Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Despina IGNATIADOU*
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unearthed in Macedonian burials since the Derveni case came to light. It became
therefore important that the Derveni case and its contents were scientifically
examined. Besides the examination of the case proper, the technical details
pertaining to its manufacture, and the identification of its bronze alloy, the main
question was to investigate the nature of its contents. Additionally, it had also
recently become evident that a few other finds from the grave were more or less
associated with the case. Those finds are of two kinds: A - parts possibly belonging
to the same case (three bronze lids (B 90 a,b,c) and a bronze cylinder fitting
underneath one lid (B 90 d)), and B - other finds that had been possibly interred as a
set with the case (a miniature bronze pyxis (B 37) (Figs 5.1-2) and two miniature
copper bowls (B 43a, B 43b) (Figs 6.1-2), all preserving their original content, two
bronze spatulas (B 115a) (Figs 7.1-2), and a bronze tube (B 115b) (Figs 8.1-3)).
Furthermore, some of the non-metal vessels in the grave, such as the stone alabastra
(Figs 9.1-2), could have also been associated with the intended use of this set.
The finds
Bronze case with hinged lid, B 354 (Figs 4.1-8)
Fig. 4.1
THEMELIS Petros G., TOURATSOGLOU Yiannis P., The Derveni tombs, TAP, Athens 1997 (in
Greek, English summary), 91, pl. 103.
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Fig. 4.2
Fig. 4.3
Fig. 4.4
93
Fig. 4.5
Fig. 4.6
Fig. 4.7
Fig. 4.8
Fig 4. 1-8. Bronze medicaments case B 35, additional parts, and its contents
( D. Ignatiadou)
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Fig. 4.9
Bronze medicaments case B 35, additional parts, and its contents ( D. Ignatiadou)
Bronze oblong lid with arched handle, B 90 a
Bronze lid made of a single flat sheet, with an inherent channel formed along
its back side; the sheet curves up and then rolls down and towards the back. Inside
the channel a wire rod, which fastened the lid at its extremities, is mostly preserved.
The lid is decorated with shallow irregular incised lines along its edges: a pair of lines
along all four edges and a third line along the front edge and the side ones. On the
front middle of the lid is an arched handle terminating in elongated buds curving
upward; they have a flat polygonal surface, an upper round tip, and a base ring. The
handle is attached on the sheet by two curved wire-rods that penetrate the sheet; the
endings of each one are bent below in opposite directions. The handle has a flat
surface. Flanking the handle are two oblong latch holes, at equal distance from the
side ends. Inside the holes there are quadrangular rods still fastened on the flat striplatches that exist on the underside; the rods were connected to a round element, the
mark of which remains on the front side of the lid. On the back, the latches were
each covered by a quadrangular element, one of which survives. It is a domed sheet
(20- x 12 x 2 mm) with a 1-2 mm ledge around the three sides, thus permitting the
back and forth movement of the latch underneath it and through its fourth open
short side. A large hole near the upper right corner is patched from the back with an
irregularly triangular patch.
Length 25.2 cm. Width 4.5 cm. Thickness of sheet x 1 mm. Handle 2.5 x 3.2
cm. Latch holes 4.5 cm from the corresponding short side.
Bronze square lid with ring handle, B 90 b
Bronze lid made of a single flat sheet, preserving the beginning of an inherent
channel along its back side; the sheet curves up and would then be rolled down and
towards the back. The channel would be intended for a wire-rod which would fasten
the lid at its extremities. The lid is decorated with shallow irregular incised lines along
THEMELIS Petros G., TOURATSOGLOU Yiannis P., The Derveni tombs, TAP, Athens 1997 (in
Greek, English summary), 90-91, pl. 103.
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its edges: a pair of lines along all four edges and a third line along the front edge and
the side ones. On the front middle of the lid is a ring handle attached on the sheet by
means of a strip penetrating the sheet; the endings of the strip are bent underneath
in opposite directions.
Length 5.3 cm. Width 4.5 cm. Thickness of sheet 1 mm. Diameter of ring
(handle) 1 cm. Latch holes 2.5 cm from the left side and 2.3 cm from the right side.
Bronze perforated lid, B 90 c
Bronze lid made of a single flat sheet perforated in the center. It is decorated
with three shallow irregular incised lines running along its four edges. Underneath a
circular mark surrounds a darker surface around the perforation.
Length 5.1 cm. Width 4.9 cm. Thickness of sheet 1 mm. Diameter of
perforation 1.4 cm.
Bronze cylinder, B 90 d
Bronze cylinder with inherent narrow horizontal rim. The cylinder is made
of a single flat sheet rolled and fastened with a bronze nail. It fits underneath the
perforation of B 90 c.
Height 1.4 cm. Diameter 1.3 cm (1.9 cm with rim).
These additional parts had been disassociated after the excavation and were
treated at different periods and by different methods, thus resulting in their
dissimilar appearance. They probably belonged originally with the restored case, but
had been detached in antiquity to be used independently. If we consider the length
of the large lid to indicate the full length of a larger case, then the remaining space
can accommodate the existing case. The wear, the patches and the replacement part
indicate an intensive and prolonged use which rendered the case beyond repair. This
item had obviously been used for decades before the interment, around 320 BC, and
can therefore be dated to the first half of the 4th century BC.
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Fig. 5.1
Fig 5.2
Bronze pyxis B 37 and its content ( D. Ignatiadou)
Small pyxis with cylindrical body and slightly domed lid. Undecorated. Edges
of the bronze sheet (1 mm) are plain cut (Fig. 5.1). The pyxis contains bright red
powder, forming also some small lumps (Fig. 5.2).
Green corroded surface. The lower body is restored. One hole on the body,
three holes and one crack on the lid.
Height 34 mm. Height body 33 mm, lid 10 mm. Diameter body 29 mm, lid
30!mm.
THEMELIS Petros G., TOURATSOGLOU Yiannis P., The Derveni Tombs, TAP, Athens 1997 (in
Greek, English summary), 77, pl. 89.
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Two copper bowls B 43a, B 43b7 (Figs 6.1-2 left and right)
Fig 6.1
Fig 6.2
Copper bowls B 43a, B 43b and their contents ( D. Ignatiadou)
Two bronze semi-spherical bowls with plain rim. Undecorated. Reddish
surface inside and out. Hammering marks visible on the outside. They contain
remains of a dark substance which was left to consolidate in a thin cake. B 43a
contains three fragments of the substance (B 43 a-I). B 43 b contains a large part of
the substance (B 43b-I, 29 x 18). B 43 a has one crack on the rim and two holes
below that. B 43 b is intact.
Chemically cleaned to reveal the reddish surface.
Diameter 44 mm. Height 21 mm.
The two copper bowls are unique. The medicaments surviving on their floor
leave no doubt that the bowls were associated with the use of the case, but there
might be a further connection with that. Measurements show that they exactly fit
inside the compartments. The case was restored at the time following the excavation
in the early 1960s, and relevant photographs of the condition prior to restoration do
not exist, but it is certain that if they had been found inside they would not have
been separated during restoration. It is therefore most probable that the bowls had
been detached before the burial and were used independently.
THEMELIS Petros G., TOURATSOGLOU Yiannis P., The Derveni Tombs, TAP, Athens 1997 (in
Greek, English summary), 74, pl. 83.
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Fig 7.1
Fig 7.2
Bronze spatula-probe B 115aa and spatula-scoop B 115ab ( D. Ignatiadou)
Bronze spatula-probe B 115aa. Middle shaft with square but rounded
section on the spatula side and round on the probe side. On one end it becomes
abruptly rectangular in section and then widened to form the beginning of a flat
spatula with concave and then tapering sides. On the other end it forms a long ovoid
probe.
Mended from two pieces; the spatula is partially preserved. Excellent patina
along half the length, on the spatula side, but the broken end is corroded. The probe
is corroded and has three longitudinal cracks.
Length: Total preserved 141 mm, middle shaft ~90 mm, spatula preserved
only for 30 mm, probe ~20 mm long. Width: spatula 18 mm. Diameter: shaft 3-2.5
mm, probe 5 mm.
Bronze spatula-scoop B 115ab. Middle shaft with round section, tapering
near the scoop side. On one end it is flattened and widened to form the beginning of
THEMELIS Petros G., TOURATSOGLOU Yiannis P., The Derveni Tombs, TAP, Athens 1997 (in
Greek, English summary), 91.
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a flat spatula with concave and then tapering sides. On the other end it forms a
narrow deep scoop.
Mended from two pieces; the spatula is partially preserved. Good patina along
half the length, on the scoop side, but the rest is corroded.
Length: Total preserved 123 mm, middle shaft ~90 mm, spatula preserved
only for ~20 mm, scoop ~10 mm long. Width: spatula preserved 13 mm. Diameter:
shaft 3-2 mm, scoop 3.5 mm.
The spatula probe B 115aa and the spatula scoop B 115ab are quite common
medical tools encountered in medical sets9.
Bronze tube catheter or clyster tip B 115b10 (Figs 8.1-3)
Fig 8.1
Fig 8.2
For similar spatula probes see Hygeia. Health, Illness, Treatment from Homer to Galen (N. Chr. Stampolidis,
Y. Tassoulas, eds), Athens 2014, cat. no 189, 21 (N. Palaiokrassa).
10 THEMELIS Petros G., TOURATSOGLOU Yiannis P., The Derveni Tombs, TAP, Athens 1997 (in
Greek, English summary), 91.
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Fig 8.3
Bronze tube B 115b, front and back tip ( D. Ignatiadou)
Bronze tapered tube. The cylindrical shape is formed from a sheet of bronze
curved lengthwise and preserving a tight seam. The narrow end has a plain but
rounded mouth. The wide upper end has two ring collars: one at the end, creating a
flat mouth, and one 6 mm below the first.
Both rings are either broken or intentionally open (the lower one in two
places).
Length 91 mm. Diameter 8 mm (end ring), 9 mm (second ring), body starts 4
mm narrow end.
The bronze tube B 115b is a rather rare find of a medical tool that was
probably very common, but is today usually difficult to identify because of its simple
shape. Tapered tubes were used for the drainage of body fluids and for the
introduction to the body of medicinal fluids. Such occasions, described in the literary
sources, are the drainage of water from patients with dropsy, the treatment of
occluded vagina, the release of urine in blocked or inflamed urethra conditions, etc.
The latter was in the Roman times done with catheters, i.e. curving tubes with a side
eye near the tip. Catheters of small size were designed for use on women; to
manually draw urine when the bladder passage had been blocked by a bladder stone
or a blood clot11. Additionally, simple tapered tubes with an attached pouch were
used as clysters for vaginal/uterine and rectal injections; the two collar rings at the
upper end were perhaps intended for fastening the pouch12. A similar, slightly
smaller, tube has been found in the contemporary burial of a doctor in Makrygialos,
JACKSON Ralph, Cutting for stone: Roman lithotomy instruments in the Museo Nazionale
Romano, Medicina nei Secoli. Arte e Scienza (V. Gazzaniga, ed.), 22, 1-3, 2010, 393-418, figs 1-6.
12 JACKSON Ralph, The surgical instruments, appliances and equipment in Celsus De medicina, La
mdecine de Celse. Aspects historiques, scientifiques et littraires, Centre Jean-Palerne, Saint-tienne 1994, 167210, esp. 184-187, fig. 4.3.
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Macedonia13 and a gilded one was retrieved from the doctors grave in Paphos,
Cyprus (late 2nd-early 3rd century AD)14.
The aforementioned elements was probably not restricted to the finds
discussed above. In the new light shed by the interpretation of those we can now
reconsider several other finds in the same burial:
The stone alabastra B 58 B 78, B 12515 (Figs 9.1-2)
Fig 9.1
Fig 9.2
Stone alabastra of both types from Derveni, grave B. 2 (Archaeological Museum of
Thessaloniki). Types of stone alabastra in Derveni, grave B (after THEMELIS and
TOURATSOGLOU, 82)
Unpublished. See above, Bronze pyxis.
Hygeia. Health, Illness, Treatment from Homer to Galen (N. Chr. Stampolidis, Y. Tassoulas, eds), Athens
2014, cat. no 188, inv. no 2548/53 (E. Zachariou-Kaila).
15 THEMELIS Petros G., TOURATSOGLOU Yiannis P., The Derveni Tombs, TAP, Athens 1997 (in
Greek, English summary), 80-83.
13
14
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A large number of stone alabastra were found along the west side of the grave
and its southwest corner: 21 complete or nearly complete vessels as well as ten more
fragments. The alabastra have been manufactured from gypsum, not the veined
Egyptian alabaster. They are of two types and can thus be attributed to two groups:
A. Ten medium sized vessels. Wide convex disk-mouth, short
cylindrical neck, convex shoulder, ovoid body, and curved bottom. Two
opposite very small horizontal lugs on the upper body. Interior carved
horizontally (Fig. 9.2 left). B 59, B 60, B 61, B 71, B 73, B 74, B 75, B
76, B 77, B 78. Height 115-200 mm, rim diameter 35-72 mm.
B. Eleven large vessels. Wide flat disk-mouth, short and
narrow cylindrical neck decorated with horizontal ridges, convex
shoulder, cylindrical tapered body, slightly curved bottom. Two
opposite vertical rectangular lugs on the upper body. Interior carved
vertically (Fig. 9.2 right). B 58, B 62, B 63, B 64, B 65, B 66, B 67, B 68,
B 69, B 70, B 72. Height 209-248 mm, rim diameter 61-70 mm.
These alabastra were until now interpreted as unguentaria filled with aromatic
oils offered to the deceased, or used during the funeral rites. It is a pity that they
have been thoroughly washed when they were found and that they do not preserve
their content. It is possible that they constituted a professional set of containers for
the medical substances used by the healer. Each group comprises 10-11 vessels
which differ from those in the other group in shape, size, and manufacture method;
the purpose of this distinction is unclear.
Furthermore, a bronze funnel-sieve (B 27 + B 82) could have been used for
pouring preparations in containers16, a bronze lidded amphora (B 22) could contain a
special wine, or a wine-preparation, an iron tripod (B 107) could have supported a
bronze vessel over fire, etc. Similarly, some of the non-tableware bronze vessels in
the burial, e.g. aryter jugs or a lecane, could be associated with medical practise17.
Scientific investigation
In an effort to determine the nature of the contents and, consequently, the use
and ownership of the tripartite case and of the other metal containers, the analytical
laboratory of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki conducted physicochemical analysis on both. The investigation was carried out by the museum chemist
Christos Katsifas in collaboration with two departments of the Aristotle University
of Thessaloniki (the Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology,
16
Its perforated inner disk is erroneously attached here; it originates from a circular inkwell.
THEMELIS Petros G., TOURATSOGLOU Yiannis P., The Derveni Tombs, TAP, Athens 1997 (in
Greek, English summary),76-77, 74-75, and 77 respectively.
17
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The cakes in the two copper bowls (B 43 a-I, B43 b-I) (Fig. 6.2) are very
similar in composition and those could in fact be fragments of the same cake. They
consist of mostly amorphous (65-78%) materials, plus quartz/cristobalite and
gypsum.
A total of 53 organic fatty acids were determined in traces, in all the contents.
However, each cake contained a different group of the organic substances: ten in
B!35-I, 25 in B 35-II, eight in B 35-III, three in B43 a-I, seven in B 37-I. Only three
of the 53 substances are encountered in two cakes/contents. The substances have
been determined chemically and more effort will be made to determine their origin
in particular herbs, oils/fats, or condiments. It is however already evident that each
cake was intentionally prepared with a particular unique composition.
The intended use of the cakes is obviously pharmaceutical. Their full
identification however is pending until the final interpretation of the ingredients and
their compositions; at present only questions can be posed. The finger impressions
on cakes B 37-I and B 37-II (Figs 4.6-7) could perhaps supply more than the
fingerprints of the healer. Did he press with naked fingers before pinching an
amount to use as anti-haemorrhage on a wound or on a tooth or to make pills to be
administered to his patients? Does the surviving cellulose on cake B 37-II (Fig. 5.2)
show that he was using a cotton(?) swab to take the amount needed for an
ophthalmic epithema? What kind of preparation was necessary for cake B37-III
(Figs. 4.5, 4.8), that was obviously transferred to the case after it had been left to
settle in a small pyxis? The hematite (in pyxis B 37) (Fig. 5.2) was used for medical
purposes in antiquity, mainly for ophthalmic and bladder conditions19
The survival of medicaments of the pre-Roman period is extremely rare. A
later Italian find has also been scientifically investigated: the content of a small tin
pyxis retrieved from the 2nd century BC Pozzino shipwreck in Tuscany, near the
Etruscan city of Populonia20. The ship sunk probably in 140-130 BC, while carrying
merchandise from the Greek East (bronze vessels, pottery from Rhodes, Ephesos
and Pergamon) and Syro-Palestinian glass vessels. Aboard was probably also a
physician, travelling with his/her professional equipment in a wooden chest (tin
Ongoing research on inorganic substances or clay minerals focuses on their medicinal properties as
antibacterial or antifungal agents. On the Lemnian earth, DASEN Vronique, Magic and Medicine: the
Power of Seals, Gems of Heaven. Recent Research on Engraved Gemstones in Late Antiquity c. AD 200-600
(Chr. Entwistle, N. Adams, eds), London, 2011, 69-74. On the Samian earth, from the Aegean island of
Samos, as a most effective salve against eye infections, see PHOTOS-JONES Effie, KEANE Chloe,
STAMATAKIS Michael, HALL Alan J., LEANORD Alistair, Medicinal clays and earths: from geoarchaeological research to microbiological testing, 40th International Symposium on Archaeometry ISA 2014,
May 19-23, 2014, Los Angeles, California, Program and Abstract Book, abstract no 58, 67-68.
20 GIACHI G., PALLECHI P., ROMUALDI A., RIBECHINI E., LUCEIKO J. J., COLOMBINI M.
P., MARIOTTI LIPPI M., Ingredients of a 2,000-y-old medicine revealed by chemical, mineralogical,
and botanical investigation, PNAS, January 22, 2013, 110.4, 11931196.
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pyxides, 136 wooden vials, a small stone mortarium, a bronze cupping vessel and an
iron probe). Inside one tin pyxis were found five gray discoid tablets, ~4 cm across
and 1 cm thick. Analysis of one of those showed that it consists of more than 80%
organic components. Those include starch (obtained from boiled and dried wheat
flour), a mixture of vegetal and animal acyl lipids, beeswax, pine resin, and vegetal
charcoal. Palynological analysis showed the existence of mainly olive pollen but also
pollen of medicinal plants. The remaining inorganic part is 75% zinc plus silicon and
iron. The scientific team that conducted the analysis concluded the preparation was
for ophthalmic use, based on two facts: because zinc is reported by Pliny the Elder
and Dioscorides to have been used in eye and skin medicaments, and also because
the Latin term collyrium derives from the Greek kollyra, a small round loaf21. However,
it is more probable that the rich content in nutritional elements and the form of the
tablets resembling modern day pills, indicate that those were meant to be
swallowed22.
Other compartment cases and medical sets from Northern Greece
The cylindrical folding or semi-cylindrical bronze case is an uncommon but
not unique find in Northern Greece. A sophisticated folding case has been found in
another contemporary lite burial, at Oreokastrou street in Stavroupolis,
Thessaloniki23; not very far away from the Derveni B burial. In the Stavroupolis
grave had been lavishly buried, in the second half of the 4th century BC, the cremated
remains of a male individual, identified by the present author as a warrior, priest and
perhaps healer. The Stavroupolis case is a full cylinder consisting of two hinged
semi-cylinders (Fig. 10). It is also longer than the Derveni one and divided into more
and more diverse compartments24. The Stavroupolis excavation was unfortunately
not a fully controlled one, as the grave was discovered and hit by machinery during
construction work. It is therefore explainable that the case is now empty but it is
rather possible that that one was also a medical/writing case that had been interred
with its contents. In recent years, several compartment cases, and a few inkwells with
associated features, have been revealed among other grave-goods in Macedonian
On eye medicine, see JACKSON Ralph J., Eye medicine in the Roman Empire, Aufstieg und
Niedergang der Rmischen Welt (ANRW) / Rise and Decline of the Roman World (W. Haase, H. Temporini,
eds), II: Principate, 37.3, 2228-2251.
22 My sincere thanks to Alain Touwaide who shared with me his thoughts on this issue.
23 ROMIOPOULOU Katerina, Closed burial contexts of the late Classical period from Thessaloniki,
Festschrift to George Mylonas, III. Athens 1989, 194-218, pls 45-58 (in Greek).
24 Id., 215-216, no 23, pl. 57. Au royaume dAlexandre le Grand. La Macdoine antique (S. DescampsLequime, ed.), Paris 2011, cat. no 228 (D. Ignatiadou). IGNATIADOU Despina, The Stavroupolis
priest-warrior, The Greeks. Agamemnon to Alexander the Great (M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki, A. Balaska, eds.),
Athens 2014, 388-401, esp. cat. no 384 (D. Ignatiadou).
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burials25. Those bronze finds are not close parallels of the Derveni case, as they are
of different types, yet they are proof of the established presence of professional
doctors in the region. The Derveni case, in its original full version would have been
comparable only to the Stavroupolis case.
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Fig. 11 : Medical case from Traianoupolis, Thrace (after Hygeia, cat. no 194)
Bronze pyxides of the type found in Derveni, grave B are not rare, although
they rarely preserve their content. Three examples were found in the contemporary
so called doctors grave in ancient Pydna, Macedonia, unfortunately empty. The
grave, no 66, was unearthed in Alykes Kitrous and contained also a bronze cupping
cup, two bronze tools, a pair of iron tongs, five iron scalpels, an iron strigil, and a
bone cylindrical case (Fig. 12). Four more small pyxides were found in another
contemporary grave in nearby Makrygialos, fortunately preserving some kind of
content. That grave contained also a pair of iron tongs, a bronze and an iron spatula,
a bronze tube, an iron strigil, and the lid of a bone cylindrical case28.
Fig. 12 : Bronze pyxides, cupping cup, tool, and bone case from the doctors grave
in ancient Pydna (Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki)
28
Unpublished.
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On the Derveni krater see BARR-SHARRAR Beryl, The Derveni Krater, Masterpiece of Classical Greek
metalwork, Princeton 2008, with earlier bibliography.
30 IGNATIADOU Despina, The symbolic krater, Le cratre volutes, Destinations dun vase de prestige entre
Grecs et non Grecs, Colloque International, Paris 2012, Cahiers du Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, France,
2, Paris 2014, 43-59.
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the great doctor was called to Macedonia to treat king Perdikas II. Hippocrates died
in Larissa and was buried there31. Ancient sources attest to the origins of the cult of
Asclepius in Trikka, Thessaly32, while it has been suggested that the inspiration for
the gods figure was perhaps originally a local healer who reached the status of a hero
in the Iliad33. A claim to descent from the regional hero by the most influential local
family is a usual pattern in early societies; thus it is most probable that the Aleuadai
family members righteously claimed not only political and military offices, but also
sacerdotal duties, which was an aspect of the lite healer.
The numerous weapons and the armour deposited in the grave indicate that
the man was a warrior, a horseman of the lite class of the hetairoi, the royal
companions. This military aspect of his elevated social status did not at all contradict
his identity of a healer; on the contrary it was regarded a continuation of the heroic
tradition of warrior healers, like the original Asclepiadae Podaleirios and Machaon34.
Additionally, one of the Derveni grave goods, a precious belonging of the
deceased was a board game with glass counters that were played on a folding
wooden board with iron corner reinforcements (Fig. 13)35. This board is an early
forerunner of the thoroughly studied Stanway board36, which was revealed in an lite
burial in Roman England. The 1st century AD board was employed for a similar, if
not the same, kind of game. Although the chronological, geographical and cultural
distance does not permit any direct association, the similarities between the two
burials bring out the similar profile of the two deceased individuals. The Stanway
deceased was a druid and surgeon; the Derveni deceased was a warrior, priest, and
healer. They both owned a board game; not merely a prized possession ultimately
interred in their graves but probably an attribute of their status37. A re-appraisal of
the use of a board game by healers, throughout antiquity, is now necessary. The
31
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priestly duties of the deceased men probably included also acts of divination, a
notion inherent in the playing of board games, the outcome of which is influenced
by luck, i.e. divine favour. It is therefore possible that the game was not merely used
as a pastime but played a role in the cultic and perhaps also the healing duties of the
men. Was the game a means to achieve relaxed contacts of the healer and the patient,
thus creating optimum conditions of diagnosis and cure? Or was it even a means of
divination aiming to answer questions posed by the pious and the ailing on the
future, the inevitable death, the prognosis of a disease, the aspiration to a successful
treatment?
112
philosopher or poet39. Galen himself had already attracted attention to the dual
identity of the physician by writing a homonymous treatise (That the best physician is
also a philosopher) and thus illustrating the status of the literate professional who
cannot merely read but is also himself the author of the administered prescriptions
and of medical treatises40.
It is very tempting to consider the family buried in Derveni an Asclepiadae
family, in the wider sense of a lineage of high rank healers, who consider themselves
descendants of a local healing hero or even Asclepios himself. The deposition of the
Orphic papyrus41 in the neighbouring male burial A of a literate man who was
related to the deceased in burial B42 and the Orphic-Pythagorean aspects of both
burials may also open a window for an association of that family with the authoring
of the Hippocratic oath in the early 4th century BC.
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