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GATE2016MEStudyNotes:StrengthofMaterials
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Types of Stresses:
Normal stress
Shear Stress
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Bulk Stress
Types of Strains:
Normal Strain
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Note: The angle is radians, not degrees. The volume of the solid is
not changed by shear strain.
Bulk Strain
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Elasticconstants
Stress produces a strain, but how much strainis produced
depends on the solid itself. The solid is then characterised by
anelasticmodulus that relates strain to stress.
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Rigidity modulus
Bulk modulus
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Poissons Ratio
Poissons Ratio:The three stresses and strains do not operate
independently. Stresses produce strains in lateral directions as the
solid tries to retain its original volume. When an axial force is
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applied along the longitudinal axis of a bar, the length of a bar will
increase but at the same time its lateral dimension (width) will be
decreased so, it is called as Poisson ratio.
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Volumetric strain:
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or
Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity:
Tangential stress:
Resultant stress:
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Tangential stress:
Tangential stress:
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3 = 0,
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Principal strains:
Mohrs Circle
Graphically, variationof normal stress and shear stress are studied
with the help of Mohrs circle. A two dimensional Mohrs circle can
be constructed, if the normal stresses 1 and 2.
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Normal stress:
Shear stress:
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Where, n Averagestress
Radius of circle:
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* If
GATE2016MEStudyNotes:StrengthofMaterials
Thin Cylinders
Stresses in Thin Cylindrical Shell
Circumferential stress (hoop stress):
Change in length:
Longitudinal
strain(2):
Change in volume:
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Change in diameter:
Where,
Change in volume:
Radial pressure:
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At
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At the neutral axis, there is no stress of any kind. At one sideof the
neutral axis, there are compressive stresses,
Modulus of Section:Section modulus is a geometric property for a
given cross-sectionused in the design of beams or exural
members.
Rectangular section:
Modulus of section:
Circular section:
Modulus of section:
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neutral axis.
For
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Shear Stress in
Triangular
a triangular
cross-section,
if
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& IES Section:In
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we have to calculate at neutral axis, then in formula
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Deflection of Beams
Deection of Beam: Deection is dened as the
verticaldisplacement of a point on a loaded beam. There are many
methods to nd out theslope and deection at a section in a
loaded beam.
Double Integration Method: This is most suitable when
concentratedor udl over entire length is acting on the beam.
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Integrating again,
Where,
M = Bending moment
I = Moment of inertaia of the beam section
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