Homework4(Chapter15)

Homework4(Chapter15)

WaveandParticleVelocityVectorDrawing
Alongstringisstretchedanditsleftendisoscillatedupwardanddownward.TwopointsonthestringarelabeledA
andB.

PartA
and v ,tocorrectlyrepresentthe
PointsAandBareindicatedonthestring.Orientthetwovectors,v A
B
directionofthewavevelocityatpointsAandB.

Rotatethegivenvectorstoindicatethedirectionofthewavevelocityattheindicatedpoints.

Hint1.Distinguishingbetweenwavevelocityandparticlevelocity
Awaveisacollectivedisturbancethat,typically,travelsthroughsomemedium,inthiscasealonga
string.Thevelocityoftheindividualparticlesofthemediumarequitedistinctfromthevelocityofthe
waveasitpassesthroughthemedium.Infact,inatransversewavesuchasawaveonastring,the
wavevelocityandparticlevelocitiesareperpendicular.

Hint2.Wavevelocity
Awaveonastretchedstringtravelsawayfromthesourceofthewavealongthelengthofthestring.
ANSWER:

Correct
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Homework4(Chapter15)

PartB
and v tocorrectlyrepresentthedirectionofthevelocityof
Attheinstantshown,orientthegivenvectorsv A
B
pointsAandB.

AteachofthepointsAandB,rotatethegivenvectortoindicatethedirectionofthevelocity.

Hint1.Distinguishingbetweenwavevelocityandparticlevelocity
Awaveisacollectivedisturbancethat,typically,travelsthroughsomemedium,inthiscasealonga
string.Thevelocityoftheindividualparticlesofthemediumarequitedistinctfromthevelocityofthe
waveasitpassesthroughthemedium.Infact,inatransversewavesuchasawaveonastring,the
wavevelocityandparticlevelocitiesareperpendicular.

Hint2.Determiningvelocityfromasnapshot
Thediagramrepresentsthepositionofasmallportionofthestringataspecificinstantoftime:a
snapshotofthestringatthistime.Basedononlyasnapshot,youcannotdeterminethevelocityofan
object,suchasapointonthestring.However,youalsoknowthattheleftendofthestringisthesource
ofthewavedisturbance.FromthisinformationyoucandeducewhatisabouttohappentopointAs
position,andfromthischangeinpositiondeducethedirectionofpointAsvelocity(andsimilarlyfor
pointB).

Hint3.FindthechangeinpointAsposition
Basedonthelocationofthesourceofthewave(theleftendofthestring),willthewavecresttothe
immediateleftofpointAsoonraiseorlowerpointAsposition?
ANSWER:
raise
lower

Hint4.FindthechangeinpointBsposition
Basedonthelocationofthesourceofthewave(theleftendofthestring),willthewavetroughtothe
immediateleftofpointBsoonraiseorlowerpointBsposition?
ANSWER:
raise
lower

ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Correct

Exercise15.4
Ultrasoundisthenamegiventofrequenciesabovethehumanrangeofhearing,whichisabout20000Hz .Waves
abovethisfrequencycanbeusedtopenetratethebodyandtoproduceimagesbyreflectingfromsurfaces.Ina
typicalultrasoundscan,thewavestravelwithaspeedof1500m/s.Foragooddetailedimage,thewavelength
shouldbenomorethan1.0mm.

PartA
Whatfrequencyisrequired?
ANSWER:
f

= 1.50106 Hz

Correct

SpeedofRowingandSwimming
Adisplacementboat(generallyamovingobjectheldupbybuoyancyofthewater)generatesawavethattravels
alongsideatthespeedoftheboatwiththefirstwavecrestatthebowoftheboat.Becausethewavelength
increaseswiththeboat'sspeed,aboveacertainspeedthesecondcrestappearsasternoftheboat,sothatthe
boatmusttraveluphillonthewaveitcreates.Ifitlacksthepowertogetoverthetopofthiswave,itsspeedis
limitedtoroughlythespeedofawavewiththelengthoftheboat.Hencewehavethefollowingruleofthumb:
Themaximumspeedofamodestlypoweredboatisapproximatelyequalto(actually,alittlefasterthan)thewave
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Homework4(Chapter15)

whosewavelengthequalsthelengthoftheboatmeasuredatthewaterline.
Empirically,thepropagationvelocityofwaterwavesis

v=

wherek isthewavenumberandg isthegravitationalconstant.Inpartsthataskfornumericalanswers,use

2
g = 9.81m/s .

PartA
Findthevelocityofwaterwavesv intermsofthewavelength .
Expressthevelocityintermsof andconstantslike g and .

Hint1.Findkintermsof
Expressthewavenumberk intermsof .
Youranswermayalsoincludeconstantslike .
ANSWER:
k

ANSWER:

g
2

Correct

Aneightpersonshell(or"eight")isalightrowingcraftapproximately17.6mlongwitheightrowersandacoxswain
whosteersandcallsthestroke.Assumethatthespeedoftheshellislimitedaccordingtotherulegiveninthe
introduction.

PartB
EstimatethetimeT 8 ittakesan"eight"totravel2000m.
Expressthetimenumerically,inseconds,tothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Estimatethespeedoftheboat
Findv 8 ,themaximumspeedoftheeight.
Expressyouranswernumerically,inmeters/second,tothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v8

= 5.24 m/s

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Homework4(Chapter15)

ANSWER:
T8

= 382 s

Correct
Agoodtimeforaneightoverthisdistance(onetypicallyusedinUScollegecrewraces)is390s.

PartC
EstimatethetimeT 100 ittakesagoodhumanswimmer,1.80mtall,toswim100m.Assumethatthespeedof
theswimmerislimitedbyhisorherheight.
Expressthetimenumerically,inseconds,tothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Estimatethespeedoftheswimmer
Findthemaximumspeedv 100 oftheswimmer,accordingtotherulegivenintheproblemintroduction.
Expressyouranswernumerically,inmeters/second,accuratetothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v 100

= 1.68 m/s

ANSWER:
T 100

= 59.7 s

Correct
Asof2002,theworldrecordforaswimmerwhokicksoffthewallsofa25mpoolfourtimesis46.74sfor
thefreestyleand57.47sforthebreaststroke.
Theseexamplesshowthepowerofsimplerules.Theygiveestimatesvalidatthe10%or20%level,but
theseestimatesapplyoverawiderangeofsituationsthatarefundamentallythesame(fromthepointof
viewoftheunderlyingphysics).

StandardExpressionforaTravelingWave
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandthestandardformulaforasinusoidaltravelingwave.
Oneformulaforawavewithaydisplacement(e.g.,ofastring)travelinginthexdirectionis
y(x, t) = A sin(kx t)

Allthequestionsinthisproblemrefertothisformulaandtothewaveitdescribes.

PartA

Whichofthefollowingareindependentvariables?

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Hint1.Whatareindependentvariables?
Independentvariablesarethosethatarefreelyvariedtocontrolthevalueofthefunction.The
independentvariablestypicallyappearonthehorizontalaxisofaplotofthefunction.
ANSWER:
x
t

only

only

A
k

only

only

only

andt

andt

andk and

Correct

PartB
Whichofthefollowingareparametersthatdeterminethecharacteristicsofthewave?

Hint1.Whatareparameters?
Parametersareconstantsthatdeterminethecharacteristicsofaparticularfunction.Forawavethese
includetheamplitude,frequency,wavelength,andperiodofthewave.
ANSWER:
x
t

only

only

A
k

only

only

only

andt

andt

andk and

Correct

PartC
Whatisthephase(x, t) ofthewave?

Expressthephaseintermsofoneormoregivenvariables(A,k ,x ,t ,and )andanyneeded

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Homework4(Chapter15)

constantslike.

Hint1.Definitionofphase
Thephaseistheargumentofthetrigfunction,whichisexpressedinradians.
ANSWER:
(x, t)

kx t

Correct

PartD
Whatisthewavelength ofthewave?
Expressthewavelengthintermsofoneormoregivenvariables( A, k , x, t,and )andanyneeded
constantslike.

Hint1.Findingthewavelength
Considertheformofthewaveattimet = 0 .Thewavecrossestheyaxis,slopingupwardatx = 0.
Thewavelengthisthexpositionatwhichthewavenextcrossestheyaxis,slopingupward(i.e.,the
lengthofonecompletecycleofoscillation).
ANSWER:

2
k

Correct

PartE
WhatistheperiodT ofthiswave?
Expresstheperiodintermsofoneormoregivenvariables( A, k , x, t,and )andanyneeded
constantslike.
ANSWER:
T

Correct

PartF
Whatisthespeedofpropagationv ofthiswave?

Expressthespeedofpropagationintermsofoneormoregivenvariables(A,k ,x ,t ,and )andany

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Homework4(Chapter15)

neededconstantslike .

Hint1.Howtofindv
Ifyou'vedonethepreviouspartsofthisproblem,youhavefoundthewavelengthandtheperiodofthis
wave.Thespeedofpropagationisafunctionofthesetwoquantities:v = /T .
ANSWER:
v

Correct

AntonaTightrope
AlargeantisstandingonthemiddleofacircustightropethatisstretchedwithtensionT s .Theropehasmassper
unitlength .Wantingtoshaketheantofftherope,atightropewalkermovesherfootupanddownneartheendof
thetightrope,generatingasinusoidaltransversewaveofwavelength andamplitudeA.Assumethatthe
magnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravityisg .

PartA
WhatistheminimumwaveamplitudeAmin suchthattheantwillbecomemomentarily"weightless"atsome
pointasthewavepassesunderneathit?Assumethatthemassoftheantistoosmalltohaveanyeffecton
thewavepropagation.
Expresstheminimumwaveamplitudeintermsof T s , , ,and g .

Hint1.Weightandweightless
Weightisgenerallydefinedasbeingtheequalandoppositeforcetothenormalforce.Onaflatsurface
inastaticsituation,theweightisequaltotheforceduetogravityactingonamass.
"Weightless"isamorecolloquialtermmeaningthatifyousteppedonascale(e.g.,inafallingelevator)
itwouldreadzero.Thinkaboutwhathappenstothenormalforceinthissituation.
Notethattheforceduetogravitydoesnotchangeandwouldstillbethesameaswhentheelevatorwas
static.

Hint2.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Inthecontextofthisproblem,whenwilltheantbecome"weightless"?
ANSWER:
Whenithasnonetforceactingonit
Whenthenormalforceofthestringequalsitsweight
Whenthenormalforceofthestringequalstwiceitsweight
Whenthestringhasadownwardaccelerationofmagnitudeg

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Correct
Theantwillbecome"weightless"whenthenormalforcebetweenthestringandtheantbecomes
zero.Oncethishappens,gravityistheonlyforceactingontheanttheantwillbecome
"weightless"andwillacceleratedownwardundertheinfluenceofgravityalone.
Thissameeffectcanbeobserved,toalesserdegree,inanelevator.Whenanelevatoraccelerates
downward,wefeellighter.Ifthisdownwardaccelerationisequaltog thenwefeeleffectively
"weightless",sincethenormalforceonusfromtheelevatorfloorgoestozero.
Tosolvethisproblem,youmustdeterminetheamplitudeforwhichthemaximumaccelerationofa
pointonthestringisequaltog .

Hint3.Findthemaximumaccelerationofthestring
Assumethatthewavepropagatesasy(x, t)
accelerationa max ofapointonthestring?

= A sin(t kx)

.Whatisthemaximumdownward

Expressthemaximumdownwardaccelerationintermsof andanyquantitiesgiveninthe
problemintroduction.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Usetheformulagivenforthedisplacementofthestringtofindtheaccelerationofthestringasa
functionofpositionandtime.Thendeterminewhatthemaximumvalueofthisaccelerationis.(At
sometime,thebitofropeunderneaththeantwillhavethismaximumdownwardacceleration.)

Hint2.Accelerationofapointonthestring
Findtheverticalaccelerationa y (x, t) ofanarbitrarypointonthestringasafunctionoftime.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofA, , t, k ,and x.

Hint1.Howtofindtheacceleration
Differentiatetheexpressiongivenfory(x, t),thedisplacementofapointonthestring,
twice.

Hint2.Thefirstderivative
Differentiatethegivenequationforthedisplacementofthestringy(x, t)tofindthe
verticalvelocityv y (x, t) oftherope.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofA,, t, k ,and x.
ANSWER:
v y (x, t)

Acos(t kx)

ANSWER:
a y (x, t)

Asin(kx t)

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Correct
Hint3.Findthemaximumdownwardacceleration
Themaximumdownwardaccelerationa max isthemostnegativepossiblevalueofa y (x, t) .As
thewavepassesbeneaththeant,atsometimeoranothertheantwillbeatapointwherethe
accelerationofthestringhasthismostnegativevalue.
Whatisa max ?
Expressyouranswerintermsofandquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.

Hint1.Whenwilltheaccelerationreachitsmostnegativevalue?
Themostnegativeaccelerationoccurswhensin(t kx)

= 1

ANSWER:
a max

Hint4.Determineintermsofgivenquantities
Theangularfrequencyofthewaveinthestringwasnotgivenintheproblemintroduction.To
solvetheproblem,findanexpressionforintermsofgivenquantities.
ExpresstheangularfrequencyintermsofT s , , ,and .

Hint1.Howtoapproachthisquestion
Combineageneralformulafor,arelationshipamongfrequency,wavelength,and
velocity,andaformulaforthevelocityofawaveonastringtofindanexpressionforin
termsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.

Hint2.Generalformulafor
Theangularfrequencyofawaveisequalto2timesthenormalfrequency:

= 2f

Hint3.Relationshipamongfrequency,wavelength,andvelocity
Thefrequency,wavelength,andvelocityofawavearerelatedbyv

= f

Hint4.Speedofawaveonastring
Whatisthespeedv ofanywaveonthestringdescribedintheproblemintroduction?
ANSWER:

Ts

ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Ts

ANSWER:

a max

Ts

) A

IncorrectTryAgain9attemptsremaining
Hint4.Puttingitalltogether
Onceyouhaveanexpressionforthemaximumaccelerationofapointonthestringa max ,determine
whatamplitudeisrequiredsuchthata max = g.ThiswillbetheminimumamplitudeAmin forwhich
theantbecomesweightless.
ANSWER:
2

A min

g(

Ts

Correct

Exercise15.7
Transversewavesonastringhavewavespeedv = 8.00 m/s,amplitudeA = 0.0700 m ,andwavelength
= 0.320 m .Thewavestravelinthexdirection,andat t = 0 thex = 0endofthestringhasitsmaximum
upwarddisplacement.

PartA
Findthefrequencyofthesewaves.
ANSWER:
f

= 25.0 Hz

Correct

PartB
Findtheperiodofthesewaves.
ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)

4.00102 s

Correct

PartC
Findthewavenumberofthesewaves.
ANSWER:
k

= 19.6 rad/m

Correct

PartD
Writeawavefunctiondescribingthewave.
Expressyouranswerintermsofthevariablesxand t.
ANSWER:
y(x, t)

0.07cos(19.6x + 157t)

Correct

PartE
Findthetransversedisplacementofaparticleatx

= 0.360 m

attime t

= 0.150 s

ANSWER:
y

= 4.95102 m

Correct

PartF
HowmuchtimemustelapsefromtheinstantinpartEuntiltheparticleatx
upwarddisplacement?

= 0.360 m

nexthasmaximum

Expressyouranswerusingthreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
t

= 5.00103 s

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Correct

WavePropagationinaStringofVaryingDensity
ConsiderastringoftotallengthL ,madeupofthreesegmentsofequallength.Themassperunitlengthofthefirst
segmentis ,thatofthesecondis2 ,andthatofthethird /4 .Thethirdsegmentistiedtoawall,andthestring
isstretchedbyaforceofmagnitudeT s appliedtothefirstsegmentT s ismuchgreaterthanthetotalweightofthe
string.

PartA
Howlongwillittakeatransversewavetopropagatefromoneendofthestringtotheother?
ExpressthetimetintermsofL, ,and T s .

Hint1.Howdothesegmentsdiffer?
Considereachsegmentofthestringseperately.Whichquantitiesarethesameandwhicharedifferent
ineachofthethreesegments?

Hint1.Generalformulaforthespeedofatransversewaveonastring
Considerasectionofstringwithmassperunitlength undertensionT s .Thespeedv with
whichatransversewavetravelsalongthissegmentofthestringisgivenby

v=

Ts

ANSWER:
Boththewavevelocityandthetensioninthestringarethesameinallthreesegments.
Boththewavevelocityandthetensionaredifferentinthethreesegments.
Thewavevelocityisthesameineachsegmentbutthetensionisdifferent.
Thetensionisthesameineachsegmentbutthewavevelocityisdifferent.

Hint2.Example:speedinthesecondsegment
Findv 2 ,thespeedofpropagationofthewaveinthesecondsegmentofthestringdescribedinthe
problemintroduction.
Expressthewavespeedonthesecondsegmentintermsof T s , ,andanyconstants.

Hint1.Generalformulaforthespeedofatransversewaveonastring
Considerasectionofstringwithmassperunitlength undertensionT s .Thespeedv with
whichatransversewavetravelsalongthissegmentofthestringisgivenby

v=

Ts

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Homework4(Chapter15)

ANSWER:

v2

Ts
2

Hint3.Somemathhelp
Recallthat

a
b/c

ac
b

and

m + n m + n

ANSWER:

Ts

Ts
2

L
3

4T s

Correct
Thechangesindensityalongthestringaresudden,andthewavewillexperiencethemasboundaries.
Thiswillcauseafractionofthewave(energy,amplitude)tobereflected,whiletherestistransmittedat
eachboundary.Althoughthiswillnotaffectthetimeittakesforthewavetoreachtheendofthestring
(thusitisnotdirectlyrelevanttothisquestion),thewave'samplitudewillbereduced.Also,afterthemain
wavehasarrived,wemayobservelaterarrivalsofwavesthathavereflectedbackandforthbetweenthe
boundariesbeforefinallyreachingtheendofthestring.

TwoVelocitiesinaTravelingWave
Wavemotionischaracterizedbytwovelocities:thevelocitywithwhichthewavemovesinthemedium(e.g.,airor
astring)andthevelocityofthemedium(theairorthestringitself).
Consideratransversewavetravelinginastring.Themathematicalformofthewaveis
y(x, t) = A sin(kx t)

PartA
Findthespeedofpropagationv p ofthiswave.
Expressthevelocityofpropagationintermsofsomeorallofthevariables A, k ,and .

Hint1.Performanintermediatestep
Notethatthephaseofthewave(kx t),andthereforethedisplacementofthestring,isequalto
zeroat(x, t) = (0, 0) .
Atwhatpositionx

= x

isthephaseequaltozeroashorttimet

= t

later?

Expressyouranswerintermsoft,,and k .
ANSWER:
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Homework4(Chapter15)

t
k

ANSWER:
vp

Correct

PartB
Findtheyvelocityv y (x, t) ofapointonthestringasafunctionofxandt.
Expresstheyvelocityintermsof , A, k , x,and t.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Intheproblemintroduction,youaregivenanexpressionfory(x, t),thedisplacementofthestringasa
functionofxandt.Tofindtheyvelocity,takethepartialderivativeofy(x, t)withrespecttotime.That
is,takethetimederivativeofy(x, t)whiletreatingxasaconstant.

Hint2.Ahelpfulderivative
d
dt

sin(at + b) = a cos(at + b)

ANSWER:
v y (x, t)

Acos(kx t)

Correct

PartC
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutv x (x, t) ,thexcomponentofthevelocityofthestring,istrue?

Hint1.Howtoapproachthisquestion
Youaregivenaformfory(x, t).Youarenotgivenanyinformationaboutx(x, t),butitisassumed
thateachpointonthestringonlymovesintheydirection,i.e.x(x, t) = 0.
ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)

v x (x, t) = v p

v x (x, t) = v y (x, t)
v x (x, t)

hasthesamemathematicalformasv y (x, t) butis180 outofphase.

v x (x, t) = 0

Correct
Sothewavemovesinthexdirection,eventhoughthestringdoesnot.Whatthismeansisthateven
thoughindividualpointsonthestringonlymoveupanddown,agivenshapeorpatternofpoints(inthis
sinusoidal)willmovetotherightastimeprogresses.

PartD
Findtheslopeofthestring

y(x,t)
x

asafunctionofpositionxandtimet.

ExpressyouranswerintermsofA,k , , x,and t.

Hint1.Ahelpfulderivative
d
dx

cos(ax + b) = a sin(ax + b)

ANSWER:
y(x,t)
x

Akcos(kx t)

Correct

PartE
Findtheratiooftheyvelocityofthestringtotheslopeofthestringcalculatedinthepreviouspart.
Expressyouranswerasasuitablecombinationofsomeofthevariables , k ,and v p .
ANSWER:
v y (x,t)
y(x,t)

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Correct
Tounderstandwhytheratiooftheyvelocityofthestringtoitsslopeisconstant,drawthestringwitha
waverunningalongitattimet = 0 .Inthevicinityofx = 0,thestringisslopedupward.Thebitofstring
atpositionx = 0movesdownwardasthewavemovesforward.Onehalfcyclelater,thestringinthe
vicinityofx = 0willbeslopeddownward,andthestringatpositionx = 0willmoveupwardasthewave
movesforward.
Ingeneral,ifatsomeparticular(x, t) theslopeofthestringispositive(y(x, t)/x > 0),thatbitof
stringwillbemovingdownward(v y (x, t) < 0 ).Iftheslopeat (x, t) isnegative,thatbitofstringwillbe
movingupward.Thisexplainswhythesignoftheratioofstringvelocitytoslopeisalwaysnegative.
Onewayofunderstandingwhytheratiohasaconstantmagnitudeistoobservethatthemoresteeplythe
stringissloped,themorequicklyitwillmoveupordown.

Exercise15.25
Ajetplaneattakeoffcanproducesoundofintensity10.0W/m2 at30.6maway.Butyoupreferthetranquil
2
soundofnormalconversation,whichis1.0W/m .Assumethattheplanebehaveslikeapointsourceofsound.

PartA
Whatistheclosestdistanceyoushouldlivefromtheairportrunwaytopreserveyourpeaceofmind?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
r

= 97 km

Correct

PartB
Whatintensityfromthejetdoesyourfriendexperienceifshelivestwiceasfarfromtherunwayasyoudo?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
I

= 0.25 W/m2

Correct

PartC
Whatpowerofsounddoesthejetproduceattakeoff?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)
P

= 1.2105 W

Correct

Exercise15.22
Apianowirewithmass2.55gandlength80.0cmisstretchedwithatensionof32.0N.Awavewithfrequency
120Hzandamplitude1.50mmtravelsalongthewire.

PartA
Calculatetheaveragepowercarriedbythewave.
ANSWER:
P

= 0.204 W

Correct

PartB
Whathappenstotheaveragepowerifthewaveamplitudeishalved?
ANSWER:
P

= 5.11102 W

Correct

Exercise15.34
Twopulsesaremovinginoppositedirectionsat1.0cm/sonatautstring,asshowninthefigure.Eachsquareis
1.0cm.

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Homework4(Chapter15)

PartA
Sketchtheshapeofthestringattheendof6.0s
ANSWER:

PartB
Sketchtheshapeofthestringattheendof7.0s
ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)

PartC
Sketchtheshapeofthestringattheendof8.0s .
ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Correct

CreatingaStandingWave
LearningGoal:
Toseehowtwotravelingwavesofthesamefrequencycreateastandingwave.
Consideratravelingwavedescribedbytheformula
y (x, t) = A sin(kx t)
1

Thisfunctionmightrepresentthelateraldisplacementofastring,alocalelectricfield,thepositionofthesurfaceof
abodyofwater,oranyofanumberofotherphysicalmanifestationsofwaves.

PartA
Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthewavedescribedintheproblemintroductioniscorrect?
ANSWER:
Thewaveistravelinginthe+x direction.
Thewaveistravelinginthex direction.
Thewaveisoscillatingbutnottraveling.
Thewaveistravelingbutnotoscillating.

Correct

PartB
Whichoftheexpressionsgivenisamathematicalexpressionforawaveofthesameamplitudethatistraveling
intheoppositedirection?Attimet = 0 thisnewwaveshouldhavethesamedisplacementasy1 (x, t) ,the
wavedescribedintheproblemintroduction.
ANSWER:
A cos(kx t)

A cos(kx + t)

A sin(kx t)

A sin(kx + t)

Correct

Theprincipleofsuperpositionstatesthatiftwofunctionseachseparatelysatisfythewaveequation,thenthesum
(ordifference)alsosatisfiesthewaveequation.Thisprinciplefollowsfromthefactthateveryterminthewave
equationislinearintheamplitudeofthewave.
Considerthesumoftwowavesy1 (x, t) + y2 (x, t) ,wherey1 (x, t) isthewavedescribedinPartAandy2 (x, t) is
thewavedescribedinPartB.Thesewaveshavebeenchosensothattheirsumcanbewrittenasfollows:
(x, t) =

(x)

(t)

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Homework4(Chapter15)
y (x, t) = y (x)y (t)
s

Thisformissignificantbecauseye (x) ,calledtheenvelope,dependsonlyonposition,andyt (t)dependsonlyon

time.Traditionally,thetimefunctionistakentobeatrigonometricfunctionwithunitamplitudethatis,theoverall
amplitudeofthewaveiswrittenaspartofye (x) .

PartC
Findye (x) andyt (t).Keepinmindthatyt (t)shouldbeatrigonometricfunctionofunitamplitude.
ExpressyouranswersintermsofA,k , x, ,and t.Separatethetwofunctionswithacomma.

Hint1.Ausefulidentity
Ausefultrigonometricidentityforthisproblemis
sin(A + B) = sin(A) cos(B) + cos(A) sin(B)

Hint2.Applyingtheidentity
Sinceyoureallyneedanidentityforsin(A B),simplyreplaceBbyBintheidentityfromHintC.1,
keepinginmindthatsin(x) = sin(x).
ANSWER:
y (x)
e

, yt (t)=

2Asin(kx), cos(t)

Correct

PartD
Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesuperpositionwaveys (x, t) iscorrect?
ANSWER:
Thiswaveistravelinginthe+x direction.
Thiswaveistravelinginthex direction.
Thiswaveisoscillatingbutnottraveling.
Thiswaveistravelingbutnotoscillating.

Correct
Awavethatoscillatesinplaceiscalledastandingwave.Becauseeachpartofthestringoscillateswith
thesamephase,thewavedoesnotappeartomoveleftorrightrather,itoscillatesupanddownonly.

PartE
Atthepositionx
present)?

= 0

,whatisthedisplacementofthestring(assumingthatthestandingwaveys (x, t) is

Expressyouranswerintermsofparametersgivenintheproblemintroduction.
ANSWER:
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Homework4(Chapter15)
y s (x = 0, t)

= 0

Correct
Thiscouldbeausefulpropertyofthisstandingwave,sinceitcouldrepresentastringtiedtoapostor
otherwiseconstrainedatpositionx = 0.Suchsolutionswillbeimportantintreatingnormalmodesthat
arisewhentherearetwosuchconstraints.

PartF
Atcertaintimes,thestringwillbeperfectlystraight.Findthefirsttimet1

> 0

whenthisistrue.

Expresst1 intermsof, k ,andnecessaryconstants.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Thestringcanbestraightonlywhencos(t) = 0 ,forthen ys (x, t) = 0 also(forallx).Foranyother
valueofcos(t) ,ys (x, t) willbeasinusoidalfunctionofpositionx.
ANSWER:
t1

Correct

PartG
FromPartFweknowthatthestringisperfectlystraightattimet =

.Whichofthefollowingstatements

doesthestring'sbeingstraightimplyabouttheenergystoredinthestring?
a. Thereisnoenergystoredinthestring:Thestringwillremainstraightforallsubsequenttimes.
b. Energywillflowintothestring,causingthestandingwavetoformatalatertime.

c. Althoughthestringisstraightattime t =
,partsofthestringhavenonzerovelocity.
2

Therefore,thereisenergystoredinthestring.
d. Thetotalmechanicalenergyinthestringoscillatesbutisconstantifaveragedoveracomplete
cycle.
ANSWER:
a
b
c
d

Correct

WhytheHighestPianoNotesHaveShortStrings

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Thesteelusedforpianowirehasabreaking(tensile)strengthpT ofabout3 10 9
3
7800 kg/m .

N/m

andadensity of

PartA
Whatisthespeedv ofawavetravelingdownsuchawireifthewireisstretchedtoitsbreakingpoint?
Expressthespeedofthewavenumerically,inmeterspersecond,tothenearestinteger.

Hint1.Findthetravelingwavespeedinastretchedstring
Whatisthespeedv ofatravelingwaveinastretchedstringwhichhasmassperunitlength andis
undertensionFT ?
AnswerintermsofFT and .

Hint1.Usedimensionalanalysis
Onewaytoanswerthistypeofproblemistoconsiderthedimensionsofthequantitiesinvolved.
Forceandmassperunitlengthhavedimensionskg m s 2 andkg m1 respectively,
whereaswerequireananswerwithdimensionsofm s 1 .ThereisonlyonecombinationofFT
and thathasthecorrectdimensions.
Notethatthismethoddoesnotgivethevalueofanyconstantmultiplieroftherelation.
ANSWER:

FT

Correct
Hint2.Expressv intermsoftensilestrengthanddensity
Whatisthespeedv ofatravelingwaveintermsofthetensilestrengthpT andwiredensity ?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
AssumethatthewirehascrosssectionalareaA.ThetensilestrengthpT andtensioninthewire
atthebreakingpointFT arerelatedbypT A = FT .Thedensity andmassperunitlength
arerelatedbyA = .UsetheseexpressionstoconvertthespeedintermsofFT and intoa
speedintermsofpT and .
ANSWER:

pT

ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)
v

= 620 m/s

Correct
Thisismuchlessthanthespeedofsoundinsteel(5941
tensilestrengthismuchlessthantheYoung'smodulus.

m/s

)because,unlikesteel,inpianowirethe

PartB
ImaginethatthewiredescribedintheproblemintroductionisusedforthehighestConapiano(
C8 4000 Hz ).Ifthewireisintunewhenstretchedtoitsbreakingpoint,whatmustthevibratinglengthof
thewirebe?
Expressthelengthnumerically,incentimeters,usingthreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Alengthconstraintgivenf andv
InPartAofthisproblem,youfoundthespeedoftravelingwavesinthewire(v ).Youalsoknowthe
frequencyofoscillation(f ).Whatisthewavelength( )ofthewaveintheC8pianostring,intermsof
thesequantities?
Expressyouranswerintermsofv and f .
ANSWER:

Hint2.Relationshipbetweenwavelengthandstringlength
Considertheboundaryconditionsforastretchedpianowire:Bothendsarefixed.Ifsuchawireis
oscillatingatitsfundamentalfrequency(itsfirstnormalmode),thewavelengthwillnotbeequaltothe
wirelength.WhatisthewavelengthofthefirstnormalmodeofastringoflengthL thatisfixedatboth
ends?
Expressthewavelengthintermsof L.
ANSWER:

2L

ANSWER:
L

= 7.75 cm

Correct

NormalModesandResonanceFrequencies
LearningGoal:
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Homework4(Chapter15)

Tounderstandtheconceptofnormalmodesofoscillationandtoderivesomepropertiesofnormalmodesofwaves
onastring.
Anormalmodeofaclosedsystemisanoscillationofthesysteminwhichallpartsoscillateatasinglefrequency.
Ingeneralthereareaninfinitenumberofsuchmodes,eachonewithadistinctivefrequencyf i andassociated
patternofoscillation.
Consideranexampleofasystemwithnormalmodes:astringoflengthL heldfixedatbothends,locatedatx = 0
andx = L.Assumethatwavesonthisstringpropagatewithspeedv .Thestringextendsinthexdirection,andthe
wavesaretransversewithdisplacementalongtheydirection.
Inthisproblem,youwillinvestigatetheshapeofthenormalmodesandthentheirfrequency.
Thenormalmodesofthissystemareproductsoftrigonometricfunctions.(Forlinearsystems,thetimedependance
ofanormalmodeisalwayssinusoidal,butthespatialdependenceneednotbe.)Specifically,forthissystema
normalmodeisdescribedby
y i (x, t) = A i sin(2

x
i

) sin(2f i t).

PartA
Thestringdescribedintheproblemintroductionisoscillatinginoneofitsnormalmodes.Whichofthefollowing
statementsaboutthewaveinthestringiscorrect?

Hint1.Normalmodeconstraints
Thekeyconstraintwithnormalmodesisthattherearetwospatialboundaryconditions,yi (0, t)
andyi (L, t) = 0,whichcorrespondtothestringbeingfixedatitstwoends.

= 0

ANSWER:
Thewaveistravelinginthe+xdirection.
Thewaveistravelinginthexdirection.
Thewavewillsatisfythegivenboundaryconditionsforanyarbitrarywavelength i .
Thewavelength i canhaveonlycertainspecificvaluesiftheboundaryconditionsaretobe
satisfied.
Thewavedoesnotsatisfytheboundaryconditionyi (0; t)

= 0

Correct

PartB
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaretrue?
ANSWER:
Thesystemcanresonateatonlycertainresonancefrequenciesf i andthewavelength i mustbe
suchthatyi (0; t) = yi (L; t) = 0.
Ai

mustbechosensothatthewavefitsexactlyonthestring.

AnyoneofAi or i orf i canbechosentomakethesolutionanormalmode.

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Correct
Thekeyfactorproducingthenormalmodesisthattherearetwospatialboundaryconditions,yi (0, t)
andyi (L, t) = 0,thataresatisfiedonlyforparticularvaluesof i .

= 0

PartC
Findthethreelongestwavelengths(callthem 1 , 2 ,and 3 )that"fit"onthestring,thatis,thosethatsatisfy
theboundaryconditionsatx = 0andx = L.Theselongestwavelengthshavethelowestfrequencies.
ExpressthethreewavelengthsintermsofL.Listthemindecreasingorderoflength,separatedby
commas.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Thenodesofthewaveoccurwhere
sin(2

x
i

) = 0.

Thisequationistriviallysatisfiedatoneendofthestring(withx

= 0

),sincesin(0)

= 0

Thethreelargestwavelengthsthatsatisfythisequationattheotherendofthestring(withx = L)are
givenby2L/ i = z i ,wherethez i arethethreesmallest,nonzerovaluesofz thatsatisfythe
equationsin(z) = 0 .

Hint2.Valuesofz thatsatisfysin(z) = 0
Thespatialpartofthenormalmodesolutionisasinewave.Findthethreesmallest(nonzero)valuesof
z (callthem z 1 , z 2 ,and z 3 )thatsatisfy sin(z) = 0 .
Expressthethreenonzerovaluesofz asmultiplesof .Listtheminincreasingorder,separated
bycommas.
ANSWER:
z1

, z 2 , z 3 = 1,2,3

Correct
Hint3.Pictureofthenormalmodes
Considerthelowestfourmodesofthestringasshowninthefigure.

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Homework4(Chapter15)

TheletterNiswrittenovereachofthenodesdefinedasplaceswherethestringdoesnotmove.(Note
thattherearenodesinadditiontothoseattheendofthestring.)TheletterAiswrittenoverthe
antinodes,whicharewheretheoscillationamplitudeismaximum.
ANSWER:
1

, 2 , 3 =

2L, L,

2L
3

Correct
Theproceduredescribedherecontainsthesamemathematicsthatleadstoquantizationinquantum
mechanics.

PartD
Thefrequencyofeachnormalmodedependsonthespatialpartofthewavefunction,whichischaracterizedby
itswavelength i .
Findthefrequencyf i oftheithnormalmode.
Expressf i intermsofitsparticularwavelength i andthespeedofpropagationofthewave v .

Hint1.Propagationspeedforstandingwaves
Yourexpressionwillinvolvev ,thespeedofpropagationofawaveonthestring.Ofcourse,thenormal
modesarestandingwavesanddonottravelalongthestringthewaythattravelingwavesdo.
Nevertheless,thespeedofwavepropagationisaphysicalpropertythathasawelldefinedvaluethat
happenstoappearintherelationshipbetweenfrequencyandwavelengthofnormalmodes.

Hint2.Usewhatyouknowabouttravelingwaves
Therelationshipbetweenthewavelengthandthefrequencyforstandingwavesisthesameasthatfor
travelingwavesandinvolvesthespeedofpropagationv .
ANSWER:
f

v
i

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Homework4(Chapter15)

Correct
Thefrequenciesf i aretheonlyfrequenciesatwhichthesystemcanoscillate.Ifthestringisexcitedat
oneoftheseresonancefrequenciesitwillrespondbyoscillatinginthepatterngivenbyyi (x, t) ,thatis,
withwavelength i associatedwiththef i atwhichitisexcited.Inquantummechanicsthesefrequencies
arecalledtheeigenfrequencies,whichareequaltotheenergyofthatmodedividedbyPlanck'sconstant
34
h.InSIunits,Planck'sconstanthasthevalue h = 6.63 10
J s.

PartE
Findthethreelowestnormalmodefrequenciesf 1 ,f 2 ,andf 3 .
ExpressthefrequenciesintermsofL,v ,andanyconstants.Listtheminincreasingorder,separatedby
commas.
ANSWER:
f

, f 2 , f 3 =

v
2L

v
L

3v
2L

Correct
Notethat,forthestring,thesefrequenciesaremultiplesofthelowestfrequency.Forthisreasonthe
lowestfrequencyiscalledthefundamentalandthehigherfrequenciesarecalledharmonicsofthe
fundamental.Whenotherphysicalapproximations(forexample,thestiffnessofthestring)arenotvalid,
thenormalmodefrequenciesarenotexactlyharmonic,andtheyarecalledpartials.Inanacousticpiano,
thehighestaudiblenormalfrequenciesforagivenstringcanbeasignificantfractionofasemitonesharper
thanasimpleintegermultipleofthefundamental.Consequently,thefundamentalfrequenciesofthelower
notesaredeliberatelytunedabitflatsothattheirhigherpartialsarecloserinfrequencytothehigher
notes.

Exercise15.40
Apianotunerstretchesasteelpianowirewithatensionof800N.Thesteelwireis0.400mlongandhasamass
of3.00g.

PartA
Whatisthefrequencyofitsfundamentalmodeofvibration?
ANSWER:
f

= 408 Hz

Correct

PartB
Whatisthenurmberofthehighesthamonicthatcouldbeheardbyapersonwhoiscapableofhearing
frequenciesupto10000Hz?
ANSWER:
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Homework4(Chapter15)
N

= 24

Correct

Exercise15.41
Athin,tautstringtiedatbothendsandoscillatinginitsthirdharmonichasitsshapedescribedbytheequation
y(x, t) = (5.60 cm) sin[(0.0340 rad/cm)x] sin[(50.0 rad/s)t],wheretheoriginisattheleftendofthestring,
thexaxisisalongthestringandtheyaxisisperpendiculartothestring.

PartA
Findtheamplitudeofthetwotravelingwavesthatmakeupthisstandingwave.
ANSWER:
A

= 2.80 cm

Correct

PartB
Whatisthelengthofthestring?
ANSWER:
L

= 277 cm

Correct

PartC
Findthewavelengthofthetravelingwaves.
ANSWER:

= 185 cm

Correct

PartD
Findthefrequencyofthetravelingwaves.
ANSWER:

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Homework4(Chapter15)
f

= 7.96 Hz

Correct

PartE
Findtheperiodofthetravelingwaves.
ANSWER:
T

= 0.126 s

Correct

PartF
Findthespeedofthetravelingwaves.
ANSWER:
v

= 14.7 m/s

Correct

PartG
Findthemaximumtransversespeedofapointonthestring.
ANSWER:
v max

= 2.80 m/s

Correct

VideoTutor:OutofPhaseSpeakers
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionontheright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainat
anypoint.

31/33

Homework4(Chapter15)

PartA
Twospeakersfaceeachother,andtheyeachemitasoundofwavelength .Onespeakeris180 outofphase
withrespecttotheother.Ifweseparatethespeakersbyadistance1.5 ,howfarfromtheleftmostspeaker
shouldweplaceamicrophoneinordertopickuptheloudestsound?Ignorereflectionsfromnearbysurfaces.
Selectallthatapply.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem.
Makeasketchofthesituation.Notethatthespeakersrepresentantinodesoftheresultingstanding
wavepattern.
Willthesoundbeloudestatthenodesorantinodesofthestandingwavepattern?Wherewilltherebeno
sound?
ANSWER:
0

3
4
1
2
1
4

Correct

Problem15.50
A1740Nirregularbeamishanginghorizontallybyitsendsfromtheceilingbytwoverticalwires(AandB),each
1.21 m longandweighing0.370 N.Thecenterofgravityofthisbeamisonethirdofthewayalongthebeamfrom
theendwherewireAisattached.Ignoretheeffectoftheweightofthewiresonthetensioninthewires.

PartA
Ifyoupluckbothstringsatthesametimeatthebeam,whatisthetimedelaybetweenthearrivalofthetwo
pulsesattheceiling?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
32/33

Homework4(Chapter15)

ANSWER:
tB tA

= 2.60ms

Correct

PartB
Whichpulsearrivesfirst?
ANSWER:
inwireA
inwireB

Correct
ThewavepulsetravelsfasterinwireA,sincethatwirehasthegreatertension,sothepulseinwireA
arrivesfirst.

Problem15.71
Alargerockthatweighs164.0Nissuspendedfromthelowerendofathinwirethatis3.00mlong.Thedensityof
therockis3200kg/m3 .Themassofthewireissmallenoughthatitseffectonthetensioninthewirecanbe
neglected.Theupperendofthewireisheldfixed.Whentherockisinair,thefundamentalfrequencyfortransverse
standingwavesonthewireis39.0Hz .Whentherockistotallysubmergedinaliquid,withthetopoftherockjust
belowthesurface,thefundamentalfrequencyforthewireis25.0Hz .

PartA
Whatisthedensityoftheliquid?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:

= 1890

kg
m3

Correct

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