Bai Giang A3

8/13/2013
TON CAO CP A3 I HC
PHN PHI CHNG TRNH
S tit: 45
Chng 1. Ham so nhieu bien so
Chng 2. Tch phan boi
Chng 3. Tch phan ng Tch phan mat
Ti liu tham kho

[1] .C. Khanh, Gii tch hm nhiu bin, NXB HQG
Tp. HCM.
[2] N.. Tr (ch bin), Ton cao cp (Tp 3), NXB Gio
dc.
[3] Phan Quc Khnh, Php tnh vi tch phn (Tp 2),
NXB Gio dc.
[4] Nguyn Tha Hp, Gii tch (Tp 1, 2), NXB HQG
H Ni.
Ging vin
vin:: ThS.
ThS. L Trung Ngha
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Khi nim c bn
o hm ring Vi phn
Khai trin Taylor ca hm hai bin s
Cc tr ca hm hai bin s
1. KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc nh ngha
a) Min phng
Trong mt phng Oxy , hnh phng D gii hn bi cc
ng cong kn c gi l min phng.
Min phng D k c bin D c gi l min ng,

min phng D khng k bin D l min m.
Min phng D c gi l min lin thng nu c 1
ng cong nm trong D ni 2 im bt k thuc D .
Min lin thng c bin l 1 ng cong kn c gi
l min n lin (hnh a); c bin l nhiu ng cong
kn ri nhau l min a lin (hnh b).
Tp hp cc ng cong kn gii hn D c gi l
bin ca D , k hiu D hay .
c bit, mt phng Oxy c xem l min phng vi
bin v cng.
8/13/2013
b) Ln cn ca mt im
Khong cch gia 2 im M1 (x1, y1 ), M 2 (x 2 , y2 ) l:
d M 1 , M 2 = M 1M 2 =
(x1 x 2 )
+ (y1 y2 ) .
2
vi mt gi tr z = f (x , y ) duy nht c gi l
hm s hai bin s x , y .
Hnh trn S (M , ) m c tm
M (x , y ), bn knh > 0 c
gi l mt ln cn ca im M .
c) Hm s hai bin s
Trong mt phng Oxy cho tp D 2 .
Tng ng f : D cho tng ng mi (x , y ) D
Tp D 2 c gi l min xc nh (MX) ca hm
s f (x , y ), k hiu l Df .
Min gi tr ca hm s f (x , y ) l:
Ngha l:
M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) S (M , ) (x x 0 )2 + (y y0 )2 < .
Ch
Trong trng hp xt hm s f (x , y ) m khng ni g
thm th ta hiu MX ca hm s l tp tt c cc im
M (x , y ) 2 sao cho f (x , y ) c ngha.
Hm c nhiu hn hai bin c nh ngha tng t.
G = z = f (x , y ) (x , y ) Df .
VD 1.
Hm s f (x , y ) = 3x 2y cos xy c Df = 2 .
Hm s z = 4 x 2 y 2 c MX l hnh trn ng
tm O(0; 0), bn knh R = 2 .
Hm s z = ln(4 x 2 y 2 ) c MX l hnh trn m
tm O(0; 0), bn knh R = 2 .
Hm s z = f (x , y ) = ln(2x + y 3) c MX l na
mp m c bin d : 2x + y 3 = 0 , khng cha O .
8/13/2013
1.2. Gii hn ca hm s hai bin s
b) nh ngha gii hn (gii hn bi)
a) im t
Trong mpOxy cho dy im M n (x n , yn ), n = 1, 2,...
im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) c gi l gii hn ca dy im
M n (x n , yn ), n = 1, 2,... nu M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) l im t duy
im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) c gi l im t ca dy trn nu
nht ca dy.
mi ln cn ca M 0 u cha v s phn t ca dy.
Ngha l > 0 , N > 0 th:
im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) c gi l im t ca tp D 2
nu mi ln cn ca im M 0 u cha v s im
thuc D .
M 0M n =
dn n M 0 nu lim f (x n , yn ) = L .
n
lim
Nhn xt
Nu t x = x 0 + r cos , y = y0 + r sin th:
(x , y ) (x 0 , y 0 ) r 0.
lim
(x ,y )(x 0 ,y 0 )
VD 3. Tm
f (x , y ) = lim f (M ) = L.
2x 2y 3x 1
(x ,y )(1,1)
lim
xy + 3
(x ,y )(0,0)
K hiu l:
VD 2.
+ (yn y0 ) < , n > N .
Hm s f (x , y ) c gii hn l L {} khi M n
lim f (x , y ) =
n
K hiu: lim M n = M 0 hay M n
M0.
x x 0
y y0
(xn x 0 )
M M 0
VD 4. Tm
3
= .
2
f (x , y ), vi f (x , y ) =
lim
sin(x 2 + y 2 )
(x ,y )(0,0)
x 2 + y2
VD 5. Cho hm s f (x , y ) =
xy
x 2 + y2
Chng t rng
2xy
.
x + y2
lim f (x , y ) khng tn ti.
2
(x ,y )(0,0)
8/13/2013
c) Gii hn lp
Gii hn theo tng bin khi dy im M n (x n , yn ) dn
n M 0 ca hm s f (x , y ) c gi l gii hn lp.
VD 6. Xt hm s f (x , y ) =
lim lim f (x , y ) = lim
Khi x x 0 trc, y y0 sau th ta vit:

lim lim f (x , y ).
y 0 x 0
y y0 x x 0
Khi y y0 trc, x x 0 sau th ta vit:

lim lim f (x , y ).
x x 0 y y 0
x 0 y 0
lim
f (x , y ) = L v mi y Y
tn ti (y ) = lim f (x , y ) th:
x x 0
lim lim f (x , y ) = lim (y ) = L .
y y0 x x 0
y2
x 0
sin x 2
x2
= 1 ,
= 1.
x 0 y 0
Nhn xt
Nu lim lim f (x , y ) lim lim f (x , y ) th khng tn
y y0 x x 0
v hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trong H .
(x ,y )(x 0 ,y0 )
sin y 2
. Ta c:
Vy lim lim f (x , y ) lim lim f (x , y ).
Nu tn ti
x 2 + y2
y 0
lim lim f (x , y ) = lim
y 0 x 0
nh l
Trong 2 cho hnh vung H c 1 nh l M 0 (x 0 , y 0 )
sin x 2 sin y 2
ti
lim
(x ,y )(x 0 ,y0 )
x x 0 y y0
f (x , y ).
S tn ti gii hn lp khng ko theo s tn ti gii

hn bi v ngc li.
y y0
8/13/2013
1.3. Hm s lin tc
Hm s f (x , y ) lin tc ti M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) D 2 nu
lim
(x ,y )(x 0 ,y 0 )
VD 7. Xt s lin tc ca f (x , y ) =
sin x 2 sin y 2
x 2 + y2
f (x , y ) = f (x 0 , y 0 ).
Hm s f (x , y ) lin tc trn tp D 2 nu n lin tc

ti mi im thuc D .
Ch
Hm s f (x , y ) lin tc trn min ng gii ni D th n
..
t gi tr ln nht (max) v nh nht (min) trn D .
2. O HM RING VI PHN
2.1. o hm ring
a) o hm ring cp 1
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trn min m D 2 cha
Vy fx(x 0 , y 0 ) = lim
f (x , y 0 ) f (x 0, y 0 )
x x 0
x x0
Tng t, o hm ring theo bin y ti (x 0 , y 0 ) l:
im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ).
fy(x 0, y 0 ) = lim
y y 0
C nh y0 , nu hm s f (x , y 0 ) c o hm ti x 0 th ta
f (x 0, y ) f (x 0 , y0 )
y y0
gi o hm l o hm ring theo bin x ca hm

s f (x , y ) ti (x 0 , y 0 ).
Ch
K hiu l:
Nu f (x ) l hm s mt bin x th fx =
fx (x 0, y 0 ) hay fx(x 0, y0 ) hay
f
(x , y ).
x 0 0
f
df
=
.
x dx
Hm s nhiu hn hai bin c nh ngha tng t.
8/13/2013
VD 1. Tnh cc o hm ring ca hm s:
f (x , y ) = x 4 3x 3y 2 + 2y 3 3xy ti (1; 2).
VD 2. Tnh cc o hm ring ca z = ln
x2 + 1
.
x 2 + y2 + 1
x
VD 3. Tnh cc o hm ring ca z = cos ti (; 4).
y
2
VD 4. Tnh cc o hm ring ca f (x , y, z ) = e x y sin z .
1
x x
x
2 2
f ( x, y ) = sin , 2 sin f ( , 4 ) =
,
.
y y
y
y
8 32
Ta con dung k hieu f thay cho grad f.
Ham so nhieu hn hai bien co nh ngha tng t.
b) o hm ring cp cao
o hm ring (nu c) ca hm s fx(x , y ), fy(x , y )
c gi l cc o hm ring cp hai ca f (x , y ).
f 2 f
,
=
x
x x x 2
f 2 f
fy2 = fyy = fy =
,
=
y
y y y 2
f
2 f
fxy = fxy = ( fx ) =
,
=
y
y x y x
f
2 f
.
fyx = fyx = fy =
=
x
x y x y
K hiu: f 2 = fxx = ( fx ) =
x
Xet tiep v du 4. Ta co:
f ( x, y, z ) = 2xye x y sin z, x 2e x y sin z,e x y cos z .

2
grad f ( x, y ) = ( f x' ( x, y ) ,f y' ( x, y ) ) .
VD. Xet tiep v du 3. Ta co:
Khi f co cac ao ham rieng theo cac bien, vect co

cac thanh phan lan lt la cac ao ham rieng theo cac
bien cua f c goi la vect gradient, k hieu
( )
( )
8/13/2013
Hm s nhiu hn 2 bin v o hm ring cp cao hn

2 c nh ngha tng t.
nh l Schwarz
Nu hm s f (x , y ) c cc o hm ring fxy v fyx
lin tc trong min m D 2 th fxy = fyx .
VD 5. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca hm s:

f (x , y ) = x 3e y + x 2y 3 y 4 ti (1; 1).
VD 6. Cho hm s f (x , y ) = x 5 + y 4 x 4y 5 .
Gi tr ca o hm ring cp nm f (5)
(1; 1) l:
3 2
A.
f (5)
(1; 1) =
x 3y 2
(5)
C. f
x 3y 2
480 ;
(1; 1) = 120 ;
B.
x y
(5)
f 3 2 (1; 1) =
x y
(5)
D. f
x 3y 2
480 ;
Hermann Amandus Schwarz

(1843 1921)
(1; 1) = 120 .
VD 7. o hm ring z
(m +n )
x m 2y n x 2
(m 2) ca z = e

2x y
A. (1)n 2m +n e 2x y ;
B. (1)m 2m +n e 2x y ;
C. (1)m 2m e 2x y ;
D. (1)n 2m e 2x y .
l:
c) ao ham theo hng

nh ngha
o hm theo hng u = (a, b) ti im (x 0 , y 0 ) c k
f
hiu l D u f ( x 0 , y 0 ) hay ( x 0 , y0 ) v c gi tr:
u
f
( x 0 , y 0 ) = f x' ( x 0 , y0 ) cos + f y' ( x 0 , y0 ) cos
u
a
b
vi cos =
,cos =
2
2
2
a +b
a + b2
Ham so nhieu hn hai bien co nh ngha tng t.
8/13/2013

2
2
VD. Cho f ( x, y ) = x + y . Tnh ao ham theo hng
1
1
u =
,
ca f ti im (1,1) .
2
2
VD. Cho f ( x, y, z ) = x + y + z + 3xyz . Tnh ao ham

3
vect n v cua M M vi M (2,0,1) .

1
2.2. VI PHN
2.2.1. Vi phn cp 1
a) S gia ca hm s
theo hng u ca f ti im M (1,2, 1) ,trong o u la

0
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trong ln cn S (M 0 , )
ca im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ).
Cho x mt s gia x v y mt s gia y , khi hm

f (x , y ) c tng ng s gia:
f = f (x 0 + x , y 0 + y ) f (x 0 , y 0 ).
b) nh ngha
Nu trong ln cn S (M 0 , ) vi s gia x , y m s
gia f tng ng c th vit c di dng:
f = A.x + B.y + O (r ), r = (x )2 + (y )2 ,
trong A, B l nhng s ch ph thuc vo im

M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) v hm f (x , y ), khng ph thuc x , y
th i lng A.x + B .y c gi l vi phn ca

hm s f (x , y ) ti im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ).
Khi , f (x , y ) c gi l kh vi ti im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ).
K hiu l: df (x 0 , y0 ) = A.x + B.y.
Nhn xt
Xt nhng im M (x 0 + x , y 0 + y ) dch chuyn
trn ng i qua M 0 song song Ox . Khi y = 0 :
f = f (x 0 + x , y 0 ) f (x 0 , y 0 ) = A. x + O ( x )
f
lim
= A A = fx/ (x 0 , y 0 ) .
x 0 x
f
Tng t, lim
= B B = fy/ (x 0 , y 0 ) .
y 0 y
Suy ra df (x , y ) = fx/ (x , y ). x + fy/ (x , y ). y .
Xt f (x , y ) = x df (x , y ) = x dx = x .
Tng t, dy = y .
Vy df (x , y ) = fx(x , y )dx + fy(x , y )dy.
8/13/2013
c) nh l
Nu hm s f (x , y ) c cc o hm ring trong ln cn
no ca (x 0 , y0 ) v cc o hm ring ny lin tc
ti (x 0 , y0 ) th f (x , y ) kh vi ti (x 0 , y0 ).
VD 8. Cho hm f (x , y ) = x 2e x y y 5 . Tnh df (1; 1).

VD 9. Tnh vi phn cp 1 ca hm z = e x
sin(xy 2 ).
2.2.2. VI PHN CP CAO
a) Vi phn cp 2
ng dng vi phn cp 1 tnh gn ng:

f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y0 ) + f x/ ( x 0 , y0 ) .x + f y/ ( x 0 , y 0 ) .y
vi x, y 0
VD. Dng vi phn, tnh gn ng : (2,02)3 + (2,01)3 .

VD. Dng vi phn, tnh gn ng: (1,01)1,01 + (0,97)0,97 .
Chng minh
d 2 f = d (df ) = d ( fxdx + fydy )
Gi s f (x , y ) l hm kh vi vi x , y l cc bin c lp.
= ( fxdx + fydy )x dx + ( fxdx + fydy )y dy
Cc s gia dx = x , dy = y ty c lp vi x , y
= ( fx2dx + fxydy )dx + (fxydx + fy2dy )dy
nn c xem l hng s i vi x , y .
Vi phn ca hm df (x , y ) c gi l vi phn cp 2 ca
hm s f (x , y ).
K hiu v cng thc:

d 2 f = d (df ) = fx2dx 2 + 2 fxydxdy + fy2dy 2 .
= fx2dx 2 + 2 fxydxdy + fy2dy 2 .

Ch
Nu x , y l cc bin khng c lp (bin trung gian)
x = x (, ), y = y(, ) th cng thc trn khng cn

ng na. Sau y ta ch xt trng hp x , y c lp.
8/13/2013

2 3

3 5
VD 10. Cho hm s f (x , y ) = x y + xy 3x y .
Tnh vi phn cp hai df 2 (2; 1).
VD 11. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm f (x , y ) = ln(xy 2 ).
b) Vi phn cp n
) C
d n f = d d n 1 f =
k =0
k (n )
f
dx kdy n k .
n x k y n k
Trong :
f (nn )0 = f (nn ) ,
x y
n
0
f (0n )n = f (nn ) ,
x y
dx dy = dx n , dx 0dy n = dy n .

3 2
VD 12. Tnh vi phn cp 3 ca hm s f (x , y ) = x y .

VD 13. Tnh vi phn d 3z ca hm s z = e 2x cos 3y .
2.3. o hm ca hm s hp
a) Hm hp vi mt bin c lp
Cho f (x , y ) l hm kh vi i vi x , y v x , y l nhng
hm kh vi i vi bin c lp t . Khi , hm hp ca
bin t l (t ) = f (x (t ), y(t )) kh vi. Ta c:
dx
dy
+ fy/
.
dt
dt
VD 14. Tnh (t ) vi hm s f (x , y ) = x 2y v
(t ) = fx/
x = 3t 2 t, y = sin t .
VD 15. Cho f (x , y ) = ln(x 2 + y 2 ), y = sin2 x . Tnh
df
.
dx
10
8/13/2013
b) Hm hp vi hai bin c lp
Cho f (x , y ) l hm kh vi i vi x , y v x , y l nhng
2.4. o hm ca hm s n (hai bin)

Hm z(x , y ) xc nh trn Dz 2 tha phng trnh
hm kh vi i vi hai bin c lp , . Khi , hm
F (x , y, z (x , y )) = 0, (x , y ) D Dz (*) c gi l
hp ca 2 bin , l (, ) = f (x (, ), y(, ))
hm s n hai bin xc nh bi (*).
kh vi. Ta c:
Gi s cc hm s trn u kh vi, o hm 2 v (*)

ta c:
Fx + Fz.z x = 0, Fy + Fz.zy = 0 .
/ = fx/ .x / + fy/ .y / , / = fx/ .x / + fy/ .y / .
Vy z x =
VD 16. Cho hm n z(x , y ) tha phng trnh:
xyz = cos(x + y + z ). Tnh z x/ , zy/ .

VD 17. Cho hm n z(x , y ) tha phng trnh mt cu:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2x + 4y 6z 2 = 0 . Tnh zy/ .
F
Fx
, z y = y (Fz 0).
Fz
Fz
3. KHAI TRIN TAYLOR HM HAI BIN

3.1. Cng thc Taylor
Cho hm s f (x , y ) c o hm ring n cp n + 1
trong min m D cha im M 0 (x 0 ; y 0 ).
Gi s N (x 0 + x ; y 0 + y ) D v MN D .
t dx = x = x x 0 , dy = y = y y 0 .
Khai trin Taylor hm f (x , y ) ln cn im M 0 l:
f (x , y ) = f (M 0 ) +
.
df (M 0 )
1!
+ ... +
d n f (M 0 )
n!
+ O( n ).
Trong , = (x x 0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 .
11
8/13/2013
Cc khai trin Maclaurin hm 1 bin cn nh
Khai trin Maclaurin
Ti ln cn O(0; 0), khai trin Maclaurin f (x , y ) l:
f (x , y ) = f (0; 0) +
df (0; 0)
d n f (0; 0)
+ ... +
+ O( n ).
1!
n!
Trong , dx = x , dy = y , = x 2 + y 2 .
4. CC TR CA HM HAI BIN S
3.2. Cc v d
VD 1. Khai trin Taylor ln cn im (1; 1) ca hm s
f (x , y ) = y x n s hng bc hai.
VD 2. Khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s
f (x , y ) = cos(x 2 + y 2 ) n s hng bc 4.
2
VD 3. Khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s z = e x sin y n

s hng bc 5.
2
VD 4. Khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s z = (1 + y )x n

s hng bc 6.
VD 5. Cho hm f (x , y ) = e
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + O(x n ).
1x
x
x2
xn
2) e x = 1 + +
+ ... +
+ O(x n ) .
1! 2!
n!
x x2 x3 x4
3) ln(1 + x ) =
+
+ ... + O(x n ).
1
2
3
4
x2 x4 x6
4) cos x = 1
+
+ ... + O(x n ).
2!
4 ! 6!
x x3 x5 x7
5) sin x =
+
+ ... + O(x n ).
1! 3! 5! 7 !
1)
x3
y +1
. Tnh vi phn d 7 f (0; 0)?
4.1. nh ngha (cc tr a phng)

Hm s z = f (x , y ) t cc tr a phng (gi tt l
cc tr) ti M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) nu vi mi im M (x , y ) kh
gn nhng khc M 0 th hiu f = f (x , y ) f (x 0 , y0 )
c du khng i.
Nu f > 0 th f (x 0 , y 0 ) c gi l gi tr cc tiu
v M 0 l im cc tiu ca z = f (x , y ).
Nu f < 0 th f (x 0 , y 0 ) c gi l gi tr cc i v
M 0 l im cc i ca z = f (x , y ).
12
8/13/2013

2
y
3y 2
VD 1. Hm s f (x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 xy = x +
2
4
2
f (x , y ) 0, (x , y ) nn t cc tiu ti O(0; 0).
4.2. NH L
a) iu kin cn
Nu hm s z = f (x , y ) t cc tr ti M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) v
ti hm s c o hm ring th:
fx(x 0 , y 0 ) = fy(x 0 , y 0 ) = 0.
im M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) tha fx(x 0 , y 0 ) = fy(x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 c
gi l im dng, M 0 c th khng l im cc tr.
b) iu kin
Gi s z = f (x , y ) c im dng l M 0 v c o hm
ring cp hai ti ln cn ca im M 0 .
Nu AC B 2 < 0 th f (x , y ) khng t cc tr ti M 0 .
Nu AC B 2 = 0 th ta khng th kt lun.
t A = fx2 (M 0 ), B = fxy (M 0 ), C = fy2 (M 0 ) .
Khi :
AC B 2 > 0
Nu
th f (x , y ) t cc tiu ti M 0 .
A>0
AC B 2 > 0
Nu
th f (x , y ) t cc i ti M 0 .
A<0
13
8/13/2013
4.3. Phn loi cc tr
Trong khng gian Oxyz ,

xt mt cong S cha
ng cong (C ).
Khi , im P1 S l im cao nht (hay thp nht) so

vi cc im trong ln cn ca n v hnh chiu
M 1 D l c gi l im cc tr t do ca hm
f (x , y ) xc nh trn D (v khng ph thuc vo ( )).
Chiu S ln mpOxy
ta c min D 2
v ng cong phng
() : (x , y ) = 0 .
Tng t, im P2 (C ) l im cao nht (hay thp

nht) so vi cc im trong ln cn ca n v hnh
chiu M 2 () l im cc tr c iu kin rng buc
bi () : (x , y ) = 0 ca hm f (x , y ).
4.4. Cc tr t do
VD 2. Tm im dng ca hm s z = xy(1 x y ).
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trn D .
VD 3. Tm cc tr ca hm z = x 2 + y 2 + 4x 2y + 8 .
tm cc tr ca f (x , y ), ta thc hin cc bc sau:
VD 4. Tm cc tr ca hm s z = x 3 + y 3 3xy 2 .
Bc 1. Tm im dng M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) bng cch gii h:
VD 5. Tm cc tr ca z = 3x 2y + y 3 3x 2 3y 2 + 2 .
50 20
VD 6. Cho hm s z = xy +
+
(x > 0, y > 0).
x
y
Khng nh ng l:
A. z t cc tiu ti M (2; 5) v gi tr cc tiu z = 39 .
fx(x 0, y0 ) = 0

fy (x 0, y 0 ) = 0.
Bc 2. Tnh A = fx2 (x 0, y0 ), B = fxy (x 0, y0 ),
C = fy2 (x 0 , y 0 ) = AC B 2 .
Bc 3. Da vo iu kin kt lun.
B. z t cc tiu ti M (5; 2) v gi tr cc tiu z = 30 .

C. z t cc i ti M (2; 5) v gi tr cc i z = 39 .
D. z t cc i ti M (5; 2) v gi tr cc i z = 30 .
14
8/13/2013
4.5. Cc tr c iu kin (cc tr vng)

Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trn ln cn ca im
M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) thuc ng cong () : (x , y ) = 0 .
Nu ti im M 0 , hm f (x , y ) t cc tr th ta ni M 0
a) Phng php kh
T phng trnh (x , y ) = 0 , ta rt x hoc y th vo
f (x , y ). Sau , ta tm cc tr ca hm mt bin.
VD 7. Tm im cc tr ca hm z = x 2y tha iu kin:
x y + 3 = 0.
l im cc tr c iu kin ca f (x , y ) vi iu kin
(x , y ) = 0 .
tm cc tr c iu kin ca hm s f (x , y ) ta dng
phng php kh hoc nhn t Lagrange.
b) Phng php nhn t Lagrange
fy
f
Ti im cc tr (x , y ) ca f , ta gi = x =
x
y
l nhn t Lagrange.
tm cc tr, ta thc hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1. Lp hm ph (hm Lagrange):
L(x , y, ) = f (x , y ) + (x , y ).
L = 0,
x
Bc 2. Gii h: Ly = 0,
L = 0.
Suy ra im dng M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) ng vi 0 .
Bc 3. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ti M 0 (x 0 , y 0 ) ng vi 0 :
dxdy + L 2 dy 2 .
d 2L(M 0 ) = Lx2 dx 2 + 2Lxy
y
Cc vi phn dx , dy ph thuc vo iu kin rng buc:

d (x 0 , y 0 ) = x (x 0, y0 )dx + y (x 0, y 0 )dy = 0 (1)
(dx )2 + (dy )2 > 0 (2).
15
8/13/2013
Bc 4. T iu kin rng buc (1) v (2), ta c:
Nu d 2L(M 0 ) > 0 th f (x , y ) t cc tiu ti M 0 .

Nu d 2L(M 0 ) < 0 th f (x , y ) t cc i ti M 0 .
Nu d 2L(M 0 ) = 0 th M 0 khng l im cc tr.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange
(1736 1813)
VD 8. Tm im cc tr ca hm s f (x , y ) = 2x + y
2
vi iu kin x + y = 5 .
VD 9. Tm gi tr cc tr ca hm s z = x 2 + y 2 tha
iu kin x 2 + y 2 = 3x + 4y .
VD 10. Tm im cc tr ca hm z = xy tha iu kin:

x 2 y2
+
= 1.
8
2
VD 11. Tm cc tr ca hm s f (x , y ) = 10x + 40y tha
iu kin xy = 20 v x , y > 0 .
4.6. Gi tr ln nht nh nht ca hm hai bin

trn min ng, b chn (cc tr ton cc)
Cho min D 2 ng c bin D : (x , y ) = 0 v
f (x , y ) l hm lin tc trn D , kh vi trong D m (c

th khng kh vi ti m im M 1 ,..., M m ).
Gi s bin D trn, ngha l hm kh vi.
tm gi tr ln nht nh nht ca f trn D , ta thc
hin cc bc sau:
Bc 1. Tm cc im cc tr t do N 1 ,..., N n trong D
(ch cn tm im dng).
16
8/13/2013
Bc 2. Tm cc im cc tr P1 ,..., Pp trn bin D

tha iu kin (x , y ) = 0 (ch cn tm im dng).
Bc 3. Gi tr max f (x , y ), min f (x , y ) tng ng l

D
gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong tt c cc gi tr sau:

f (M 1 ), ..., f (M m ), f (N 1 ),..., f (N n ), f (P1 ),..., f (Pp ).
VD 12. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s

3
f (x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 trong min D : x 2 x + y 2 .
4
VD 13. Cho hm s f (x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 xy + x + y .
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca f (x , y ) trong min
D : x 0, y 0, x + y 3 .
VD 14. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
z = sin x + sin y + sin(x + y )
trong min D : 0 x , 0 y .
2
2
.
Chng 2. Tch phn bi

1. Tch phn bi hai (tch phn kp)
2. Tch phn bi ba
3. ng dng ca tch phn bi
..
1. TCH PHN BI HAI

1.1. Bi ton m u (th tch khi tr cong)
Xt hm s z = f (x , y )
lin tc, khng m v
mt mt tr c cc
ng sinh song song
vi Oz , y l min
phng ng D trong
mpOxy .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
tnh th tch khi tr, ta chia min D thnh n phn

khng dm ln nhau Si , i = 1; n . Din tch mi phn
cng k hiu l Si . Khi , khi tr cong c chia
thnh n khi tr nh. Trong mi phn Si ta ly im
M i (xi ; yi ) ty v th tch V ca khi tr l:
n
V f (xi ; yi )Si .
i =1
Gi di = max d (A, B ) A, B Si l ng knh ca

Si . Ta c: V =
lim
max di 0
f (xi ; yi )Si .
i =1
17
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
1.2. Tch phn bi hai

a) nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x , y ) xc nh trn min D ng v b
chn trong mt phng Oxy .
Chia min D mt cch ty thnh n phn khng dm
ln nhau, din tch mi phn l Si , i = 1; n .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Nu gii hn I =
I n = f (x i ; yi )Si c gi l tng tch phn ca

i =1
f (x , y ) trn D (ng vi phn hoch Si v cc im
K hiu l: I =
f (x , y )dS .
D
Chia min D bi cc ng thng song song vi Ox ,

Oy ta c Si = x i .yi hay dS = dxdy .
Vy I =
f (x, y)dS = f (x , y )dxdy.

D
chn M i ).
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Nu tn ti tch phn
f (x, y )dxdy , ta ni hm s
D
f (x , y ) kh tch trn min D ; f (x , y ) l hm di du

tch phn; x v y l cc bin tch phn.
Nhn xt
S (D ) = dxdy (din tch ca min D ).
D
Nu f (x , y ) > 0 , lin tc trn D th th tch hnh tr c

cc ng sinh song song vi Oz , hai y gii hn bi
cc mt z = 0 , z = f (x , y ) l V = f (x , y )dxdy .
D
tn ti hu
i =1
hn, khng ph thuc vo phn hoch Si v cch chn

im M i th s thc I c gi l tch phn bi hai ca
hm s f (x , y ) trn min D .
Ly n im ty M i (x i ; yi ) Si , i = 1; n . Khi ,
n
f (xi , yi )Si
max d 0
lim
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
b) nh l
Hm f (x , y ) lin tc trong min D ng v b chn th
kh tch trong D .
1.3. Tnh cht ca tch phn bi hai

Gi thit rng cc tch phn di y u tn ti.
Tnh cht 1.
f (x, y )dxdy = f (u, v )dudv .

D
Tnh cht 2
[ f (x, y ) g(x, y )]dxdy =
D
fdxdy gdxdy ;
D
kf (x , y )dxdy = k f (x , y )dxdy, k .
D
18
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Tnh cht 3
Nu chia min D thnh D1, D2 bi ng cong c din
tch bng 0 th:
f (x, y )dxdy =
D
f (x, y )dxdy + f (x, y )dxdy .

D1
D2
1.4. PHNG PHP TNH

1.4.1. a v tch phn lp
a) nh l (Fubini)
Gi s tch phn I = f (x , y )dxdy tn ti, trong
D
D = {(x , y ) : a x b, y1 (x ) y y2 (x )},
y 2 (x )
v vi mi x [a ; b ] c nh,
f (x , y )dy tn ti.
y1 (x )
b
I =
Khi :
dx
a
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
th
I =
f (x , y )dx .
x1 (y )
f (x , y )dxdy =
y2 (x )
u(x )dx
v(y )dy.
y1(x )
3) Nu D = {(x , y ) : x1 (y ) x x 2 (y ), c y d }
dx f (x, y )dy= dy f (x , y )dx .

a
y1 (x )
Ch
1) Nu min D l hnh ch nht,
D = {(x , y ) : a x b, c y d } = [a ; b ] [c; d ] th:
f (x , y )dxdy =
f (x , y )dy.
2) Nu D = {(x , y ) : a x b, y1 (x ) y y2 (x )}
v f (x , y ) = u(x ).v(y ) th:
x 2 (y )
dy
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Tng t, nu min D l:
D = {(x , y ) : x1(y ) x x 2 (y ), c y d }
d
y2 (x )
v f (x , y ) = u(x ).v(y ) th:

d
x 2 (y )
f (x, y)dxdy = v(y )dy

D
u(x )dx .
x1 (y )
4) Nu D l min phc tp th ta chia D ra thnh nhng

min n gin.
19
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 1. Cho I =
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
f (x, y )dxdy . Xc nh cn tch phn
VD 5. Tnh tch phn I =
lp vi min D gii hn bi y = 0, y = 2x , x = a > 0 .
6xy dxdy .
2
ydxdy , trong min D

D
gii hn bi cc ng y = x 4, y 2 = 2x .
Trong , D = [0; 2] [1; 1].

VD 3. Tnh tch phn I = (2x + y )dxdy .
D
Trong , D = {y x 1 y, 2 y 0}.
ydxdy , trong min D

D
gii hn bi cc ng y = x + 2, y = x 2 .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 6. i th t ly tch phn trong tch phn sau:
b) i th t ly tch phn
I =
2y
dy f (x , y )dx .
0

1
I =
2x 2
dx
0
f (x , y )dy .

b
I =
y2 (x )
dx
a
y1 (x )
f (x , y )dy
I =
x 2 (y )
dy
c
x 1 (y )
f (x , y )dx
I =
x2
9
x2
9
dx f (x , y )dy + dx f (x , y )dy .
20
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Nu hm f (x , y ) kh tch trn Dxy v Jacobien
1.4.2. PHNG PHP I BIN

a) Cng thc i bin tng qut
J =
Gi s x = x (u, v ), y = y(u, v ) l hai hm s c cc o
th
Gi Dxy l min xc nh bi:
Ch
Dxy
J =
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
(x
y )dxdy , vi min
D l hnh ch nht gii hn bi cc ng thng:

x + y = 1, x + y = 3, x y = 2, x y = 5 .
VD 10. Tnh din tch hnh
phng gii hn bi 4 parapol:
y = x 2 , 2y = x 2 ,
x = y 2 , 3x = y 2 .
x v
0 trong Duv
yv
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x (u, v ), y(u, v)). J dudv.
hm ring lin tc trn min ng b chn Duv trong

mpOuv .
Dxy = {(x , y ) : x = x (u, v ), y = y(u, v ), (u, v ) Duv }.
(x , y ) x u
=
(u, v ) yu
Duv
(x , y ) x u
=
(u, v ) yu
x v
1
1
.
=
=
yv
(u, v )
ux uy
(x , y )
vx vy
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
b) i bin trong ta cc
Trong mpOxy , xt min D .
V 2 tia OA, OB tip xc vi
min D v
(Ox,OA) = , (Ox,OB ) = .
Khi :
OM OM OM
1
2
M D
Ox , OM .
21
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
x = r cos
t
vi r = OM , = Ox , OM .
y = r sin
Khi , min D tr thnh:

Dr = {(r , ) : r1() r r2 (), }.
Ta c J =
(x , y ) x r
=
(r , ) yr
x
cos r sin
=
=r.
y
sin r cos
Vy:
f (x, y)dxdy = d
Dxy
f (r cos , r sin ).rdr .
r1 ( )
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
I =
r ()
f (r cos , r sin )rdr .
x2
y2
= 1 th ta t:
a 2 b2
x = ra cos , y = rb sin .
Khi , D tr thnh hnh trn:
Dr = {(r , ) : 0 2, 0 r 1} .
5) Nu bin ca D l elip
vo phng trnh ca bin D .
3) Nu cc O nm trong D v mi tia t O ch ct bin

D ti 1 im th:
I =
4) Nu cc O nm trn bin ca D th:
2) tm r1(), r2 () ta thay x = r cos , y = r sin
r ( )
r2 ( )
Ch
1) i bin trong ta cc thng dng khi bin ca D
l ng trn hoc elip.
f (r cos , r sin )rdr .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 11. Hy biu din tch phn I =
f (x , y )dxdy
D
trong ta cc. Bit min D nm ngoi ng trn

(C 1 ) : x 2 + y 2 = 2x v nm trong (C 2 ) : x 2 + y 2 = 4x .
(x 2 +y 2 )
dxdy , trong
D
2
D l hnh trn x 2 + y R 2 .
Ta c Jacobien J = abr v:
2
I = ab d f (ra cos , rb sin )rdr .

0
22
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Nhn xt
+ +
e (x
+y )
dxdy = lim
R +
(x +y )
= lim 1 eR
R +
x 2
dx
y 2
dxdy
)=
+ 2 2
dy = e x dx = .
Vy
x 2 y 2
dxdy ,
4
a b
D
D gii hn bi 2 elip nm trong gc phn t th nht:
x 2 y 2
x 2 y 2
(E1 ) : + = 1, (E 2 ) : + = 1 .
b
a
2a
2b
VD 14. Tnh din tch min D (ct tia Oy ) gii hn bi:

y = x , y = 0 v x 2 + y 2 = 3 x 2 + y 2 3x .
ex dx = .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Cng thc Walliss
1)
sin
0
xdx =
(n 1)!!
, n le
n !!
n
cos xdx =
(n 1)!!
, n chan.
.
n !!
2
Trong , n !! c l n Walliss, nh ngha nh sau:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
(n 1)!!
2.
,
n !!
n
2) sin xdx =
(n 1)!!
0
,
.
n !!
0,
cos xdx = . (n 1)!! ,
0
n !!
0 !! = 1!! = 1; 2!! = 2; 3!! = 1.3; 4 !! = 2.4;

5!! = 1.3.5; 6!! = 2.4.6; 7 !! = 1.3.5.7; 8!! = 2.4.6.8;...
3)
sin
0
2
n
xdx =
n le
n chan.
n le
n chan.
0, n le
cos xdx = (n 1)!!

, n chan.
2.
n !!
23
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD.
1!!
= ,
sin xdx = .
2 2 !! 4
2
sin
2. TCH PHN BI BA
4 !!
8
cos xdx =
= ,
5!! 15
xdx = .
5!! 15
=
,
6!!
48
sin7 xdx = 0 ,
cos
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
cos5 xdx = 0 ,
xdx = 2.
5!! 15
=
.
6!!
24
2.1. Bi ton m u (khi lng vt th)

Gi s ta cn tnh khi lng ca vt th V khng ng
cht, bit mt (khi lng ring) ti im P(x , y, z ) l
= (P ) = (x , y, z ).
Ta chia V thnh n phn ty khng dm ln nhau, th
tch mi phn l Vi , i = 1, n . Trong mi Vi ta ly
im Pi (xi , yi , zi ) v k hiu ng knh ca Vi l di .
n
Khi , khi lng ca V xp x: m (Pi ).Vi .

Vy m = lim
max di 0
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
2.2. nh ngha tch phn bi ba

Cho hm s f (x , y, z ) xc nh trong min o c V
trong khng gian Oxyz . Chia min V nh bi ton
n
m u v lp tng tch phn I n := f (x i , yi , z i )Vi .

Nu I =
i =1
f (xi , yi , zi )Vi
max d 0
lim
i
tn ti hu hn,
i =1
khng ph thuc vo cch chia min V v cch chn

im Pi th s thc I c gi l tch phn bi ba ca
hm s f (x , y, z ) trn V .
K hiu:
I =
f (x, y, z )dxdydz.
V
i =1
(Pi ).Vi (nu gii hn hu hn).

i =1
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Nu tn ti tch phn, ta ni f (x , y, z ) kh tch; f (x , y, z )

l hm di du tch phn; x , y, z l cc bin tch phn.
Hm s f (x , y, z ) lin tc trong min V b chn v ng

th kh tch trong V .
Nhn xt
Nu f 0 trn V th I =
f (x, y, z )dxdydz l khi

V
lng vt th V , vi khi lng ring vt cht chim

th tch V l f (x , y, z ).
c bit, nu f (x , y, z ) 1 th I l th tch ca V .
Tch phn bi ba c cc tnh cht nh tch phn kp.
24
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Mt s mt bc hai
MT CU
MT TR TRN
Hnh
Hnh
(x a )2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = R 2
(x a )2 + (y b)2 = R 2
MT TR ELIP
MT TR PARABOL
Hnh
y = ax 2
Hnh
x 2 y2
+
=1
a 2 b2
25
8/13/2013
MT NN
MT PARABOLIC
Hnh
z = x 2 + y2
Hnh
z = x 2 + y2
MT PARABOLIC
MT ELIPSOID
Hnh
z = a x 2 y2
Hnh
x 2 y2 z 2
+ +
=1
a 2 b2 c2
26
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
2.3. PHNG PHP TNH

2.3.1. a v tch phn lp
a) Chiu min V ln mpOxy
Gi s min V c gii hn trn bi mt z = z 2 (x , y ),
gii hn di bi z = z1 (x , y ), gii hn xung quanh bi
c bit
Nu Dxy = {(x , y ) : a x b, y1(x ) y y2 (x )} th:
y2 (x )
f (x, y, z )dxdydz = dx
V
z 2 (x ,y )
dy
y1 (x )
f (x , y, z )dz .
z1 (x ,y )
mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc Oz .
Nu Dxy = {(x , y ) : x 1(y ) x x 2 (y ), c y d } th:
Gi Dxy l hnh chiu ca V trn mpOxy .
Khi :
f (x , y, z )dxdydz =
dxdy
Dxy
z2 (x ,y )
f (x , y, z )dz .
f (x , y, z )dxdydz = dy
x 2 (y )
x1 (y )
z 2 (x ,y )
dx
f (x , y, z )dz .
z1 (x ,y )
z1 (x ,y )
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
b) Chiu min V ln mpOxz
c) Chiu min V ln mpOyz
Gi s min V c gii hn (theo chiu ngc vi tia Oy )

bi hai mt y = y2 (x , z ) v y = y1(x , z ), gii hn xung
Gi s min V c gii hn (theo chiu ngc vi tia Ox )

bi hai mt x = x 2 (y, z ) v x = x1 (y, z ), gii hn xung
quanh bi mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc Oy .
quanh bi mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc Ox .
Gi Dxz l hnh chiu ca V trn mpOxz .
Gi Dyz l hnh chiu ca V trn mpOyz . Khi :

x 2 (y ,z )
Khi :
f (x, y, z )dxdydz = dydz
y2 (x ,z )
f (x, y, z )dxdydz = dxdz

V
Dxz
f (x , y, z )dy.
Dyz
f (x , y, z )dx .
x1 (y ,z )
y1 (x ,z )
27
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
c bit. Nu min V = [a; b ] [c; d ] [e; f ]

b
th
f (x, y, z )dxdydz = dx dy f (x, y, z )dz .

V
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
8xyzdxdydz vi min V
V
l hnh hp ch nht V = [1; 2] [1; 3] [0; 2].

A. I = 12;
B. I = 24 ;
C. I = 48 ;
1
VD 2. Tnh tch phn lp I =
D. I = 96 .
dx dy (1 + 2z )dz
x2
v dng min ly tch phn V .

ydxdydz vi min V
V
gii hn bi x + y + z = 1 v 3 mt phng ta .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
2.3.2. CNG THC I BIN TNG QUT

Gi s x = x (u, v, w ), y = y(u, v, w ), z = z(u, v, w ) c
o hm ring lin tc trong min Vuvw ng b chn
trong khng gian Ouvw .
x u x v x w
(x , y, z )
Nu Jacobien J =
= yu yv yw 0 th
(u, v, w )
z u z v z w
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
(x + y + z )dxdydz vi
V
V : x + y + z + x y + z + x + y z 2 .
VD 5. Tnh th tch ca khi elipsoid
x 2 y2 z 2
V :
+
+
R 2 (a, b, c, R > 0).
2
2
2
a
b
c
f (x, y, z )dxdydz
V
f (x (u, v, w ), y(u, v, w ), z(u, v, w )). J .dudvdw.

Vuvw
28
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
2.3.3. i bin trong ta tr
cos r sin 0
x = r cos
t
y = r sin , r 0 ,
z = z
[0; 2] hoc [; ].
x r
Jacobien J = yr
z r
x
y
z
J = sin
0
f (x, y, z )dxdydz
V
x z
yz
z z
= f (r cos , r sin , z ).r .drd dz .

Vr z
x + y dxdydz vi V l khi
hnh tr gii hn bi x + y = 2y , z = 0 v z = 1 .
VD 7. Tnh I =
(x
0 = r.
1
Khi ta c:
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 6. Tnh I =
r cos
0
+ y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz vi V l
khi hnh nn gii hn bi x 2 + y 2 = z 2 v z = 1 .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
2.3.3. i bin trong ta cu

x = r sin cos ,
t y = r sin sin ,
z = r cos ,
r 0, [0; 2], [0; ]
Jacobien J =
(x , y, z )
(r , , )
x r
= yr
z r
x
y = r 2 sin .
z
x
y
z
29
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
Khi ta c:
f (x, y, z )dxdydz = f .r
V
sin .drd d .
Vr
Vi f f (x , y, z ) = f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos ).
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 8. Tnh tch phn:

dxdydz
I =
.
2
x + y2 + z2
V
Trong
V : 1 x2 + y2 + z 2 4.
1 r = OM 2
(x
+ y 2 )dxdydz vi V
l min gii hn bi: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 4, y 0 v z 0 .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
x 2 + y 2 + z 2dxdydz ,
trong V l min gii hn bi: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 z 0 .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN BI
3.1. Tnh th tch V ca vt th

Th tch V ca vt th c ng sinh song song vi Oz
v hnh chiu trn Oxy l D , hai y gii hn bi cc
mt z = f1(x , y ) z = f2 (x , y ) l:
V = f2 (x , y ) f1(x , y ) dxdy.
D
Th tch ca vt th l:
V () = dxdydz .
30
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 1. Tnh th tch V ca vt th gii hn bi

phn hnh tr x 2 + y 2 = 1 v hai mt phng
x + y + z 5 = 0, z = 2 .
VD 2. Tnh th tch vt th V gii hn bi
phn hnh tr x 2 + y 2 2y = 0 nm trong
hnh cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 ng vi z 0 .
VD 3. Tnh th tch V ca vt th gii hn bi cc mt:
x 2 + y 2 = 4 z , x 2 + y 2 2 v z = 0 .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 4. Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca f (x , y ) = x cos xy trong

hnh ch nht D : 0 x , 0 y 1.
VD 5. Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca f (x , y, z ) = xyz trong

hnh lp phng = [0; 2][0; 2][0; 2].
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
3.2. Gi tr trung bnh ca hm trn min ng

Gi tr trung bnh ca hm f (x , y ) trn min D 2
ng v b chn l:
f =
1
f (x , y )dxdy.
S (D )
D
Gi tr trung bnh ca hm f (x , y, z ) trn min 3

ng v b chn l:
1
f =
f (x , y, z )dxdydz .
V ()
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
3.3. Khi lng m ca vt th

Xt bn phng chim min D 2 (ng v b chn)
c khi lng ring (mt khi lng hay t khi) ti
im M (x , y ) D l hm (x , y ) lin tc trn D .
Khi , khi lng ca bn phng l:
m=
(x, y )dxdy.
D
Xt vt th chim min V 3 (ng v b chn) c

khi lng ring l hm (x , y, z ) lin tc trn V .
Khi , khi lng ca vt th l:
m = (x , y, z )dxdydz .
V
31
8/13/2013
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 6. Tnh khi lng ca bn phng chim min D

gii hn bi x 2 + y 2 4 , x 0 v y 0 .
Bit t khi phng l hm (x , y ) = xy .
VD 7. Tnh khi lng ca vt th chim min V gii

hn bi cc mt:
z = x + y , x + y = 1 v 3 mt phng ta .
Bit khi lng ring l hm (x , y, z ) = x .
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
VD 8. Tm ta trng tm hnh phng D gii hn bi

x 0, y 0, x + y 1. Bit (x , y ) = 2x + y .
VD 9. Tm ta trng tm ca vt th ng cht V
gii hn bi z = 0, z = 2 x 2 y 2 v x 2 + y 2 = 1.
Chng 2. Tch phn bi
3.4. Trng tm ca vt th
Ta trng tm G ca bn phng D c khi lng
ring (x , y ) lin tc trn D l:
1
1
xG = x (x , y )dxdy, yG = y (x , y )dxdy.
m D
m D
Tng t, ta trng tm G ca vt th V l:
1
xG = x (x , y, z )dxdyz,
m V
1
yG = y (x , y, z )dxdyz,
m V
1
zG = z (x , y, z )dxdyz .
m V
Chng 3. Tch phn ng Tch phn mt
1. Tch phn ng loi 1

2. Tch phn ng loi 2
3. Tch phn mt loi 1
4. Tch phn mt loi 2
1. TCH PHN NG LOI I
1.1. nh ngha
Gi s ng cong L trong mt phng Oxy c phng
trnh tham s x = x (t ), y = y(t ) vi t [a; b ] v f (x , y )
l hm s xc nh trn L .
Chia L thnh n cung khng dm ln nhau bi cc im

chia ng vi a = t0 < t1 < ... < tn = b .
32
8/13/2013
Gi di cung th i l si .
Trn cung th i ly im
M i (x (ti ), y(ti )) ty .
Tng I n =
f (M i )si
i =1
K hiu l
L
O x t0
xt
i 1
Mi
xt
xt
x
n
f (Mi )si
max s 0
lim
i
c nh ngha tng t.
c gi l tng tch phn ng loi 1 ca hm s

f (x , y ) trn ng cong L .
Gii hn
Tch phn ng loi 1 ca hm s f (x , y, z ) trn ng

cong L trong khng gian, k hiu l f (x , y, z )ds ,
si
f (x , y )ds hay f (x, y )dl .
tn ti hu hn
i =1
c gi l tch phn ng loi 1 ca f (x , y ) trn L .
Nhn xt
Tch phn ng loi 1 c tt c cc tnh cht ca tch
phn xc nh.
Tch phn ng loi 1 khng ph thuc vo chiu ca

cung AB , ngha l: fds = fds.
AB
1.2. S tn ti tch phn ng loi 1

a) Khi nim ng cong trn
ng cong L c phng
trnh x = x (t ), y = y(t ) c
gi l trn nu cc o hm
x (t ), y (t ) tn ti v khng
ng thi bng 0.
Ni cch khc, ng cong L c gi l trn nu ti
mi im M L u v c tip tuyn vi L .
BA
1.3. PHNG PHP TNH

a) ng cong L c phng trnh tham s
Nu ng cong L trong mt phng c phng trnh

x = x (t ), y = y(t ), vi a t b th:
b
f (x , y )ds =
f (x (t ), y(t )) (xt )
+ (yt ) dt.
2
b) nh l
Nu ng cong L trn tng khc (hay tng on) v
hm s f lin tc trn L th tch phn fds tn ti.
L
33
8/13/2013
Nu ng cong L trong khng gian c phng trnh

x = x (t ), y = y(t ), z = z (t ) vi a t b th:
b
f (x , y, z )ds =
f . (xt )
+ (yt ) + (zt ) dt.

2
Trong , f f (x (t ), y(t ), z (t )).
xds .
L
Trong , L l cung trn c phng trnh tham s:
x = cos t , y = sin t , t .
6
3
VD 2. Tnh tch phn I = (x y )dl . Trong , L l
L
on thng ni im A(0; 2) v im B(2; 3).
VD 3. Tnh tch phn I = (1 2x 2 )2ydl . Trong , L

L
l on thng ni im A(1; 3) v im B(1; 7).
Ch
Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng AB l khng duy
nht, nhng kt qu tnh tch phn vn khng thay i.
Chng hn, trong VD 3, nu vit phng trnh tham s

ca AB l x = 1, y = 4t th:
3
I =
(16t ).
7
4
VD 4. Tnh tch phn I = (2xy + z )ds . Trong , L l

L
ng xon c tr trn xoay c phng trnh tham s:

x = a cos t , y = a sin t , z = bt , 0 t 2 .
VD 5*. Tnh tch phn I =
yds
.
1 + 4x 2 4x 4
Trong , L l phn giao tuyn gia 2 mt:
z = 2 x 2 2y 2 , z = x 2
v nm trong gc phn 8 th nht ni t im A(0; 1; 0)
L
02 + 42 dt = 80 .
n im B(1; 0; 1).
34
8/13/2013
b) ng cong L c phng trnh tng qut
Nu L c phng trnh y = y(x ) vi a x b th:

b
f (x, y)ds = f (x, y(x )).

L
Nu L c phng trnh y = vi a x b th:
f (x, y)ds = f (x (y ), y). (xy )
+ 1 dy.
f (x, y)ds = f (, y )dy.

L
(x + y )ds vi L l OAB
L
c cc nh O(0; 0), A(1; 0), B(1; 2).
f (x, )dx .
Nu L c phng trnh x = vi a y b th:
f (x , y )ds =
2x
C
C l cung
c bit
1 + (yx ) dx .
Nu L c phng trnh x = x (y ) vi a y b th:
81 9x 2
81 8x 2
ds . Trong ,
x2
+ y 2 = 1 nm trong gc phn t th ba.
9
c) ng cong L trong ta cc
Nu phng trnh ca ng cong L c cho trong ta
cc r = r () vi th ta xem l tham s.
Khi , phng trnh ca L l:
x = r ()cos , y = r ()sin , .
t f f (r ()cos , r ()sin ), ta c cng thc:
f (x , y )ds =
f.
( )
r 2 + r
d .
35
8/13/2013
x 2 + y 2 ds . Trong , L
l ng trn c phng trnh (C ) : x 2 + y 2 4y = 0 .
1.4. ng dng ca tch phn ng loi 1
a) Tnh di ca cung
di l ca cung L l l =
ds.
L
VD 9. Tnh di l ca cung
x = t 2 + 1
L :
, t 1; 3 .

y = ln t + t 2 + 1
VD 10. Tnh di l ca cung

L : r = a(1 + cos ), [0; ].
VD 11. Tnh di cung trn (C ) : x 2 + y 2 2x = 0 ni
3
1
3
3
t im A ;
n B ;
v khng i qua O .
2
2 2
2
b) Tnh khi lng m v trng tm G ca cung

Nu cung L c hm mt khi lng ph thuc vo
im M L th khi lng ca cung l:
m = ds.
L
Trng tm G ca cung L ng vi = (x , y ) l:
1
1
xG = x (x , y )ds, yG = y (x , y )ds.
m L
m L
Trng tm G ca cung L ng vi = (x , y, z ) l:
1
1
1
xG = x ds, yG = y ds, zG = z ds.
m L
m L
m L
36
8/13/2013
VD 12. Cho mt dy thp c dng na ng trn trong

mpOyz vi phng trnh y 2 + z 2 = 1, z 0 .
Bit hm mt khi lng (x , y, z ) = 2z .
Tm khi lng v trng tm ca dy thp.
2. TCH PHN NG LOI II
2.1. Bi ton m u
Tnh cng sinh ra do lc F = F (M ) tc dng ln cht
im M (x , y ) di chuyn dc theo ng cong L .
Nu L l on thng AB th cng sinh ra l:
W = F .AB = F AB cos F , AB .
Nu L l cung AB th ta chia L thnh n cung nh bi
cc im chia A = A0 , A1 ,..., An = B . Trn mi cung
Ai 1Ai ta ly im M i (x i , yi ) ty .
Chiu F (M i ), Ai 1Ai ln lt ln trc Ox , Oy ta c:
F (M i ) = P (M i ).i + Q(M i ).j
2.2. nh ngha (tch phn ng theo ta )
v Ai 1Ai = xi .i + yi .j .
Cho hai hm s P (x , y ), Q(x , y ) xc nh trn ng
Khi , cng W sinh ra l:

n
W Wi =
i =1
F (M i )Ai1Ai
i =1
n
= P(M i )xi + Q(M i )yi .

i =1
Vy W =
cong L . Chia L nh bi ton m u.
Khi :
n
I n = P (M i )xi + Q(M i )yi
i =1
c gi l tng tch phn ng loi 2 ca hai hm s

P (x , y ), Q(x , y ) trn ng cong L .
P(M i )xi + Q(M i )yi .

A 0
lim
max Ai 1
i =1
37
8/13/2013
lim
Gii hn
max Ai 1Ai 0
I n tn ti hu hn c gi l
tch phn ng loi 2 ca P (x , y ), Q(x , y ) trn L .

K hiu l:
P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy.
Nhn xt
Tch phn ng loi 2 c tt c cc tnh cht nh tch
phn xc nh.
T nh ngha tng tch phn, ta c th vit:

P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y )dy = P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy.
AB
AB
AB
nh ngha tng t trong khng gian Oxyz :
P(x, y, z )dx + Q(x, y, z )dy + R(x, y, z )dz.

L
Tch phn ng loi 2 ph thuc vo chiu ca L v
khi vit tch phn ta cn ghi r im u v cui:
P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy = P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy.

AB
nh l
Nu hai hm s P(x , y ), Q(x , y ) lin tc trong min m
cha ng cong L trn tng khc th tn ti tch phn
ng loi 2 ca P(x , y ), Q(x , y ) dc theo L .
Ch
Nu L l ng cong phng v kn ly theo chiu dng
(ngc chiu kim ng h) th ta dng k hiu:
P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy.

L
khi thay i chiu th Ai 1Ai = x i , yi i du, do
BA
2.3. PHNG PHP TNH

a) ng cong L c phng trnh tham s
Xt ng cong L cha cung AB .
Nu L c phng trnh x = x (t ), y = y(t ) th:
tB
Pdx + Qdy = P (x (t ), y(t ))xt + Q(x (t ), y(t ))yt dt.
tA
AB
Nu L c phng trnh x = x (t ), y = y(t ), z = z (t ) th:
AB
tB
Pdx + Qdy + Rdz =
(P.xt + Q.yt + R.zt )dt.

tA
38
8/13/2013
b) ng cong L c phng trnh tng qut

Xt ng cong L cha cung AB .
Nu L c phng trnh y = y(x ) th:

xB
Pdx + Qdy = P (x, y(x )) + Q(x , y(x )).yx dx .

xA
AB
Nu L c phng trnh x = x (y ) th:

yB
Pdx + Qdy = P(x (y ), y).xy + Q(x (y ), y ) dy.
c bit
Nu L c phng trnh y = th:
xB
P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = P(x, )dx .

xA
AB
Nu L c phng trnh x = th:

yB
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y )dy = Q(, y )dy.

yA
AB
yA
AB
dx + xdy . Trong AB c
2xdx dy . Trong , L l
elip
b2
(x y )dx + (x + y )dy , vi
L
AB
phng trnh x = 2t 2 , y = 2 3t vi A(0; 2) v B(2; 5).
= 1 ly theo chiu dng.
L l ng ni im O(0; 0) vi im A(1; 1) trong cc

trng hp:
1) L l ng thng y = x ;
2) L l ng cong y = x 2 .
dx + 4xydy , vi
BA c
BA
phng trnh y = x v im A(1; 1), B(4; 2).
39
8/13/2013
dx ydy + dz .
L
Trong , L l ng cong trong Oxyz c phng trnh:

x = cos t , y = sin t , z = 2t
ni t im A(0; 1; ) n B(1; 0; 0).
2.4. Cng thc Green (lin h vi tch phn kp)

a) Xc nh chiu trn bin
ca min a lin
ng cong L c gi l
Jordan nu n khng t ct.
Cho min D l min a lin,

lin thng, b chn c bin
D Jordan kn trn tng
khc.
Chiu dng ca D l chiu
m khi di chuyn dc theo
bin ta thy min D nm v
pha bn tay tri.
b) Cng thc Green

Cho min D (xc nh nh mc a).
Qx Py dxdy.
1
2
xdy ydx hay S (D ) = 2 r
y2
VD 8. Tnh tch phn:

I = (x arctan x + y 2 )dx + (x + 2xy + y 2e y )dy .
C
H qu
Din tch ca min D c tnh theo cng thc:
S (D ) =
x2
1.
a 2 b2
VD 7. Tnh din tch hnh trn x 2 + y 2 2y 0 .
VD 6. Tnh din tch hnh elip
Nu P (x , y ), Q(x , y ) v cc o hm ring lin tc trn

min m cha D th:
P (x , y )dx + Q(x , y )dy =
()d .
Trong , C l ng trn x 2 + y 2 2y = 0 .
xdy ydx
VD 9. Tnh I =
trong cc trng hp:
2
2
L x +y
1) L l ng cong kn khng bao quanh gc ta O ;
2) L l ng cong kn bao quanh gc ta O .
40
8/13/2013
2.5. iu kin tch phn ng khng ph thuc

vo ng ly tch phn
a) nh l
Gi s cc hm s P , Q v cc o hm ring cp mt
ca chng lin tc trong min m n lin D .
Khi , bn mnh sau tng ng:

1) Py = Qx , (x , y ) D .
2)
3) Tch phn
P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy, AB D , ch ph

AB
thuc vo hai u mt A, B m khng ph thuc vo

ng ni gia A vi B .
4) Biu thc P(x , y )dx + Q(x , y )dy l vi phn ton phn
ca hm u(x , y ) no trong min D . Ngha l:
u(x , y ) : du(x , y ) = P (x , y )dx + Q(x , y )dy .
P(x, y )dx + Q(x , y )dy = 0 dc theo mi ng

L
cong kn L nm trong D .
b) H qu
Nu P(x , y )dx + Q(x , y )dy l vi phn ton phn ca hm
u(x , y ) no trong min m n lin D th:
P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy = u(B ) u(A).
VD 10. Tch phn ng no sau y khng ph thuc

vo cc ng trn tng khc ni hai im A, B ?
A. I =
(4xy
+ 2x )dx + (y 4 + 2y x )dy .
+ 2x 1)dx + (y 4 + 6x 2y 2 1)dy .
+ 2x )dx (y 4 + 2y x )dy .
+ 2x 1)dx (y 4 + 6x 2y 2 1)dy .
AB
B. I =
AB
(4xy
AB
C. I =
(4xy
AB
D. I =
(4xy
AB
41
8/13/2013
VD 11. Tnh I =
x y
x +y
x 2 + y 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy . Bit L l
L
ng trn tng khc ni im A(1; 1) v B(2; 2)

nm trong min D khng cha gc ta O .
VD 12. Cho bit hm s u(x , y ) = xe y ye x + 2x + 1 c
vi phn ton phn:
du = (e y ye x + 2)dx + (xe y e x )dy .
Ch
Gi s hai hm s P , Q tha nh l.
(x 2 ; y 2 )
Khi tnh tch phn I =
thng tnh theo ng gp khc song song vi cc trc

ta .
(3; 2)
(1; 0)
Hy tnh I =
(e ye + 2)dx + (xe e )dy ?
(1; 1)
(5; 12)
xdx + ydy
(3; 4)
x 2 + y2
ly im M i v lp tng tch phn I n = f (M i )Si .

lim
(x + y )2
theo
max d (Si )0
(x + 2y )dx + ydy
mt ng trn tng khc khng ct (d ) : x + y = 0 .
3. TCH PHN MT LOI I

3.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s f (x , y, z ) xc nh trn mt S . Chia mt S
mt cch ty thnh n phn khng dm ln nhau, din
tch mi phn l Si (i = 1, 2,..., n ). Trong mi Si ta
Nu gii hn I =
(1; 1)
Pdx + Qdy , ngi ta
(x1 ; y1 )
i =1
f (M i )Si
tn ti hu
i =1
hn, khng ph thuc vo cch chia S v cch chn

im M i th s thc I c gi l tch phn mt loi 1
ca hm f (x , y, z ) trn S .
K hiu l: I =
f (x, y, z )dS .
S
3.2. PHNG PHP TNH
a) Chiu S ln mpOxy
Nu S c phng trnh z = z(x , y ) v S c hnh chiu
trn mpOxy l D th:
I =
f (x, y, z (x, y ))
( )
1 + (z x ) + z y
2
dxdy.
42
8/13/2013
b) Chiu S ln mpOxz
Nu S c phng trnh y = y(x , z ) v S c hnh chiu
trn mpOxz l D th:
I =
1 + (yx ) + (yz ) dxdz .

2
f (x, y(x, z ), z )
(x
+ y 2 )dS .
Trong S l phn mt nn z 2 = x 2 + y 2 , 0 z 1 .
zdS , trong S l phn

S
c) Chiu S ln mpOyz
Nu S c phng trnh x = x (y, z ) v S c hnh chiu
trn mpOyz l D th:
mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 vi x 0 , y 0 .
xyzdS .
S
I =
f (x (y, z ), y, z )
( ) + (xz )
1 + x y
dydz .
3.3. ng dng ca tch phn mt loi 1

Din tch mt S l
dS .
S
Khi lng ca mt S c hm mt (x , y, z ) l
m=
(x , y, z )dS .
Khi , ta trng tm G ca mt S l:
1
1
xG = x (x , y, z )dS , yG = y (x , y, z )dS ,
m S
m S
1
zG = z (x , y, z )dS .
m S
Trong S l 6 mt ca hnh hp ch nht:

0 x 1, 0 y 2 , 0 z 3 .
4. TCH PHN MT LOI II
4.1. Cc nh ngha
4.1.1. Mt nh hng
Cho mt S c bin l ng cong kn C .
n
M.
S
C
43
8/13/2013
Di chuyn php vector ca S t im M S theo mt

ng cong ty (khng ct C ). Nu khi quay tr li
im M m php vector khng i chiu th S c gi
l mt hai pha; nu php vector i chiu th S c
gi l mt mt pha.
Nu trn mt hai pha S ta quy c mt pha l dng,

pha cn li l m th S c gi l mt nh hng.
Quy c pha dng l pha m nu ng trn th
php vector hng t chn ln u.
Khi mt S khng kn, ta gi pha trn l pha m php
vector lp vi tia Oz gc nhn, ngc li l pha di.
Khi mt S kn, ta gi pha trong v pha ngoi.

Hng dng ca bin C l hng ngc chiu kim
ng h khi nhn t ngn ca php vector.

0;
2
n
M.
x
4.1.2. Mt trn
Mt S c gi l mt trn nu php vector xc nh
ti mi im M S (c th tr bin C ) bin i lin
tc khi M chy trn S .
Nu mt S c ghp bi hu hn mt trn (vi bin
gia cc mt l cc ng cong) th S c gi l
mt trn tng mnh.
n
C
S
44
8/13/2013
4.1.3. Tch phn mt loi 2

Cho 3 hm s P (x , y, z ), Q (x , y, z ), R(x , y, z ) xc nh
trn mt nh hng trn tng mnh S .
Gi , , ln lt l gc hp bi php vector n v
n = (cos ; cos ; cos ) vi cc tia Ox , Oy, Oz .
Khi , tch phn mt loi mt:

I = (P cos + Q cos + R cos )dS
S
c gi l tch phn mt loi 2 ca P , Q, R trn mt S .

K hiu l:
I = Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy.
Ch
Nu i hng ca mt S th tch phn i du.
Nu mt S kn, hng ly tch phn ra pha ngoi S , th
tch phn c k hiu l:
S
Nu mt S c phng trnh F (x , y, z ) = 0 th:

1
n=
(Fx; Fy; Fz).
2
(Fx) + (Fy)2 + (Fz)2
VD 1. Tm php vector n v ca mt nn
z = x 2 + y 2 ti im M 1;
3; 2 .
Bit mt nn c nh hng pha di nhn theo

hng ca trc Oz .
4.2. Phng php tnh tch phn mt loi 2

4.2.1. a v tch phn mt loi 1
Nu mt S c php vector n v l n = (a; b; c) th:
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy

S
(P.a + Q.b + R.c)dS .

S
dydz + dzdx + dxdy .

S
Trong , S l tam gic giao ca mt phng

x + y + z = 1 vi 3 mt phng ta (ly pha trn).
45
8/13/2013
4.2.2. a v tch phn kp
Khi tnh tch phn I =
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy ,

S
ngi ta thng tch ring thnh 3 tch phn:

S
Nu mt S c hnh chiu n tr ln Oxz l min Dxz v

S c phng trnh y = y(x , z ) th:
Q(x , y, z )dzdx = Q(x, y(x, z ), z )dzdx .

S
Dxz
(du + khi S hng v pha ngn ca tia Oy ).
Nu mt S c hnh chiu n tr ln Oxy l min Dxy v

S c phng trnh z = z (x , y ) th:
R(x, y, z )dxdy = R(x , y, z (x, y ))dxdy.

S
Dxy
Nu mt S c hnh chiu n tr ln Oyz l min Dyz v

S c phng trnh x = x (y, z ) th:
P(x, y, z )dydz = P(x (y, z ), y, z )dydz.

S
Dyz
(du + khi S hng v pha ngn ca tia Ox ).
(du + hay ty thuc vo S pha trn hay di).
zdxdy , vi S l pha ngoi

S
(P.a + Q.b + R.c)dS

S
ca mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .
n = (a; b; c)

S
Oxy
Oxz
Oyz
x = x (y, z ) y = y(x , z ) z = z (x , y )
46
8/13/2013
4.3. Cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski

(mi lin h gia tch phn mt v bi ba)
Cho V l mt khi b chn vi bin S kn, trn tng
khc hng ra pha ngoi. Gi s P, Q, R l cc hm
VD 4. Tnh I =
x dydz + y dzdx + z dxdy , vi S l

3
mt pha ngoi ca mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 .
c o hm ring lin tc trong min m cha V .
Khi :

S
(Px + Qy + Rz )dxdydz .
V
4.4. Cng thc Stokes

(mi lin h gia tch phn ng v mt loi 2)
Cho S l mt nh hng, trn tng khc c bin S
Jordan trn tng khc. Gi s P, Q, R l cc hm s
c o hm ring lin tc trong min m cha S .
Khi :
Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = Ry Qz dydz
VD 5. Tnh tch phn
ydx + zdy + xdz . Trong C l

C
ng trn giao ca mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 v mt
phng x + y + z = 0 , hng tch phn trn C l hng
dng khi nhn t ngn ca tia Oz .
+ (Pz Rx )dzdx
S
+ Qx Py dxdy.
S
(Hng S l hng dng ph hp vi hng ca S ).
47

Bai Giang A3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bai Giang A3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8/13/2013

Ti liu tham kho

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Min phng D k c bin D c gi l min ng,

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Hm c nhiu hn hai bin c nh ngha tng t.

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

1.2. Gii hn ca hm s hai bin s

b) nh ngha gii hn (gii hn bi)

mi ln cn ca M 0 u cha v s phn t ca dy.

Ngha l > 0 , N > 0 th:

+ (yn y0 ) < , n > N .

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

lim lim f (x , y ) = lim

Khi x x 0 trc, y y0 sau th ta vit:

Khi y y0 trc, x x 0 sau th ta vit:

lim lim f (x , y ) = lim (y ) = L .

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Vy lim lim f (x , y ) lim lim f (x , y ).

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

lim lim f (x , y ) = lim

S tn ti gii hn lp khng ko theo s tn ti gii

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Hm s f (x , y ) lin tc trn tp D 2 nu n lin tc

t gi tr ln nht (max) v nh nht (min) trn D .

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Tng t, o hm ring theo bin y ti (x 0 , y 0 ) l:

gi o hm l o hm ring theo bin x ca hm

fx (x 0, y 0 ) hay fx(x 0, y0 ) hay

Hm s nhiu hn hai bin c nh ngha tng t.

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

VD 4. Tnh cc o hm ring ca f (x , y, z ) = e x y sin z .

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Ta con dung k hieu f thay cho grad f.

Ham so nhieu hn hai bien co nh ngha tng t.

Xet tiep v du 4. Ta co:

f ( x, y, z ) = 2xye x y sin z, x 2e x y sin z,e x y cos z .

grad f ( x, y ) = ( f x' ( x, y ) ,f y' ( x, y ) ) .

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

VD. Xet tiep v du 3. Ta co:

Khi f co cac ao ham rieng theo cac bien, vect co

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Hm s nhiu hn 2 bin v o hm ring cp cao hn

VD 5. Tnh cc o hm ring cp hai ca hm s:

Hermann Amandus Schwarz

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

c) ao ham theo hng

Chng 1. Hm s nhiu bin s

VD. Cho f ( x, y, z ) = x + y + z + 3xyz . Tnh ao ham

vect n v cua M M vi M (2,0,1) .

theo hng u ca f ti im M (1,2, 1) ,trong o u la