationship could be noticed up to an
axial load of 1400 kN. At this point, the strain values
increased dramatically, and the ultimate measured
strain at failure was 9918 m". It is noteworthy that the
ultimate measured strain was lower than the ultimate
strain capacity of the FRP sheet (almost 15,000 m").
When columns were subjected to an eccentric loading,
the recorded transverse strains of the conned columns
displayed dierent behaviors in relation to the applied
load than those of the concentrically loaded columns.
For instance, up to an axial load of 600 kN, the induced
transverse strains in the FRP sheets of the FC.13 and
FC.17 columns were insignicant when compared to
Fahmy and Farghal
1741
those of the FC.0 column, and by further increasing

load S2 showed a higher increase in the strain values
than those measured by S1 at the same load levels, see
Figure 5(b) to (d). Finally, the maximum measured
strains of the FC.13 and FC.17 columns were 5154 m"
and 4119 m", respectively, which were lower than that of
the FC.0 column. In the eccentrically loaded columns,
it should be noticed that the maximum measured transverse strains were at the column mid height; however,
the cut-o of CFRP jacket occurred at sections located
above the column mid height. Despite that, the
recorded strains indicated that the applied strengthening technique was eective in conning the concrete
under the eect of axial loading at eccentricity e h/
6. In conclusion, under the eect of small eccentric
compressive loads, the external connement with FRP
jacket was active to improve the ductility and strength
of the rectangular columns with aspect ratio equal to
1.56 compared to the unstrengthened columns.
Column compressive strength. Under the eect of concentric loadings, it is acceptable to assume a continuous
uniform distribution for the normal stresses on the
column cross-section as shown in Figure 6(a).
Further, equation (1) can be applied to determine the
column axial loading capacity, which is the sum of the
contribution of both the longitudinal steel reinforcement (Fs,i) and the concrete (Fc), see Figure 6(a). The
recorded values of the axial strains of the RC.0 and
FC.0 columns at their maximum achieved strengths
were over the yielding strain of the longitudinal steel
bars. Consequently, the contribution of the main steel
reinforcement to the column load-carrying capacity was
dened, and the concrete ultimate compressive strength
(fcc0 ) of the RC.0 and FC.0 columns could be determined using equation (2), i.e. the concrete axial compressive strengths were 21.9 MPa and 30.6 MPa,
respectively.
Pmax
Pmax Fc Fs,i

X X
fcc0 bh
As
As fs
1
2
Under the eect of eccentric loadings, the distribution of the normal stresses on the column cross-section
is variable due to the eect of the strain gradient.
Therefore, any analytical evaluation for the actual
stresses would be problematic. In addition to the
strain gradient, the connement eect is also variable;
that is, the column cross-section should be divided
along its long direction into several zones that may be
represented by dierent stressstrain relationships
based on the connement level, see Figure 6(b) and (c).
Figure 6(b) shows an assumed distribution for the
normal strains and the corresponding normal stresses

due to an axial load P at an eccentricity e (h/6).
Figure 6(c) displays three dierent stressstrain relationships that represent the concrete behavior of the
compressed zones 1, 2, and 3 (Figure 6(b)) as a result
for the gradient of the connement level. There is a
general agreement among several researchers that the
stressstrain relationship of the FRP-conned concrete
could be divided into two branches: the rst branch is
curved and equation (3) is one of the most popular
forms adopted to represent it, and the second branch
could be curved or linear. Hence, the characteristic
points of the stressstrain relationship are the concrete
strength at the end point of both branches (ft and f0 cc,
respectively) and the corresponding axial strains ("t and
"cc), where ft is the transition stress and "t is the corresponding axial strain.
In order to evaluate the eect of the eccentricity on
the concrete ultimate strength, it was assumed that the
column cross-section of the column FC.17 was divided
into three zones because of the gradient of both the
axial strain and the lateral connement. At an eccentricity ratio of 0.17, one side of the column FC.17 was
subjected to a zero stress and the opposite side was
under the eect of compression stresses, so equation
(4) was applied to evaluate the column load-carrying
capacity, where Fc,i represented the sum of the compression forces carried by the concrete (Fc1, Fc2, and
Fc3) and Fs,i was the compression forces resisted
by the longitudinal steel bars (Fs1, Fs2, and Fs3),
(Figure 6(b)). When the stressstrain relationships
describing the concrete behavior of Zone 1 and Zone
2 were assumed (Figure 6(b)), it was possible to dene
the ultimate compressive strength. Equation (5) details
the contribution of the concrete and steel to the column
load-carrying capacity. Figure 6(d) and (e) displays the
expected stressstrain relationship describing the
behavior of the concrete in Zone 3 based on two dierent assumptions for the values of the characteristic
points of the concrete of Zone 1 and Zone 2.
Apparently form Figure 6(d) and (e), the concrete
ultimate strength at the outer bers of the eccentrically
loaded column could be higher than that of the concentrically loaded column (FC.0).
"
Z
Pecc,max
2 #
2"c
"c
fc ft

"t
"t
Pecc,max Fc,i Fs,i

b
fc xdx h x ft 0:5fc h x
0
X
X
As,i fc,i
5
As,i fs,i
x
1742
(a)
(b)
(e) 45
FC.0 (exp.)
FC.17, Zone1
FC.17, Zone2
FC.17, Zone3
50
0.006, 48.4
40
30
0.006, 22.0
20
0.006, 10.0
10
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
Axial strain (mm/mm)
0.008
FC.0 (exp.)
FC.17, Zone1
FC.17, Zone2
FC.17, Zone3
40
35
0.006, 38.8
f cc
30
0.006, 27.0
25
20
15
0.006, 10.0
10
5
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
(f) 45
40
Axial compression stress (MPa)
(d) 60
(c)
0.006, 42.8
35
cc
30
25
20
15
10
FC.0 (exp.)
FC.17, ft=30.6 MPa
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
Figure 6. (a) Stress and strain distribution of a concentrically loaded cross-section, (b) stress and strain distribution of an eccentrically loaded cross-section, (c) stressstrain of the zones 1 to 3, (d and e) the expected stressstrain relationship describing the
concrete behavior in Zone 3, and (f) comparison between concentrically and eccentrically stressstrain relationships for FC.0 and
FC.17.
In the previous equations, Pecc,max is the load-carrying capacity of an eccentrically loaded column, i
denotes 1, 2, and 3 because the column cross-section
was divided into three zones, and fc,i and fs,i are the
axial stresses in the concrete and steel of each zone.
It is generally agreed that the stressstrain relationship of the plain concrete under the eect of concentric
loading represents the behavior of concrete under
eccentric loading. Also, Saatcioglu et al.64 concluded
that a concrete model based on test results of
concentrically loaded columns can be applied in the

analysis of RC columns under the eect of eccentric
loadings, provided that the model of the conned concrete incorporates relevant parameters of connement.
Here, a question is raised: is it likely to use the stress
strain relationship developed for the concentrically
loaded FRP-conned concrete to construct the PM
diagram for FRP-RC elements? In order to answer
this question, the characteristic points of the rst
branch of the stressstrain relationship of the FC.17
Fahmy and Farghal

column were dened based on the stressstrain relationship of the FC.0 column. The experimentally dened
stressstrain relationship of the FC.0 column, after
deducting the steel contribution to the column strength,
is superimposed on Figure 6(d) to (f). Using equations
(4) and (5), it was possible to dene the ultimate concrete compressive strength under an eccentric loading
that could satisfy the equilibrium between the internal
forces and the external force carried by the FC.17
column. In the light of the experimental results of the
FC.0 and FC.17 columns, Figure 6(f) shows a comparison between their calculated ultimate concrete compressive strengths. It is certainly obvious that the
ultimate compressive strength of the eccentrically
loaded column exceeded that of the column FC.0 by
approximately 40%.
Evaluation of the compressive capacity

of FRP-confined rectangular columns
To evaluate the load-carrying capacity of a rectangular
column subjected to combined bending and axial loads,
a family of equations are necessary or for simplicity a
theoretical axial forcemoment (PM) interaction diagram can be computed assuming a series of strain distributions, each corresponding to a particular point on
the interaction diagram.65 In order to establish the PM
diagram, it is critical to adopt an appropriate stress
strain model representing the behavior of the FRP-conned concrete in the compressed zones. To the authors
knowledge, there are more than 40 models developed
through the last three decades to predict the axial
stressstrain behavior of FRP-conned concrete in rectangular sections until the year 2014. However, all of
these models were based on test results of concentrically
loaded rectangular columns. On the other hand, few
studies focused on the development of stressstrain
models of rectangular columns subjected to the eect
of the eccentric loading.66
Stressstrain models of the FRP-confined concrete

In this study, seven design-oriented models, which
were divided into two types (A and B), were nominated for the construction of the PM diagram of
the experimentally tested FRP-conned rectangular
columns (FC.0, FC.13, and FC.17). Type A
included four models,18,40,57 which were developed
for concentrically loaded FRP-conned concrete.
Besides, two models in type A43,44 reect the eect
of the lateral pressure provided by both the internal
transverse steel reinforcement (TSR) and the external
FRP reinforcement on the stressstrain behavior of
the conned concrete. ACI 440.2-02 adopted a
stressstrain model which was proposed by Mander
1743
et al.66 originally developed for connement provided
by steel jackets. ACI 440-2R-02 does not permit an
increase in the strength of non-circular sections due
to the FRP connement when the cross-section
aspect ratio is over 1.5. However, this condition was
relaxed by ACI 440-2R-08 and so the FRP connement could be applied for non-circular sections with
an aspect ratio up to 2.0. In this study, for comparison, ACI 440.2-02 was applied to get the stressstrain
relationship of the tested columns. ACI 440-2R-08
adopted the proposed stressstrain models by Lam
and Teng,10,61 describing the behavior of the FRPconned concrete under the eect of pure axial compression loads for circular and non-circular sections,
respectively. The model proposed by Song et al.57 was
established based on research results presented by
Lam and Teng10 and additional experimental test
results conducted by the authors. They showed that
their proposed model has a good accuracy in evaluating the compressive strength of square columns under
the eect of eccentric loadings based on numerical
analyses. Lim and Ozbakkaloglu40 developed a
model for square and rectangular columns in the
light of a wide database of concrete columns with
non-circular and circular cross-sections tested under
the eect of concentric loadings. On the other hand,
type B included a stressstrain model proposed by
Hu et al.,67 which was actually a modied version for a
model proposed by Hu and Wang68 for short concrete
columns under the eect of concentric loading. To
consider the eect of the eccentricity of the applied
load, Hu et al.67 employed the FE results of 20
square columns numerically tested to dene a new
relationship for the ultimate strain of an FRP-conned concrete.
Prior to applying these models in the construction of
the PM diagrams for RC columns fully conned with
external FRP jackets, it would be interesting to compare among the predicted stressstrain relationships
plotted in Figure 7. The experimental stressstrain
curve of the FC.0 column is superimposed on
Figure 7(a) and (b) for comparison. In this relationship
at any value of the average axial strain "c, which was
equal to the measured column axial shortening divided
by the column height, the corresponding concrete compressive stress was determined by deducting the compressive strength resisted by the longitudinal steel bars
from the total compressive stresses on the column
cross-section. Compressive stresses in the longitudinal
steel bars was determined as Asfs, where fs was the steel
stress at an axial strain equal to "c.
Regarding the axial compressive strength, the predicted curves using the two models proposed by
Harajli69 and Ilki et al.44 showed almost a good agreement with the experimental value; however, the other
1744
Axial stress (MPa)
(b) 80
FC.0 (exp.)
ACI 440.2-02
ACI 440.2-08
Song (2012)
Lim and Ozbakkaloglu (2014)
70
60
50
(0.0114, 40.66)
40
30
(0.0083, 25.77)
(0.0082, 20.65)
20
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
50
40
(0.0049, 27.4) (0.0055, 28.8)

(0.022, 28.1)
30
(0.021, 27.9)
10
0
0
60
20
(0.0067, 23.55)
10
FC.0 (exp.)
Harajli (2006) with TSR
Harajli (2006) without TSR
Ilki et al. (2008) with TSR
Ilki et al. (2008) without TSR
70
Axial stress (MPa)
(a) 80
0.01
0.012
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
(c) 80
FC.0 (exp.)
e/h = 0
e/h = 0.19
e/h = 0.38
Axial stress (MPa)
70
60
50
(0.0049, 23.11)
40
(0.0057, 23.11)
30
(0.0074, 23.11)
20
(0.0047, 23.11)
10
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
Figure 7. Determined axial stressstrain relationships of the FRP-confined rectangular columns using the models proposed by
(a) ACI 440.2-02, ACI 440.2-08, Song (2012), and Lim and Ozbakkloglu (2014), (b) Harajli (2006) an d Ilki et al. (2008), and
(c) Hu et al. (2011).
models in type A except that adopted by ACI 440.2-02

underestimated the concrete compressive strength.
Figure 7(b) shows two stressstrain curves predicted by
each model of Harajli69 and Ilki et al.44 to evaluate the
contribution of the steel stirrups to the predicted stress
strain behavior. It is clear that the steel stirrups of the
examined columns had a slight impact on the behavior
of the FRP-conned concrete under the applied loads.
With regard to the ultimate strain, it seems that the
models proposed by ACI 440-2R-0818, Song et al.,57
and Lim and Ozbakkaloglu40 could accurately predict
the ultimate strain capacity before any degradation in
the concrete strength. In general, the predicted stress
strain curve using the model proposed by Harajli69
could be considered the nearest to the experimental
response. When the impact of the eccentricity of the
applied load was considered in the determination of the
stressstrain curve of the FRP-conned concrete,
the model proposed by Hu et al.67 displayed that
the increase in the eccentricity of the applied load
(e/h 0, 0.19, 0.38, 0.58, etc.) was accompanied by a
reduction in the axial strain but without any signicant eect on the axial strength, which was slightly
higher than the unconned concrete compressive
strength; see Figure 7(c).
Modeling using OpenSees

In order to construct the axial loadmoment interaction diagram, a nite element model was created
and executed using OpenSees62 software as it will be
illustrated in the following subsections.
The created model. To construct the PM diagram, a
series of representative points such as column strength
under a pure axial compressive load, column pure exural strength, and other points showing the compressive strengths of the column at dierent eccentrics are
required. The fully CFRP-conned rectangular columns were modeled in OpenSees using tool command
language (TCL). In the created TCL codes, the column
cross-section was discretized into several bers in its
long and short directions, e.g. the concrete core (conned with both internal steel stirrups and external FRP
jacket) was discretized into 15 bers in both the long
and the short directions, and the concrete cover (only
conned with external FRP jacket) was divided into
two bers through its thickness. Figure 8(c) shows the
idealized section used for the analysis. Two dierent
TCL codes were developed; where in one code the
column was modeled in its longitudinal direction as a
beam-column element nonlinearBeamColumn, see
Fahmy and Farghal
1745
Nonlinear
beam-column
element
A
L= 960 mm
Fix the horizontal

degree of freedom
B
O
Fix the vertical and
horizontal degrees of
freedom
(a)
Confined concrete
Y
X
X
Str f
ess y
Y
Section A - A
(c)
AB A
O
Zero length element
Stress
cc
0.2fC
Strain
Fix all degrees of freedom

except axial and bending at B
(b)
E =0.01Es
Stress-strain of FRPconfined concrete

(d)
Es
Strain
Stress-strain of steel
(e)
Figure 8. Idealization of the simulated CFRP-confined column: (a) modeling of the column to predict the axial compressive strength,
(b) zero-length element for section analysis, (c) the idealized cross-section, (d) stressstrain of the FRP-confined concrete, and
(e) stressstrain of the longitudinal steel.
Figure 8(a), to determine the column axial compressive

strength; and in the other TCL code, a zero-length
element was used to determine the momentcurvature
relationships of the column cross-section under the
eect of dierent compressive loads, see Figure 8(b).
Materials. OpenSees software has an important feature
that allows implementing any new material in it. In this
study, the nominated seven stressstrain models of the
FRP-conned concrete have been implemented in
OpenSees software (Version 2.4.6). Hence, the compression behavior of the conned concrete was represented by any of the stressstrain models of the
FRP-conned concrete implemented in OpenSees,
Figure 8(d). It is noteworthy that the authors suggested
a denition for the failure of the conned concrete due
to rupture of the external FRP jacket, i.e. the stress will
0
suddenly decrease at the ultimate stress to 0.2 fco
, and
the tangent is horizontal (i.e. tangent 0), as shown in
Figure 8(d). When the stressstrain models overlooked
the contribution of the internal steel stirrups in the connement of the concrete core, the compression behavior
of both the concrete core and the concrete cover was
represented by the same stressstrain relationship,
which was dened using the model proposed by ACI
440.2-0218, ACI 440.2-0821, Song et al.,57 and Lim and
Ozbakkaloglu.40 On the other hand, when the stress
strain law reected the impact of the lateral connement provided by the internal steel stirrups and the
external FRP jacket, such as those proposed by
Harajli69 and Ilki et al.,44 the axial stressstrain of the
concrete cover was dependent on the connement provided by the external FRP jacket, but the concrete core
was conned by both the internal steel stirrups and the
outer FRP jacket. For the main longitudinal steel bars,

they were represented by the available stressstrain
model of steel reinforcement (steel02), Figure 8(e).
Analysis process according to the type of FRP-confined concrete
model. Figure 9 displays a schematic diagram that summarizes the calculation process of the PM diagram
when one of the models of type A was taken on. In
the rst created TCL code, an incremental displacement
was applied to dene the column maximum axial capacity. In the other TCL code, a displacement control by
a rotational increment around Y-Y axis was adopted to
carry out the cross-section analysis and determine the
momentcurvature relationships under the eect of different compressive loads, which were dened as ratios
from the column maximum axial capacity: 90%, 70%,
50%, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, and 0.0% of the maximum
axial load (P). For each particular compressive load
level, the resulting momentcurvature diagram was
used to decide the corresponding bending moment.
This process was reiterated for all assumed levels of
the compressive forces approaching zero to complete
the PM diagram up to the pure moment capacity of
the cross-section.
Figure 10 shows a dierent calculation process when
the model proposed by Hu et al.67 (type B) was
adopted in the analysis of the column cross-section.
In fact, the procedure to dene one point on the PM
diagram would be rather complicated when compared
with that applied to any model of type A, because a
new stressstrain relationship of the conned concrete
is required for each eccentricity assumed (e1, e2, e3,
. . .en, which could be dened as a ratio from the
column depth (h) up to 1) with the applied load
1746
Figure 9. Flowchart summarizing the calculation process of

the PM diagram for the CFRP-confined columns using the
stressstrain models of type A.
level. That is, when an axial compressive load is applied

and a displacement control by the rotational increment
is adopted to determine the corresponding moment
curvature relationship, a comprehensive iterative
process should be followed to satisfy a condition of
conversion. This condition is that the determined maximum moment divided by the corresponding applied
axial compression load is equal to the eccentricity
assumed to dene the stressstrain relationship of the
conned concrete. This process was reiterated for all
assumed levels of the eccentricities approaching 1 to
complete the PM diagram up to the pure moment
capacity of the cross-section.
Numerical results
Although the test results of the columns FC.0, FC.13,
and FC.17 were not enough to draw a complete PM
diagram, Figure 11 shows the numerically created PM
diagrams for the CFRP-conned columns, and the test
results of the three columns were superimposed on the
same gure for comparison. For the experimental
results, the coordinates of each point were the axial
strength and the moment corresponding to that value
due to the applied eccentricity. Figure 11(a) and (b)
shows the created PM diagrams using the stress
strain models of the type A, and Figure 11(c) presents the eect of the eccentricity on the stressstrain
relationship of the FRP-conned concrete proposed by

Hu et al.67 in predicting the PM diagram. Figure 12
shows the error percentage in the strength value of
these columns: Error (%) (Pmodel Pexp)/(Pexp), where
Pmodel and Pexp are the predicted and experimental values
of the column strength, respectively. It is evident that the
PM diagrams constructed using ACI 440.2-08 model,
Song et al.57 model, and Lim and Ozbakkaloglu40 model
underestimated the load-carrying capacities of the tested
columns (Figure 12(a)), and the error value increased
with the increase in the eccentricity ratio. For example,
when ACI 440.2-08 model was applied in the construction of the PM diagram, an error of 20.6% was
noticed for the axially loaded column and it increased
to 30.7% and 34.9% when e/h ratios were 0.13 and
0.17, respectively. In fact, ACI 440.2-08 adopted the
models proposed by Lam and Teng,10,61 but the model
of non-circular columns was based on a few test results
with an aspect ratio > 1, where the evaluation of the
increase in the ultimate strength and strain of CFRPconned concrete columns showing the strain-hardening
behavior was dependent on four samples: two columns
of eight were collected by Lam and Teng61 and two columns with an aspect ratio of 1.5 of 14 specimens were
tested by Lam and Teng.61 The PM diagram based on
the model of Song et al.57 showed the smallest error
among the rst four models in the evaluation of the
column axial compressive strength; however, when
eccentricity ratios were 0.13 and 0.17, the error percentage was slightly lower than those determined by ACI
440.2-08 model, see Figure 12(a).
With regard to the accuracy of the stressstrain
models reecting the combined eect of the steel stirrups and transverse FRP on the behavior of the conned concrete, the PM diagrams developed using the
models of Harajli69 and Ilki et al.44 were almost coincident and ensured small errors in assessing the
strengths of the tested columns compared to those
determined by the other four models of the same
type, as shown in Figure 12(a). Figure 11(b) shows
the calculated PM diagrams using both models when
the contribution of the internal stirrups was overlooked, and obviously, the amount of the transverse
steel reinforcement used was not eective enough to
aect the evaluation of the strengths of the tested columns, also see Figure 12(b). That is, the accuracy of the
determined load-carrying capacities of the tested columns could be attributed to the good agreement
between the predicted concrete compressive strengths
using both models and the experimental value, as
shown in Figure 7(b). Moreover, it should be noticed
that the overestimation in the ultimate strain determined
by the model of Ilki et al.44 did not aect the determined
PM diagram. Ultimately, Figure 11(c) shows the PM
diagrams constructed based on both stressstrain
models of Hu et al.67 and ACI 440.2-08.21 This gure
Fahmy and Farghal
1747
Figure 10. Flowchart summarizing the calculation process of the PM diagram for the CFRP-confined columns using the concrete
stressstrain models of type B.
indicates that these PM diagrams were almost identical, so the assumed decrease in the ultimate strain of the
FRP-conned concrete as a result of eccentric loadings
was not associated with any considerable change in the
constructed PM diagram.
In conclusion, the determined PM diagrams indicated that the stressstrain laws established for concentrically loaded columns would not probably
represent the behavior of the compressed concrete in
exural members. In addition, although Hu et al.67
addressed the impact of the eccentricity on the
stressstrain relationship of FRP-conned concrete,
the predicted PM diagram was comparable to those
dened by several models of type A. Hence, a new
approach taking into account the eects of eccentric
loadings on the compressive behavior of the FRP-conned concrete will be presented in the following sections and its accuracy was evaluated against the
experimental results of the tested columns and additional results of 12 columns available from literature
(six rectangular RC columns and six square plain concrete columns).
Proposed modification on the

stressstrain relationship under
the effect of eccentric loading
Both the experimental and the numerical results of the
FRP-conned concrete rectangular columns conrmed
that the impact of the eccentricity on the concrete
stressstrain relationship would not be negligible. This
conclusion has a good agreement with the test results
of plain concrete cylinders externally conned with different plies of FRP sheets and subjected to eccentric
loadings (e/D 0, 0.067, 0.13, 0.20, 0.27, and 0.33;
where D is the diameter of the concrete cylinder)
1748
(a) 2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
20
40
Moment (kN .m)
60
(b) 2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Exper.
Ilki et al. (2008)with TSR
Axial load (kN)
Axial load (kN)
Exper.
ACI440.2-02
ACI440.2-08
Song (2012)
80
20
(c) 2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
40
Moment (kN .m)
60
80
Exper.
Hu et al. (2011)
Axial load (kN)
ACI440.2-08
20
40
Moment (kN .m)
60
80
Figure 11. The PM diagrams of the test columns confined with CFRP based on stressstrain models of (a) FRP-confined concrete
type A (b) concrete confined with TSR and FRP (type A), and (c) type B.
by Wu and Jiang.16 That is, the stressstrain models

developed for the concentrically loaded FRP-conned
concrete columns are not directly applicable to those
subjected to eccentric loadings. Hence, Wu and
Jiang16 proposed a modication for the eect of eccentric loadings on the stressstrain relationship of the
FRP-conned concrete circular columns. For a concentrically loaded FRP-conned concrete, they adopted
equation (6) as a general form describing the stress
strain relationship as follows
h
i

"c
"c
fc E1 "n fo exp"n fo E2 "c 1 exp"n
With regard to the test results of the eccentrically

loaded FRP-conned concrete cylinders, Wu and
Jiang16 observed that the value of fo and E2 increased
when the eccentricity and/or the FRP stiness
increased. Hence, they suggested the following forms
to evaluate the increase in their values
"
E2 E2,0
#
e 2:49 E t 0:11
f f
1 5:55
K
R
E1 R
"
6
where fc and "c are the longitudinal stress and strain of

the conned concrete, respectively, E1 is the initial elastic modulus, fo is the vertical coordinate of the intersection between the asymptotic line and the y-axis, E2 is
the slope of the asymptotic line or hardening slope,
"n (nfo/E1), and n is a curve-shape parameter that controls the curvature of the transition zone and equal to
0.80.84 based on Wu and Jiang.16 The three parameters E1, E2,and fo in equation (6) could be dened
using any of the available stressstrain models developed for circular columns.
fo fo,0 1 7:02
#
e 1:67 E t 0:32
f f
E1 R
in which E2 and fo are the new values according to an

eccentricity e of the applied axial load, E2,0 and fo,0 are
those values dened under the eect of the concentric
loading, e/R is the ratio between e and radius of the
concrete cylinder (R), Ef and tf are the elastic modulus
and total thickness of the FRP sheet used, respectively,
and K is a factor assumed to reect the eect of the
axial load on the stiening degree of the second branch
of the stressstrain relationship.
For non-circular columns, design-oriented models
considering the eect of the cross-section shape and
Fahmy and Farghal
1749
Error (%) = (Pmodel - Pexp)/(Pexp) %
(a) 30
ACI(440.2-02)
ACI(440.2-08)
Song et al. (2012)
Hu et al. (2011)
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
FC.0
FC.13
Columns
FC.17
(b) 30.0

25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
-25.0
-30.0
-35.0
-40.0
FC.0
FC.13
Columns
FC.17
Figure 12. Error percentage in evaluating the compressive strengths of the columns FC.0, FC.13, and FC.17 using the axial
loadmoment interaction diagrams. (a) Models of type A and type B and (b) Models of Harajli (2006) and Ilki et al. (2008).
other parameters that aect the behavior of FRP-conned columns should be used to dene these three
values. Here, ACI 440.2-08 model and the model proposed by Harajli69 were adopted to dene these parameters. The value of fo in both models can be taken equal
to the unconned concrete compressive strength; the
value of E1 is almost a constant, which is a function
of the concrete compressive strength; and the value of
E2 can be determined when the ultimate strength and
the corresponding strain of the conned column are
well dened. Table 4 presents a summary for the equations that can be used to estimate the slope of the
second branch of the stressstrain relationship of the
FRP-conned concrete using the models proposed by
ACI 440.2-08 and Harajli.69 Equations (9) and (10) are
the nal forms predicting the stressstrain relationships
of an FRP-conned rectangular/square concrete
column subjected to eccentric loadings. It should be
noticed that the value of the factor K was assumed
equal to one in this study, because no experimental
results of eccentrically loaded rectangular columns

were available to dene its value.
"
E2 E2,0
"
fo fo,0

2:49 0:11 #
e
El,f
1 5:55
h=2
E1
1:67 0:32 #
e
El,f
1 7:02
h=2
E1
El,f
2nf tf Eju
D
10
11
p
where D b2 h2
Under the eect of an eccentric loading, the
ultimate strain and the corresponding ultimate strength
can be dened from equations (12) and (13), respectively. The assumed constant increase in the ultimate
strain of an eccentrically loaded column is dependent
1750

Table 4. Equations estimate the slope of the second branch in the stress-strain relationship of the
FRP-confined concrete by the models of ACI440.2-0821 and Harajli 2006.69
ACI440.2-0821
E2,0
Harajli69
fcc0 fco0
"cc
E2
fl
fcc fco 1 4:1
fco
h
i

f
"cc "co 1 310:57"ju 1:9 fcc 1
h
i
f
fcc0 fco0 1 3:3 ks1 l,eff
fco

0:45
"h,rup
f
"cc "co 1:5 12 ks2 fl,eff
"co
co
ks1
Ae
Ac
b2 Ae
Ac
1
fl,eff
ks2
co
h0:5 Ae
b
3Ag
fl El,f "ju El,s
Ac
hb
i
hh2rc 2 hbb2rc 2
El,f
s
, D
"y AAccg
ke f Ef
2
El,s ks kv2st Es

1 b 2rc 2 h 2rc 2 =3 bh
ke
1 s
1 s
2nf tf Eju "h,rup
D
fcc fco
"cc
p
b2 h2
2n t bh
f f fbh
Ks, Kv calculated as (Mander et al. 1988)
"h,rup K" "ju
on a recommendation by Wu and Jiang16 until a

wide database is available for validation of this
assumption.
"cc 1:56"cc,0
12
fcc0 fo E2 "cc
13
To construct the PM diagram for the experimentally tested columns in view of the proposed approach
for the impact of the eccentricity on the stressstrain
relationship of the conned concrete, a full range of the
eccentricity (e 0 mm, 30 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm,
150 mm, 200 mm, 300 mm, etc.) was required to determine the corresponding stressstrain relationships.
After that, each relationship was employed to dene
the behavior of the conned concrete along the compressed zone of the column cross-section to construct a
PM diagram which includes only one point on the
nal PM diagram. The owchart in Figure 10 clearly
shows the process followed to produce the required
PM diagram for an eccentrically loaded column.
Figure 13(a) and (b) presents a family of stressstrain
relationships determined based on the applied modication to both models.21,69 It is clear that the increase in
the eccentricity value was associated with a considerable increase in the predicted ultimate concrete axial
strength. Furthermore, at the same eccentricity e,
Figure 13(b) and (c) shows that the calculated curves
using the modied Hrarajli69 were higher than their
counterparts determined using the modied ACI
440.2-08.21
Figure 13(c) and (d) depicts all the determined PM

curves for the assumed eccentricity values using the
models of ACI 440.2-0821 and Harajli59 and the nal
corresponding PM diagrams proceeding along A-B-CD-E-F-G-H-I, respectively. Each point on the nal diagram is the intersection of a straight line passing
through the origin with a slope equal to the inverse of
the assumed eccentricity and the corresponding interaction diagram. For comparison, experimental results
of the FC.0, FC.13, and FC.17 columns are plotted on
the same gure. Figure 14 shows the error percentage in
the strength value ((Pmodel Pexp)/(Pexp)) for the tested
FC.0, FC.13, and FC.17 columns, and the previously
calculated error percentages based on the original
models of ACI 440.2-08 and Harajli69 were presented
on the same gure for comparison. It is evident that the
calculated load-carrying capacity of the eccentrically
loaded columns using the modied PM diagram
(nal PM diagram) showed lower error values. In addition, a higher accuracy in evaluating the load-carrying
capacity of a column subjected to an eccentric loading
could be expected with a stressstrain model that accurately predicts the concrete axial compressive strength.
For instance, the concrete axial compressive strength of
the FC.0 column was underestimated using ACI 440.208 model, so it showed also an underestimation
(error 23%) for the load-carrying capacities of the
eccentrically loaded columns. On the other hand, the
nal PM diagram calculated using the model of
Harajli69
showed
a
slight
underestimation
(error 1.9%) in the compressive strengths of the
FC.0, FC.13, and FC.17 columns.
Fahmy and Farghal
(a) 160
(b) 160
e/h = 0
e/h = 0.19
e/h = 0.38
e/h = 0.58
120
100
80
(0.01, 67.89)
60
(0.01, 44.34)
40
(0.01, 29.42)
120
100
0.004
0.006
0.008
(0.0085, 78.1)
80
60
(0.0085, 44.3)
40
0
0.002
(0.0085, 137.9)
(0.0055, 28.8)
20
(0.0067, 23.55)
20
0
e=0
e/h=0.19
e/h=0.38
e/h=0.58
140
Axial stress (MPa)
140
Axial stress (MPa)
1751
0.01
0.012
0.002
0.004
0.006
(c) 3000
0.01
Exper.
Proposed+ ACI440.2-08
[Final]
e=0
2500
e
Axial load (kN)
0.008
e=30
2000
e=50
e=75
1500
e=100
1000
e=150
e=200
500
0
e=300
50
100
150
Moment (kN.m)
Exper.
(d) 3000
Proposed +Harajli (2006)

[Final]
e=0.0
2500
Axial load (kN)
1
2000
1500
e=17
e=50
e=75
1000
e=100
e=150
e=200
500
G
H
0
0
50
100
Moment (kN. m)
150
200
Figure 13. Stressstrain relationships of the modified models (a) ACI 440.2-08 (b) Harajli (2006) at different eccentricities, and the
PM diagrams of the test columns based on the modified (c)ACI 440.2-08 (d) Harajli (2006).
1752
10
5
ACI(440.2-08)
-5
Proposed +ACI440.2-08
-10
Proposed+Harajli (2006)
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
FC.0
FC.13
FC.17
Columns
Figure 14. Error percentage in evaluating the compressive strengths of the columns FC.0, FC.13, and FC.17.
Calculated PM Diagrams for

FRP-confined plain concrete
square columns
Parvin and Wang54 examined the eect of small eccentric loadings (e/h 0.0, 0.07, and 0.14) on the behavior
of six 108 108 305 mm square plain concrete columns (C10, C11, C12, C20, C21, and C22), which
were externally conned with a unidirectional one and
two plies of CFRP sheets. The unconned concrete
compressive strength was 21.4 MPa and the CFRP
used had a high tensile strength of 3.8 GPa. All
column corners were rounded in a curved shape of
8.26-mm radius. In the light of the proposed approach
to reect the eect of the eccentricity on the stress
strain relationship of the conned concrete, the PM
diagrams for the columns (C10, C11, and C12, which
were conned with one ply of CFRP and subjected to
axial loads at e/h 0.0, 0.07, and 0.14, respectively)
were constructed for a range of eccentricities; accordingly, the nal PM diagrams using the models of ACI
440.2-08 and Harajli69 were recognized as shown in
Figure 15(a) and (b). Similarly, the nal PM diagrams
for the columns (C20, C21, and C22, which were conned with two plies of CFRP and subjected to axial
loads at e/h 0.0, 0.07, and 0.14, respectively) were
determined as shown in Figure 15(c) and (d). The
experimental results of the tested columns were also
superimposed on the same gures. Neglecting the
eect of the eccentricity on the concrete behavior in
the compression zone using ACI440.2-08 model, the
constructed PM diagram apparently showed an
underestimation for the load-carrying capacity of all
columns tested by Parvin and Wang.54 On the other
hand, it was not surprising that the constructed nal
PM curve using the proposed approach had a good
agreement with the test results. The error in the

strength of the samples C11 and C12 were +2.2%
and 2.2%, respectively, and a constant overestimation of 7.6% was for the samples C21 and C22.
However, using the Harajli69 models lightly overestimated the compressive strength of the column C10
and showed a higher overestimation error for the
column C20. Hence, the nal PM diagrams showed
an overestimation for the column strength with the
increase of the eccentricity and also the increase in
the FRP stiness, as shown in Figure 15(c) and (d).
Calculated PM diagrams for

FRP-confined RC rectangular columns
Five FRP-conned RC rectangular columns were tested
by Chaallal and Shahawy54 to evaluate their performances under the eect of combined axial compressionbending moment, and they tested one FRP-conned RC
rectangular column in four-point pure exure with no
axial load. The dimensions of the column cross-section
were 200 350 mm, the compressive strength of the concrete used was 21 MPa, the yield strength of the
reinforcements used was 414 MPa, and the CFRP used
had a tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of
3650 MPa and 231 GPa, respectively; more details
about the geometry, material properties, and testing of
those columns can be found elsewhere.54 Test results of
those columns were plotted in Figure 16, which presents
the calculated PM diagrams using the proposed
approach based on the stressstrain model of Harajil.69
The shown comparison between the experimental results
and the numerically predicted nal PM diagram highlighted the impact of the load eccentricity on the predicted stressstrain behavior of FRP-conned concrete,
especially in the compression zone of the PM diagram.
Fahmy and Farghal
1753
(a) 1000
Parvin and Wang (2001)

Proposed+ ACI440.2-08 (2008) [Final]
e=0.0
e=7.9
e=15.7
e=30
e=40
e=50
Axial load (kN)
800
600
e=7.9
e=15.7
400
e=30
e=40
e=50
200
0
0
6
Moment (kN m)
(b) 1000
12
Parvin and Wang (2001)
Proposed+ ACI440.2-08 (2008) [Final]
e=0
e=7.9
e=15.7
e=30
e=35
e=40
e=50
Axial load (kN)
800
e=7.9
600
e=15.7
e=30
400
e=35
e=40
e=50
200
0
0
(c) 2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
9
12
Moment (kN m)
15
18
Axial load (kN)
Exp. Parvin and Wang (2001)

Proposed+Harajli (2006) (Final)
e=0.0
e=7.9
e=15.7
e=30
e=40
e=50
e=7.9
e=15.7
e=30
e=40
e=50
Axial load (kN)
(d) 2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
10
Moment (kN m)
15
20
Exp. Parvin and Wang (2001)
Proposed+Harajli (2006) (Final)
e=0.0
e=7.9
e=15.7
e=30
e=35
e=40
e=50
(e=7.9)
(e=15.7)
(e=30)
(e=35)
(e=40)
(e=50)
10
15
Moment (kN m)
20
25
Figure 15. Momentinteraction diagrams of square concrete columns tested by Parvin and Wang (2001) using the proposed
approach based on ACI440.2-08 model: (a) columns C10, C11 and C12 and (b) columns C20, C21, and C22; and based on the model
of Harajli (2006): (c) columns C10, C11 and C12 and (d) columns C20, C21, and C22.
Axial load (kN)
1754
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Experiment
(e=108)
Proposed+Harajli (2006)
(Final)
e= 0.0
(e=192)
e=108
(e=358)
e= 192
e= 358
100
200
300
Moment (kN m)
Figure 16. Momentinteraction diagram of RC rectangular columns tested by Chaallal and Shahawy (2000) using the proposed
approach based on the stressstrain model of Harajil (2006).
Considerations for evaluation of the

load-carrying capacity of eccentrically
loaded rectangular columns
In the previous sections, the experimental results identied the impact of the eccentricity on the load-carrying
capacity of RC rectangular columns conned with
FRP. In addition, the numerical evaluation for the P
M diagrams prioritized the critical need for an eccentricity-based stressstrain model that accurately
describes the behavior of the compressed zone in
FRP-RC rectangular elements subjected to the combined eect of axial and bending loadings. The
approach followed in this study can reect the impact
of the eccentricity on the stressstrain law of FRP-conned noncircular columns; however, in equations (9)
and (10), the value (e/(h/2)) represents a direct substitution for the value (e/R) in equations (7) and (8), and
the values of the constants were dened in the light of
experimental results of concrete cylinders conned with
FRP. Consequently, reevaluation for their values
would be necessary in view of experimental results of
plain concrete stubs with dierent cross-section aspect
ratios and externally conned with FRP under the
eect of eccentric loadings. In other words, the general
application of the proposed approach still needs validation against a large database of experimentally tested
columns covering the eects of several inuential parameters, e.g. the cross-section aspect ratio, the column
aspect ratio, concrete grade type, the conguration of
the FRP-connement, and the stiness of the FRP
used. Currently, the proposed approach may be valid
with a reasonable accuracy for evaluation of the compression zone of the PM diagram of short columns
having rectangular cross-sections of aspect ratios of 1to-2 and conned with external CFRP jackets.
Conclusions
This study addressed the validity of using the designoriented stressstrain models developed for concentrically loaded FRP-conned noncircular concrete in predicting the load-carrying capacity of FRP-jacketed
RC columns subjected to small eccentric loadings
(0.1 < e/h 0.17). Due to the very rare existence of a
database of rectangular columns conned with FRP
and subjected to small-eccentric loadings, a preliminary
experimental investigation was conducted on six RC
rectangular columns. As it was expected, test results
showed that the external CFRP-connement could successfully improve the load-carrying capacity and ductility of the strengthened columns compared to the
unstrengthened columns subjected to concentric and
eccentric loadings. However, the eccentrically loaded
columns had lower loading capacities than the concentrically loaded columns. To numerically evaluate the
load-carrying capacities of the tested columns, seven
stressstrain models were implemented in OpenSees
software to construct their axial loadmoment interaction diagram. The following conclusions can be
drawn based on both the experimental and the numerical results:
1. Numerical evaluation for the PM diagram in view
of the stressstrain models established for concentrically loaded FRP-conned concrete columns
prioritized the critical need for an eccentricitybased stressstrain model that can properly describe
the behavior of the compressed zone in FRP-RC
rectangular elements subjected to the combined
eect of axial and bending loadings.
2. The PM diagram constructed using the stress
strain model proposed by ACI 440.2-08 showed an
Fahmy and Farghal
3.
4.
5.
6.
error of 20.6% in evaluating the load-carrying capacity of the axially loaded rectangular column, which
increased to 30.7% and 34.9% when the applied
loads were at eccentricity ratios of 0.13 and 0.17,
respectively. A similar trend was obtained by all
models of type A in evaluating the load-carrying
capacities of the tested columns.
An eccentricity-based modication on the behavior
of an FRP-conned non-circular concrete column
was proposed. This modication showed a clear
eect on the constructed PM diagrams of the
FRP-conned RC non-circular columns, which
appropriately
evaluated
their
load-carrying
capacities.
The determined load-carrying capacity using the
modied Harajli69 model showed an error of
1.9% in evaluating the load-carrying capacity of
the eccentrically loaded RC rectangular columns
(FC.13 and FC.17); however, when the modied
ACI 440.2-08 model was used, the error was
almost 23%.
The decrease in the ultimate strain of the stress
strain relationship of the FRP-conned concrete
with the increase in the eccentricity of the applied
load, which was proposed by Hu et al.,67, was not
associated with any considerable change in the constructed PM diagram for the rectangular columns
compared to that determined using the model of
ACI 440.2-0821 for the concentrically loaded
concrete.
The results of this study identied and prioritized the
critical need for further experimental investigations
and numerical evaluations for the performance of
FRP-conned rectangular columns under the eect
of eccentric loading. In addition, although the
approach followed in this study could reect the
impact of eccentric loadings on the stressstrain
laws of the FRP-conned non-circular columns, its
general application still needs further validation
against a large database of experimentally tested columns covering the eects of several inuential parameters such as the cross-section aspect ratio, the
column aspect ratio, the concrete grade type, and
the type and amount of the FRP used.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.
Funding
The author(s) received no nancial support for the research,
authorship, and/or publication of this article.
1755
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Appendix
Notation
Ac
Ah
Ag
As
D
E2,0
Eju
El,f
El,s
Ec
Es
E2
L
S
b
co
dc
0
fco
0
fcu
ft
fo
fcc0
fju
fl,eff
fl,s
fl,f
0
fcc,0
fo,0
h
ke
k"
nf
rc
s0
area of the confined concrete core.

area of hoop reinforcement bar
gross area of the concrete cross-section
area of the longitudinal bars
diameter of concrete specimen
slope of the second linear stiffness, for eccentricity (e) 0.
elastic modulus of FRP wraps.
FRP confinement modules (lateral modules).
steel confinement modules (lateral modules).
modulus of elasticity of concrete.
modulus of elasticity of steel.
slope of the second linear stiffness.
height of column
vertical center-to-center spacing of steel hoops.
width of rectangular section
clear concrete cover
diameter of concrete core to centerline of steel
hoops.
ultimate compressive strength of the unconfined concrete cylinder.
ultimate compressive strength of the unconfined concrete cube.
transition strength.
intercept the second linear portion with stress
axis.
ultimate strength of the confined concrete.
ultimate tensile strength of an FRP jacket.
effective confinement pressure k" :fl,f .
confinement pressure due to transverse steel
reinforcement (steel hoops).
ultimate FRP confinement pressure.
ultimate strength of the confined concrete, for
eccentricity (e) 0
interception of the second linear portion with
the stress axis, for eccentricity (e) 0
length of rectangular section
confinement effectiveness coefficient.
FRP hoop strain reduction factor.
number of FRP layer.
radius of corner for square/rectangular section
clear distance between FRP strip for partial
wrapping
1758
tf
vc
wf
c
"ju
"h,rup
"sy
st
s

thickness of FRP layer per ply.
concrete Poissons ratio.
width of FRP strip for partial wrapping
Stress in confined concrete.
ultimate tensile strain of FRP jacket.
hoop rupture strain of FRP jacket.
yield strength of TSR
lateral steel percentage
longitudinal steel percentage
"c
"co
"t
"cc
"cc,0
strain in confined concrete.

strain of unconfined concrete corresponding to
0
fco
transition strain corresponding to ft
ultimate strain of an FRP-confined concrete
corresponding to fcc0
ultimate strain of an FRP-confined concrete
corresponding to fcc0 , for eccentricity (e)0

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Original Article

Eccentricity-based design-oriented model

Journal of Reinforced Plastics

Mohamed F M Fahmy1,2 and Omar A Farghal2

after connement with externally bonded FRP

Fahmy and Farghal

behavior of the conned concrete with both types of

columns conned with CFRP and subjected to small

Parvin and Wang54

1.25 and 1.45

Note: S and R are abbreviations of square and rectangular cross-section.

0.22 and 0.21

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 35(23)

based modication on the stressstrain models of the

Table 2. Data of the tested columns.

Note: f is the FRP confinement ratio.

e 0.0 mm (e/h 0.00)

Fahmy and Farghal

stirrups of 6-mm diameter and 125-mm spacing (S)

Section A-A of the

Figure 1. Details of the internal reinforcement for the test

of the control columns were also conned with

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 35(23)

Gauge length of the axial

S.G. = Electrical strain gauge

Data acquisition system

Table 3. Experimental results of the tested columns.

Mean axial strain

Experimental results and discussion

Failure mode. Two failure mechanisms were observed

Fahmy and Farghal

Axial load (kN)

Axial load (kN)

End of the linear stage

Axial shortening (mm)

Axial shortening (mm)

Axial load (kN)

Axial shortening (mm)

at the top third of the height of the FC.13 and FC.17

applied load was removed at a failure load equal to

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 35(23)

Increase in the strain S2

Increase in the strain

Axial load (kN)

Axial load (kN)

Axial load (kN)

Axial load (kN)

CFRP transverse strain. The applied axial load versus the

Fahmy and Farghal

those of the FC.0 column, and by further increasing

normal strains and the corresponding normal stresses

Pecc,max Fc,i Fs,i

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 35(23)

Axial strain (mm/mm)

Axial compression stress (MPa)

Axial compression stress (MPa)

FC.17, ft=30.6 MPa

concentrically loaded columns can be applied in the

Fahmy and Farghal

Evaluation of the compressive capacity

Stressstrain models of the FRP-confined concrete

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 35(23)

Axial stress (MPa)

(0.0049, 27.4) (0.0055, 28.8)

fl El,f "ju El,s