Volume 3 - Ruaumoko3D

Civil Engineering
Induction Book
Ruaumoko Manual
Volume 3:
User Manual for the 3:Dimensional Version
Ruaumoko3D
Author:
Athol J. Carr
Department of Civil Engineering

Program name:
RUAUMOKO3D
COMPUTER PROGRAM LIBRARY
Program type:
Inelastic Dynamic Analysis
Author:
Athol J Carr
Program code:
ANSI Fortran77
Date:
22 July, 2010
RUAUMOKO
The Maori God of Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Volume 3: User manual for the 3-Dimensional Version, Ruaumoko3D
Copyright \ Athol J. Carr, University of Canterbury, 1981-2007. All Rights reserved.
Running the program RUAUMOKO3D.

The program is designed to run in an interactive mode or in a batch mode with an input data file that may be
prepared using a word-processor, a spreadsheet or a text editor. If a word-processor or spreadsheet is used
to prepare a data file then the data MUST be saved as a plain ASCII text file. In the default form the
program will prompt the user for the input data. The input data supplied may be logged so that it can be
used for later analyses and prepared data files may be used for all or part of the input data. For further
details on the use of the command processor used in the program type $HELP at any prompt. Complete all
responses by pressing the RETURN/ENTER key.
To run the program call the program by the method appropriate to your operating system. On a personal
computer just type RUAUMOKO3D assuming that the file RUAUMOKO3D.EXE and the associated .DLL
and .HLP files are in your current directory or path.
In Microsoft Windows operating systems another option is to create a shortcut on the desktop and for this
purpose a suitable icon for RUAUMOKO3D, Ruaumoko3D.ico, is supplied with the program.
The program prompts for responses to a series of questions. Default responses, where appropriate, are
enclosed in square brackets, [ ]. File names must match the conventions of your operating system but file
names, with paths where necessary, must not exceed 60 characters in length and must not contain blanks.
The first question asks for the name of the output file. The default is the computer console or terminal
screen.
The next three questions are for names of the files containing the earthquake accelerograms or the
excitation histories. The default value assumes that the excitations are appended to the rest of the input
data. If there are less than three inputs records just hit the RETURN key for the subsequent requests. If the
file names are included in the excitation part of the data file then just hit the RETURN key at each prompt.
The next question asks for the name of the DYNAPLOT post-processor file. This file will only be opened if
requested by a greater than zero value of the variable KPA later in the data. This file is automatically given
the extension .RES or .RAS if required, or if the name shown, which uses the filename of the output file, is
acceptable, just hit the RETURN key.
The next question asks for the selection of on-screen graphics. Any answer not of the form Y, YE or YES
(upper or lower case) will suppress the graphics. If the answer was YES and the screen supports colour
graphics you will later be asked if you want COLOUR graphics or not. Note; if on-screen graphics is
enabled the screen cursor is invisible at the end of all future prompts.
The next question asks if this is a data check run only. If so type Y, YE or YES. In the case of the data
check run the analysis is terminated at the completion of the modal analysis and just before the start of the
time-history analysis. The total storage requirements for the time-history analysis is checked.
The program then displays information on logging or adding data files
The next prompt is for the title name of your analysis which is the first line of the data described in the
following sections of this manual. If the user already has a data file ready then type $ADD filename, where
filename is the name and path if necessary of the data file, followed by RETURN. If the user is going to
key the data in as prompted, it is suggested that the all of the data be logged in a file for later use and to
save re-supplying this data in the event of a data error by giving the command $LOG filename, where
filename is the name of the file where data is to be logged, followed by RETURN. Note that all responses
prior to this one will not be logged even if logging had been enabled at an earlier prompt.
At the completion of reading and checking of all of the input data for the analysis, the program, if it is
running in an interactive mode and the on-screen graphics is enabled, the user will be prompted as to
whether colour graphics is wanted.
The on-screen graphics draws a picture of the structure with all members numbered and the analysis pauses
until the RETURN key is pressed. If you want a hard copy use the pull-down menu at the top left of the
window to print the picture or to save it as a The program will next plot the accelerograms or excitation
histories scaled to the magnitudes used in the analysis. These are cleared by pressing the RETURN key.
After the modal analysis is complete the user is asked if the mode shapes are to be displayed in an
animated display. Respond by typing the mode number followed by RETURN. Five and a quarter cycles of
vibration are displayed unless a different number of cycles is specified.

terminates the plotting of mode shapes and starts the time-history analysis.
The default response END
During the time-history, on-screen pictures of the deformed shape of the structure showing the locations of
inelastic behaviour are presented but require no user action because the pictures are replaced automatically
as soon as a new picture is ready. Excessive use of the screen capture during the time-history may cause
the system to crash.
Running the program RUAUMOKO3D in Batch Mode.

The program RUAUMOKO3D may be run in a batch mode as well as the interactive mode described above.
In the batch mode the graphics is disabled and the test data option is also disabled.
The .BAT file has the command line as follows:
START/w RUAUMOKO3D outputfile inputfile quake1file quake2file quake3file
The START/w is only required for Windows95 or Windows98 operating systems to prevent the system from
attempting to multi-task following command lines. For WindowsNT, Windows2000 or WindowsXP this item
should be removed.
If the RUAUMOKO3D executable file RUAUMOKO3D is not in your path then the path should be part of the
command.
The outputfile is the name (including the path) of the output file. This file must NOT exist. If the file does
exist the analysis will terminate immediately. The post-processor file, if requested in the input data, will
have the same file name (and path) but with the extension .RES or .RAS .
The inputfile is the name (including path) of the input data file (in the form required in the following part of
this manual) and the file MUST exist. If the file cannot be found, because the name or path is incorrect then
the analysis will terminate.
The files quake1file, quake2file and quake3file are the names (including paths) of the excitation files.
These file names are optional, if they are missing or the word INPUT (in upper case) is supplied instead
than they are assumed to be part of the inputfile above. If files names are supplied then the files MUST
exist or the analysis will be terminated.
If there are less than two arguments following the command RUAUMOKO3D then the program will run in
the normal interactive mode.
As many such command lines as desired may be arranged in a .bat file, the best example was a visitor to
the department who set up 475 runs in a batch file and went away for days skiing. The only real limitation is
the amount of disk required for the output files, especially if the post-processing file is also output.
Enviroment Settings.
RUAUMOKO3D makes great use of a local random access scratch file during th analysis. At each timestep and in each iteration a read and a write operation is carried out for each member in the structure. The
default location for this file RUAUMOKO.SCR is in the users current working directory. When the analysis
is completed this file is deleted by the program, however, when the program is terminated prematurely by
the user this file may be left in the directory. This will not cause any difficulties as it will over-written the
next time the program runs. However, if the program is being run over a network and the users working
directory is on a server, then a very large penalty will be paid for the network traffic and the program may
appear to run at about 40% of its normal speed. The tmp and temp environment variable should be set to
a local hard disk on the computer where the analysis will actually take place. On all of the WindowsNT
workstations in the School of Engineering, University of Canterbury, computer laboratories these variables
are set to C:\TEMP which is a local scratch directory on each workstation. If the programs are being run on
a single personal computer there is no necessity to set the environment variables.
On the latest personal computer version RUAUMOKO3D most of the scratch file is emulated in memory
which has increased the execution speed of the program by factors of up to 8. However, should the number
of sectors required for the scratch file exceed the memory allocated the remainder of the disk sectors will be
written to the hard disk file mentioned above. In all cases, even if it is not used the file RUAUMOKO.SCR
will be created at the start of the program execution and deleted at the end of the analysis. (This disk in
memory approach has been successfully used in VMS and unix workstations since 1989).
Do not attempt to carry out simultaneous executions of the program unless they are run from different
directories and the environment variable are not set as the scratch file would be accessed by the different
analyses with great confusion as the result.
OVERVIEW OF THE DATA FOR "RUAUMOKO3D"

The analysis data for the structure is described by the following sequence of input lines. Each data set
consists of the following items of data.
1
Title for the Analysis - one line - see section 1
Analysis Control Parameters - one line - see section 2
Earthquake Transformation - one line - see section 3
Structural Parameters - one line - see section 4
Output and Plotting Parameters - one line - see section 5
Plot Transformation - one line - see section 6
Iteration and Travelling wave parameters - one line - see section 7
NODES - one line - see section 10

This is followed by one line for each nodal point giving the coordinates, the boundary condition flags,
displacement slaving flags and the output control flag. The nodes must be in ascending numerical
sequence. If lines are omitted their data will be interpolated.
DRIFT-one line - see section 7a

This is followed by a list of nodes, one per level starting at the base to be used to determine the interstorey drifts. If inter-storey drifts are requested the envelopes of inter-storey drifts are output in the
output file. If Residual displacements and forces are alos requested then the residual inter-storey drifts
are also output. If inter-storey drifts are requested and the excitation is an earthquake then the
envelopes of level total acceleration are also output
10
ELEMENTS - one line - see section 11

This is followed by one line for each member in the structure giving the property-set number, the four
nodal point numbers that define the location, or connectivity, of the member and the output control
flag. the members must be in ascending numerical order. Lines may be omitted with interpolation
giving the properties of the intervening members.
11
PROPS - one line - see sections 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 and 27.

This is followed by lines for each of the sections in the properties table together with data on strength
and stiffness degradation parameters covered in appendices A and B.
12
WEIGHTS - one line - see section 30. Except for static analyses this section Must be provided.
This is followed by one line for each node that has a specified point, or lumped, weight for the mass
matrix. If there are no nodal weights then supply lines for the first and last nodes with just the nodal
point numbers on each of the lines.
13
LOADS - one line - see section 31

This is followed by one line for each node that has a static load applied to it.
14
SHAPE - one line - see section 32 - ONLY required if IPVERT# -1, i.e. there is one or more dynamic
load histories applied in the analysis or if IPANAL = 6 for the Adaptive Push-Over analysis or if
IPANAL = 7 for the Cyclic Adaptive Push-Over analysis.
This section only applies to dynamic load histories and not to earthquake analyses.
This is followed by one line for each node that has a contribution to the dynamic forcing function that
will act on the structure. The magnitudes of the loads are multiplied by the dynamic loading history
which is described in the following section.
This section 14 above MUST be repeated for each of the -IPVERT dynamic load cases.
15
EQUAKE - one line - see section 33 or 34 - This is only required if there are one or more components
of the accelerogram or loading history. These are only used in a Time-Histoty analysis and thet are is
not used in a Static analysis or in an Adaptive Push-Over analyses.
This is followed by a line with the parameters for the accelerogram or the loading history.
This then may be followed by the accelerogram, displacement history or loading history though in most
cases the accelerogram, displacement history or loading history is read from a separate file.
This section 15 above MUST be repeated for each of the earthquake or loading histories.
16
SPECTRA - one line - see section 35. This is only required if the analysis is for a Response Spectral
Analysis.
This is followed by a line with the parameters for the Acceleration Response Spectra.
This then may be followed by the data for the response spectra though the spectra could be read from
a separate file.
Note: In the following user guide, each line of required data is indicated by a box containing the data items.
Below each box is a description of the data items. The data items on each line may be separated by a
comma or blank spaces. The format for the items are indicated by the letter at the end of each descriptive
line with A indicating a character string, I indicating an integer value and F indicating a floating point number.
A floating point number may or may not have a decimal point and may also take a scientific or exponent
form such as 1.5E6 which could also be expressed as 1500000.0. Character strings will be upper-cased
unless enclosed in double or single quotes and will terminate at the first blank space unless the string is
enclosed in quotes.
THE DATA FILE FOR "RUAUMOKO3D"

The analysis data for the structure is described by the following sequence of input lines or card images. Note
that a blank line is ignored by the program except after the word START in the accelerograms displacement
histories or load histories.
1.
Description of the analysis
Description of the structure (up to 79 alphanumeric characters)
2.
Principal analysis options
IPANAL IPLAS IPCONM ICTYPE IPVERT INLGEO IPNF IZERO ORTHO IMODE
IPANAL = 0 ;
= 1;
= 2;
= 3;
= 4;
= 5;
= 6;
= 7;
= 8;
= 9;
=10 ;
IPLAS = 0 ;
= 1;
IPCONM = 0 ;
= 1;
= 2;
ICTYPE = 0 ;
= 1;
= 2;
= 3;
= 4;
= 5;
= 6;
= 7;
IPVERT = 0 ;
= N;
= -N ;
= N;
INLGEO = 0 ;
= 1;
= 2;
IPNF
=
=
=
IZERO =
=
ORTHO =
=
IMODE =
=
=
0;
1;
2;
0;
1;
0;
1;
0;
1;
2;
Static Analysis (with iteration for in-elastic behaviour)

I
Static (with iteration for in-elastic behaviour) and Eigen Frequency Analyses
Dynamic Time-history using Newmark constant average acceleration
Dynamic Time-history using Central Difference explicit method
As for IPANAL=2 above but see note below.
Adaptive Push-Over
Cyclic Adaptive Push-Over
Multiple Input Ground Displacement Histories.
Response Spectrum Analysis
Elastic Time-history Analysis only
I
In-elastic Time-history Analysis
Lumped mass matrix used in Time-history
I
Diagonal mass matrix used in Time-history
Consistent mass matrix used in Time-history
Initial Stiffness Rayleigh Damping
I
Tangent Stiffness Rayleigh Damping
Linear variation of damping with elastic natural frequencies
Tri-linear variation of damping with elastic natural frequencies
User Specified modal damping
Material Specific Rayleigh Damping
Rayleigh Damping with Tangent stiffness matrix used for Secant damping matrix
Material Rayleigh with Tangent stiffness matrix used for Secant damping matrix
X-direction earthquake component only
I
N components of earthquake excitation
(1 # N # 3)
N components of dynamic loading history
(1 # N # 99)
N components of dynamic displacement history
(1 # N # 99) (IPANAL = 8 or 9)
Small displacement analysis assumed. (normal case)
I
Large displacement effects included
P-Delta effects included (after the static analysis the stiffnesses
are modified for axial forces and then INLGEO is reset to 0)
Modal analysis is carried out after the static analysis (normal case)
I
Natural frequencies and Mode Shapes are NOT calculated
Modal analysis is carried out before the static analysis
All zero output is omitted (normal case)
I
All zero output is printed
Mode shape orthogonality check not carried out
I
Mode shape orthogonality check printed
Householder QR eigenvalue algorithm used (Default)
I
Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm used
Sub-space iteration eigenvalue algorithm used
Notes:
If IPANAL is greater than 0, a static analysis is carried out if any static loads are specified and then
the modal analysis is performed unless suppressed, or the order of the operations is reversed, by
the variable IPNF.
Limits on valid ranges for variable IPVERT
If IPANAL = 1,2,3,4, or 5,
IPVERT = 0,1,2 or 3, or >-100
If IPANAL = 6 or 7,
IPVERT = -1
If IPANAL = 8 or 9,
IPVERT < 100
For IPANAL = 4 or 5. Degrees of Freedom flagged as for travelling wave input are treated as fixed
for the static and modal analyses and are then released at the start of the relative displacement
time history integration.
For IPANAL = 9. Degrees of Freedom flagged as input nodal displacement degrees of freedom
are fixed for the static and modal analyses and are then released at the start of the total
displacement time history integration.
IPANAL = 6 is for an Adaptive Push-Over Analysis where the input load pattern is adapted as the
structure deforms and the analysis will terminate when the limit displacement is reached, the
factored elastic displacement is reached or the structure stiffness reduces to 0.1% of the initial
stiffness.
IPANAL = 7 is for a Cyclic Adaptive Push-Over Analysis where the input load pattern is adapted as
the structure deforms and when the change points in the prescribed displacement history is
reached the loading again reverts to the initial loading pattern but in the opposite direction and the
adaptive loading again continues until the next reversal point in the displacement history is reach.
The analysis will terminate when the displacement history is completed or the structure stiffness
reduces to 0.1% of the initial stiffness.
IPANAL = 8 is for the case for simulating a laboratory excitation where a displacement is applied
to the structure at a particular degree of freedom or a set of degrees of freedom. In this case the
degrees of freedom where the displacements are to be applied are treated as free for the static and
modal analyses, i.e. gravity and free-vibration cases and then the displacement histories are
applied to these degrees of freedom. The analysis is a Relative Displacement formulation.
IPANAL = 9 is for the case for the analysis of a structure where the ground is to be subjected to a
set of specified ground displacement histories. This would be appropriate if the different motions
are to be applied at different parts of the foundation or at different depths in the foundation. For
the static and modal analyses these degrees of freedom need to be fixed to prevent rigid body
displacements of the structure. The analysis is a Total Displacement formulation.
IPANAL = 10 is for the case for the analysis of a structure where the ground motion is based on an
acceleration response spectra. The data for a normal dynamic analysis is read but then the
analysis is reset to linear elastic, the damping model is reset to Rayleigh damping, the mass matrix
is reset to diagonal and the analysis is set to small displacement theory. There may be separate
spectra for the each earthquake direction or the same spectra may be use for all earthquake
component. The analysis is a Relative Displacement formulation.
ORTHO is a flag that enables the user to show the orthogonality of the mode shapes computed
with respect to the mass matrix. Ideally the diagonal terms of the orthogonality matrix should be
1.0 and the off-diagonal terms should be 0.0.. This check is normally only used if, for some reason,
there is a suspicion that the modes computed are not orthogonal with respect to the mass or
stiffness matrices.
IMODE is used to select the eigenvalue algorithm used to compute the natural frequencies and
mode shapes of free-vibration. The default is the Householder and QR algorithm that has been
used since the mid-1960s. This has always been reliable but in 2001 3 instances were reported
where non-orthogonal modes were computed The Jacobi algorithm is the most stable algorithm
available but is slow, and if any mode shapes are required they all have to be found,
recommended for small problems only. The Sub-space iteration method is suitable for very large
problems but must be used with care if parts of the structure have very small masses with small
stiffnesses to match as the iteration process may then be unpredictable. The iteration uses a
generalised Jacobi eigenvalue routine.
ICTYPE = 0 means that the damping matrix is based on a Rayleigh damping model and uses the
stiffness of the structure at the beginning of the time-history. The computed damping matrix is
constant throughout the time-history analysis. The tangent, secant and elastic damping matrices are
identical. This means that as the structure softens, by yielding etc., the effective damping increases
because the Rayleigh coefficients and were computed for the initial natural frequencies of freevibration and some of the frequencies have now decreased. It must be noted that the Rayleigh
damping model shows that the level of damping in the higher modes of free-vibration can be very
large.
ICTYPE = 1 means that the damping matrix is based on a Rayleigh damping model and uses
current stiffness of the structure at any time step as the tangent damping matrix. If the structure is
inelastic then the tangent damping matrix changes together with the stiffness matrix throughout the
time history. The damping forces in the structure are adjusted in the time step with the increment of
the damping forces being the product of the tangent damping matrix multiplied by the incremental
velocities in the structure. The incremental damping forces are then added to the damping forces
existing in the structure at the beginning of the time step to give the damping forces at the end of
the time-step.
ICTYPE = 2 means that the damping matrix is based on the Wilson-Penzien damping model and is
based on the frequencies and modes of free-vibration at the beginning of the time-history analysis.
The levels of damping associated with each mode varies linearly with frequency. The computed
damping matrix is constant throughout the time-history analysis. The tangent, secant and elastic
damping matrices are identical. This means that as the structure softens, by yielding etc., the
effective damping will increase. However, as the damping in the higher modes of free-vibration is
much less than that implied in the Rayleigh damping model this does not appear to have significant
consequences.
ICTYPE = 3 is a variation of the Wilson-Penzien damping model where the levels of damping
associated with each mode varies in a tri-linear manner with frequency. This model was initially
used to compare the results with the Rayleigh damping model where the damping in the highest
modes was set to be the same as those found in the Rayleigh damping model. It can also be used
to set high, low (or zero) levels of damping in the high modes of free-vibration.
ICTYPE = 4 is a variation of the Wilson-Penzien damping model where there is a little more control
of the damping levels set for the different modes of free-vibration.
ICTYPE = 5 is a variant of the Rayleigh damping model where the Rayleigh coefficients and
are specified separately for every member in the structural system. This enables different damping
levels to be specified in different parts of the structural system, i.e. a pounding study with buildings
of different types exhibiting different levels of damping or for a building on a soil foundation which
probably exhibits different damping to that shown by the building. The Rayleigh coefficients and
need to be computed separately for each structural system and then specified in the section
properties for each member type. If only initial stiffness damping is used then the analysis is
similar to ICTYPE = 0 above and if tangent stiffness damping is specified than the effect id similar
to ICTYPE = 1 above. If there are nodal masses input as well as member mass then the
contribution of these nodal masses to the damping matrix can be achieved by specifying MODE1 =
MODE2 = 0 and by supplying C1 as in the Frame data line below. The damping matrix computed
is the tangent damping matrix.
ICTYPE = 6 is a variation of the Rayleigh damping model where the the tangent stiffness matrices
are used to form the secant damping matrix. In this case the damping forces at a time-step are the
product of the secant damping matrix times the current velocities of the structure. For the dynamic
incremental stiffness matrix the tangent damping matrix is assumed to be the same as the secant
damping matrix and the forces are then adjusted to match those from the secant damping matrix.
This model matches what some users believe is the Rayleigh model with tangent stiffness damping
where others believe that ICTYPE = 1 fits that model. There is a potential problem with this
damping model for structures containing non-linear dash-pot members.
ICTYPE = 7 is the equivalent of ICTYPE = 6 for structures using the ICTYPE = 5 member specific
Rayleigh damping model and again assumes that the damping matrix is the secant damping matrix.
Rayleigh or Proportional Damping Model ICTYPE=0 or 1
Linear or Tri-Linear Damping Model ICTYPE=2 or 3
User Specified Modal Damping ICTYPE=4
10
3.
Earthquake Excitation Component Transformation

(Only supply if IPVERT above is greater then 0 and IPANAL above is 2, 3, 4 or 5)
X1 Y1 Z1
X2 Y2 Z2
X3 Y3 Z3
These numbers represent the transformation giving the global X, Y and Z components for the I excitation
histories where I = IPVERT is 1, 2 or 3.
The transformation has the form
Note:
The transformation does not have to be orthogonal or represent unit vectors, i.e. the user may scale
each of the excitations in different ways. There must be at least a non-zero component in one of
the directions for each of the I excitations.
If the transformation required is an Identity transformation, i.e. the first, second and third
earthquake components are in the X, Y and Z directions respectively, respond with the word
DEFAULT or the letter D (in upper or lower case).
Examples.
The First earthquake component is at 30E to the X axis, the Second component is at 90E to the First
component and the Third component is in the Y direction.
Then
11
4.
Frame Control Parameters
NNP NMEM NTYPE NMODE MODE1 MODE2
NNP
NMEM
NTYPE
NMODE
MODE1
MODE2
GRAV
C1
C2
DT
TIME
FACTOR
GRAV C1 C2 DT TIME FACTOR
Number of nodal points in the structure

Number of members in the structure
Number of different cross-sections in the section table
Number of mode-shapes required to be printed in the modal analysis
The mode number at which the first damping ratio is applied.
The mode number at which the second damping ratio is applied.
The acceleration of gravity
The percentage of critical damping at mode MODE1
The percentage of critical damping at mode MODE2
The integration time-step (Time units, usually seconds)
The length of time-history to be run (Time units, usually seconds)
A scale factor applied to the time-history input (Default = 1.0)
I
I
I
I
I
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
Note:
If both MODE1 and MODE2 above are zero then the coefficients C1 and C2 are to be taken as the
constants and of the Rayleigh damping model.
If there is only one dynamic degree of freedom then if MODE1=1 and MODE2=0 then mass
proportional damping is modelled.
If there is only one dynamic degree of freedom then if MODE1=0 and MODE2=1 then stiffness
proportional damping is modelled.
If ICTYPE=4 then MODE1 is the number of modes for which damping ratios are to be specified and
MODE2 should be set to zero.
If ICTYPE=2 and C1=C2 then the damping ratio is constant = C1 for all modes of free vibration.
5.
Output Intervals and Plotting Control Parameters
KPRNT KPOST KPLOT DFACT XMAX YMAX ZMAX IFMT NLEVEL NUP IRESID KDUMP
KPRNT
KPOST
KPLOT
DFACT
XMAX
YMAX
ZMAX
IFMT
NLEVEL
NUP
IRESID
KDUMP
Note:
= 0;
Time-history output suppressed
= k;
Time-history output every k time-steps
= 0;
Post-processor DYNAPLOT output suppressed
= k;
Post-processor DYNAPLOT output every k time-steps
= 0;
Plastic Hinge plotting suppressed
= k;
Plastic Hinge plotting at every k time steps
Displacement multiplying scale factor for on-screen graphics. (DFACT $ 1.0)
Maximum X displacement for use in the on-screen graphics
Maximum Y displacement for use in the on-screen graphics
Maximum Z displacement for use in the on-screen graphics
= 0;
Binary DYNAPLOT file with filename extension .RES
= 1;
ASCII DYNAPLOT file with filename extension .RAS
Number of levels for computed inter-storey drifts, i.e. number of storeys+1
If NLEVEL is less than 2 then inter-storey drifts are not output.
Vertical axis for inter-storey drifts, 1=X axis, 2=Y axis or 3=Z axis
= 1;
Residual displacements and forces output at end of time-history output.
= 0;
No residual output
= 0;
Mass and Stiffness matrix output suppressed
= k;
Mass matrix output and Stiffness matrix output every k time-steps
I
I
I
F
F
F
F
I
I
I
I
I
If the displacements of the structure exceed the limitations XMAX, YMAX or ZMAX then the picture
is clipped.
12
If KPRNT is zero for a response spectra analysis (IPANAL=10) then only the combined modal
response will be output whereas if KPRNT is greater than zero each modal response will also be
output.
13
6.
Plot Axes Transformation
Txx Txy Txz Tyx Tyy Tyz
These numbers represent the transformation giving the Xplot and Yplot projection components of the global X,
Y and Z coordinates for the graphical presentation of the structure and its displacements.
The transformation has the form
Note:
The transformation does not have to be orthogonal or represent unit vectors, i.e. the user may
distort the structure in different ways. There must be at least a non-zero component of the structure
in each of the Xplot and Yplot axes and the two rows of the matrix must not be the same.
The default tranformation assumes an isometric projection with the X axis to the right, the Y axis
vertical and the Z axis to the left. In this case respond with the word DEFAULT or the letter D (in
upper or lower case).
Example. The Default transformation.
Then
14
7.
Iteration Control and Wave Velocities
MAXIT MAXCIT FTEST WAVEX WAVEY WAVEZ DXMAX DYMAX DZMAX D OMEGA
MAXIT
If IPANAL not = 3. The maximum number of cycles of Newton-Raphson

iterations per Time-step. If =0 : no iteration
If IPANAL = 3. (explicit integration) MAXIT is the number of sub-steps per
time-step DT in the integration of the equations of motion i.e. the actual
integration time-step used is DT/MAXIT
Maximum number of cycles of iteration/solution step for damping models
ICTYPE $ 2 that have coefficients outside the skyline of the stiffness matrix.
Norm of the out-of-balance force vector relative to the incremental force
vector for both Newton-Raphson iteration and the damping iteration
Ground wave velocity of propagation in the global X-direction.
Ground wave velocity of propagation in the global Y-direction.
Ground wave velocity of propagation in the global Z-direction.
X displacement to terminate analysis, 0.0 implies infinite limit.
Y displacement to terminate analysis, 0.0 implies infinite limit.
Z displacement to terminate analysis, 0.0 implies infinite limit.
Travelling Wave Dispersion factor
0.0 implies no dispersion (D = infinity)
1.0 Maximum dispersion
100.0 Minimum dispersion
Earthquake Characteristic Frequency (Radians/second) used for dispersion
Scale factor for dispersion (default = 0.10)
MAXCIT
FTEST
WAVEX
WAVEY
WAVEZ
DXMAX
DYMAX
DZMAX
D
OMEGA
F
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
If IPVERT is negative then travelling wave models are not permitted.

If the ground wave velocities WAVEX, WAVEY and/or WAVEZ are input as zero they are
treated as infinite.
When the Central Difference marching method is being used for the time-history integration
then the actual time-step DT/MAXIT must be less than half the shortest natural period of the
structure if numerical instability is to be avoided in the time-history integration.
The Displacement limits are absolute values in that only positive numbers are used.
The default value for FTEST used when either one or both of MAXIT and/or MAXCIT are
specified is 0.00001. Note that the squares of the vector norms are used in the test so that
0.001 implies a 3% tolerance and 0.0001 implies a 1% tolerance.
If the variable MAXCIT is applicable the maximum number should lie in the range of 1 to 3.
As a rule, experience has shown that very seldom is more than one cycle of iteration
required.
As a general observation not more than about 5 Newton Raphson iterations should be
needed in any time-step
If Dispersion is applied to the travelling wave, then the amount of dispersion applied to the
accelerogram applied to nodes after the first node to receive the input depends on the wave
velocity, the distance between the nodes (i.e. the time delay) and the dispersion parameter D
and the characteristic earthquake frequency OMEGA. The dispersion is in the form of a
white noise which is designed not to significantly alter the response spectra of the input
ground motion. The first node to receive the input motion has no dispersion applied to its
input motion. The dispersion is a strictly random process which means that the input at the
nodes is never able to be repeated meaning that subsequent analyses with the same data
are not repeateable. If D is supplied as a negative number then a pseudo-random process is
used meaning that a re-run with the same data will produce the same results. This may be
useful for parameter studies where one does not want the effects of the parameter variation
to be clouded by the strictly random nature of the default (D positive) dispersion.
The dispersion amplitude may be scaled by the factor F.
15
8.
User Specified Modal Damping Parameters (Only if ICTYPE = 4)
MODE1 DAMP1 MODE2 DAMP2 .. ..
MODEi
DAMPi
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
9.
MODEn DAMPn
Mode number. Must be in ascending numerical order,

Percentage of Critical Damping for MODEi
I
F
Number of Modes n specified must equal MODE1 of line 2, Principal analysis options.
Damping for modes less than the first mode above is taken as DAMP1 and damping for modes
greater than MODEn is taken as DAMPn. This model may be considered as a variation of the
trilinear damping model.
For modes with numbers in-between the modes specified, the Percentage of Critical damping is
interpolated with respect to the modal frequencies of the modes at the beginning and end of the gap
in the mode numbers.
Time-history Output Control
Output control during the time-history integration is under the control of the parameters KPRNT and KPOST
on the Section 4 above.
1.
If the parameter KPRNT is non-zero, = I, the results are written to the output file, or device, every I
time steps starting at step 0.
2.
If the parameter KPOST is non-zero, = J, then results go to the post-processing DYNAPLOT file
every J time steps starting at step zero.
The control of which nodes or members have their results output is determined by the parameter IOUT
associated with each of the nodes or members in the following data sections.
The value of IOUT lies in the range of 0 to 3;
IOUT
=
=
=
=
0;
1;
2;
3;
if required, the results will be sent to both the output file and written to the DYNAPLOT file.
if required, will only be written to the DYNAPLOT file
if required, will only be sent to the output file.
will neither be printed in the output file or written to the DYNAPLOT file.
Default values of IOUT are set on the lines with the words NODES or MEMBERS in Sections 10 or 11 below
and these values will apply for all nodes or members unless over-ridden by new values on the data for that
node or member. Interpolated nodes or members take the value for the first node or member in the
sequence.
At every Jth time step, starting at time=0.0, the following information will be written to the DYNAPLOT postprocessing file.
1.
The time, ground accelerations and the inertia, damping and elastic energies, the external work
done by the applied loads and the plastic work.
2.
For every requested node, the node displacements, velocities, accelerations, damping forces,
inertia forces and applied loads are output.
3.
For every requested member, the member forces, the member deformations, the member action
stiffness flags as a percentage of the elastic stiffness. (For beam members: axial, flexure about zz
axis at ends 1 and 2, torsion, flexure about yy at ends 1 and 2) or (For spring members:
displacements in all three local axis directions, rotations about all three local axes, forces in all local
axis directions and all three moments). All this nodal and member data can be plotted by the postprocessor program DYNAPLOT.
16
10.
Nodal Point Input
One input line with the word NODES starting in column 1.
NODES IOUT IPLANE
IOUT
IPLANE
Output control
= 1 or X;
= 2 or Y;
= 3 or Z;
flag (see section 9 above)

Structure only moves in the Y-Z plane
Structure only moves in the Z-X plane
Structure only moves in the X-Y plane
I
I
If IPLANE is non-zero, or not blank, then the nodal boundary conditions set in the following data lines are
automatically reset to constrain the structures movement. This means that the structure may be restrained to
move in a plane without having to change all the nodal data. If more that one earthquake excitation has
been specified for IPVERT in line 2 then these excitations must be still input even if they have no effect on
the structure.
One input line required per nodal point, except that the presence of sequential nodal points with equally
spaced nodal point coordinates need only be implied by the presence of the first and last nodal points of the
sequence. Boundary conditions and coupling will be taken (except for the last nodal point in the sequence)
as being identical to those of first nodal point in the sequence.
N X Y Z
N
X
Y
Z
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
KUP
IOUT
Notes:
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 KUP IOUT
Nodal point number

X-coordinate of node N
Y-coordinate of node N
Z-coordinate of node N
X-displacement boundary code
Y-displacement boundary code
Z-displacement boundary code
X-rotation boundary code
Y-rotation boundary code
Z-rotation boundary code
Master Node number.
Output control flag (see section 9 above)
I
F
F
F
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
The nodal points must be arranged in ascending numerical sequence and the first and last nodal
points must have their data supplied.
There is no restriction of the ordering of master and slave nodes in the program and daisy chaining
of slaving (slaving a node to a node that is already slaved to another node) is allowed although not
recommended. The unconstrained degrees of freedom are numbered and the program then
computes the appropriate equation numbers for the slaved nodes. However, care MUST be
exercised to ensure that circular chaining, slaving a node back to itself, does not occur.
Once the member data has been input the equations are automatically renumbered to minimise the
execution speed and memory requirements in the subsequent equation solving. This means that if
the user later wishes to apply foundation compliance to what was a fixed-base structure then the
original node numbering does not have to be changed, the new numbers for the new foundation
nodes to take the compliance members are just appended to the existing node sequence.
Similarly, adjoining frames in a pounding study can be numbered sequentially rather than being
numbered across floors of both structures to minimize band-width.
17
Dummy nodes (nodes not connected to any member in the structure) may be left in the data set as
long as all degrees of freedom of that node are fully fixed. The program will actually check and fix
any nodes that are not connected to the ends of frame-like members or to the corners of
quadrilateral elements. Master nodes do not have to have members connecting them to the slaved
nodes.
Boundary codes:
Ni = 0
Ni = 1
means the displacement or rotation is unconstrained.

means the displacement or rotation is zero.
If a node is not connected to any member (such as the inner nodes of the five node
members or the fifth node of such members) so that there is no stiffness associated
with the node then the program will automatically fix the degrees of freedom of the
node and a warning message will be printed in the output file.
Ni = 2
means that the displacement of this degree of freedom is slaved (the same as) that
degree of freedom of the Master node KUP.
If the node is not in the same location as the master node then rotational coupling in
one axis direction implies that the displacements of the other two axes are rigidly
coupled in the appropriate rigid plane to the master node. This may be used to model
floor diaphragms that may be considered as rigid in their own planes but as the other
degrees of freedom may be left unconstrained or uncoupled so that the plane is
considered to be flexible for deformations out of the plane.
If N4 = 2 then N2 and N3 must also equal 2.
For nodes that not in the same location the program will check for the translational
coupling associated with the rotational degree of freedom couplings and will
automatically adjust the boundary conditions.
Ni = -1
If IPANAL is 2 or 3 in line 2 above then this indicates that this is an input degree of
freedom for travelling wave input for the i component of the input where i = 1, 2 or 3
implies the x, y or z earthquake input components respectively. This option is not
available for the rotational degrees of freedom as there is no option to consider
rotational earthquake excitations.
If IPANAL is 4 or 5 in line 2 above, then this degree of freedom is fixed for the static
and modal analyses but is released for a normal relative-motion time-history
response.
Ni = -k
If IPANAL is 8 or 9 in line 2 above, Multiple Input Displacement Histories, this

degree of freedom has the displacement specified in the Input Displacement
component k.
Master Node:
KUP = 0
KUP = J
means no coupling of the degrees of freedom.

means that the degrees of freedom with Ni = 2 for this node are coupled to those
same degrees of freedom of Node J.
If rigid floor diaphragms are being used in the modelling then the master node of the floor must be located at
the centre of mass of the floor as during the modal analysis the mass matrix is diagonalized. The master
node must also be at the centre of mass if a lumped or diagonal mass matrix is being used as there is then
no way of expressing the mass coupling between the rotational and translational degrees of freedom.
18
10a.
Inter-storey Drift Input. (Only if NLEVEL on data line 5 is greater than 2)
One input line with the word DRIFT starting in column 1.
DRIFT ANGLE
The default inter-storey drifts are the differences in the displacements over the storey concerned.
If the word DRIFT is followed by the word ANGLE (minimum of the letter A) then the inter-storey drifts are
the differences in the displacements divided by the inter-storey height. This means that the inter-storey drifts
are the drift angles (radians). If the word ANGLE or the letter A is omitted then the inter-storey drifts are the
default differences in the displacements over the storey.
This is followed by a line or lines with a list of a list of NLEVEL nodal point numbers starting with a node point
at the ground level and then with a node point at each storey progressing upwards from the bottom of the
structure. If the nodes cannot be listed on one line then take as many lines as is necessary. The program
will continue reading data lines until all NLEVEL numbers have been read.
N1 N2 N3 . . . Ntop
N1
N2
N3
...
Ntop
Notes:
Nodal
Nodal
Nodal
Nodal
Nodal
point number at ground floor, or first level, of the structure.

point number at the second level of the structure.
point number at the third level of the structure.
point numbers at intermediate levels
point at the top level of the structure
I
I
I
I
I
If rigid floor diaphragms are part of the modelling then the nodal points at each level should be the
master node at that level. If this is not done then there will be difficulties in interpreting the results
because of the floor rotations about the vertical axis.
The total number of nodes must be NLEVEL where NLEVEL (see section 5 on page 12) is the
number of storeys+1.
If inter-storey drifts are requested the envelopes of inter-storey drifts are listed in the output file.
If Residual displacements and forces are also requested then the Residual inter-storey drifts are
also listed in the output file.
If inter-storey drifts are requested and the excitation is an earthquake (IPVERT $ 0) then the
envelopes of the Total Accelerations are also listed in the output file.
19
11.
Member Topology or Geometry
One input line with the word ELEMENTS starting in column 1.
ELEMENTS IOUT
IOUT
Five Node Linear Members
Quadrilateral or Panel Members

Triangles Similar
20
One input line is required per member in ascending order, except that sequential members with a nodal point
numbering that uniformly increments may be implied by the provision of the first and last member in the
sequence. The member type for all interpolated members will be taken as that for the first member in the
sequence.
N MTYPE I J K L M IOUT
N
MTYPE
I
J
K
L
M
IOUT
Notes:
Member number.
Member property number, refers to the member properties that follow later.
Nodal point number to which End 1 of the member is connected to the
structure.
Nodal point number to which End 2 of the member is connected to the
structure.
Inner nodal point at End 1 of the member or Node 3 of quadrilateral
(if K is zero or blank it is reset to equal I ) Must be non-zero for triangles
Inner nodal point at end 2 of the member or Node 4 of quadrilateral
Input as zero for triangles (if L is zero or blank it is reset to equal J )
Node to define local z axis of the member.
(For other than Quadrilateral or Panel elements use +X or -X if the local z axis
is parallel to the positive or negative global X axis, the + is optional and the
X may be in upper or lower case. If parallel to the global Y or Z axes replace
the X with Y or Z respectively)
Must be zero for Quadrilateral or Panel elements.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
The 5-node frame members are connected to the structure at nodes I and J only. There are no
stiffness contributions to nodes K and L. These latter two nodes K and L are purely for a geometric
definition in that they are assumed to be connected to nodes I and J respectively by rigid links with
the flexible section of the member lying between the inner nodes K and L.
The boundary conditions for the inner nodes K and L must be fully fixed. The program does a check
of all nodal point data and will fix these nodes if their degrees of freedom are not defined by some
other member.
In a large displacement analysis the coordinates of nodes K and L are updated from the incremental
displacements and rotations of nodes I and J.
For other than the quadrilateral elements the local x axis is defined as being along the member from
K to L with the origin at K. The local y axis is perpendicular to the plane defined by nodes K, L and
M. The local z axis is perpendicular to the local x and y axes and pointing to the same side of the
local x axis as is node M. These local axes form a right-handed cartesian coordinate system. Note
that the nodes K, L and M must not be co-linear.
For the Spring, Damper, Tendon and Contact members, if the length of the member (the distance
between nodes K and L) is zero then the local axes are parallel to the global axes. The length of
the member must be greater than zero for the Frame and Ground members.
For the quadrilateral finite elements all four nodal points are required and must be distinct. The
nodes I, J, K and L must proceed around the element in an anti-clockwise order. Node M has no
meaning for the quadrilateral members and MUST equal 0. The local x axis lies along side I to J
with the origin at node I. The local y axis lies in the plane of the element and is on the same side of
the local x axis as is node L. The local z axis is perpendicular to the local x and y axes and forms a
right-handed cartesian set of axes.
21
For the trianglar finite elements all three nodal points are required and must be distinct. The nodes
I, J, K must proceed around the element in an anti-clockwise order. Node M has no meaning for the
triagular members and MUST equal 0. The local x axis lies along side I to J with the origin at node
I. The local y axis lies in the plane of the element and is on the same side of the local x axis as is
node K. The local z axis is perpendicular to the local x and y axes and forms a right-handed
cartesian set of axes. Node L will be reset by the program to be the same as Node J but this is of
no consequence.
Node M (where required) may be a node attached to another member in the structure or it may be a
dummy node, i.e. not connected to any member in the structure. In the case that M is a dummy
node, its boundary conditions must be fully fixed. Note that the direction of the local z axis is
determined by the position of M relative to the axis K - L and that if the axis sense is reversed the
signs of the member moments etc. will be reversed.
Node M for the five node members may also take the values of x, y or z (upper or lower case) which
implies that the local z axis is parallel to and in the same direction as the global (or structure) X, Y or
Z axes respectively. If the values are -x, -y or -z then the axes are parallel to the corresponding
global axes but in the opposite direction.
22
12.
Member Property Tables
One input line with the word PROPS starting in column 1.

PROPS
13.
Section Property Information
One set of input for every different cross-section type (this may be due to the different initial load conditions
etc.). These must be arranged in ascending section number order and each must be one of the following
section types;
N MTYPE LABEL
N
MTYPE
LABEL
Section Number
= FRAME
=>
Beam or Beam-Column member
= SPRING
=>
Spring member
= DAMPER
=>
Viscous Damping member
= TENDON
=>
Active Tendon or Constant Force member
= CONTACT
=>
Contact or Impact member
= QUADRILATERAL =>
Quadrilateral Finite Element
= PANEL
=>
Masonry Panel Element
= GROUND
=>
Foundation Element
= MULTISPRING
=>
Multi-Spring Elements
= COMPOUND
=>
Compound-Spring Elements
= EXTERNAL
=>
External Elements
= LATTICE
=>
Lattice Elements
= REINFORCED
=>
Reinforced concrete hinge Element
= INERTIA
=>
Relative Mass Element
= BEAM
=>
Beam or Beam-Column member
= TRIANGLE
=>
Triangular Finite Elements
Maximum 30 character label for section. If you wish to retain case or if the
label contains blank characters enclose the label in single or double quotes.
I
A
The above line for each section shall be followed by the remaining data for the appropriate member types.
See the following sections. Note that MTYPE must contain, in most cases, the first letter of the member type
i.e. the user may use FRAME, FRAM, FRA, FR or F. However, sufficient letters must be used so that the
selection is unique. If the word is mis-spelt it will not be recognized and will lead to an error message and
termination of the analysis.
SECTION 14 =
SECTION 15 =
SECTION 16 =
SECTION 17 =
SECTION 18 =
SECTION 19 =
SECTION 20 =
SECTION 21 =
SECTION 22 =
SECTION 23 =
SECTION 24 =
SECTION 25 =
SECTION 26 =
SECTION 27 =
SECTION 28 =
FRAME or BEAM type members

SPRING type members
DAMPING type members
TENDON type members
CONTACT type members
QUADRILATERAL finite elements
PANEL elements
GROUND elements
MULTI-SPRING elements
COMPOUND-SPRING elements
EXTERNAL elements
LATTICE elements
REINFORCED concrete hinge element
INERTIA (relative mass) elements
TRIANGULAR finite elements
23
14
FRAME and BEAM members
Frame and Beam Members

Note:
The current version of Ruaumoko3D uses the BEAM member. The FRAME member is retained
for backwards compatibility and both members use the same source code and subroutines.
The only difference is that in the BEAM member the user has the free choice of inelastic member
model, variable ITYPE, and the yield interaction diagrams, variable IBEAM.
The FRAME member is treated as a subset of the BEAM member. The FRAME member variable
ITYPE implies a fixed selection of the member model ITYPE and the yield interaction IBEAM in that
all the beam-column members use the Giberson one-component member model.
24
14.
FRAME and FRAME type member properties
Order of all of the components required for Frame Members are:

1
Basic Section Properties, FRAME members see section 14a, BEAM members see section 14aa
2
Section Elastic properties, see section 14b
3
Section End properties, see section 14c
4
Member bi-linear factors and hinge lengths, only if IHYST > 0, see sections 14d and 14e
5
Section Damping Parameters, only if ICTYPE = 5 or 7 in line 2 of data set. See section 14f
6
Member initial conditions, i.e. fixed-end forces, only if ICOND > 0, see sections 14g and 14h.
7
Yield Forces and Moments, only if IHYST > 0,
For BEAM members see sections 14i
For Reinforced Concrete BEAM-COLUMN members see sections 14j
For Flanged Steel BEAM-COLUMN members see sections 14k
For Quadratic BEAM-COLUMN members see sections 14l
For Reinforced Concrete BEAM-COLUMN members see sections 14m
For Flanged Cruciform BEAM-COLUMN members see sections 14n
8
In-elastic shear or shear link data, only if IGA > 0, see sections 14o or 14p
9
Strength Degradation Parameters, only if ILOS > 0, see section 14q
10
Stiffness Degradation Parameters, only if IHYST > 0, see section 14r
11
Damage Index data, only if IDAMG > 0, see section 14s.
25
14a.
Basic section control parameters (FRAME members only) (this line MUST be supplied)
ITYPE IPINZ IPINY ICOND IHYST ILOS IDAMG IGA IDUCT
ITYPE
= 1;
= 2;
= 3;
= 4;
= 5;
= 6;
= 7;
= 8;
= 9;
=10;
= 0;
= 1;
= 2;
= 3:
= 0;
= 1;
= 2;
= 3:
= 0;
= 1;
= 2:
= n;
= 0;
= 1;
= 2;
= 3;
= 4;
IPINZ
IPINY
ICOND
IHYST
ILOS
= 5;
= 6;
= 7;
IDAMG
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
IGA
IDUCT
Notes: 1.
2.
3.
4
m;
0;
1;
2;
3;
4;
5;
6;
0;
1;
One Component (Giberson) BEAM member

Reinforced Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (type 1) member
Flanged Steel BEAM-COLUMN member
General quadratic BEAM-COLUMN member
Two-component BEAM member
Variable Flexibility BEAM member
Flanged Cruciform Steel BEAM-COLUMN member
Member built-in to joint (Normal case) (about z-z axis)
End 1 pinned (internally) to the joint
Both ends pinned internally to the joints
Member built-in to joint (Normal case) (about y-y axis)
No initial loads applied
Initial Fixed-End Forces or Prestress are applied. See section 14g
Initial Distributed Loads or Prestress are applied. See section 14h
Hysteresis rule.
See Appendix B
No strength degradation.
See Appendix A
Strength reduction in each direction based on its ductility factor
Strength reduction based on number of cycles
Strength reduction based on maximum ductility
Strength reduction as for ILOS=1 above but strength reduction also with
number of inelastic cycles.
Strength reduction as for ILOS=4 above but strength reduces suddenly
at ultimate ductility.
= 0;
No damage indices computed
Damage indices computed. (Integer values only accepted m > 0 )
Standard Beam or Beam-Column member.
In-elastic Shear in the y direction (flexure about z-z axis)
In-elastic Shear in the z direction (flexure about y-y axis)
In-elastic Shear in both the y and z directions
In-elastic Shear-Link Splice slip in the y direction (flexure z-z axis)
In-elastic Shear-Link Splice slip in the z direction (flexure y-y axis)
In-elastic Shear-Link Splice slip in both the y and z directions
Flexural Stiffness remains constant as yield moment varies
Flexural Stiffness varies so that yield curvature remains constant
I
I
I
I
If ITYPE above is 6 then check IHYST against table of allowable hysteresis types. IPINZ
and IPINY must be 0 and the bi-linear factors RF in section 14d must have a value greater
than or equal to 0.01.
If the member is linearly elastic then there is no effective distinction between members with
different values of ITYPE
The only difference between the reinforced concrete Beam-Column members, ITYPE 1 or 7
is the shape of the yield interaction diagrams.
The value of IDAMG is used as a weight when computing the weighted damage index for
26
the whole structure. Only integer values are accepted. If all damage index flags are 1 then
the weighted damage index for the structure is the average damage index.
Giberson One-Component Member
Two-Component Member
Variable Flexibility Member
27
14aa.
Basic section control parameters (BEAM members only) (this line MUST be supplied)
ITYPE IBEAM IPINZ IPINY ICOND IHYST ILOS IDAMG IGA IDUCT
ITYPE
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
IBEAM
IPINZ
IPINY
ICOND
IHYST
ILOS
1;
2;
3;
4;
5;
6;
1;
2;
3;
4;
5;
6;
7;
8;
0;
1;
2;
3:
0;
1;
2;
3:
0;
1;
2:
n;
0;
1;
2;
3;
4;
= 5;
= 6;
= 7;
IDAMG
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
IGA
IDUCT
Notes: 1.
2.
m;
0;
1;
2;
3;
4;
5;
6;
0;
1;
One Component (Giberson) member

Two-component member
Variable (Quadratic EI in hinge) Flexibility member
Variable (Constant EI in hinge) Flexibility member

Beam interaction
(No axial force interaction)
Beam-Column Interaction
(Reinforced Concrete type1)
(Flanged Steel - Chen)
(General quadratic)
(Reinforced Concrete type 2)
(Flanged Cruciform Steel)
Member built-in to joint (Normal case) (about z-z axis)
Member built-in to joint (Normal case) (about y-y axis)
No initial loads applied
Initial Fixed-End Forces or Prestress are applied. See section 14g
Initial Distributed Loads or Prestress are applied. See section 14h
Hysteresis rule.
See Appendix B
No strength degradation.
See Appendix A
Strength reduction in each direction based on its ductility factor
= 0;
Damage indices computed. (Integer values only accepted m > 0 )
Standard Beam or Beam-Column member.
In-elastic Shear in the y direction (flexure about z-z axis)
In-elastic Shear in the z direction (flexure about y-y axis)
In-elastic Shear in both the y and z directions
In-elastic Shear-Link Splice slip in the y direction (flexure z-z axis)
In-elastic Shear-Link Splice slip in the z direction (flexure y-y axis)
In-elastic Shear-Link Splice slip in both the y and z directions
Flexural Stiffness remains constant as yield moment varies
Flexural Stiffness varies so that yield curvature remains constant
I
I
I
I
If ITYPE above is 3,4 or 5 then check IHYST against table of allowable hysteresis types. IPINZ
and IPINY must be 0 and the bi-linear factors RF in section 14d must have a value greater than
or equal to 0.01.
If the member is linearly elastic then there is no effective distinction between members with
28
3.
4
different values of ITYPE or IBEAM

The only difference between variations in IBEAM is the shape of the yield interaction diagrams.
The value of IDAMG is used as a weight when computing the weighted damage index for the
whole structure. Only integer values are accepted. If all damage index flags are 1 then the
weighted damage index for the structure is the average damage index.
Giberson One-Component Member
Two-Component Member
Variable Flexibility Member
29
14b.
Elastic section properties (this line MUST be supplied)
E G A Jxx Izz Iyy Asz Asy Sy Sz WGT
E
G
A
Jxx
Izz
Iyy
Asz
Elastic (Young's) Modulus of member material

Shear Modulus of member material
Cross-sectional AREA of the member section
Torsional 2nd Moment of Area of section in the x-x direction
Moment of Inertia (2nd Moment of Area) of section in the z-z direction
Moment of Inertia (2nd Moment of Area) of section in the y-y direction
Effective SHEAR AREA of the member section in the z direction
(if Asz = 0.0 then shear deformations in the section are suppressed)
Effective SHEAR AREA of the member section in the y direction
(if Asy = 0.0 then shear deformations in the section are suppressed)
Distance of the Shear-Centre of the section from the x-z plane
Distance of the Shear-Centre of the section from the x-y plane
Weight/(unit length) of the member
Asy
Sy
Sz
WGT
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Note:
The weight/unit length is used to compute the member mass and does not contribute to the static loads
on the member or the structure.
The shear area Asz acts with Izz to carry the shear force acting in the local y direction.
The shear area Asy acts with Iyy to carry the shear force acting in the local z direction.
14c.
Section End properties (this line MUST be supplied)
END1z END2z END1y END2y FJ1z FJ2z FJ1y FJ2y
END1z
END2z
END1y
END2y
FJ1z
FJ2z
FJ1y
FJ2y
Length of Rigid End-block at End 1 of member for bending about z-z axis
Length of Rigid End-block at End 2 of member for bending about z-z axis
Length of Rigid End-block at End 1 of member for bending about y-y axis
Length of Rigid End-block at End 2 of member for bending about y-y axis
Joint flexibility at End 1 (radians/unit moment) about z-z axis
Joint flexibility at End 2 (radians/unit moment) about z-z axis
Joint flexibility at End 1 (radians/unit moment) about y-y axis
Joint flexibility at End 2 (radians/unit moment) about y-y axis
Notes: 1.
2.
If all values are zero supply a line with at least one 0.0 on it.
The end-block lengths END1 and END2 are within the beam between nodes K and L. There
must be some length of member remaining after the End-block lengths are subtracted from the
distance between nodes K and L.
The joint flexibilities are meant to represent a linearly elastic flexible connection to the nodes
at the ends of the member. These are outside the possible Giberson plastic hinges in the
sense of the rotational springs being in series with the inelastic member, i.e.
3.
Giberson One-component member.

K - end block - joint spring - plastic hinge - elastic member - plastic hinge - joint spring - end block - L
Two-Component member
K - end block - joint spring
elastic member
plastic member
30
- joint spring - end block - L

-
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
14d.
Member Bi-linear Factors (only if IHYST above not equal 0)
RA RT RFz RFy
RA
RT
RFz
RFy
Bi-linear factor (or Ramberg-Osgood r) (Axial)

Bi-linear factor (or Ramberg-Osgood r) (Torsion)
Bi-linear factor (or Ramberg-Osgood r) (Flexure about z-z axis)
Bi-linear factor (or Ramberg-Osgood r) (Flexure about y-y axis)
F
F
F
F
Note:
For all Beam-Columns the axial bi-linear factor is not used as the members remain elastic in the axial
component. For Beam-Columns the axial yield forces are used to compute the yield moments in the
Axial force - Moment interaction diagram.
14e.
Member Hinge Lengths (only if IHYST above not equal 0)
H1 H2 H3 H4
H1
H2
H3
H4
Plastic Hinge Length at End 1 about z-z axis

Plastic Hinge Length at End 2 about z-z axis
Plastic Hinge Length at End 1 about y-y axis
Plastic Hinge Length at End 2 about y-y axis
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
For One-Component and Four-Hinge Beams and all Beam-Columns the plastic hinge lengths are reset
to 1.0 if 0.0 is specified making the plastic curvature the same as the plastic hinge rotation.
2.
The plastic hinge lengths are not used for the Two-Component Beam members.
3.
The plastic hinge lengths for Variable Flexibility Beams should be between 0.1 and 0.5 of the member's
clear span.
14f.
Material Specific Damping Parameters. (only if ICTYPE on line 2 equals 5 or 7).

Contributions of member matrices to Rayleigh Damping Matrix.
This option allows different sections to have their own values of ALPHA and BETA for Rayleigh Damping. This
is useful if one is modelling a pounding study between two adjoining buildings where the buildings have different
damping characteristics or where different parts of the system have different damping characteristics, ie.e. in
soil-structure interaction studies. Damping matrix C is given by
where M = Mass,
= Initial Elastic Stiffness,
= Current Tangent Stiffness.
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA
Contribution of Initial Elastic Stiffness Matrix to Damping Matrix,

Contribution of Tangent Stiffness Matrix to Damping Matrix,
Contribution of Member Mass Matrix to Damping Matrix,
31
F
F
F
14g.
Member Initial Fixed End Forces (only if ICOND = 1)
M1z M2z V1z V2z M1y M2y V1y V2y AXIAL AXPS TORQUE IOP
M1z
M2z
V1z
V2z
M1z
M2z
V1z
V2z
AXIAL
AXPS
TORQUE
IOP
Note:
Fixed-end moment about z-z axis at End 1

Fixed-end moment about z-z axis at End 2
Fixed-end shear force about z-z axis at End 1
Fixed-end shear force about z-z axis at End 2
Fixed-end moment about y-y axis at End 1
Fixed-end moment about y-y axis at End 2
Fixed-end shear force about y-y axis at End 1
Fixed-end shear force about y-y axis at End 2
Axial force applied to member
(0.5 to each end)
Axial prestress in the member
Torque applied to member about x-x axis
(0.5 to each end)
= 0; Prestress force is internal to the member only (Default)
= 1; Prestress force also acts on nodes at ends of the member.
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
The prestress force which is Tension positive affects only the internal member axial force used in the
determination of yield states and has no effect on the static analysis of the structure.
The Axial force applied to the member is positive if it acts in the direction K to L and one half of this
force is applied to each of the nodes at the ends of the member.
The Torque is positive if it applies a positive right-hand moment about the member going from end K
to L and one half of this torque is applied to each of the nodes at each end of the member.
Frame
Member
Initial Fixed End Force Sign Convention
Positive member moments cause tensile stresses on the bottom (- y or - z) fibres and positive shear forces act
in the local y or z directions on the positive local x face of the beam section. Tensile axial forces are positive.
32
As an example if a downward (- y) load is applied to the above member M1z, M2z and V1z are negative while
V2z is positive.
14h.
Member Initial Distributed Loads (only if ICOND = 2)
UDLx UDLy UDLz TORQUE AXPS IOP
UDLx
UDLy
UDLz
TORQUE
AXPS
IOP
Note:
Distributed Load per unit length in the local x direction.

Distributed Load per unit length in the local y direction.
Distributed Load per unit length in the local z direction.
Torque per unit length applied to member about x-x axis
Axial prestress in the member
= 0; Prestress force is internal to the member only (Default)
= 1; Prestress force also acts on nodes at ends of the member.
F
F
F
F
F
I
The prestress force which is Tension positive affects only the internal member axial force used in the
determination of yield states and has no effect on the static analysis of the structure.
The Axial force applied to the member is positive if it acts in the direction K to L and one half of this
force is applied to each of the nodes at the ends of the member.
The Torque is positive if it applies a positive right-hand moment about the member going from end K
to L and one half of this torque is applied to each of the nodes at each end of the member.
Frame Member Force and Moment Sign Convention.
33
14i.
BEAM Yield Axial Forces and Yield Torques and Flexural Interaction Parameter
PYT PYC TY+ TY- ALFA IEND
PYT
PYC
TY+
TYALFA
IEND
Note:
Axial force for tensile yield

( $ 0.0)
Axial force for compression yield
( # 0.0)
Positive yield torque
( $ 0.0)
Negative yield torque
( # 0.0)
Flexural Interaction Factor assumed to be the same for all flexural actions
= 0;
There is no Interaction between flexural yield in the z-z and y-y axes
> 1;
There is an interaction between the flexural yield moments about the
z-z and y-y axes. This is independent of the axial force.
In this case 1.0 # ALFA # 2.0
= 0;
The flexural yield surface is the same at both ends of the member
= 1;
Different yield surfaces are applicable at each end of the member
F
F
F
F
F
If both axial yield forces are zero then axial yield is suppressed and similarly if both yield torques are
zero then torsion yield is suppressed. Both axial and torsional behaviour follows the bi-linear hysteresis
rule.
The interaction surface between yield moment in the z-z and y-y axes when ALFA is greater than or equal to
1.0 is given by
where the interaction diagram is symmetric about the moments (Myz+ + MYz-)/2.0, (MYy+ + MYy-)/2.0 and the
surface limiting moments MYz* and MYy* are given by the yield moments in each direction about this centre
position.
If ALFA equals 2.0 the surface is elliptical. If ALFA equals 0.0 the surface is a rectangle.
Flexural z-z and y-y interaction diagram.

34
14ii.
BEAM Flexural Yield Conditions (End 1)
Myz+ Myz- Myy+ MYy-
MYz+
MYzMYy+
MYy-
Positive yield moment about z-z axis

Negative yield moment about z-z axis
Positive yield moment about y-y axis
Negative yield moment about y-yaxis
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
F
F
F
F
Note:
If both positive and negative yield moments at a hinge are zero then yield at that hinge is suppressed.
14iii.
BEAM Flexural Yield Conditions (End 2)

If IEND in line 14i above is non-zero then repeat the data in line 14ii above for the other end of the
beam member.
35
14j.
Reinforced Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 1) Yield Torques and Interaction Parameters
TY+ TY-
TY+
TYALFA
BETA
IEND
Note:
ALFA
BETA
IEND

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the flexural terms in the interaction equation below
Note 1.0 # ALFA # 2.0 usually 1.5
Interaction factor for the axial terms in the interaction equation below
Note 1.0 # BETA # 2.0
=0;
=1;
F
F
F
F
I
If both yield torques are zero then torsional yield is suppressed. Axial yield is automatically suppressed
in Beam-Column members but the axial yield forces are required to form the Axial Force - Moment
yield interaction surface. Torsion follows a bi-linear hysteresis rule.
The yield interaction surface (Mirza et al) is given by the following equation
where Py is PC when the axial force P is less (more compressive) than PB and equal PT when the axial force
P is greater (more tensile) than PB. The values recommended by Hsu for BETA and ALFA for rectangular and
square tied columns are 1.0 and 1.5 respectively. Bresler found that ALFA varied from 1.15 to 1.55 and
recommended that 1.5 be used for rectangular sections and that 1.75 be used for square sections. Furlong
recommended that ALFA be 2.0.
Interaction Diagram for Reinforced Concrete

Beam-Columns
36
14jj.
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 1) Yield Surface at End 1 of member
PC PB MBz MBy PT
PC
PB
MBz
MBy
PT
Axial compression yield force

Axial compression force at balance point
Yield moment at P = PB about z-z axis
Yield moment at P = PB about y-y axis
Axial tension yield force
Notes: 1.
The yield moments are symmetric in both flexural yield moment directions
i.e. MYz+ = -MYz- and MYy+ = -MYy-.
If MBz or MBy are zero then yield is suppressed in bending about that flexural axis. The yield
interaction below then operates only in the P, My or P, Mz plane.
2.
14jjj.
( < 0.0)
( < 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 1) Flexural Yield Conditions (End 2)

If IEND in line 14j above is non-zero then repeat the data in line 14jj above for the other end of the
beam-column member.
37
14k.
Steel BEAM-COLUMN Yield Torques and Interaction Parameters
TY+ TY- ALFA BETA MU NU GAMMA IEND
TY+
TYALFA
BETA
MU
NU
GAMMA
IEND
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the z-z axis yield moments then interaction equation
Note 1.0 # ALFA
Interaction factor for the axial force effect on z-z axis moments
Note 0.0 is taken as infinity
Interaction factor for the y-y axis yield moments in the interaction equation
Note 1.0 # MU
Interaction factor for the axial force effect on y-y axis moments
Interaction factor for the axial terms in the interaction equation below.
Note 1.0 # GAMMA
=0;
=1;
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
The yield interaction surface (Chen and Atsuta) is given by the following equation
where Py is PC when the axial force P is compressive and equal PT when the axial force P is tensile. As
discussed by Chen for Wide Flange sections, where the z-z axis is the major principal axis, MU may be taken
as 1.0 and NU as infinity (i.e. in this program 0.0). This then simplifies the interaction equation to
38
Interaction Diagram for Steel Beam-Columns
39
14kk.
Steel BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface at End 1 of member
PC MYz MYy PT
PC
MYz
MYy
PT

Yield moment about z-z axis
Yield moment about y-y axis
Notes: 1.
interaction below then operates only in the P,My or P,Mz plane.
2.
(<
(>
(>
(>
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
14kkk. Steel BEAM-COLUMN Flexural Yield Conditions (End 2)

If IEND in line 14k above is non-zero then repeat the data in line 14kk above for the other end of the
beam-column member.
40
14l.
Quadratic BEAM-COLUMN Yield Axial Forces and Yield Torques and Flexural Interaction
Parameter
PYT
PYC
TY+
TYALFA
IEND
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
=0;
>1;
=0;
=1;
F
F
F
F
F
Axial yield is suppressed in beam-column members. If both yield torques are zero then torsion yield
is suppressed. Torsion is assumed to follow the bi-linear hysteresis rule. The axial yield forces are
required to define the flexural yield surfaces.
The interaction surface between yield moment in the z-z and y-y axes when ALFA is greater than or equal to
1.0 is given by
where the interaction diagram is symmetric about the moments (Myz+ + MYz-)/2.0, (Myy+ + MYy-)/2.0 and the
surface limiting moments MYz* and MYy* are given by the yield moments in each direction about this centre
position. If P is compression Py is PYC and if P is tension then Py is PYT.
If ALFA equals 2.0 the surface at any axial force is elliptical. If ALFA equals 0.0 the surface at any axial force
is a rectangle.
41
14ll.
Quadratic BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface at End 1 of member
PBz Mbz Pcz MCz
PBz
MBz
PCz
MCz
PBy
MBy
PCy
MCy
14lll.
PBy Mby PCy MCy
Axial force at B about z-z axis

Yield moment at B about z-zaxis
Axial force at C about z-z axis
Yield moment at C about z-z axis
Axial force at B about y-y axis
Yield moment at B about y-yaxis
Axial force at C about y-y axis
Yield moment at C about y-y axis
(PYT > PBz > PYC)

( > 0.0)
(PYT > PCz > PYC)
( < 0.0)
(PYT > PBy > PYC)
( > 0.0)
(PYT > PCy > PYC)
( < 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Quadratic BEAM-COLUMN Flexural Yield Conditions (End 2)

If IEND in line 14l above is non-zero then repeat the data in line 14ll above for the other end of the
beam-column member.
42
14m.
Reinforced Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4) Yield Torques and Interaction
Parameters
TY+ TY- ALFA BETA IEND
TY+
TYALFA
BETA
IEND
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the flexural terms in the z-z direction
Note: ALFA = 0.0 or ALFA $1.0
Interaction factor for the flexural terms in the y-y direction
Note: BETA = 0.0 or BETA $ 1.0
=0;
=1;
F
F
F
F
I
in the Beam-Column members but the axial yield forces are required to form the Axial Force - Moment
If ALFA = 0.0 and BETA = 0.0 No Mz - My Interaction
If ALFA = 1.0 and BETA = 1.0 Linear Mz - My Interaction
If ALFA = 2.0 and BETA = 2.0 Elliptic Mz - My Interaction
The yield interaction surface (Penzien et al) is shown in the following figure where Pu is the current axial force
in the column and Mzu and Myu are the current yield moments in the section.
Axial Force Moment Interaction Diagram
43
14mm. Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 2 and Type 3) Yield Surface at End 1 of member
PC PBz MBz PBy MBy M0z M0y PT
PC
PBz
MBz
PBy
MBy
M0z
M0y
PT

Axial compression force at balance point z-z axis
Yield moment at P = PBz about z-z axis
Axial compression force at balance point y-y axis
Yield moment at P = PBy about y-y axis
Yield moment at P = 0.0 about z-z axis
Yield moment at P = 0.0 about y-y axis
Notes: 1.
2.
( < 0.0)
( < 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( < 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
14mmm. Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 2 and Type 3) Flexural Yield Conditions (End 2)
If IEND in line 14m above is non-zero then repeat the data in line 14mm above for the other end of the
beam-column member.
Note:
In the Concrete Type 2 interaction diagram a single cubic function is passed through the four points with
axial forces and associated yield moments (P=Pc, M=0.0), (P=Pb, M=Mb), (P=0.0,M=M0) and (P=Pt,
M=0.0). The problem with this cubic function is that the maximum yield moment is usually not at P=Pb
and it is often found that the cubic curve crosses the zero moment axis between Pb and Pc. If the
column design is such that the axial force usually lies between P = 0 and P = Pb this does not usually
cause difficulties. The user should use the program Surface (part of the Ruaumoko suite of programs)
to check out the form of the interaction surface.
In the Concrete Type 3 interaction diagram two separate cubic curves are used to represent the
variation of yield moment with axial force. In the region between P = Pb and P = Pc the cubic curve
has a zero gradient of moment with axial force at Pb (i.e. maximum moment at Pb), has a yield
moment = Mb at P = Pb, has zero moment at Pc and the function tends to a straight line as P tends
to Pc. In the region between Pb and Pt a different cubic polynomial is used, again, the cubic curve has
a zero gradient of moment with axial force at Pb (i.e. maximum moment at Pb), has a yield moment
= Mb at P = Pb, has the yield moment = M0 at P = 0.0 and zero moment at P = Pt. There is a risk that,
depending on the ratios of Mb/M0 and Pb/Pt, that the cubic curve may intersect the zero moment axis
between P = 0.0 and P = Pt. The program will print out a warning with the listing of the section
properties in the Ruaumoko3D output file if this is likely. Again, the program Surface may be used to
check out the form of the interaction curves.
In the Concrete Type 4 interaction diagram a cubic curve and a quartic curve are used to represent the
variation of yield moment with axial force. In the region between P = Pb and P = Pc the cubic curve
has a zero gradient of moment with axial force at Pb (i.e. maximum moment at Pb), has a yield
moment = Mb at P = Pb, has zero moment at Pc and the function tends to a straight line as P tends
to Pc. In the region between Pb and Pt a quartic polynomial is used, again, the cubic has a zero
gradient of moment with axial force at Pb (i.e. maximum moment at Pb), has a yield moment = Mb at
P = Pb, has the yield moment = M0 at P = 0.0 and zero moment at P = Pt and the functions tends to
a straight line as Pt is approached. There is a risk that, depending on the ratios of Mb/M0 and Pb/Pt,
that the quartic curve may an inflection between P = 0.0 and P = Pt. The program will print out a
warning with the listing of the section properties in the Ruaumoko3D output file if this is likely. Again,
the program Surface may be used to check out the form of the interaction curves.
44
In general, it is recommended that the Concrete Type 4 interaction diagram be used and not the
Concrete Type 2 or Concrete Type 3 interaction diagrams.
If the column has only 4 reinforcing bars, one in each corner then the Axial Force - Yield Moment takes
a more diamond shaped form with a peak in the yield moments at P = Pb and zero yield moments at
Pb and Pt. In this case it is probably better to use the Concrete Type 1 interaction curve with the value
of BETA = 1.0 or slightly greater. This is likely to be the case only for the analysis of older reinforced
concrete structures. In modern structures such reinforcement details are unlikely to satisfy the concrete
confinement requirements of current design standards. If there is longitudinal reinforcement steel along
the faces of the columns as well as the corners then the yield moment interaction diagram is more
rounded near Pb and the Concrete Types 2, 3 or 4 interactions are more suitable shapes.
45
14n.
Flanged Cruciform Steel BEAM-COLUMN Yield Torques and Interaction Parameters
TY+ TY- BETA MU ALPHA DELTA GAMMA NU ETA IEND
TY+
TYBETA
MU
ALPHA
DELTA
GAMMA
NU
ETA
IEND
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for axial load variation
Power factor for the axial force variation
Interaction factor for Kappa
.
=0;
=1;
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
The yield interaction surface (Valente, Nicioli and Rastelli) is given by the following equation
where Py is PC when the axial force P is compressive and equal PT when the axial force P is tensile.
The power factor is given by
46
14nn. Flanged Cruciform Steel BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface at End 1 of member
PC MYz MYy PT
PC
MYz
MYy
PT

Notes: 1.
If MBz or MBy are zero then yield is suppressed in bending about that flexural axis. The
yield interaction below then operates only in the P,My or P,Mz plane.
2.
( < 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
14nnn. Flanged Cruciform Steel BEAM-COLUMN Flexural Yield Conditions (End 2)

If IEND in line 14k above is non-zero then repeat the data in line 14kk above for the other end of the
beam-column member.
47
14o.
In-elastic Shear Parameters (Only if IGA on line 14a is 1, 2 or 3)
One line for in-elastic shear for flexure about the local z-z axis if IGA = 1
One line for in-elastic shear for flexure about the local y-y axis if IGA = 2
Two lines, one each for in-elastic shear for flexure about the local z-z and y-y axes in turn, if IGA = 3
Vy Vcr Vcc Alfa R Duct1 Duct2 Vres Phi1 Phi2 Pres Ido
Vy
Vcr
Vcc
Alfa
R
Duct1
Duct2
Vres
Phi1
Phi2
Pres
Ido
Shear yield strength

( > 0.0)
Shear cracking strength
( > 0.0)
Shear crack closing Force
( > 0.0)
Bi-linear factor, cracking to yield
( R < Alfa < 0.0)
Tri-linear factor after yield
( > 0.01)
Shear ductility where strength degradation starts
If less than 1.0 then no shear strength degradation
Shear ductility where shear strength degradation stops
( > Duct1)
Residual shear strength as proportion of Vy
(0.01 # Vres < 1.0)
Flexural ductility where shear strength degradation starts
If less than 1.0 then no shear strength degradation
Flexural ductility where shear strength degradation stops
( > Phi1)
Residual shear strength as proportion of Vy
(0.01 # Pres < 1.0)
(Note: Vres*Pres*Vy must be somewhat greater than Vcr)
= 0;
In-elastic shear yield may occur (default)
= 1;
Retrofit assumed, message printed, shear remains elastic.
= 2:
Failure assumed, message printed, analysis terminated.
Notes: The flexural ductility used for the strength degradation is based on the flexural ductilities at the
hinges at the ends of the member.
The action taken on the reaching of the shear yield strength follows the rules of Satyarno in his
study on the behaviour of shear-flexure interaction in framed structures.
The in-elastic shear follows the SINA hysteresis rule. Please see the Appendices.
Beta = Alfa and the rule assumes symmetry in both force and displacement axes.
If Vy, the shear area or the shear modulus are less than or equal to 0.0 then in-elastic shear is
disabled
SINA Hysteresis
48
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
14p.
In-elastic Flange Shear-Link Parameters (Only if IGA on line 14a is 4, 5 or 6)
One line for in-elastic shear for flexure about the local z-z axis if IGA = 4
One line for in-elastic shear for flexure about the local y-y axis if IGA = 5
Two lines, one each for in-elastic shear for flexure about the local z-z and y-y axes in turn, if IGA = 6
Flex Bear V1 V2 V3
Flex
Bear
V1
V2
V3
Shear Link Initial Flexibility (Radians/unit moment)

Shear Link Flexibility after bolts bear
Shear where flange splice first slips
Shear where bolt bearing begins
Shear where splice slips in later cycles
( > 0.0)
( < Flex)
( > 0.0)
( > 1.1*V1)
( > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
Notes: The joint flexibilities specified at the ends of the member are complemented by the shear link
flexibility computed for the shear link. The shear force at each end of the member is used to adjust
the joint flexibility at that end of the member.
There is no interaction between the flexural slip between the z-z and y-y axes.
Shear Link Behaviour
49
14q.
Strength Degradation Data (Only if ILOS on line 14a is non-zero, see Appendix A)
14r.
Hysteresis Data (Only if required by Hysteresis Rule, see Appendix B).
For those rules which require sets of data, such SINA or Muto etc., then there are 4 sets of such data:
1: Flexure about z-z axis at End 1
2: Flexure about z-z axis at End 2
3: Flexure about y-y axis at End 1
4: Flexure about y-y axis at End 2
14s.
Damage Index Data for Axial and Torsional Deformation (Only if IDAMG > 0).
MUAx+ MUAx- MUTx+ MUTx- BETA1 BETA2
MUAx+
MUAxMUTx+
MUTxBETA1
BETA2
14ss.
Positive axial ultimate ductility

Negative axial ultimate ductility
Positive twist ultimate ductility
Negative twist ultimate ductility
Park and Ang Beta Axial and Twist
Park and Ang Beta Flexural z-z and y-y axes
(Default = 0.05)
(Default = 0.05)
F
F
F
F
F
F
Damage Index data for Flexural Deformations (Only if IDAMG > 0).
MU1z+ MU1z- MU2z+ MU2z-
MU1y+ MU1y- MU2y+ MU2y
MU1z+
MU1zMU2z+
MU2zMU1y+
MU1yMU2y+
MU2y-
Positive ultimate ductility about z-z axis

Negative ultimate ductility about z-z axis
Positive ultimate ductility about z-z axis
Negative ultimate ductility about z-z axis
Positive ultimate ductility about y-y axis
Negative ultimate ductility about y-y axis
Positive ultimate ductility about y-y axis
Negative ultimate ductility about y-y axis
Notes: 1.
2.
All ultimate ductilities must be greater than 2.0.

The ultimate ductilities have no effect on the dynamic analysis but are only used at the end
of the analysis to compute the damage indices.
See Appendix B for information on which hysteresis rules will allow damage indices to be
computed.
3.
50
(End 1)
(End 1)
(End 2)
(End 2)
(End 1)
(End 1)
(End 2)
(End 2)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Spring Member Geometry
Spring Member Force and Moment Sign Convention.
51
15.
SPRING type member properties
Order of all of the components required for Spring Members.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Control Parameters, see section 15a

Basic Section Properties, see section 15b
Material Specific Damping Parameters, only if ICTYPE in line 2 equals 5 or 7. See section 15c
Pre-loads, only if INCOND > 0, see section 15d
Yield Forces and Moments, except if IHYST = 0, 18 19, 33 or 37 or if ITYPE=4
For ITYPE = 1,2 or 3 See sections 15e and 15f
For ITYPE = 5 See sections 15e and 15f
For ITYPE = 5 See section 15h
For ITYPE = 6,7,8 or 9 See sections 15i through to sections 15l respectively
Shear-Flexure Interaction parameters, only if ITYPE=3 and IHYST > 0, see section 15g
Strength Degradation Parameters, only if ILOS > 0, see section 15n
Stiffness Degradation Parameters, only if IHYST > 0, see section 15m
Damage Index data, only if IDAMG > 0, see sections 15o
15a.
Control Parameters
ITYPE IHYST ILOS IDAMG INCOND ITRUSS SL
ITYPE
IHYST
ILOS
IDAMG
INCOND
ITRUSS
SL
= 1;
= 2;
= 3;
No interactions between X, Y or Z components

Interaction between Y and Z Yield Forces and Moments
Flexure-Shear Interaction.
SINA hysteresis in Shear,
Bi-linear in Axial and Torsion.
= 4;
Linear input General Symmetric 6x6 Stiffness Matrix.
= 5;
Y and Z Friction Force limits function of X Force
= 6:
Axial - y-z flexural interaction as for Reinforced Column Type 1
= 7:
Axial - y-z flexural interaction as for Reinforced Column Type 2
= 8;
Axial - y-z flexural interaction as for Steel Column
= 9;
Axial - y-z flexural interaction as for General Quadratic Column
= 10; Axial - y-z flexural interaction as for Reinforced Column Type 3
= 11; Axial - y-z flexural interaction as for Reinforced Column Type 4
= n;
Hysteresis rule.
See Appendix B.
= 0;
No strength degradation
See Appendix A
= 1;
Strength reduction in each direction based on ductility in that direction.
= 2;
= 3;
= 4;
= 5;
= 6;
= 7;
= 0;
= m;
Damage indices computed (m integer > 0 is used as a weight)
= 0;
No initial Pre-load forces or moments on springs
= 1;
Initial Pre-load forces or moments applied.
= 0;
All stiffnesses used as input.
= 1:
All stiffnesses divided by member length (Default=1.0) (Truss Model)
Shift of position of Transverse Springs. (-0.5 # SL # 0.5))
(0.0 implies that the Transverse Springs are located midway between Nodes K and L
where SL = -0.5 moves Springs to Node K and +0.5 moves Springs to Node L)
52
I
I
I
I
I
F
Note:
If ITYPE = 3 then Damage Indices IDAMG is reset to zero. The Shear terms (forces in the y and z
directions) must have symmetric yield forces and the hysteresis and degrading strength information
must follow the yield data. The axial and torsion terms are limited to a bi-linear in-elastic action. Any
of the allowed hysteresis rules for spring members may be used for the rotation about the z-z and y-y
axes.
If ITYPE = 4 then IHYST, ILOS, IDAMG and INCOND are zero. Supply data for sections 15a, 15b, 15c
(if required) and 15o only.
The transverse dashpots will generate moments at Nodes K and L by rigid lever arms whose length will
depend on the length of the member and the parameter SL
15b.
Basic section properties
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 WGT RF RT
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
WGT
RF
RT
Spring Stiffness in the local X-direction

Spring Stiffness in the local Y-direction
Spring Stiffness in the local Z-direction
Rotational stiffness of the member section about the local X axis
Rotational stiffness of the member section about the local Y axis
Rotational stiffness of the member section about the local Z axis
Weight/(unit length) of the member
Bi-linear Factor, or Ramberg-Osgood r, for translational springs
Bi-linear Factor, or Ramberg-Osgood r, for rotational springs
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
The weight/unit length is used to compute the member mass and does not contribute to the static loads
on the member or the structure.
2.
If the length of the member is zero then the local x, y and z axes coincide with the global axes.
15c.
Material Specific Damping Parameters (only if ICTYPE on line 2 equals 5 or 7).

Contributions of member matrices to Rayleigh Damping Matrix.
This option allows different sections to have their own values of ALPHA and BETA for Rayleigh Damping. This
is useful if one is modelling a pounding study between two adjoining buildings where the buildings have different
damping characteristics or where different parts of the system have different damping characteristics, ie.e. in
soil-structure interaction studies. Damping matrix C is given by
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA
Contribution of Initial Elastic Stiffness Matrix to Damping Matrix

Contribution of Tangent Stiffness Matrix to Damping Matrix
Contribution of Member Mass Matrix to Damping Matrix
53
F
F
F
15d.
Pre-load forces and Moments (Only if INCOND is non-zero)
PSX PSY PSZ PMX PMY PMZ IOP
PSX
PSY
PSZ
PMX
PMY
PMZ
IOP
Pre-load force in the local X-direction

Pre-load force in the local Y-direction
Pre-load force in the local Z direction
Pre-load moment about the local X axis
Pre-load moment about the local Y axis
Pre-load moment about the local Z-axis
= 0; Pre-load forces and moments are internal to the member only.
= 1; Pre-load forces and moments act as pre-loads that also affect the nodal
Forces acting on the nodes at the ends of the member in the static
analysis of the structure.
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
Notes:
1.
The pre-load forces are internal to the member and have no contribution to the forces acting on the
structure. They affect only the initial member deformation before any structure deformations are
imposed.
54
15e.
Yield Surface Forces (Only if IHYST not equal 0, 18, 19, 33 or 37 and ITYPE = 1,2 or 3)
FX+ FX- FY+ FY- FZ+ FZ-
FX+
FXFY+
FYFZ+
FZALPHA
15f.
ALPHA
Positive spring yield force in the local X direction

Negative spring yield force in the local X direction
Positive spring yield force in the local Y direction
Negative spring yield force in the local Y direction
Positive spring yield force in the local Z direction
Negative spring yield force in the local Z direction
Power factor for Yield Interaction. (Only for ITYPE = 2)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Yield Surface Moments (Only if IHYST not equal 0, 18, 19, 33 or 37 and ITYPE = 1,2 or 3)
MX+ MX- MY+ MY- MZ+ MZ- BETA
MX+
MXMY+
MYMZ+
MZBETA
Positive spring yield moment about the local X direction

Negative spring yield moment about the local X direction
Positive spring yield moment about the local Y direction
Negative spring yield moment about the local Y direction
Positive spring yield moment about the local Z direction
Negative spring yield moment about the local Z direction
Power factor for Yield Interaction. (Only for ITYPE = 2)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes: 1.
If any pair of yield forces or moments are zero the yield is suppressed for that component of
the member actions.
2.
If ITYPE = 1 there is no interaction between the spring yield forces or the spring yield moments
and there is no interaction between the spring yield forces and the spring yield moments
3.
If ITYPE = 2 there is an interaction between the spring yield forces in the y and z directions and
an interaction between the spring yield moments in the y and z directions. There is no
interaction between the spring yield forces and the spring yield moments
The interaction surface between yield forces in the z-z and y-y axes when ALFA is greater than
or equal to 1.0 is given by
where the interaction diagram is symmetric about the mean yield forces (Fyz+ + Fyz-)/2.0 and
(Fyz+ + Fyz-)/2.0 and the surface limiting forces FYz* and FYy* are given by the yield forces
in each direction about this centre position.
The interaction surface between yield moment about the z-z and y-y axes when BETA is
greater than or equal to 1.0 is given by
where the interaction diagram is symmetric about the mean yield moments (Myz+ + Myz-)/2.0
55
and (MYy+ + MYy-)/2.0 and the surface limiting moments MYz* and MYy* are given by the yield
moments in each direction about this centre position.
If BETA equals 2.0 the surface is elliptical. If BETA equals 0.0 the surface is a rectangle.
Yield Interaction Diagram for Y-Z Forces and Moments

ITYPE = 2 only
56
15g.
Flexure-Shear Interaction. (Only if ITYPE = 3 and IHYST > 0).

3 lines required, 15g, 15gg and 15ggg
ALFA VCry VCcy VCrz Vccz HINGEy HINGEz Ido
ALFA
VCry
VCcy
VCrz
VCcz
HINGEy
HINGEz
Ido
Bi-linear factor from cracking to yield

(0.4#ALFA#0.8)
Cracking Shear Force in the y direction
(> 0)
Crack Closing Shear Force in the y direction
(> 0)
Cracking Shear Force in the z direction
(> 0)
Crack Closing Shear Force in the z direction
(> 0)
Plastic Hinge Length in the y direction
(Default = 1.0)
Plastic Hinge Length in the z direction
(Default = 1.0)
= 0;
Inelastic Shear is permitted
= 1;
Retrofit is assumed. If shear yield is detected, as message is printed
Yield does not occur, the section stays on the post-cracking stiffness.
= 2;
If shear yield is detected, a message is written and the analysis is
terminated.
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
Notes:
1.
The SINA hysteresis rule BETA has the same value as ALFA. ALFA must be less than the bi-linear
factor RF, see section 15b.
2.
The cracking force has the same values in the positive and negative directions.
3.
The hinge lengths are not necessary but can be used to convert the hinge rotations to curvatures.
4.
The SINA hysteresis rule governs the Shear (y or z actions). The cracking forces are symmetric
about the origin. The strength loss in the y direction is based on the absolute values of the
rotational component ductility about the z-z axis. Similarly for the z direction shear..
5.
The Shear Stiffness KY = G AS / L where G is the shear modulus, AS is the Shear Area and L is the
plastic hinge length. The Flexural Stiffness GJ = E I / L where E is the elastic modulus and I is the
second moment of area of the equivalent beam section. To get curvatures from the rotations divide
the rotations by the plastic hinge length L.
6.
If Ido = 0 allows the normal in-elastic shear to occur, such as in beams. The case of Ido = 2 is for
columns where retrofit is assumed to have been applied and the sequence of shear failure is to be
shown. When Ido = 3 is for the case where retrofit is assume not to occur and shear failure in a
column implies failure of the structure.
SINA Hysteresis
57
15gg.
Flexure-Shear Interaction Degradation parameters.

(Only if ITYPE = 3 and IHYST > 0).
Phi1y Phi2y Presy Phi3y Duct1y Duct2y Vresy Duct3y
Phi1y
Phi2y
Presy
Phi3y
Duct1y
Duct2y
Vresy
Duct3y
Note:
15ggg.
Flexural ductility at which Shear strength starts to degrade ($1)

Flexural ductility at which Shear strength reaches residual strength
(Minimum value is 1.5 Phi1y)
Residual Shear strength when flexural ductility is greater than Phi2y
Flexural Ductility when shear strength = 1% of original
=0; Strength = Presy*FYy where FYy is the shear yield strength.
Shear ductility at which Shear strength starts to degrade ($1)
Shear ductility at which Shear strength reaches residual strength
(Minimum value is 1.5 Duct1y)
Residual Shear strength when shearl ductility is greater than Duct2y
Shear Ductility when strength = 1% of original
=0; Strength = Vresy*FYy
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Vresy*Presy*FYy must be somewhat greater than Vcry, see section 15g.

If Phi1y is less than 1.0 then there is no degradation of strength with flexural ductility.
If Duct1y is less than 1.0 then there is no degradation of strength with shear ductility.
Shear in the y direction is associated with flexure about the local z-z axis
Flexure-Shear Interaction Degradation parameters.

(Only if ITYPE = 3 and IHYST > 0).
Phi1z Phi2z Presz Phi3z Duct1z Duct2z Vresz Duct3z
Phi1z
Phi2z
Presz
Phi3z
Duct1z
Duct2z
Vresz
Duct3z
Note:
Flexural ductility at which Shear strength starts to degrade ($1)

Flexural ductility at which Shear strength reaches residual strength
(Minimum value is 1.5 Phi1z)
Residual Shear strength when flexural ductility is greater than Phi2z
Flexural Ductility when shear strength = 1% of original
=0; Strength = Presz*FYz where FYz is the shear yield strength.
Shear ductility at which Shear strength starts to degrade ($1)
Shear ductility at which Shear strength reaches residual strength
(Minimum value is 1.5 Duct1z)
Residual Shear strength when shearl ductility is greater than Duct2z
Shear Ductility when strength = 1% of original
=0; Strength = Vresz*FYz
Vresz*Presz*FYz must be somewhat greater than Vcrz, see section 15g.
If Phi1z is less than 1.0 then there is no degradation of strength with flexural ductility.
If Duct1z is less than 1.0 then there is no degradation of strength with shear ductility.
Shear in the z direction is associated with flexure about the local y-y axis
58
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
15h.
Friction Limit Forces (Only if IYTPE = 5 and IHYST= 1)
F0 MU IOP
F0
MU
IOP
ALPHA
ALPHA
Constant contribution to Friction limit force.

( > 0.0)
Coefficient of friction.
( > 0.0)
= 0;
Friction limit force = F0-MU*(X Force)
( > 0.0)
= 1;
Friction limit force = F0+MU*Abs(X Force)
( > 0.0)
Power factor for Yield Interaction. (See yield interaction for ITYPE = 2)
59
F
F
I
F
15i.

(Only if ITYPE = 6 and IHYST > 0, Two lines of data required 15i and 15ii)
FYy+
FYy+
FYyFYz+
FYzTY+
TYALFA
BETA
Note:
FYy-
FYz+
FYz-
TY+
TY-
ALFA
BETA
Positive yield shear force in y direction ( $ 0.0)

Negative yield shear force in y direction ( # 0.0)
Positive yield shear force in z direction ( $ 0.0)
Negative yield shear force in z direction ( # 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the flexural terms in the interaction equation below
Interaction factor for the axial terms in the interaction equation below
Note 1.0 # BETA # 2.0
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
If both y and/or z yield shears and/or yield torques are zero then shear and/or torsional yield is
suppressed. Axial yield is automatically suppressed in Beam-Column members but the axial yield
forces are required to form the Axial Force - Moment yield interaction surface. Shear in the y and z
directions and torsion follow a bi-linear hysteresis rule.
where Py is PC when the axial force P is less (more compressive) than PB and equal PT when the axial
force P is greater (more tensile) than PB. The values recommended by Hsu for BETA and ALFA for
rectangular and square tied columns are 1.0 and 1.5 respectively. Bresler found that ALFA varied from
1.15 to 1.55 and recommended that 1.5 be used for rectangular sections and that 1.75 be used for square
sections. Furlong recommended that ALFA be 2.0.

60
15ii.
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 1) Yield Surface
PC PB MBy MBz PT
PC
PB
MBy
MBz
PT

Axial compression force at balance point
Yield moment at P = PB about y-y axis
Yield moment at P = PB about z-z axis
Notes: 1.
i.e. MYy+ = -MYy- and MYz+ = -MYz-.
If MBy or MBz are zero then yield is suppressed in bending about that flexural axis. The
yield interaction below then operates only in the P, My or P, Mz plane.
2.
61
( < 0.0)
( < 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
15j.
Reinforced Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4) Yield Torques and
Interaction Parameters
(Only if ITYPE =7, 10 or 11 and IHYST > 0, Two lines of data required 15j and 15jj)
FYy+
FYy+
FYyFYz+
FYzTY+
TYALFA
BETA
Note:
FYy- FYz+
FYz-
TY+
TY-
ALFA
BETA

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the flexural terms in the y-y direction
Interaction factor for the flexural terms in the z-z direction
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
If ALFA = 0.0 and BETA = 0.0 No My - Mz Interaction
If ALFA = 1.0 and BETA = 1.0 Linear My - Mz Interaction
If ALFA = 2.0 and BETA = 2.0 Elliptic My - Mz Interaction
The yield interaction surface (Penzien et al) is shown in the following figure where Pu is the current axial
force in the column and Myu and Mzu are the current yield moments in the section.

62
15jj.
PC
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4) Yield Surface
Pby
Mby
PBz
Mbz
M0y
M0z
PT
PC
PBy
MBy
PBz
MBz
M0y
M0z
PT

Axial compression force at balance point y-y axis
Yield moment at P = PBy about y-y axis
Axial compression force at balance point z-z axis
Yield moment at P = PBz about z-z axis
Yield moment at P = 0.0 about y-y axis
Yield moment at P = 0.0 about z-z axis
Notes: 1.
If MBz or MBy are zero then yield is suppressed in bending about that flexural axis. The
yield interaction below then operates only in the P, My or P, Mz plane.
2.
Note:
( < 0.0)
( < 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( < 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
In the Concrete Type 2 interaction diagram a single cubic function is passed through the four points
with axial forces and associated yield moments (P=Pc, M=0.0), (P=Pb, M=Mb), (P=0.0,M=M0) and
(P=Pt, M=0.0). The problem with this cubic function is that the maximum yield moment is usually
not at P=Pb and it is often found that the cubic curve crosses the zero moment axis between Pb
and Pc. If the column design is such that the axial force usually lies between P = 0 and P = Pb this
does not usually cause difficulties. The user should use the program Surface (part of the
Ruaumoko suite of programs) to check out the form of the interaction surface.
In the Concrete Type 3 interaction diagram two separate cubic curves are used to represent the
variation of yield moment with axial force. In the region between P = Pb and P = Pc the cubic
curve has a zero gradient of moment with axial force at Pb (i.e. maximum moment is at Pb), has a
yield moment = Mb at P = Pb, has zero moment at Pc and the function tends to a straight line as P
tends to Pc. In the region between Pb and Pt a different cubic polynomial is used, again, the cubic
curve has a zero gradient of moment with axial force at Pb (i.e. maximum moment at Pb), has a
yield moment = Mb at P = Pb, has the yield moment = M0 at P = 0.0 and zero moment at P = Pt.
There is a risk that, depending on the ratios of Mb/M0 and Pb/Pt, that the cubic curve may intersect
the zero moment axis between P = 0.0 and P = Pt. The program will print out a warning with the
listing of the section properties in the Ruaumoko3D output file if this is likely. Again, the program
Surface may be used to check out the form of the interaction curves.
In the Concrete Type 4 interaction diagram a cubic curve and a quartic curve are used to represent
the variation of yield moment with axial force. In the region between P = Pb and P = Pc the cubic
curve has a zero gradient of moment with axial force at Pb (i.e. maximum moment at Pb), has a
yield moment = Mb at P = Pb, has zero moment at Pc and the function tends to a straight line as P
tends to Pc. In the region between Pb and Pt a quartic polynomial is used, again, the cubic has a
zero gradient of moment with axial force at Pb (i.e. maximum moment at Pb), has a yield moment
= Mb at P = Pb, has the yield moment = M0 at P = 0.0 and zero moment at P = Pt and the
functions tends to a straight line as Pt is approached. There is a risk that, depending on the ratios of
Mb/M0 and Pb/Pt, that the quartic curve may an inflection between P = 0.0 and P = Pt. The
program will print out a warning with the listing of the section properties in the Ruaumoko3D output
file if this is likely. Again, the program Surface may be used to check out the form of the interaction
curves.
63
In general, it is recommended that the Concrete Type 4 interaction diagram be used and not the
Concrete Type 2 or Type 3 interaction diagrams.
If the column has only 4 reinforcing bars, one in each corner then the Axial Force - Yield Moment
takes a more diamond shaped form with a peak in the yield moments at P = Pb and zero yield
moments at Pb and Pt. In this case it is probably better to use the Concrete Type 1 interaction
curve with the value of BETA = 1.0 or slightly greater. This is likely to be the case only for the
analysis of older reinforced concrete structures. In modern structures such reinforcement details
are unlikely to satisfy the concrete confinement requirements of current design standards. If there is
longitudinal reinforcement steel along the faces of the columns as well as the corners then the yield
moment interaction diagram is more rounded near Pb and the Concrete Types 2,3 or 4 interactions
are more suitable shapes.
64
15k.

(Only if ITYPE =8 and IHYST > 0, Two lines of data required 15k and 15kk)
TY+ TY- ALFA BETA MU NU GAMMA
FYy+
FYyFYz+
FYzTY+
TYALFA
BETA
MU
NU
GAMMA
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the z-z axis yield moments then interaction equation
Note 1.0 # ALFA
Interaction factor for the axial force effect on z-z axis moments
Interaction factor for the y-y axis yield moments in the interaction equation
Note 1.0 # MU
Interaction factor for the axial force effect on y-y axis moments
Interaction factor for the axial terms in the interaction equation below.
Note 1.0 # GAMMA
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
where Py is PC when the axial force P is compressive and equal PT when the axial force P is tensile. As
discussed by Chen for Wide Flange sections, where the y-y axis is the major principal axis, MU may be
taken as 1.0 and NU as infinity (i.e. in this program 0.0). This then simplifies the interaction equation to
65
66
15kk.
PC
Steel BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface
MYy
Myz
PT
PC
MYy
MYz
PT

Notes: 1.
If MBy or MBz are zero then yield is suppressed in bending about that flexural axis. The
yield interaction below then operates only in the P,Mz or P,My plane.
2.
(<
(>
(>
(>
67
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
15l.
PYT
PYT
PYC
FYy+
FYyFYz+
FYzTY+
TYALFA
Note:
Parameter.
(Only if ITYPE =9 and IHYST > 0, Two lines of data required 15l and 15ll)
PYC
FYy+
FYy-
FYz+
FYz-
TY+
TY-
ALFA

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
=0;
There is no Interaction between flexural yield in the y-y and z-z axes
>1;
y-y and z-z axes. This is independent of the axial force.
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
The interaction surface between yield moment in the y-y and z-z axes when ALFA is greater than or equal
to 1.0 is given by
where the interaction diagram is symmetric about the moments (MYy+ + MYz-)/2.0, (MYz+ + MYz-)/2.0 and
the surface limiting moments MYy* and MYz* are given by the yield moments in each direction about this
centre position. If P is compression Py is PYC and if P is tension then Py is PYT.
If ALFA equals 2.0 the surface at any axial force is elliptical. If ALFA equals 0.0 the surface at any axial
force is a rectangle.

68
15ll.
PBy
PBy
MBy
PCy
MCy
PBz
MBz
PCz
MCz
Quadratic BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface
MBy
Pcy
MCy
PBz
MBz
PCz
MCz

Yield moment at B about y-yaxis
Yield moment at C about y-y axis
Yield moment at B about z-zaxis
Yield moment at C about z-z axis
(PYT > PBy > PYC)

( > 0.0)
(PYT > PCy > PYC)
( < 0.0)
(PYT > PBz > PYC)
( > 0.0)
(PYT > PCz > PYC)
( < 0.0)
69
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
15m.
Strength Degradation Data (Only if ILOS on line 15a is non-zero, see Appendix A)
15n.
Hysteresis Data (Only if required by Hysteresis Rule, see Appendix B).
For those rules which require sets of data, such SINA or Muto etc.:
ITYPE= 1, 2 or 3 there are 6 sets of data
1: Axial
effects in local X direction
2: Shear
effects in local Y direction
3: Shear
effects in local Z direction
4: Torsional
effects about local X axis
5: Rotational
effects about local Y axis
6: Rotational
effects about local Z axis
ITYPE= 3 there are 2 sets of data
1: Rotational
2: Rotational
ITYPE= 4 no data required
ITYPE= 5, 6, 7 or 8 there are two sets of data
1: Rotational
2: Rotational
70
15o.
Spring Damage Index Data for Spring Displacements (Only if IDAMG > 0).
(Two lines of data required lines 15o and 15oo)
MUX+ MUX- MUY+ MUY- MUZ+ MUZ- BETA1
MUX+
MUXMUY+
MUYMUZ+
MUZBETA1
Positive ultimate ductility in local X direction

Negative ultimate ductility in local X direction
Positive ultimate ductility in local Y direction
Negative ultimate ductility in local Y direction
Positive ultimate ductility in local Z direction
Negative ultimate ductility in local Z direction
Park and Ang Beta Displacement
(Default = 0.05)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
15oo. Spring Damage Index Data for Spring Rotation (Only if IDAMG > 0).
MUx+ MUx- Muy+ MUy- MUz+ MUz- BETA2
MUx+
MUxMUy+
MUyMUz+
MUzBETA2
Positive ultimate rotational ductility about local X axis

Negative ultimate rotational ductility about local X axis
Positive ultimate rotational ductility about local Y axis
Negative ultimate rotational ductility about local Y axis
Positive ultimate rotational ductility about local Z axis
Negative ultimate rotational ductility about local Z axis
Park and Ang Beta rotation
(Default = 0.05)
Notes: 1.
2.
All ultimate ductilities must be greater than 2.0.

The ultimate ductilities have no effect on the dynamic analysis but are only used at the end
of the analysis to compute the damage indices.
See Appendix B for information on which hysteresis rules can allow damage indices to be
computed
3.
71
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
15p.
Off-Diagonal Terms for Linear General Spring Member Stiffness Matrix

(Only for ITYPE=4)
Five lines of data containing the Off-diagonal terms of the stiffness matrix. The diagonal terms are provided
by K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 and K6 respectively on line 15b.
Each line contains the terms for one row of the above diagonal part of the matrix.
The stiffness matrix is assumed to be symmetric and is linear elastic.
K12 K13 K14 K15 K16
K23
K24 K25 K26
K34 K35 K36
K45 K46
K56
Kij
Jth coefficient in row I of the stiffness matrix.
72
16.
DAMPER (dash-pot) type member properties
Damping or Dash-pot Members

16a. Basic Dash-pot Parameters
ITYPE C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 GAP+ GAP- ALFA LIMIT SL
ITYPE
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
GAP+
GAPALFA
LIMIT
SL
=0
=1
=2
Linear dash-pot
Non-linear dash-pot
Non-linear dash-pot with different properties in Positive and Negative
Directions
=3
Different dam ping coefficients when increm ental velocity and velocity have
opposite signs than when they have the sam e sign
Longitudinal coefficient along x-x axis
Transverse coefficient along y-y axis
Transverse coefficient along z-z axis
Rotational coefficient about x-x axis
Rotational coefficient about y-y axis
Rotational coefficient about z-z axis
Positive Gap along x-x axis
Negative Gap along x-x axis
Velocity Power Factor (ALFA > 0.0)
(Default = 1.0) (Only if ITYPE > 0)
=0
No lim its on dashpot forces and m om ents
=1
Lim its set on dashpot forces and m om ents
Shift of position of Transverse Dashpots. (-0.5 # SL # 0.5))
(0.0 im plies that the Transverse dashpots are located m idway between Nodes K and L
where SL = -0.5 m oves dashpots to Node K and +0.5 m oves dashpots to Node L)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
F
Notes:
1.
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 are the dash-pot coefficients (force / unit velocity) for the different actions
in the m em ber.
2.
These m em bers are only included in the tim e-history analysis if IPANAL = 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 or 9 when they
are added to the dam ping m atrix.
3.
Sign Conventions are the sam e as those for the SPRING m em ber types, see section 15.
4.
If the length of a DAMPER type m em ber is zero then the local x, y and z axes coincide with the global
axes.
5.
If the m em ber deform ation is within the range of the gap then the dashpot generates no force.
73
6.
For linear dash-pot m em bers the force - velocity relationship is given by the following equation
7.
For non-linear dash-pot m em bers the sam e ALFA is used for all com ponents. The force - velocity
relationship shows no hysteresis and the relationship is shown in the following equation
8.
If IT Y PE = 2 the dash-pot has different properties in the positive and negative directions and the rules
for the data in the negative direction are the sam e as those for the positive direction com ponents.
If IPLAS = 0, Elastic tim e-history analyses only, (see section 2, Principal analysis options) , then the
initial gaps are reset to zero after all the input data has been read and the ALFA values will be taken as
1.0.
If ITYPE = 3 then C1 to C6 are used when the velocity and increm ental velocity have the sam e sign and
C7 to C12 apply when the signs are not the sam e.
The transverse dashpots will generate m om ents at Nodes K and L by rigid lever arm s whose length will
depend on the length of the m em ber and the param eter SL
9.
10.
11.
16b. Negative Direction Dash-pot Parameters (Only if ITYPE= 2 or ITYPE= 3)
C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
ALFA-
ALFA-
Longitudinal coefficient along x-x axis

Transverse coefficient along y-y axis
Transverse coefficient along z-z axis
Rotational coefficient about x-x axis
Rotational coefficient about y-y axis
Rotational coefficient about z-z axis
Velocity Power Factor (ALFA > 0.0)
(Default = 1.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
16c. Dash-pot Limit Forces and Moments (Only if LIMIT = 1)
FXmax Fxmin FYmax FYmin FZmax FZmin MXmax MXmin MYmax MYmin MZmax MZmin
FXmax
FXmin
FYmax
FYmin
FZmax
FZmin
MXmax
MXmin
MYmax
MYmin
MZmax
MZmin
Maxim um
Minim um
Maxim um
Minim um
Maxim um
Minim um
Maxim um
Minim um
Maxim um
Minim um
Maxim um
Minim um
Force along x-x axis

Force along x-x axis
Force along y-y axis
Force along y-y axis
Force along z-z axis
Force along z-z axis
Mom ent about x-x axis
Mom ent about x-x axis
Mom ent about y-y axis
Mom ent about y-y axis
Mom ent about z-z axis
Mom ent about z-z axis
(Axial)
(Axial)
(Torque )
(Torque)
74
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
17.
TENDON type member properties
Tendon Member
Either Constant Force member
ITYPE FPP FPN FNN FNP GAP+ GAP-
ITYPE
FPP
FPN
FNN
FNP
GAP+
GAP-
=0;
Sim ple Constant Force Tendon Mem ber
Force, Positive Displacem ent and Displacem ent Increasing
Force, Positive Displacem ent and Displacem ent Decreasing
Force, Negative Displacem ent and Displacem ent Decreasing
Force, Negative Displacem ent and Displacem ent Increasing
Positive Gap, No Force if Displacem ent less than this ($ 0)
Negative Gap, No Force if Displacem ent greater than this (# 0)
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
These m em bers are only included in the tim e-history analysis IPANAL > 1 when they are considered in
the equilibrium equations.
2.
The m em ber action is assum ed to act along the local x-x axis.
3.
Sign Convention: This is the sam e as for the SPRING m em bers. Tensile forces and m em ber elongations
are positive.
4.
If the m em ber is of zero length then the TENDON local m em ber axes are assum ed to coincide with the
global x axis.
Constant Force Member
75
Or Active Tendon Force member
ITYPE DELAY
ITYPE
DELAY
FPP
IH
BETA
=N;
Num ber of Contributions to Tendon Force
(N>0)
Tim e Delay on Response (seconds). (Maxim um of 100 tim e-steps)
Saturation Force (Sam e value used in tension and com pression)
= 0;
Force com puted by actions as described below.
= 1;
Force com puted as below then passed to Resettable Actuator Hysteresis
W ith force treated as displacem ent with a stiffness of 1.0
= 2;
Force com puted as below then passed to Two-Four dam per Hysteresis
W ith force treated as displacem ent with a stiffness of 1.0
Sticking Force (Sam e value used in tension and com pression)
(only if IH = 2)
I
F
F
I
Notes: The tim e delay is internally converted to an integer num ber of tim e-steps.
If FPP is greater than zero then the force is bounded by -FPP and +FPP. If FPP = 0.0 there are No
bounds
If IH > 0 then FPP m ust be greater then 0.0
Contribution of each com ponent - N lines required
NODE NDOF NTYPE FACTOR
NODE
NDOF
NTYPE
FACTOR
Node Num ber

=1;
X com ponent at Node
=2;
Y com ponent at Node
=3;
Z com ponent at Node
=4;
x com ponent at Node
=5;
y com ponent at Node
=6;
Z com ponent at Node
=1;
Nodal Acceleration
=2;
Nodal Velocity
=3;
Nodal Displacem ent
Multiplier of Action to give m em ber force contribution
I
I
Notes:
1.
the dynam ic equilibrium equations.
2.
The m em ber action is assum ed to act along the local x-x axis.
3.
Sign Convention: This is the sam e as for the SPRING m em bers. Tensile forces and m em ber elongations
are positive.
4.
If the m em ber is of zero length then the TENDON local m em ber axes are assum ed to coincide with the
global x axis.
5.
Care m ust be taken when setting out the m agnitude and sign of the m ultiplier as an inept choice m ay
lead to very large displacem ents and loss of precision and failure of the analysis. The deform ation and
force in the m em ber is tension positive. The tendon m em ber in tension pulls on both joints with equal and
opposite forces. It is worth noting that if the displacem ent of the structure has an equivalent circular
frequency (radians/sec) then the m agnitude of the velocities are of the order of tim es the m agnitude
of the displacem ents and the m agnitude of the accelerations is 2 tim es the m agnitude of the
displacem ents.
76
Or Semi-Active Tendon, Resettable Actuator, member
ITYPE STIFF FPP DELAY
ITYPE
STIFF
FPP
DELAY
=
-1
Equivalent stiffness (Force per unit displacem ent)
I
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
2.
Sign Convention: Tensile forces and m em ber elongations are positive.
3.
The force displacem ent relationship follows the Resettable Actuator Hysteresis rule, IHYST=43, please
see Appendix B. The equivalent yield values are Fy+ = +FPP and Fy- = -FPP where FPP is the
saturation force.
4.
The saturation force FPP must be greater than zero
5.
The tim e-delay is internally converted to an integer num ber of tim e-steps
77
Or Variable Force member
ITYPE STIFF ALFA
ITYPE
STIF
ALFA
DAMP
BETA
FPP
DAMP
BETA FPP
=
-2
Equivalent stiffness coefficient
(Force per unit displacem ent)
Power factor for elem ent displacem ent (ALFA > 0.0)
Equivalent dam ping coefficient
(Force per unit velocity)
Power factor for elem ent velocity
(BETA > 0.0)
I
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
The force in the m em ber is given by the following relationship. The displacem ent is the elongation of the
m em ber and the velocity is the rate of change of m em ber length.
Force = STIF*(displacement)AL F A + DAMP*(velocity) BE T A
4.
5.
This m em ber is very useful where a dam per or spring m em ber is required where the power factors ALFA
and BETA are less than 1.0. In these cases the equivalent tangent stiffness or dam ping coefficients tend
to infinity when the displacem ent or the velocity tend to zero leading to num erical difficulties in the
analyses. In these lim iting cases the forces are usually sm all and large stiffness or dam ping coefficients
are not a problem as the tendon m em ber has neither stiffness or dam ping coefficients
If FPP is greater than 0.0 then the force is bounder by -FPP and +FPP. If FPP = 0.0 then this is
equivalent to inifinity
78
Or Semi-Active Tendon, Tw o-Four Damper, member
ITYPE STIFF BETA FPP DELAY
ITYPE
STIFF
BETA
FPP
DELAY
=
-3
Equivalent stiffness (Force per unit displacem ent)
Sticking Force (Sam e value used in tension and com pression)
I
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
The force displacem ent relationship follows the Two-Four Dam per rule, IHYST=51, please see Appendix
B. The equivalent yield values are Fy+ = +FPP and Fy- = -FPP where FPP is the saturation force.
4.
The saturation force FPP must be greater than zero
5.
The tim e-delay is internally converted to an integer num ber of tim e-steps
Tw o-Four Damper Model
79
18.
CONTACT type member properties
Contact Members
18a.
ITYPE IHYST KX CX MU FL M1 M2 INIT SL
ITYPE
IHYST
KX
CX
MU
FL
M1
M2
INIT
SL
=0;
=1;
=2;
=3;
=4;
=n;
Dam ping Coefficient specified.

Percentage Fraction of Critical Dam ping specified.
Coefficient of Restitution specified.
Spherical Contact Isolation Surface Bearing (Dam ping as for ITYPE = 0)
Pseudo Spherical Isolation Surface Bearing (Dam ping as for ITYPE = 0)
Hysteresis rule. See Appendix B. (only IHYST = 5 or 19 allowed)
(For ITYPE = 3 or 4, IHYST is autom atically reset to 1)
Spring Stiffness in the local x-direction
Dam ping Coefficient in the local x-direction
(ITYPE = 0 or ITYPE = 3)
% Critical dam ping
(ITYPE = 1)
Coefficient of restitution
(ITYPE = 2)
Coefficient of Friction
(acting in local y-z plane)
Multiplier of Longitudinal x Stiffness for Transverse y or z stiffnesses
(Default value FL= 1.0 if MU>0 else FL=0.0)
Mass at End 1
(ITYPE =1 or ITYPE = 2)
Radius of bearing at end K, concave to end L
(ITYPE = 3)
0.0
(ITYPE = 0)
Mass at End 2
0.0
=0;
Mem ber does not act during the static analysis
=1;
Mem ber acts during static analysis. (Only the KX term is active)
(For ITYPE = 3 or 4, INIT is autom atically reset to 1)
Shift of position of Transverse friction elem ents (-0.5 # SL # 0.5))
(0.0 im plies that the Transverse elem ents are located m idway between Nodes K and L
where SL = -0.5 m oves elem ents to Node K and +0.5 m oves elem ents to Node L)
80
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
If the length of the m em ber is zero then the local x, y and z axes coincide with the global axes.
The m em ber is assum ed to act along the local x axis.
These m em bers stiffness and dam ping m atrices are only included in the tim e-history part of the
analysis IPANAL = 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 or 9.
The Coefficient of restitution r (supplied as CX above) is related to the Percentage of Critical dam ping
by the following form ula
The Effective End m asses are only required if ITYPE is 1 or 2 and are used to generate the equivalent
fraction of critical dam ping in the m em ber. The m asses are usually taken as the m ass in the fram e at
the floor at that end of the m em ber.
The Fractions of Critical Dam ping (supplied as CX above or from in note 3) are related to the
Dam ping Coefficients in the fundam ental deform ation m ode of the m em ber by the following
expression where k is the current m em ber tangent stiffness and the m asses M 1 and M 2 are the
m asses at the ends of the m em ber
7.
8.
9.
If the contact force is zero, i.e. the displacem ent is inside the gap, then there are no friction forces.
For ITYPE = 3, the Spherical isolation bearing Model the spherical bearing is assum ed to be at end K
and is concave towards end L of the m em ber. The bearing is assum ed to be a no tension m em ber
and the m em ber length reduces (increases the com pressive strain as the lateral displacem ent takes
place in the m em ber m oving out from the centre of the bearing) Friction acts tangentially to the
bearing surface. The bearing radius is taken as M1. The m em ber m ay be of any length but is m ust
be noted that the local axis is along the line K to L. If the m em ber is short it m ay be advantageous to
increase the axial flexibility of the contact m em ber by reducing the axial flexibility of the m em bers to
which it is attached so that the total flexiblity along the line of contact is m aintained but at the sam e
tim e reducing the local stiffnesses and helping num erical stability of the analysis. As the bearing is
allowed to lift still provide a large tension yield force but allow a large tension gap in the hysteresis
data.
For ITYPE = 3 it is not recom m ended that the large displacem ent analyses INLGEO = 1 be used as
full testing with this option has not yet been carried out as when the geom etry changes the centre of
raduis of the bearing would also be assum ed to change.
For the Pseudo Spherical Isolation bearing the bearing has a lateral force proportional to the axial
force in the contact spring m ultiplied by the lateral displacem ent divided by the radius of the bearing.
The effective stiffness is constant.
The friction elem ents will generate m om ents at Nodes K and L by rigid lever arm s whose length will
10.
11.
12.
18b. Yield Surface (only required if ITYPE = 0,1 or 2 and IHYST = 5)
PX+ PX- RTEN
PX+
PXRTEN
Positive spring yield force in the X direction

Negative spring yield force in the X direction
Bi-Linear Factor in Tension
81
F
F
F
18c.
Hysteresis data . (Only if IHYST = 5 or IHYST = 19)

See Appendix B for the data required.
This will com plete the data for this m em ber type with ITYPE = 0, 1 or 2.
18d. Dynamic Friction Data (only required if ITYPE =3 or 4)
MUF RVEL
MUF
RVEL
Dynam ic Friction Coefficient

Reference Velocity. The velocity where the Friction Coefficient reaches the Dynam ic
Friction Coefficient
Note:
There is a linear variation in the Friction Coefficient with velocity from the MU specified in line
18a above at zero velocity (the Static Friction Coefficient) to MUF when the absolute velocity
in the friction plane (norm al to the axis of the m em ber) reaches RVEL. If the absolute velocity
is greater than RVEL then the Friction Coefficient = MUF.
If a num ber less than or equal to zero is supplied for MUF then MUF = MU
82
F
F
19.
QUADRILATERAL type member properties
Quadrilateral Finite Element

Order of all of the com ponents required for Quadrilateral Mem bers.
1
Basic Section Properties see section 19a.
19a.
ITYPE ISHEAR E NU THICK WGT IMEMB IMATL IHYST ILOS
ITYPE
ISHEAR
E
NU
THICK
WGT
IMEMB
IMATL
IHYST
ILOS
= 0;
Plane Stress and Plate Bending (Shell elem ent)
= 1;
Plane Stress only
= 2;
Plane Strain only
= 3;
Plate Bending only
= 0;
Plate Shear Deform ation ignored
= 1;
Plate Shear Deform ation considered
(only if ITYPE = 0 or 3)
Elastic Modulus
Poisson's Ratio
Thickness of the elem ent
W eight/(unit volum e) of the elem ent
= 0;
Hybrid Stress Plane Elem ent (12 degrees of freedom )
= 1;
Isoparam etric Plane Elem ent ( 8 degrees of freedom )
= 2;
Hybrid Stress Plane Elem ent ( 8 degrees of freedom ) (Recom m ended)
= 0;
Isotropic m aterial, uses E and NU above.
= 1;
Anisotropic m aterial, com pliance supplied
= 2;
Anisotropic Com pliance, plane and plate properties differ.
= 0;
Linear Elastic m aterial
= 0;
I
F
F
F
F
I
I
I
Notes:
1.
The weight/(unit volum e) is used to com pute the m em ber m ass and does not contribute to the static
loads on the m em ber or the structure.
2.
The elem ent is a Hybrid Stress Type 2 quadrilateral finite elem ent. All four nodes m ust be distinct (i.e.
no triangles). The stress distribution is assum ed to have a cubic variation in both the x and y
directions and the elem ent edge displacem ents are assum ed to vary linearly along the elem ent edge
for the tangential displacem ent and to have a cubic variation along the edge for the norm al
displacem ent. The elem ent actually assum es a linear variation of thickness between nodes but in the
application within the program a constant thickness is assum ed. Three point Guassian quadrature is
83
4.
used in each direction to integrate the flexibility m atrix and three point Guassian quadrature is used
for the integrals along the elem ent edges. Any reduction of the order of integration gives inaccurate
integrals and a higher order gives no change in the integrals.
The plate bending elem ent is a Hybrid Stress elem ent with a linear variation of bending m om ents in
the elem ent. The edge displacem ent have a cubic variation of plate displacem ent and a linear
variation of norm al slope along each edge.
The elem ent is assum ed, at present, to be linearly elastic.
In-Plane Force Sign Convention.
Plate Bending Moment Sign Convention
84
19b.
Anisotropic Material (only if IMATL = 1or 2 on section 19a)
If IMATL = 1 then the com pliance m atrix [S] is used for both in-plane action and for plate bending.
If IMATL = 2 then the com pliance m atrix [S] is used only for the in-plane actions
S11 S12 S22 S13 S23 S33
S11
S12
S22
S13
S23
S33
19c.
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
term
term
term
term
term
term
for
for
for
for
for
for
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
F
F
F
F
F
F
Anisotropic Material (only if IMATL = 2 on section 19a)
This com pliance m atrix [S] is used for the bending actions
S11 S12 S22 S13 S23 S33
S11
S12
S22
S13
S23
S33
19d.
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
term
term
term
term
term
term
for
for
for
for
for
for
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
F
F
F
F
F
F
Material Specific Damping (only if ICTYPE = 5 or 7on section 19a)
This option allows different sections to have their own values of ALPHA and BETA for Rayleigh Dam ping. This
is useful if one is m odelling a pounding study between two adjoining buildings where the buildings have different
dam ping characteristics or where different parts of the system have different dam ping characteristics, ie.e. in soilstructure interaction studies. Dam ping m atrix C is given by
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA
Multiplier associated with Initial Stiffness

Multiplier associated with Tangent Stiffness
Multiplier associated with Mass
85
F
F
F
20.
MASONRY PANEL ELEMENTS Properties.
These elem ents are designed to represent the behaviour of an unreinforced m asonry panel infill in a reinforced
concrete fram e. The m odel assum es that the infill is such that there are no gaps between the fram e and the panel.
As generally constructed in South Am erica the fram e is often placed after the panel is erected (Crisafulli, 1997).
The panel is m odelled with two parallel struts in each diagonal to represent the thrust carried across the panel in
diagonal com pression. A fifth strut, which acts between the two opposite diagonal carriers on the diagonal carrying
com pression, transfers the shear force between the top and bottom of the panel.
In general, the panel elem ents are rectangular but other geom etries are perm itted . The panel lies in the local x y plane and the local y axis is assum ed to be vertical. If the data is supplied then an Hybrid Stress Plate Bending
finite elem ent provides an elastic out-of-plane stiffness.
Five or Four lines of data required. An extra line will be required if the Material Specific Dam ping m odel is being
Masonry Panel Elements

used.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Control Data
Geom etric Data
General Properties
Strut Data (2 lines or 1 line)
Material Specific Dam ping Data (if ICTYPE=5 or 7 only)
86
20a.
Control Data
ITYPE IHYST ISHEAR THICK WEIGHT
ITYPE
IHYST
ISHEAR
THICK
WEIGHT
20b.
= 0;
Plane Panel Only
= 1;
Panel with Plate Bending Stiffness
= 0;
Mem ber is elastic only.
= 1;
Mem ber is inelastic (IHYST actually =33)
= 0;
= 1;
Plate Shear Deform ation included (ITYPE = 1 Only)
Thickness of Panel (assum ed uniform )
W eight per unit volum e.
I
I
I
F
F
Geometric Data
Interior to Exterior Node Dimensions
HZ XO1 YO1 XO2 YO2 XO3 YO3 XO4 YO4
HZ
XO1
YO1
XO2
YO2
XO3
YO3
XO4
YO4
Vertical separation between struts

X distance from external node to internal
Y distance from external node to internal
87
node
node
node
node
node
node
node
node
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Diagonal Strut Area Displacement Relationship
88
20c.
Material Properties
TO MU TMAX SSF KTF E PR
TO
MU
TMAX
SSF
KTF
E
PR
Bond shear strength

Coefficient of friction
Maxim um shear stress $ TO
Shear stress factor s
Shear stiffness factor s
Elastic Modulus for Plate Bending Elem ent
Poissons Ratio for Plate Bending Elem ent
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
The input data required for the application of the panel elem ent includes the param eters described in for defining
the cyclic axial behaviour of m asonry and the properties of the equivalent strut. In addition, the following variables
need to be defined in relation to the shear behaviour of the m asonry panel:
Vertical separation betw een struts, h z: values of h z between z/3 and z/2 seem s to lead to adequate results,
where z is the contact length between the panel and the fram e.
Horizontal and vertical offset, x o i and y o i: these param eters define the horizontal and vertical distance,
respectively, m easured from the external nodes to the internal nodes. This is intended to represent the reduction
of the dim ensions of the panel due to the depth of the fram e m em bers.
Bond shear strength,
and coefficient of friction, : these param eters are usually obtained from direct shear
tests or following design specifications. It is recom m ended, however, the use of the reduced values resulting from
the m odified shear theory proposed by Crisafulli. This theory takes into account the com plex stress state in the
panel due to the com posite nature of m asonry.
Maximum shear stress,
: this is the m axim um shear stress perm issible in the m asonry panel, whose value
can be selected from the shear failure envelope of m asonry. This is to avoid a large shear strength due to high
axial forces in the struts.
Shear stress factor, s : this param eter defines the ratio of the m axim um shear stress to the average stress in
the m asonry panel. It norm ally varies from 1.40 to 1.65.
Shear stiffness factor, s : this factor represents the fraction of the total stiffness assigned to the shear spring,
usually ranging from 0.5 to 0.75 but should not exceed 0.85 to 0.90. The rem aining part,
, is assigned to
the struts. The total stiffness of the panel elem ent is controlled by the strut area and the elastic m odulus.
Thickness of the panel, t: this is assum ed to be constant over the panel.
Weight per unit volume: this is used to calculate the m ass of the panel and is used only to form the structure
m ass m atrix. It does not contribute to loads on the structure.
89
Either
20d.
Strut Hysteresis (see also A ppendix B IHYST=33)
FC FT UC UUL UCL EMO GUN RE
FC
FT
UC
UUL
UCL
EMO
GUN
ARE
2dd.
Com pressive strength (stress units)

Tensile strength (stress units)
Strain at FC
Ultim ate strain
Closing strain
Initial m asonry m odulus
Stiffness unloading factor
Strain reloading factor
(FC < 0.0)

(FT > 0.0)
(UC < 0.0)
(UUL < 0.0) (UUL # 1.5 UC)
(EMO $ 2 FC/UC)
(GUN $ 1.0)
(ARE > 0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Strut areas
AREA1 AREA2 R1 R2 IENV
AREA1
AREA2
R1
R2
IENV
Initial strut cross-sectional area

(AREA1 > 0.0)
Final strut cross-sectional area
(AREA2 # AREA1)
Displacem ent at 1
(R1 < 0.0)
Displacem ent at 2
(R2 # R1)
= 0 ; Sargin stress-strain envelope descending branch
= 1 ; Parabolic stress-strain envelope descending branch
F
F
F
F
I
or
20e.
Elastic Properties
EMO AREA1
EMO
AREA1
Elastic m odulus
Initial area of strut
F
F
90
Notes:
FC
The com pressive strength f' m is the m ain param eter controlling the resistance of the strut. It m ust be
noted that FC does not represent the standard com pressive stress of m asonry but should be adopted
taking into account the inclination of the com pressive principal stresses and the m ode of failure expected
in the m asonry panel. See Crisafulli 1997.
FT
Tensile strength f' t represents the tensile strength of the m asonry or the bond strength of the panel-fram e
interface, whichever is sm allest. The consideration of the tensile strength has been introduced in the
m odel in order to gain generality. However, results obtained from different exam ples indicate that the
tensile strength, which is generally m uch sm aller than the com pressive strength, has no significant
influence on the overall response. Therefore, in the absence of m ore detailed inform ation, the tensile
strength can be assum ed to be zero.
UC
The strain at m axim um stress g' m usually varies between -0.002 and -0.005 and its m ain effect on the
overall response of the infilled fram e is the m odification of the secant stiffness of the ascending branch
of the stress-strain curve.
UUL
The ultim ate strain g u is used to control the descending branch of the stress-strain relationship. W hen a
large value is adopted for, exam ple g u = 20 g'm , a sm ooth decrease of the com pressive stress is obtained.
UCL
The closing strain g cl defines the lim it strain at which the cracks partially close and com pressive stresses
can be developed. Values of the closing strain ranging between 0 and 0.003 lead to results which agree
adequately with experim ental data. If a large negative value is adopted, for exam ple g cl = g u , this effect
is not considered in the analysis.
EMO
The elastic m odulus E m o represents the initial slope of the stress-strain curve and its value can exhibit a
large variation. Various expressions have been proposed for the evaluation of the elastic m odulus of
m asonry. It is worth noting, however, that these expressions usually define the secant m odulus at a
stress level between 1/3 and 2/3 of the m axim um com pressive stress. In order to obtain an adequate
ascending branch of the strength envelope it is assum ed that E m o $ 2 f' m / g' m .
GUN
The unloading stiffness factor u n controls the slope of the unloading branch. It is assum ed to be greater
than or equal to 1.0 and usually ranges from 1.5 to 2.5.
ARE
The reloading strain factor re defines the point where the reloading curves reach the strength envelope.
The calibration of the hysteretic m odel for the axial behaviour of m asonry showed that good results are
obtained using values ranging between 0.2 and 0.4. However, higher values, for exam ple 1.5, are
required to m odel adequately the cyclic response of the infilled fram es. This is because other sources of
nonlinear behaviour, such as sliding shear, need to be indirectly considered in the response of the
m asonry struts.
Four param eters are required to represent the cross-sectional area of the m asonry strut. These are the initial area
Am s1 = AREA1 and final area Am s2 = AREA2 and the axial displacem ents at which the cross-sectional area
changes, R1 = R1 and R2 = R2. In a sim plified m odel, it can be assum ed that AREA1 and AREA2 are the sam e
using a low value of the strut area to avoid an excessive increase in the axial strength. In a m ore refined analysis,
a higher value of the initial area can be adopted, whereas the final area can be reduced by about 10% to 30%.
The displacem ent R1 and R2 can be estim ated as g' m d m/5 and g' m d m (where d m is the length of the m asonry
strut) respectively, at least until m ore precise inform ation becom es available. Several em pirical expressions,
which are described in section 6.2.1.3 of the reference, have been proposed for the evaluation of the equivalent
width of the m asonry strut, whose value norm ally ranges from 0.1 to 0.25 of the diagonal length of the infill panel.
IENV
The descending branch of the stress-strain curve is usually m odelled with a parabola instead of the curve
associated with Sargin's equation in order to obtain a better control of the response of the strut after the
m axim um stress has been reached.
91
20f.
Material Specific Damping (only if ICTYPE = 5 or 7 on section 2)
This option allows different sections to have their own values of ALPH A and BETA for Rayleigh Dam ping. This
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA

92
F
F
F
21
GROUND type member properties
Foundation Member Sign Convention
Beam Sign Convention
Foundation Mem bers

These m em bers can be regarded as a form of beam m em ber and m ay be used to represent the flexibility of the
soil continuum beneath foundation beam s and footings. The elem ents have a cubic variation of norm al thrust and
a linear variation of axial shear along their lengths so their edge displacem ents are fully com patible with beam
m em bers. Three possible representations of the soil are included:
Vlazov Foundation
General Two-Param eter Foundation (Pasternak m odel)
Vogt Foundation
The norm al force-deflection relationship of both the Vlazov and the General Two-Param eter Foundation m em bers
are governed by the following equation (Selvadurai,1979):
q(x) = k.w (x) G(d 2 w/dx 2 )
In the Vlazov soil m odel, the param eters k and G are derived from the elastic properties of the soil and specified
constraints to the variation of norm al displacem ent of the soil with depth.
In the General Two-Param eter soil m odel, k and G are input directly by the user.
The Vogt foundation m odel was derived using Boussinesqs form ulas and has been used in the past for m odelling
arch dam s (Holand, 1968; Clough,1973). In two-dim ensional analyses, the norm al force-deflection relationship
for the Vogt m odel is sim ilar to that of the Vlazov and General Two-Param eter soil m odels, but does not contain
a shear term . This m odel is analogous to a distributed W inkler spring.
The m odels can be regarded as Pseudo-Dynam ic foundation com pliance m odels. They do not autom atically
account for the frequency dependence of the dynam ic stiffness of the soil. Such effects can be included by
appropriately scaling the input param eters to account for the fundam ental period of the com bined soil-structure
system .
The effects of radiation dam ping are incorporated into the Vlazov m odel by way of dashpots, placed in parallel
with the soil springs. R adiation dam ping is highly dependent on frequency and should only be included if the
fundam ental period of the com bined soil-structure system is below the fundam ental period of the site. Appropriate
scale factors for radiation dam ping and the elastic stiffness of the soil, as a function of the fundam ental frequency
of the soil-structure system , can be obtained from W olf (W olf, 1994)
93
Foundation m em bers should be placed beneath foundation beam s and footings and additional m em bers should
be provided to m odel the soil surface adjacent to the structure being m odelled. These m em bers should extend
either side of the structure at least two to three tim es the width of the structure.
These elem ents only act in the local x - y plane. They have no stiffness in the local z direction.
References:
Clough, Ray W et al,. ADAP a computer program for static and dynamic analysis of arch dams. University of
California, Berkeley, California, 1973
Holand, Ivar and Aldstedt, Erik, Arch Dam Analysis by Finite Element Analysis, Institute for Structural Mechanics,
University of Trondheim , Norway, January 1968
Selvadurai, A. P. S., Elastic Analysis of Soil-Foundation Interaction. Developm ents in Geotechnical Engineering
Vol. 17, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Com pany, The Netherlands, 1979.
W olf, John P., Foundation Vibration Analysis Using Simple Physical Models. Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
1994.
Order of all data com ponents required for Ground Mem bers are:
General Data for Foundation Mem ber see section 21a.
Data for Soil Model
Vlazov Soil Model,
ITYPE = 1, see section 21b.
Vlazov Soil Model,
ITYPE = 2, see section 21c.
Vlazov Soil Model,
ITYPE = 3, see section 21d.
Two-Param eter Soil Model,
ITYPE = 4, see section 21e.
Vogt Foundation Model,
ITYPE = 5, see section 21f.
Data for Non-linear foundation behavior,
Only if IHYSTA, IHYSTK or IHYSTG > 0, see section 21g.
Data for soil elem ent consistent m ass m atrix,
Only if ISTF = 1, see section 21h.
Data for soil elem ent radiation dam ping m atrix,
Only if IRAD = 1, see section 21i.
Data for Longitudinal Strength Degradation Param eters, see section 21j.
Data for Longitudinal Stiffness Degradation Param eters, see section 21k.
Data for Norm al Strength Degradation Param eters, see section 21l.
Data for Norm al Stiffness Degradation Param eters, see section 21m .
Data for Shear Strength Degradation Param eters, see section 21n.
Data for Shear Stiffness Degradation Param eters, see section 21o.
Data for Material Specific Dam ping (only if ICTYPE = 5 or 7), see section 21p.
94
21a.
General Data for Foundation Member
ITYPE ISHEAR IHYSTA IHYSTK IHYSTG ILOSA ILOSK ILOSG ISTF IRAD
ITYPE
ISHEAR
IHYSTA
IHYSTK
IHYSTG
ILOSA
ILOSK
ILOSG
ISTFS =
IRAD
= 1; Vlazov Soil Model (Linear shallow soils)

= 2; Vlazov Soil Model (Hyperbolic deep soils)
= 3; Vlazov Soil Model (Exponential very deep soils)
= 4; General Two-Param eter Soil Model (Pasternak)
= 5; Vogt Soil Model
= 0; Shear term G(d 2 w/dx2 ) included
= 1; Shear term ignored (this is autom atic with the Vogt m odel)
= n; Longitudinal Spring Hysteresis rule. See Appendix B
= n; Norm al Spring Hysteresis rule. See Appendix B
= n; Shear Spring Hysteresis rule. See Appendix B
= 0; No Longitudinal spring strength degradation
= 1; Longitudinal spring strength degradation varying with ductility
= 2; Longitudinal spring strength degradation with varying cycle num ber
= 3; Longitudinal spring strength degradation varying with absolute ductility
Norm al Spring strength degradation param eter (as for ILOSA)
Shear Spring strength degradation param eter
(as for ILOSA)
0; No scale factors for stiffness term s
= 1; Scale factors for stiffness term s
= 0; No radiation dam ping included
= 1; Radiation dam ping included
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Note:
IHYSTA, IHYSTK and IHYSTG can take on values of 0,1,2,3,4,8,10,11,12,13,14,20,21,23,26 and 28 see
Appendix B.
21b.
Data for Vlazov Soil Model. Only if ITYPE = 1

(Linear Variation of Displacem ent with Depth shallow soils)
EM MU DEPTH WEFF DENS
EM
MU
DEPTH
WEFF
DENS
Elastic Modulus of soil

Poissons Ratio of soil
Depth of soil layer above bedrock
Effective W idth of Foundation
Mass density of soil
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
A linear variation of displacem ent with depth is only appropriate for shallow soil layers
The m odel is form ulated assum ing that Plane Strain conditions apply.
95
21c.

(Hyberbolic Variation of Displacem ent with Depth deep soils)
EM MU DEPTH GAMA LENGTH WEFF DENS
EM
MU
DEPTH
GAMMA
LENGTH
WEFF
DENS
21d.

Depth of soil layer above bedrock
Effective Constant Defining Exponential Variation (0.001 # GAMMA # 1)
Characteristic Length
F
F
F
F
F
F
F

(Exponential Variation of Displacem ent with Depth very deep soils)
EM MU MUB WEFF DENS
EM
MU
MUB
WEFF
DENS
21e.

Exponential Variation Param eter (1 < MUB*WEFF < 2)
(MUB*WEFF = 1.06 for infinitely long beam s)
F
F
F
F
F
Data for Pasternak General Tw o-Parameter Soil Model. Only if ITYPE = 4.
AS KS GS WEFF
AS
KS
GS
WEFF
Axial Stiffness of Soil Spring

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction of soil
Shear Modulus of soil
Note:
KS has units of force-per-length-cubed and GS has units of force
21f.
Data for Vogt Soil Model. Only if ITYPE = 5
F
F
F
F
EMF PR KFACT WEFF
EMF
PR
KFACT
WEFF
Effective Elastic Modulus of soil layer

Poissons Ratio of soil layer
Vogt k Factor (2 <= k <= 2.5)
F
F
F
F
96
21g.
Data for Non-linear Foundation Behaviour (only if IHYSTA, IHYSTK or IHYSTG > 0)
PYTA PYCA PYT PYC TY BFA BFP BFT
PYTA
PYCA
PYT
PYC
TY
BFA
BFP
BFT
Tensile Strength of Longitudinal Soil Spring

Com pressive Strength of Longitudinal Soil Spring
Tensile Strength of Norm al Soil Spring
Com pressive Strength of Norm al Soil Spring
Shear strength of Shear Soil Spring
Bilinear Factor (or Ram berg Osgood r) for Longitudinal Spring
Bilinear Factor (or Ram berg Osgood r) for Norm al Spring
Bilinear Factor (or Ram berg Osgood r) for Shear Spring
Note:
PYTA, PYCA, PYT, PYC and TY are in units of force per unit area
21h.
Soil Mass Stiffness Scaling Parameters (Only if ISTF = 1)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
AMASS KMASS GMASS
AMASS
KMASS
GMASS
Scale factor for m ass associated with Longitudinal springs

Scale factor for m ass associated with Norm al springs
Scale factor for m ass associated with Shear springs
Note:
AMASS, KMASS and GMASS can take values between 0.0 and 1.0
21i.
Radiation Damping Input Parameters (Only if IRAD = 1)
F
F
F
ADAMP KDAMP GDAMP
ADAMP
KDAMP
GDAMP
Scale factor for dam ping associated with Longitudinal springs

Scale factor for dam ping associated with Norm al springs
Scale factor for dam ping associated with Shear springs
F
F
F
Notes:
ADAMP, KDAMP and GDAMP can take values between 0.0 and 1.0
Radiation dam ping is highly frequency dependent and scale factors should be evaluated according to
fundam ental frequency of the soil structure system .
97
21j.
Longitudinal Strength Degradation Parameters (only if ILOSA > 0), see Appendix A.
21k.
Longitudinal Stiffness Degradation Parameters (only if IHYSTA > 0), see Appendix B.
21l.
Normal Strength Degradation Parameters (only if ILOSK > 0) see Appendix A.
21m.
Normal Stiffness Degradation Parameters (only if IHYSTK > 0), see Appendix B.
21n.
Shear Strength Degradation Parameters (only if ILOSG > 0), see Appendix A.
21o.
Shear Stiffness Degradation Parameters (only if IHYSTG > 0), see Appendix B.
21p.
Material Specific Damping (only if ICTYPE = 5 or 7 in section 2)
This option allows different sections to have their own values of ALPHA and BETA for Rayleigh Dam ping. This is
useful if one is m odelling a pounding study between two adjoining buildings where the buildings have different
dam ping characteristics or where different parts of the system have different dam ping characteristics, i.e. in soilstructure interaction studies. Dam ping m atrix C is given by
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA

98
F
F
F
22
MULTI-SPRING type member properties
Multi-Spring Member
Notes:
1.
Node 5 defines the local Y and Z axes in the sam e way as for all other line m em bers such as Fram e or
Spring m em bers. The local X axis is along the m em ber from node 3 to node 4.
2.
If the m em ber is of zero length then the local axes are the sam e as the global axes.
3.
If the Bi-Linear with Slackness hysteresis rule is used then this m em ber will becom e unstable if the whole
m em ber goes into tensile deform ation. This is because the elem ent has no stiffness if all the m ulti-springs
that m ake up the elem ent have positive (tensile) displacem ents. To prevent this instability a com pressive
force should be im posed across the m em ber either by loads applied to the structure or by other
prestressed m em bers acting across the m ulti-spring m em ber.
4.
The sign convention for the individual springs is tensile forces and displacem ents are positive and for all
the other actions the sign convention is the sam e as that for the Spring m em ber.
5.
For all available hysteresis m odels for this elem ent there is no further hysteresis data that is required.
6.
If the Bi-linear with Gap hysteresis is used then the initial tension gap is set to 10 tim es the height (width)
HS of the elem ent. The com pression gap is set to zero. Other param eters for IHYST=5 take the default
values.
7.
If the Bi-linear with Gap hysteresis and the Lift-off option is used then if all the axial springs lose contact
then all other spring actions are also set to zero and these other springs also have zero stiffness.
8.
It is recom m ended that either the Lobatto or Gaussian quadrature rules be used. For a sm all num ber of
springs (i.e. 2) the Lobatto rule gives too large a stiffness and the Gaussian rule gives too sm all a stiffness.
W ith about 6 to 8 springs the stiffness has been found to m atch a detailed finite elem ent representation
of the stiffness of the contact region and exhibit the corrrect shift of the neutral axis.
99
22a.
Control Parameters.
IHYST
ILOS
IHYST
KLOS
IDAMG
NS
ITYPE
HS WGT SL
=0
Linear Elem ent
=1
Bi-linear with Gap Hysteresis
(see IHYST = 5)
=2
Bi-linear Hysteresis
(see IHYST = 2)
=3
Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis (Original)
(see IHYST = 3)
=4
Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis (Bounded)
(see IHYST = 40)
=5
Ram berg-Osgood Hysteresis (Pyke)
(see IHYST = 41)
=6
Origin Centered Hysteresis
(see IHYST = 38)
=7
Bi-linear Elastic Hysteresis
(see IHYST = 15)
=8
Bi-linear with Gap Hysteresis and Lift-off
(see IHYST = 5)
=9
Bi-linear Elastic with Gap
(see IHYST = 63)
=0
No Longitudinal Strength Degradation
= 1 to 7 Longitudinal Strength Degradation
=0
No Shear Strength Degradation
= 1 to 7 Shear Strength Degradation
=0
No Dam age Indices calculated
=m
Dam age Indices com puted with weight m (note: m =1 gives average)
Num ber of Springs, 2,4,6,8, or 10
=1
Lobatto Quadrature
(Location and weighting of springs)
=2
Gaussian Quadrature
(Location and weighting of springs)
=3
Trapezoidal Integration (Location and weighting of springs)
=4
Uniform spring distribution and stiffness
Height of Multi-Spring m em ber
W eight of Multi-Spring m em ber
Shift of position of Transverse springs. (-0.5 # SL # 0.5))
(0.0 im plies that the Transverse springs are located m idway between Nodes K and L
where SL = -0.5 m oves springs to Node K and +0.5 m oves springs to Node L)
If m odel has gap then tension gap=HS and com pression gap=0.0
ILOS
KLOS
IDAMG
NS
ITYPE
HS
WGT
SL
I
I
I
I
I
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
The IHYST referred to in the parentheses above is the IHYST in Appendices A and B covering the various
hysteresis rules.
2.
The transverse springs will generate m om ents at Nodes K and L by rigid lever arm s whose length will
22b.
SAX
SAX
SVY
SVZ
STX
SRY
RA
RV
Section Properties.
SVY
SVZ
STX
SRY
RA
RV
Axial Stiffness of Multi-spring unit

Shear Stiffness in local y-y direction
Shear Stiffness in local z-z direction
Torsional Stiffness of Multi-spring unit
Rotational Stiffness about the local y-y direction
Bi-linear factor for Axial Stiffness Multi-spring unit
Bi-linear factor for Shear, Torsional and Rotational y-y Stiffness
100
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
22c.
YPA
YPA
YNA
YP2
YN2
YP3
YN3
TP1
TN1
MP2
MN2
Section Yield Properties.
YNA
YP2
YN2
YP3
YN3
TP1
Axial Yield Force

Axial Yield Force
Shear Yield Force in local y-y direction
Shear Yield Force in local y-y direction
Shear Yield Force in local z-z direction
Shear Yield Force in local z-z direction
Torsional Yield Mom ent
Torsional Yield Mom ent
Yield Mom ent about local y-y axis
Yield Mom ent about local y-y axis
TN1
MP2
MN2
(Positive)
(Negative)
(Positive)
(Negative)
(Positive)
(Negative)
(Positive)
(Negative)
(Positive)
(Negative)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes: If IHYST = 1 (i.e. Bi-linear with Slackness Hysteresis for the m ulti-spring unit) then YPA = 0.0
If IHYST = 1 (i.e. Bi-linear with Slackness Hysteresis for the m ulti-spring unit) and if YNA = 0.0 then YNA
is reset to -HS*STA
If IHYST = 1 (i.e. Bi-linear with Slackness Hysteresis for the m ulti-spring unit) then the tension gap for the
springs is set to HS.
If any of the other spring units have non-zero yield actions and IHYST is greater than 1 then these other
springs use the Bi-linear Hysteresis rule. If IHYST = 0 then all springs are linear elastic
22d.
Longitudinal Strength Degradation Parameters (only if ILOS > 0), see Appendix A.
22e.
Shear Strength Degradation Parameters (only if KLOS > 0) see Appendix A.
22f.
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA

101
F
F
F
22f.
Multi-Spring Damage Index data (Only if IDAMG > 0).
MUX+
MUX+
MUXMUY+
MUYMUZ+
MUZBETA1
22g.
MUY+
MUY-
MUR+
MUR-
Positive ultim ate ductility

Negative ultim ate ductility
Park and Ang Beta (Displacem ent)
BETA1
(Longitudinal X direction)
(Longitudinal X direction)
(Transverse Y direction)
(Transverse Y direction)
(Transverse Z direction)
(Transverse Z direction)
(Default = 0.05)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Multi-Spring Damage Index data (Only if IDAMG > 0).
TUX+
TUX+
TUXTUY+
TUYTUZ+
TUZBETA2
MUX-
TUX-
TUY+
TUY-
TUZ+
TUZ-

Park and Ang Beta (Rotation)
BETA2
(Torsion)
(Torsion)
(About local Y axis)
(About local Y axis)
(About local Z axis)
(About local Z axis)
(Default = 0.05)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes: All Ultim ate Ductilities m ust be greater than 1.0.

The ultim ate ductilities have no effect on the dynam ic analysis but are only used at the end of the analysis
to com pute the dam age indices.
See Appendix B for inform ation on which hysteresis rules can allow dam age indices to be com puted.
102
23
COMPOUND-SPRING type member properties
Compound-Spring Element
If the Bi-Linear with Slackness hysteresis rule is used, then care is required as this elem ent m ay becom e unstable
if all the springs are in the gap. To prevent this instability a forces m ay be im posed across the m em ber either by
loads applied to the structure or by other prestressed m em bers acting across the m em ber.
The individual springs, dashpots or tendons m aking up the com pound-spring m em ber have a sign convention
where tensile deform ations and forces are positive.
Compound Component Sign Convention

If the Interaction option is used for a com ponent then if the longitudinal (local x stiffness goes to zero) the
com ponent will disconnect until the axial stiffness again takes a non-zero value. This is sim ilar to the lift-off option
with the Multi-spring elem ent.
103
23a.
NS
NS
JPLAS
SL
WGT
Control Parameters.
JPLAS
SL
WGT
Num ber of com ponents in m em ber

(0 < NS # 20)
=0
Mem ber linear (elastic)
=1
Mem ber non-linear
Shift of position of Transverse springs. (-0.5 # SL # 0.5))
(0.0 im plies that the transverse com ponents are located m idway between Nodes K and L
where SL = -0.5 m oves com ponents to Node K and +0.5 m oves com ponents to Node L)
W eight of Com pound-Spring m em ber
I
I
F
Notes:
1.
The transverse com ponents will generate m om ents at Nodes K and L by rigid lever arm s whose length
will depend on the length of the m em ber and the param eter SL The default position of the transverse
com ponents is at m id-length of the m em ber.
2.
JPLAS is usually going to be 1 but this gives the ability for the m em ber data for a non-linear m em ber to
be input but that the actions are then reset to linear for the purposes of the analysis.
3.
The weight is distributed half to each end of the com pound-spring. This is only used to generate the Mass
m atrix of the structure and does not contribute to the static loads on the structure.
Note sections 23b, 23c and 23d are required for each of the NS com ponents. Sections 23c and 23d, if required
m ust follow 23b for each com ponent in turn.
104
23b.
Section Properties.
ITYPE
ITYPE
IMODE
IHYST
ILOS
INTER
Y
Z
ST
RA
YP
YN
IMODE
IHYST
ILOS
INTER
ST
RA
YP
YN
=1
Longitudinal action
(local x direction)
=2
Transverse action
(local y direction)
=3
Transverse action
(local z direction)
=4
Torsional action
(about local x axis)
=5
Rotational action
(about local y axis)
=6
Rotational action
(about local z axis)
=1
Spring com ponent
=2
Dashpot com ponent
=3
Tendon com ponent with force depending on sign of displacem ent
=4
Tendon com ponent with force depending on sign of velocity
=5
Internal pre-stress com ponent
Hysteresis rule. (For spring com ponents see Appendix B)
(for other com ponents = 0 )
Strength Degradation rule. (For spring com ponents see Appendix A )
(for other com ponents = 0 )
=0
No interaction between longitudinal and transverse/rotational action
(Must be 0 for IMODE = 5 or for ITYPE = 1)
=1
If axial contribution is zero all com ponents disconnect
Distance in y direction of com ponent from centre-line of m em ber (line of Nodes 3 and 4)
(For rotational com ponents ITYPE = 2, 4, 5 or 6, reset to 0.0)
Distance in z direction of com ponent from centre-line of m em ber (line of Nodes 3 and 4)
(For rotational com ponents ITYPE = 3. 4, 5 or 6 reset to 0.0)
Stiffness or dam ping coefficient of Com ponent (For IMODE = 3, 4 or 5 use 0.0)
Bi-linear factor or Ram berg-Osgood factor for Spring com ponent
For non-linear dam pers, the power factor ALFA where (0.5 # ALFA # 2.0)
For all other com ponents = 0.0
For Spring m em bers
(IMODE = 1)
= Yield Force
($0.0)
For Dashpots
(IMODE = 2)
= Lim it Force in positive direction
($0.0)
For Tendons
(IMODE = 3)
= Force if displacem ent is positive
(+ or -)
For Tendons
(IMODE = 4)
= Force if velocity is positive
(+ or -)
For Pre-stress
(IMODE = 5)
= Prestress
(+ or -)
For Spring m em bers
(IMODE = 1)
= Yield Force
(# 0.0)
For Dashpots
(IMODE = 2)
= Lim it Force in negative direction
(+ or -)
For Tendons
(IMODE = 3)
= Force if displacem ent is negative
(+ or -)
For Tendons
(IMODE = 4)
= Force if velocity is negative
(+ or -)
For Pre-stress
(IMODE = 5)
= 0.0
I
I
I
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
For IMODE = 3 or IMODE = 4 if the displacem ent and the velocity are 0.0 the force in the tendon
com ponent is zero. These com ponents have no stiffness.
2.
The dashpot com ponents IMODE = 2 have no stiffness.
3.
If IMODE = 1, IHYST > 0 and YP # 0.0 and YN $ 0.0 then the com ponent is elastic.
The choice of hysteresis rule for the spring com ponent is the sam e as that for SPRING m em bers.
4.
For IMOD E = 5, The pre-stress action is applied to the Spring m em bers (IMODE=1) to m aintain
equilibrium in the Com pound Spring and these initial actions and deform ations becom e the base-line for
these com ponents. The other com ponents (IMODE = 2,3 or 4 are not affected by the pre-stress actions).
5.
The IMODE = 5 com ponents hold their pre-stress action throughout the analysis and are not affected by
deform ation of the Com pound Spring.
6.
The structure is not aware of the effect of the pre-stress in a com ponent of IMODE = 5, it is internal to the
m em ber, as it is equilibrated inside the m em ber.
7.
If IMODE = 3 and YP = YN the force in the com ponent is constant at YP
105
23c.
Strength Degradation Parameters (only if IMODE = 1 and ILOS > 0), see Appendix A.
23d.
Hysteresis Rule Datas (only if IMODE = 1 and IHYST > 0 and the rule required m ore data)
see Appendix B.
23e.
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA

106
F
F
F
24.
EXTERNAL Members
External Spring Member Geometry
External Beam Member Geometry
107
Spring Component Sign Convention
External Beam Member Force and Moment Sign Convention.
108
If the external elem ents are used then the program RuaLab m ust be started before starting Ruaumoko3D. This
establishes the pipe between the two program s.
For every External elem ent for each non-zero stiffness (Ki, i =1,6) in section 24a the counter NEXT L is
increm ented by 1. W hen all external m em bers have been initialized then NEXTL is the total num ber of external
action in the structure.
At each iteration and each tim e step, starting with the static analysis, the pipe transm its the following data with a
total of two write statem ents
1.
The first write statem ent passes to 4byte integers, NIT and NEXTL where NIT is the iteration num ber
(starting at 1 for the increm ent itself) and NEXTL is the total num ber of external actions.
2.
The second write passes two arrays, the first array of 4byte integers IEXTL is of length 3*N EXT L. The
data is passed as 3 integers for each action (m em ber num ber, action num ber (1 to 6), 0). The second
array is a double precision (8byte variable) array AEXTL which is of length 32*NEXTL. The 32 variables
for each action are:
1.
Action deform ation
2.
Increm ent of action deform ation
3.
Action velocity
External Hysteresis Action
4.
Action Stiffness
5.
Action Bi-linear (or Ram berg-Osgood) factor
6.
Positive Yield Action
7.
Negative Yield Action
8-22
Hysteresis data
23.
Num ber of tim es hysteresis leave hysteresis back-bone curve (half num ber of inelastic cycles)
24.
Previous non-zero increm ental displacem ent
25.
26.
27.
Maxim um envelop (m ost positive) action deform ation
28.
Minim um envelop (m ost negative) action deform ation
29-32. Zero
External Experim ental Action
4-32.
Zero
The data returned by the pipe is:
The first read statem ent has two 4byte integers, IERR and IDUM. If IER R is 0, then the response is
norm al, if IERR is greater than 1 then the experim ent is over, or the hysteresis rule has decided that the analysis
is over and the program proceeds to a norm al term ination with output of displacem ent, m em ber actions etc. If
IERR is less than 0 then an error has been detected and the analysis is term inated. The integer IDUM is not used.
The second read statem ent reads the arrays IEXTL and AEXTL whose dim ensions m atch the write
statem ent above. The array IEXTL is not used. The contents of the 32 item s for each action in AEXTL are
1.
Action (force or m om ent)
2.
Tangent Stiffness (Increm ent of action divided by increm ent of deform ation unless hysteresis rule
can give a better definition of the expected tangent stiffness for the next step).
3-22
Ignored
External Hysteresis Action,
23-28. Updated hysteresis loop data
29-30 Ignored
External Experim ent Action
23-32. Ignored
For hysteresis m odels that require m ore than the standard 6 item s used in all hysteresis m odes, then the
extra data m ust be stored in the local external program . In Ruaum oko there is provision to store 40 or m ore
variables that m ay need to be retained from one call to the hysteresis subroutine to the next.
If the Ruaum oko analysis has the variable IPLAS (data line 2) set to 0, i.e. a linearly elastic analysis, then
the pipe is not used and a dum m y routine m ultiplies the supplied stiffness by the deform ation to com pute the action
and this action and the original stiffness as the tangent stiffness are the two returned variables.
109
24a.
External type member properties
Order of all of the com ponents required for Spring Mem bers.
1
2
3
4
5
Control Param eters, see section 24b

Basic Section Properties, see section 24c
Material Specific Dam ping Param eters, only if ICTYPE in line 2 equals 5 or 7. See section 24d
Yield Forces and Mom ents, except if ITYPE = 2 or ITYPE = 4
Hysteresis Data, except if ITYPE = 2 or ITYPE = 4
24b.
Control Parameters
ITYPE S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 WGT SL
ITYPE
=
=
=
=
1;
2;
3;
4;
Spring Type Elem ent using external hysteretic m odel

Spring Type Elem ent using external experim ental m odel
Beam Type Elem ent using external hysteretic m odel
Beam Type Elem ent using external experim ental m odel.
either (Spring type elem ents)

S1
Stiffness of Axial
(local x-x) com ponent
S2
Stiffness of Transverse (local y-y) com ponent
S3
Stiffness of Transverse (local z-z) com ponent
S4
Stiffness of Torsional
S5
Stiffness of Rotational (local y-y) com ponent
S6
Stiffness of Rotational (local z-z) com ponent
WGT
W eight of Elem ent
SL
Shift of position of Transverse Springs. (-0.5 # SL # 0.5))
(0.0 im plies that the Transverse springs are located m idway between Nodes K and L
where SL = -0.5 m oves springs to Node K and +0.5 m oves springs to Node L)
or (Beam type elem ents)
S1
Axial Stiffness
AE
S2
Torsional Stiffness
GJ
S3
Stiffness of Flexural
EI
(local z-z) com ponent at End 1
S4
EI
(local y-y) com ponent at End 1
S5
EI
(local z-z) com ponent at End 2
(If equal to zero then perfect pin assum ed at End 2)
S6
EI
(local y-y) com ponent at End 2
(If equal to zero then perfect pin assum ed at End 2)
WGT
W eight of Elem ent
SL
Length of Plastic Hinge (all actions are assum ed to have the sam e length)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
If ITYPE = 1 or 3 then further data is required. IF ITYPE = 2 or 4 then no further data is required.
2.
If the elem ent si a spring-like m em ber and the length of the m em ber is zero then the local x, y and z axes
coincide with the global axes. Beam -like m em bers must have a non-zero length.
3.
Sign Convention is for Spring type m em bers (see section 15) or beam type m em bers (see section 14).
110
24c.
JTYPE r1 r2
JTYPE
=1;
=2;
=3;
=4;
=5;
=6
=7;
r3 r4 r5 r6
No interaction in Yield Forces and Mom ents

Concrete Type 1
Interaction Axial to y-z
Concrete Type 2
Concrete Type 3
Concrete Type 4
Steel
General
either (Spring Type m em bers)

r1
Bi-linear Factor,
r2
Bi-linear Factor,
r3
Bi-linear Factor,
r4
Bi-linear Factor,
r5
Bi-linear Factor,
r6
Bi-linear Factor,
or
or
or
or
or
or
Ram berg-Osgood
Ram berg-Osgood
Ram berg-Osgood
Ram berg-Osgood
Ram berg-Osgood
Ram berg-Osgood
r, for
r, for
r, for
r, for
r, for
r, for
or (Beam type m em bers)

r1
Bi-linear Factor, or Ram berg-Osgood r, for
r2
r3
r4
r5
r6
24d.
I
m om ents
m om ents
m om ents
m om ents
m om ents
m om ents
longitudinal spring
transverse y-y spring
transverse z-z spring
torsional springs
rotational y-y springs
rotational z-z springs
F
F
F
F
F
F
longitudinal spring
torsional springs
flexural z-z spring at End 1
flexural y-y spring at End 1
flexural z-z spring at End 2
flexural y-y spring at End 2
F
F
F
F
F
F
Material Specific Damping Parameters (only if ICTYPE on line 2 equals 5 or 7).

Contributions of m em ber m atrices to Rayleigh Dam ping Matrix.
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA
Contribution of Initial Elastic Stiffness Matrix to Dam ping Matrix

Contribution of Tangent Stiffness Matrix to Dam ping Matrix
Contribution of Mem ber Mass Matrix to Dam ping Matrix
111
F
F
F
24d.
Yield Surface Forces (Only if ITYPE = 1 and JTYPE = 1. Two lines of data required 24d and 24dd)
FX+ FX- FY+ FY- FZ+ FZ-
FX+
FXFY+
FYFZ+
FZ-
24dd.
Positive spring yield force in the local X direction

Negative spring yield force in the local X direction
Positive spring yield force in the local Y direction
Negative spring yield force in the local Y direction
Positive spring yield force in the local Z direction
Negative spring yield force in the local Z direction
F
F
F
F
F
F
Yield Surface Moments (Only if ITYPE = 1 and JTYPE = 1)
MX+ MX- MY+ MY- MZ+ MZ-
MX+
MXMY+
MYMZ+
MZ-
Positive spring
Negative spring
Positive spring
Negative spring
Positive spring
Negative spring
yield m om ent about the local X direction

yield m om ent about the local X direction
yield m om ent about the local Y direction
yield m om ent about the local Y direction
yield m om ent about the local Z direction
yield m om ent about the local Z direction
Notes:
If any pair of yield forces or m om ents are zero the yield is suppressed for that com ponent of the
m em ber actions.
112
F
F
F
F
F
F
24e

(Only if ITYPE = 1 and JTYPE =2, Two lines of data required 24e and 24ee)
FYy+
FYy+
FYyFYz+
FYzTY+
TYALFA
BETA
Note:
FYy-
FYz+
FYz-
TY+
TY-
ALFA
BETA
Positive yield shear force in y direction

( $ 0.0)
Positive yield shear force in z direction
( $ 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the flexural term s in the interaction equation below
Interaction factor for the axial term s in the interaction equation below
Note 1.0 # BETA # 2.0
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
suppressed. Axial yield is autom atically suppressed in Beam -Colum n m em bers but the axial yield forces
are required to form the Axial Force - Mom ent yield interaction surface. Shear in the y and z directions
and torsion follow a bi-linear hysteresis rule.
where Py is PC when the axial force P is less (m ore com pressive) than PB and equal PT when the axial force
P is greater (m ore tensile) than PB. The values recom m ended by Hsu for BETA and ALFA for rectangular and
square tied colum ns are 1.0 and 1.5 respectively. Bresler found that ALFA varied from 1.15 to 1.55 and
recom m ended that 1.5 be used for rectangular sections and that 1.75 be used for square sections. Furlong
recom m ended that ALFA be 2.0.
113
15ii.
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 1) Yield Surface
PC PB MBy MBz PT
PC
PB
MBy
MBz
PT
Axial com pression yield force

( < 0.0)
Axial com pression force at balance point ( < 0.0)
Yield m om ent at P = PB about y-y axis
( > 0.0)
Yield m om ent at P = PB about z-z axis
( > 0.0)
( > 0.0)
Notes: 1.
The yield m om ents are sym m etric in both flexural yield m om ent directions
If MBy or MBz are zero then yield is suppressed in bending about that flexural axis. The yield
2.
114
F
F
F
F
F
24f.
Reinforced Concrete BEAM-C O LUMN (Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4) Yield Torques and Interaction
Parameters
(Only if ITYPE =1 and JTYPE =3, 4 or 5, Two lines of data required 24f and 24ff)
FYy+
FYy+
FYyFYz+
FYzTY+
TYALFA
BETA
Note:
FYy- FYz+
FYz-
TY+
TY-
ALFA
BETA

Negative yield shear force in y direction
Negative yield shear force in z direction
Interaction factor for the flexural term s in
Interaction factor for the flexural term s in
($
(#
($
(#
($
(#
the
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
y-y direction
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
the z-z direction
If ALFA = 0.0 and BETA = 0.0 No My - Mz Interaction
If ALFA = 1.0 and BETA = 1.0 Linear My - Mz Interaction
If ALFA = 2.0 and BETA = 2.0 Elliptic My - Mz Interaction
The yield interaction surface (Penzien et al) is shown in the following figure where Pu is the current axial force in
the colum n and Myu and Mzu are the current yield m om ents in the section.
115
24ff.
PC
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4) Yield Surface

(Only if ITYPE =1 and JTYPE =3, 4 or 5)
Pby
Mby
PBz
Mbz
M0y
M0z
PT
PC
PBy
MBy
PBz
MBz
M0y
M0z
PT

Axial com pression force at balance point y-y axis
Yield m om ent at P = PBy about y-y axis
Axial com pression force at balance point z-z axis
Yield m om ent at P = PBz about z-z axis
Yield m om ent at P = 0.0 about y-y axis
Yield m om ent at P = 0.0 about z-z axis
Notes: 1.
2.
Note:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
<
<
>
<
>
>
>
>
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
axial forces and associated yield m om ents (P=Pc, M=0.0), (P=Pb, M=Mb), (P=0.0,M=M0) and (P=Pt,
M=0.0). The problem with this cubic function is that the m axim um yield m om ent is usually not at P=Pb
and it is often found that the cubic curve crosses the zero m om ent axis between Pb and Pc. If the colum n
design is such that the axial force usually lies between P = 0 and P = Pb this does not usually cause
difficulties. The user should use the program Surface (part of the Ruaum oko suite of program s) to check
out the form of the interaction surface.
In the Concrete Type 3 interaction diagram two separate cubic curves are used to represent the variation
of yield m om ent with axial force. In the region between P = Pb and P = Pc the cubic curve has a zero
gradient of m om ent with axial force at Pb (i.e. m axim um m om ent is at Pb), has a yield m om ent = Mb at
P = Pb, has zero m om ent at Pc and the function tends to a straight line as P tends to Pc. In the region
between Pb and Pt a different cubic polynom ial is used, again, the cubic curve has a zero gradient of
m om ent with axial force at Pb (i.e. m axim um m om ent at Pb), has a yield m om ent = Mb at P = Pb, has the
yield m om ent = M0 at P = 0.0 and zero m om ent at P = Pt. There is a risk that, depending on the ratios
of Mb/M0 and Pb/Pt, that the cubic curve m ay intersect the zero m om ent axis between P = 0.0 and P =
Pt. The program will print out a warning with the listing of the section properties in the R uaum oko3D
output file if this is likely. Again, the program Surface m ay be used to check out the form of the interaction
curves.
variation of yield m om ent with axial force. In the region between P = Pb and P = Pc the cubic curve has
a zero gradient of m om ent with axial force at Pb (i.e. m axim um m om ent at Pb), has a yield m om ent = Mb
at P = Pb, has zero m om ent at Pc and the function tends to a straight line as P tends to Pc. In the region
between Pb and Pt a quartic polynom ial is used, again, the cubic has a zero gradient of m om ent with axial
force at Pb (i.e. m axim um m om ent at Pb), has a yield m om ent = Mb at P = Pb, has the yield m om ent =
M0 at P = 0.0 and zero m om ent at P = Pt and the functions tends to a straight line as Pt is approached.
There is a risk that, depending on the ratios of Mb/M0 and Pb/Pt, that the quartic curve m ay an inflection
between P = 0.0 and P = Pt. The program will print out a warning with the listing of the section properties
in the Ruaum oko3D output file if this is likely. Again, the program Surface m ay be used to check out the
form of the interaction curves.
In general, it is recom m ended that the Concrete Type 4 interaction diagram be used and not the Concrete
Type 2 or Type 3 interaction diagram s.
116
If the colum n has only 4 reinforcing bars, one in each corner then the Axial Force - Yield Mom ent takes
a m ore diam ond shaped form with a peak in the yield m om ents at P = Pb and zero yield m om ents at Pb
and Pt. In this case it is probably better to use the Concrete Type 1 interaction curve with the value of
BETA = 1.0 or slightly greater. This is likely to be the case only for the analysis of older reinforced
concrete structures. In m odern structures such reinforcem ent details are unlikely to satisfy the concrete
confinem ent requirem ents of current design standards. If there is longitudinal reinforcem ent steel along
the faces of the colum ns as well as the corners then the yield m om ent interaction diagram is m ore
rounded near Pb and the Concrete Types 2, 3 and 4 interactions are m ore suitable shapes.
117
24g.

(Only if ITYPE =1 and JTYPE =6, Two lines of data required 24g and 24gg)
TY+ TY- ALFA BETA MU NU GAMMA
FYy+
FYyFYz+
FYzTY+
TYALFA
BETA
MU
NU
GAMMA
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the z-z axis yield m om ents then interaction equation
Note 1.0 # ALFA
Interaction factor for the axial force effect on z-z axis m om ents
Interaction factor for the y-y axis yield m om ents in the interaction equation
Note 1.0 # MU
Interaction factor for the axial force effect on y-y axis m om ents
Interaction factor for the axial term s in the interaction equation below.
Note 1.0 # GAMMA
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
where P y is PC when the axial force P is com pressive and equal PT when the axial force P is tensile. As
discussed by Chen for W ide Flange sections, where the y-y axis is the m ajor principal axis, MU m ay be taken as
1.0 and NU as infinity (i.e. in this program 0.0). This then sim plifies the interaction equation to
118
119
24gg.
PC
Steel BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface

(Only if ITYPE =1 and JTYPE =6)
MYy
Myz
PT
PC
MYy
MYz
PT

Yield m om ent about y-y axis
Yield m om ent about z-z axis
Notes: 1.
If MBy or MBz are zero then yield is suppressed in bending about that flexural axis. The yield
interaction below then operates only in the P,Mz or P,My plane.
2.
(<
(>
(>
(>
120
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
24h.
PYT
PYT
PYC
FYy+
FYyFYz+
FYzTY+
TYALFA
Note:
Parameter.
(Only if ITYPE =1 and JTYPE =7, Two lines of data required 24h and 24hh)
PYC
FYy+
FYy-
FYz+
FYz-
TY+
TY-
ALFA

( $ 0.0)
Axial force for com pression yield
( # 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Flexural Interaction Factor assum ed to be the sam e for all flexural actions
=0;
There is no Interaction between flexural yield in the y-y and z-z axes
>1;
There is an interaction between the flexural yield m om ents about the
y-y and z-z axes. This is independent of the axial force.
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
The interaction surface between yield m om ent in the y-y and z-z axes when ALFA is greater than or equal to 1.0
is given by
where the interaction diagram is sym m etric about the m om ents (MYy+ + MYz-)/2.0, (MYz+ + MYz-)/2.0 and the
surface lim iting m om ents MYy* and MYz* are given by the yield m om ents in each direction about this centre
position. If P is com pression Py is PYC and if P is tension then Py is PYT.
If ALFA equals 2.0 the surface at any axial force is elliptical. If ALFA equals 0.0 the surface at any axial force is
a rectangle.
Flexural z-z and y-y interaction diagram .
121
24hh.
PBy
PBy
MBy
PCy
MCy
PBz
MBz
PCz
MCz
Quadratic BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface

(Only if ITYPE =1 and JTYPE =6)
MBy
Pcy
MCy
PBz
MBz
PCz

Yield m om ent at B about y-yaxis
Yield m om ent at C about y-y axis
Yield m om ent at B about z-zaxis
Yield m om ent at C about z-z axis
MCz
(PYT >
( > 0.0)
(PYT >
( < 0.0)
(PYT >
( > 0.0)
(PYT >
( < 0.0)
122
PBy > PYC)

PCy > PYC)
PBz > PYC)
PCz > PYC)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
24i.
BEAM Yield Axial Forces and Yield Torques and Flexural Interaction Parameter
(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 1, Minim um of Two lines of data required, lines 24i and 24ii)
PYT
PYC
TY+
TYALFA
IEND
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
= 0;
> 1;
= 0;
The flexural yield surface is the sam e at both ends of the m em ber
= 1;
Different yield surfaces are applicable at each end of the m em ber
F
F
F
F
F
If both axial yield forces are zero then axial yield is suppressed and sim ilarly if both yield torques are zero
then torsion yield is suppressed. Both axial and torsional behaviour follows the bi-linear hysteresis rule.
The interaction surface between yield m om ent in the z-z and y-y axes when ALFA is greater than or equal to 1.0
is given by
where the interaction diagram is sym m etric about the m om ents (Myz+ + MYz-)/2.0, (MY y+ + MYy-)/2.0 and the
surface lim iting m om ents MYz* and MYy * are given by the yield m om ents in each direction about this centre
position.
123
14ii.
BEAM Flexural Yield Conditions at End 1 of member (if IEND = 0 End 2 is the same)
(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 1)
Myz+ Myz- Myy+ MYy-
MYz+
MYzMYy+
MYy-
Positive yield m om ent about z-z axis

Negative yield m om ent about z-z axis
Positive yield m om ent about y-y axis
Negative yield m om ent about y-yaxis
(
(
(
(
$
#
$
#
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
Note:
If both positive and negative yield m om ents at a hinge are zero then yield at that hinge is suppressed.
14iii.
BEAM Flexural Yield Conditions at End 2 of the member

(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 1 and IEND on line 24i is > 0)
Myz+ Myz- Myy+ MYy-
MYz+
MYzMYy+
MYyNote:
Positive yield m om ent about z-z axis

Negative yield m om ent about z-z axis
Positive yield m om ent about y-y axis
Negative yield m om ent about y-yaxis
(
(
(
(
$
#
$
#
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
If both positive and negative yield m om ents at a hinge are zero then yield at that hinge is suppressed.
124
24j.

(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 2, Minim um of Two lines of data required, lines 24jand 24jj)
TY+ TY-
TY+
TYALFA
BETA
IEND
Note:
ALFA
BETA IEND

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the flexural term s in the interaction equation below
Interaction factor for the axial term s in the interaction equation below
Note 1.0 # BETA # 2.0
= 0;
= 1;
F
F
F
F
I
If both yield torques are zero then torsional yield is suppressed. Axial yield is autom atically suppressed
in Beam -Colum n m em bers but the axial yield forces are required to form the Axial Force - Mom ent yield
interaction surface. Torsion follows a bi-linear hysteresis rule.
where Py is PC when the axial force P is less (m ore com pressive) than PB and equal PT when the axial force
P is greater (m ore tensile) than PB. The values recom m ended by Hsu for BETA and ALFA for rectangular and
square tied colum ns are 1.0 and 1.5 respectively. Bresler found that ALFA varied from 1.15 to 1.55 and
recom m ended that 1.5 be used for rectangular sections and that 1.75 be used for square sections. Furlong
recom m ended that ALFA be 2.0.
125
24jj.
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 1) Yield Surface at End 1 of member. If IEND = 0 End 2 also.
PC PB MBz MBy PT
PC
PB
MBz
MBy
PT

Axial com pression force at balance point
Notes: 1.
2.
24jjj.
(<
(<
(>
(>
(>
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 1) Yield Surface at End 2 of member.

(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 2 and IEND on line 24j > 0)
PC PB MBz MBy PT
PC
PB
MBz
MBy
PT

Axial com pression force at balance point
Notes: 1.
2.
126
(<
(<
(>
(>
(>
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
24k.
Reinforced Concrete BEAM-C O LUMN (Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4) Yield Torques and Interaction
Parameters
(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 3, 4 or 5, Minim um of Two lines of data required, lines 24ki and 24kk)
TY+ TY- ALFA BETA IEND
TY+
TYALFA
BETA
IEND
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the flexural term s in the z-z direction
Interaction factor for the flexural term s in the y-y direction
= 0;
= 1;
F
F
F
F
I
in the Beam -Colum n m em bers but the axial yield forces are required to form the Axial Force - Mom ent
If ALFA = 0.0 and BETA = 0.0 No Mz - My Interaction
If ALFA = 1.0 and BETA = 1.0 Linear Mz - My Interaction
If ALFA = 2.0 and BETA = 2.0 Elliptic Mz - My Interaction
The yield interaction surface (Penzien et al) is shown in the following figure where Pu is the current axial force in
the colum n and Mzu and Myu are the current yield m om ents in the section.
127
24kk.
Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 2, Type 3 and T ype 4) Yield Surface at End 1 (and End 2) of
member
(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 3, 4 or 5)
PC
PBz
MBz
PBy
MBy
M0z
M0y
PT

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
<
<
>
<
>
>
>
>
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
24kkk. Concrete BEAM-COLUMN (Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4) Yield Surface at End 2 of member
(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 3, 4 or 5 and IEND on line 24k > 0)
PC
PBz
MBz
PBy
MBy
M0z
M0y
PT

Notes: 1.
2.
Note:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
<
<
>
<
>
>
>
>
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
axial forces and associated yield m om ents (P=Pc, M=0.0), (P=Pb, M=Mb), (P=0.0,M=M0) and (P=Pt,
M=0.0). The problem with this cubic function is that the m axim um yield m om ent is usually not at P=Pb
and it is often found that the cubic curve crosses the zero m om ent axis between Pb and Pc. If the colum n
design is such that the axial force usually lies between P = 0 and P = Pb this does not usually cause
difficulties. The user should use the program Surface (part of the Ruaum oko suite of program s) to check
out the form of the interaction surface.
In the Concrete Type 3 interaction diagram two separate cubic curves are used to represent the variation
of yield m om ent with axial force. In the region between P = Pb and P = Pc the cubic curve has a zero
gradient of m om ent with axial force at Pb (i.e. m axim um m om ent at Pb), has a yield m om ent = Mb at P
= Pb, has zero m om ent at Pc and the function tends to a straight line as P tends to Pc. In the region
between Pb and Pt a different cubic polynom ial is used, again, the cubic curve has a zero gradient of
m om ent with axial force at Pb (i.e. m axim um m om ent at Pb), has a yield m om ent = Mb at P = Pb, has the
yield m om ent = M0 at P = 0.0 and zero m om ent at P = Pt. There is a risk that, depending on the ratios
of Mb/M0 and Pb/Pt, that the cubic curve m ay intersect the zero m om ent axis between P = 0.0 and P =
Pt. The program will print out a warning with the listing of the section properties in the Ruaum oko3D
output file if this is likely. Again, the program Surface m ay be used to check out the form of the interaction
curves.
128
variation of yield m om ent with axial force. In the region between P = Pb and P = Pc the cubic curve has
a zero gradient of m om ent with axial force at Pb (i.e. m axim um m om ent at Pb), has a yield m om ent = Mb
at P = Pb, has zero m om ent at Pc and the function tends to a straight line as P tends to Pc. In the region
between Pb and Pt a quartic polynom ial is used, again, the cubic has a zero gradient of m om ent with axial
force at Pb (i.e. m axim um m om ent at Pb), has a yield m om ent = Mb at P = Pb, has the yield m om ent =
M0 at P = 0.0 and zero m om ent at P = Pt and the functions tends to a straight line as Pt is approached.
There is a risk that, depending on the ratios of Mb/M0 and Pb/Pt, that the quartic curve m ay an inflection
between P = 0.0 and P = Pt. The program will print out a warning with the listing of the section properties
in the Ruaum oko3D output file if this is likely. Again, the program Surface m ay be used to check out the
form of the interaction curves.
In general, it is recom m ended that the Concrete Type 4 interaction diagram be used and not the Concrete
Types 2 or Type 3 interaction diagram s.
If the colum n has only 4 reinforcing bars, one in each corner then the Axial Force - Yield Mom ent takes
a m ore diam ond shaped form with a peak in the yield m om ents at P = Pb and zero yield m om ents at Pb
and Pt. In this case it is probably better to use the C oncrete Type 1 interaction curve with the value of
BETA = 1.0 or slightly greater. This is likely to be the case only for the analysis of older reinforced
concrete structures. In m odern structures such reinforcem ent details are unlikely to satisfy the concrete
confinem ent requirem ents of current design standards. If there is longitudinal reinforcem ent steel along
the faces of the colum ns as well as the corners then the yield m om ent interaction diagram is m ore
rounded near Pb and the Concrete Types 2, 3 and 4 interactions are m ore suitable shapes.
129
24l.

(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 6, Minim um of Two lines of data required, lines 24l and 24ll)
TY+ TY- ALFA BETA MU NU GAMMA IEND
TY+
TYALFA
BETA
MU
NU
GAMMA
IEND
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
Interaction factor for the z-z axis yield m om ents then interaction equation
Note 1.0 # ALFA
Interaction factor for the axial force effect on z-z axis m om ents
Interaction factor for the y-y axis yield m om ents in the interaction equation
Note 1.0 # MU
Interaction factor for the axial force effect on y-y axis m om ents
Interaction factor for the axial term s in the interaction equation below.
Note 1.0 # GAMMA
= 0;
= 1;
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
I
in Beam -Colum n m em bers but the axial yield forces are required to form the Axial Force - Mom ent yield
interaction surface. Torsion follows a bi-linear hysteresis rule.
where P y is PC when the axial force P is com pressive and equal PT when the axial force P is tensile. As
discussed by Chen for W ide Flange sections, where the z-z axis is the m ajor principal axis, MU m ay be taken as
1.0 and NU as infinity (i.e. in this program 0.0). This then sim plifies the interaction equation to
130
131
24ll.
Steel BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface at End 1 of member (if IEND = 0 Both Ends)
PC MYz MYy PT
PC
MYz
MYy
PT
24lll.

(<
(>
(>
(>
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
Steel BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface at End 2 of member

(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 6 and only if IEND on line 24l > 0)
PC MYz MYy PT
PC
MYz
MYy
PT

Notes: 1.
interaction below then operates only in the P,My or P,Mz plane.
2.
(<
(>
(>
(>
132
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
F
F
F
F
24m.
Parameters
(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 7, Minim um of Two lines of data required, lines 24m and 24mm)
PYT
PYC
TY+
TYALFA
IEND
Note:

( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
( $ 0.0)
( # 0.0)
=0;
>1;
= 0;
= 1;
F
F
F
F
F
Axial yield is suppressed in beam -colum n m em bers. If both yield torques are zero then torsion yield is
suppressed. Torsion is assum ed to follow the bi-linear hysteresis rule. The axial yield forces are required
to define the flexural yield surfaces.
The interaction surface between yield m om ent in the z-z and y-y axes when ALFA is greater than or equal to 1.0
is given by
where the interaction diagram is sym m etric about the m om ents (Myz+ + MYz-)/2.0, (Myy+ + MYy-)/2.0 and the
surface lim iting m om ents MY z * and MYy* are given by the yield m om ents in each direction about this centre
position. If P is com pression Py is PYC and if P is tension then Py is PYT.
If ALFA equals 2.0 the surface at any axial force is elliptical. If ALFA equals 0.0 the surface at any axial force is
a rectangle.
Flexural z-z and y-y interaction diagram .
133
24mm. Quadratic BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface at End 1 of member (if IEND = 0 End 2 also)
PBz Mbz Pcz MCz
PBz
MBz
PCz
MCz
PBy
MBy
PCy
MCy
PBy Mby PCy MCy

(PYT >
( > 0.0)
(PYT >
( < 0.0)
(PYT >
( > 0.0)
(PYT >
( < 0.0)
PBz > PYC)

PCz > PYC)
PBy > PYC)
PCy > PYC)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
24mmm.
Quadratic BEAM-COLUMN Yield Surface at End 2 of member
(Only if ITYPE = 3 and JTYPE = 7 and IEND on line 24m > 0)
PBz Mbz Pcz MCz
PBz
MBz
PCz
MCz
PBy
MBy
PCy
MCy
PBy Mby PCy MCy

(PYT >
( > 0.0)
(PYT >
( < 0.0)
(PYT >
( > 0.0)
(PYT >
( < 0.0)
134
PBz > PYC)

PCz > PYC)
PBy > PYC)
PCy > PYC)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
24n.
Hysteresis Data (Only if ITYPE = 1 or ITYPE = 3).
The num ber of sets of data required is equal the num ber of non-zero stiffness term s given in line 24a.
There are available up to 15 Hysteresis param eters available for each action (i.e. having a non-zero stiffness term )
The data is assum ed to be read from one line for each action
If a blank line is supplied, or the line contains the word Default, then the default response that there are no
hysteresis param eters for the hysteresis m odel.
Each param eter m ay be supplied as a number or in the form label = number where Label is a character string
containing up to 24 alphanum eric characters. I.e
24.9
or
Param eter1 = 24.9
If a label is not supplied then the output will pick default nam es such as Loop Item Num ber xx where xx is the
item num ber in the range 1 to 15 else the label is used to describe that item .
135
25
LATTICE TRUSS element properties.
Lattice Truss Quadrilateral Element

Order of all of the com ponents required for Lattice Truss Elem ents.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Basic Section Param eters,

Truss Elastic Properties,
Truss Yield Properties,
Diagonal Truss Degradation Properties.
Plate Bending properties
Truss Hysteretic Properties
Material Specific Dam ping,
25a.
Basic element parameters
IH1 IH2
IH3 IDIAG
IH1
IH2
IH3
IDIAG
=
=
=
=
=
IL1
IL2
IL3
WGT
=
=
=
=
IL1 IL2 IL3
(as required)
(as required)
(as required)
(as required)
(as required)
see section 25a.

see section 25b.
see section 25c.
see section 25d.
see section 25e
see section 25f.
see section 25g.
WGT
Hysteresis Rule for Truss Com ponents 1-3 and 2-4

0; Norm al truss com ponents
1; Diagonal trusses have a strength reduction based on the
tensile strain norm al to the direction of the truss com ponent
Strength Degradation Rule for Truss Com ponents 1-3 and 2-4
W eight of the elem ent
(25% to each of the four nodes)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
F
Notes:
1.
IHi = 0 im plies elastic action
2.
Any of the hysteresis rules for SPRING elem ents are able to be used for this elem ent
3.
Any of the Strength Degradation rules allow for the hysteresis m odel m ay be used for the Truss
com ponents.
4.
The elem ent weight is used to com pute the m em ber m ass and does not contribute to the static loads on
the m em ber or the structure.
5.
These truss com ponents do not contribute to the rotational stiffness of the nodes and therefore care m ust
be given to the boundary conditions to avoid a singular stiffness of the structure. All four nodes m ust be
distinct (i.e. no triangles).
136
25b.
Basic Truss properties
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Stiffness of Truss 1 (1-3

Stiffness of Truss 2 (2-4)
Bi-linear factor (or Ram berg
Osgood
Osgood
Osgood
Osgood
Osgood
Osgood
r)
r)
r)
r)
r)
r)
of
of
of
of
of
of
Truss
Truss
Truss
Truss
Truss
Truss
1
2
3
4
5
6
(1-3)
(2-4)
(1-2)
(4-3)
(1-4)
(2-3)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
Ki = 0 im plies truss not present. At least one truss m em ber m ust exist.
2.
Bi-linear factors only used for inelastic m em bers.
25c.
Truss Yield Properties (only required if IH1, IH2 or IH3 greater than 0)
YP1 YN1 YP2 YN2 YP3 YN3 YP4 YN4 YP5 YN5 YP6 YN6
YP1
YN1
YP2
YN2
YP3
YN3
YP4
YN4
YP5
YN5
YP6
YN6
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Positive Yield Force of

Negative Yield Force of
Truss 1
Truss 1
Truss 2
Truss 2
Truss 3
Truss 3
Truss 4
Truss 4
Truss 5
Truss 5
Truss 6
Truss 6
(1-3)
(1-3)
(2-4)
(2-4)
(1-2)
(1-2)
(4-3)
(4-3)
(1-4)
(1-4)
(2-3)
(2-3)
Notes:
1.
If Ypi = 0.0 and Yni = 0.0 im plies truss i rem ains elastic.
2.
If the truss m em ber does not exist supply 0.0 for both yield forces.
137
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
25d.
Diagonal Truss Interaction (only required if IDIAG greater than 0)
P11 P21 P31 P41 P51 P12 P22 P32 P42 P52
P11
P21
P31
P41
P51
P12
P22
P32
P42
P52
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Strength Change of
Residual Strength of
Strain at start reduction
Strain at Change of
Strain at Residual for
Strength Change of
Residual Strength of
Strain at start reduction
Strain at Change of
Strain at Residual for
Truss 1 (1-3)
Truss 1 (1-3)
Truss 1 (1-3)
Truss 1 (1-3)
Truss 1 (1-3)
Truss 2 (2-4)
Truss 2 (2-4)
Truss 2 (2-4)
Truss 2 (2-4)
Truss 2 (2-4)
[0.40]
[0.05]
[0.10]
[0.50]
[1.00]
[0.40]
[0.05]
[0.10]
[0.50]
[1.00]
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
The values in the square brackets are the default values, obtained by supplying 0.0.
2.
The sm allest value for the residual strength ratio is 0.01.
3.
A blank line cannot be supplied for this data to get the default values, at least a line with one 0.0 is
required. Note, in Ruaum oko a blank line is ignored by the com m and processor.
25f.
Strength Degradation and Stiffness Degradation data.

Up to 6 sets of data in order for truss com ponents 1 to 6
(O nly required if the truss com ponent stiffness Ki > 0.0 and the IH or IL associated with the truss
com ponent is greater than 0 and if the hysteresis rule for that com ponent requires data. Note, even if IH
im plies no extra hysteresis data, if IL for that com ponent is >0 then the strength degradation data will be
required for the com ponent.)
138
25g.
Material Specific Damping (only if ICTYPE = 5 or 7 on section 2)
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA
Note:

F
F
F
These elem ents m ay be considered as a form of Lattice Analogy as described by Hrennikoff in his 1941
paper. The elem ents m ay be arranged to provide an analogy to a problem in plane stress or plane strain.
Assum ing that the elem ent is square of side a in plan and that the m aterial has a thickness of t then
Hrennikoff would suggest that that
If the forces in the m em bers are F i then the equivalent stresses, assum ing that the local x axis is
parallel to m em bers 3 and 4, m ay be obtained from
Reference:
Hrennikoff, A.. Solution of Problem s of Elasticity by the Fram ework Method

Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 8, No.4, 1941, pp169-175
139
26
Reinforced Concrete PLASTIC-HINGE spring type member properties

(note still under development)
Reinforced Concrete Plastic Hinge Spring Member
There are two versions of the Reinforced Concrete Hinge m em ber, one for beam m em bers and one for wall
m em bers.
140
Beam Plastic Hinge (KOP=0)
Cross-Section of RC Beam Hinge member
Cross-Section of RC Wall Hinge member
141
The 80 individual springs, m aking up the Plastic Hinge m em ber have a sign convention where tensile
deform ations and forces are positive.
For Beam Hinge members
Springs
Springs
Springs
Springs
Springs
Springs
1 to 36 represent the core concrete.

37 to 64 represent the cover concrete.
65 to 68 represent the corner longitudinal reinforcem ent.
69 to 72 represent the m id-side longitudinal reinforcem ent.
73 to 76 represent the diagonal shear stiffness in the x-y plane.
77 to 80 represent the diagonal shear stiffness in the x-z plane.
For Wall Hinge members

Springs
Springs
Springs
Springs
Springs
1 to 32 and springs epresent the core concrete.

33 to 64 represent the cover concrete.
65 to 68 represent the corner longitudinal reinforcem ent.
69 to 72 represent the m id-side longitudinal reinforcem ent.
77 to 80 represent the diagonal shear stiffness in the x-y plane.
The core and cover concrete have different property sets, the steel has a property set and the diagonal struts
have their own property sets.
Plastic Hinge member Sign Convention
The sign convention for the individual springs is tensile strains and stresses are positive.
142
26a
Control Parameters.
IPLAS
IPLAS
COVER
HL
WGT
ISTEEL
ICONC
KOP
=0
Mem ber linear
=1
Mem ber non-linear
W idth of Cross-section
Depth (Height) of Cross-section
Cover to reinforcing steel centre-line from top or bottom of section
Plastic Hinge Length
W eight of Com pound-Spring m em ber
=0
Dhakal Steel hysteresis
=1
Dodd-Restrepo Steel hysteresis
=2
Elasto-Plastic Steel hysteresis
=0
Brian Peng Concrete hysteresis
=1
Crisafulli Concrete hysteresis
=0
Beam Hinge m em ber
=1
W all Hinge m em ber
B
D
COVER
HL
WGT
ISTEEL
ICONC
KOP
I
F
F
F
F
F
I
I
I
Note:
IPLAS is usually going to be 1 but this gives the ability for the m em ber data for a non-linear m em ber to
be input but then the action is reset to linear.
26b.
Concrete Material Properties.
EC
FPC
EC
FPC
FT
ECC
FPCC
FTC
26c.
ES
ES
FSC
FST
Slong
FT
ECC
FPCC
FTC
Initial Elastic Modulus of Confined Concrete

Com pressive Strength of Confined Concrete (stress units)
Tensile Strength of Confined Concrete (stress units)
Initial Elastic Modulus of Cover Concrete
Com pressive Strength of Cover Concrete (stress units)
Tensile Strength of Cover Concrete (stress units)
F
F
F
F
F
F
Steel Material Properties.
FSC
FST
Slong
Initial Elastic Modulus of Reinforcing Steel

Com pressive Strength of Reinforcing Steel (stress units)
Tensile Strength of Reinforcing Steel (stress units)
Effective length of steel bars (default SL equals hinge length HL)
143
F
F
F
F
26d.
A1
Beam Steel Cross-sectional Areas. (KOP=0)
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A4
A5
A6
A7
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional
Cross-sectional
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
area
A8
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
top
right reinforcing steel
top
left
reinforcing steel
bottom left
reinforcing steel
bottom right reinforcing steel
top
centre reinforcing steel
left
centre reinforcing steel
bottom centre reinforcing steel
right centre reinforcing steel
Note:
Springs 65 to 72 represents the reinforcing steel area A1 to A8.
26dd.
Wall Steel Cross-sectional Areas. (KOP=1)
A1
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
Note:
A2
A3
A4
A5
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
A6
Cross-sectional area
Distance to centre of
Distance to centre of
of top
right reinforcing steel
of top
left
reinforcing steel
of bottom left
reinforcing steel
of bottom right reinforcing steel
of positive z face distributed reinforcing steel (total)
of negative z face distributed reinforcing steel (total)
steel areas A1 and A2 from positive Y face (Default=COVER)
steel areas A3 and A4 from negative Y face (Default=COVER)
Springs 61 to 64 represents the reinforcing steel area A1 to A4.

Springs 65 to 70 represent A5 distributed, Springs 71 to 76 represent A6 distributed.
144
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
26e. Beam Diagonal Strut Concrete Material Properties. (KOP=0)
ECV
FPCV
ECV
FPCV
FTV
DBy
DBz
FlexY
FlexZ
FlexT
AngleY
AngleZ
Note:
FTV
DBy
Dbz
FlexY FlexZ FlexT
AngleY
Initial Elastic Modulus of Shear Concrete

Com pressive Strength of Shear Concrete (stress units)
Tensile Strength of Shear Concrete (stress units)
Effective width of diagonal shear struts in x-y plane
Effective width of diagonal shear struts in x-z plane
Flexibility factor in Y transverse direction
Flexibility factor in Z transverse direction
Flexibility factor in Torsional direction
Shear Angle Y diagonal Struts (0.0=Geom etry defines)
Shear Angle Z diagonal Struts (0.0=Geom etry defines)
AngleZ
(1.0 # FlexY # 3.0)

(1.0 # FlexZ # 3.0)
(1.0 # FlexT # 3.0)
(0.0 or 20 # AngleY # 70)
(0.0 or 20 # AngleZ # 70)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Springs 73 to 80 represent the diagonal struts carrying the shear and torsion on the section.
The x-y plane struts have a cross-sectional area of B/2*DBy.
The x-z plane struts have a cross-sectional area of D/2*DBz
Struts 73 and 74 are on the + Z face of the hinge
Struts 75 and 76 are on the - Z face of the hinge
Struts 77 and 78 are on the + Y face of the hinge
Struts 79 and 80 are on the - Y face of the hinge
26ee. Wall Diagonal Strut Concrete Material Properties. (KOP=1)
ECV
ECV
FPCV
FTV
DBy
AngleY
FlexY
FlexT
Note:
FPCV
FTV
DBy
AngleY
FlexY
FlexT
Initial Elastic Modulus of Shear Concrete

Com pressive Strength of Shear Concrete (stress units)
Tensile Strength of Shear Concrete (stress units)
Effective width of diagonal shear struts in x-y plane
Shear Angle Y diagonal Struts (0.0=Geom etry defines)
Flexibility factor in Y transverse direction
Flexibility factor in Torsional direction
(0.0 or 20 # AngleY # 70)

(1.0 # FlexY # 3.0)
(1.0 # FlexT # 3.0)
Springs 73 to 80 represent the diagonal struts carrying the shear and torsion on the section.
The x-y plane struts have a cross-sectional area of B/2*DBy.
Struts 77 and 78 are on the + Z face of the hinge
Struts 79 and 80 are on the - Z face of the hinge
Flexibility factor m ultiplies the flexibility in that direction by the factor to allow extra shear deform ation. The
stiffness of the diagonal struts are un-affected and the deform ation in the diagonal struts is the total shear
deform ation divided by the flexibility factor. The extra flexibility is obtained by added an additional spring in
series with the diagonal m em ber stiffness.
145
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
26f.
is useful if one is m odelling a pounding study between two adjoining buildings where the buildings have
different dam ping characteristics or where different parts of the system have different dam ping characteristics,
i.e. in soil-structure interaction studies. Dam ping m atrix C is given by
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA

F
F
F
26g.
Hysteresis Rule Data for confined concrete (only if the hysteresis rule requires m ore data)
see Appendix B.
26h.
Hysteresis Rule Data for cover concrete (only if the hysteresis rule requires m ore data)
see Appendix B.
26i.
Hysteresis Rule Data for reinforcing steel (only if the hysteresis rule requires m ore data)
see Appendix B.
26j.
Hysteresis Rule Data for shear concrete Y direction (only if the hysteresis rule requires m ore data)
see Appendix B.
26k.
Hysteresis Rule Data for shear concrete Z direction (only if the hysteresis rule requires m ore data)
see Appendix B. And only if KOP=0
Note:
Post-processor output is only provided for the following springs:Beam Hinges.

The corners of the confined concrete
The corners of the cover concrete
The four corner steel springs
The 8 diagonal struts
(springs
(springs
(springs
(springs
1, 6,30,36).
37,38,39,40).
65,66,67,68).
73,74,75,76,77,78,79, 80).
Wall Hinges.
The corners of the confined concrete
The corners of the cover concrete
The four corner steel springs
The 4 diagonal struts
(springs
(springs
(springs
(springs
1, 4,29,32).
33,34,35,36).
61,62,63,64).
77,78,79, 80).
146
27
INERTIA (Relative Mass) type member properties
Inertia Mem ber
XMASS YMASS ZMASS xMASS yMASS zMASS
XMASS
YMASS
ZMASS
xMASS
yMASS
zMASS
SL
SL
X - Longitudinal relative m ass

Y - Transverse relative m ass
Z - Transverse relative m ass
X - Torsional Rotational relative m ass
Y - Transverse Rotational relative m ass
Z - Transverse Rotational relative m ass
Shift of position of Transverse Dashpot. (-0.5 # SL # 0.5)
(0.0 im plies that the Transverse m asses are located m idway between Nodes 3 and 4
where SL = -0.5 m oves m asses to Node 3 and +0.5 m oves m asses to Node 4)
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Notes:
1.
Sign Conventions are the sam e as those for the SPRING m em ber types, see section 12.
2.
If the length of a INERTIA type m em ber is zero then the local X, Y and Z axes coincide with the global
X, Y and Z axes.
3.
The m em ber only acts during a tim e-history analysis and the m em ber inertia force or m om ent is
proportional to the relative acceleration or relative rotational accelerations between the two ends,
nodes 3 and 4, of the m em ber.
Member Sign Convention
147
28.
TRIANGLE type member properties
Triangular Finite Element

Order of all of the com ponents required for Triangle Mem bers.
1
Basic Section Properties see section 28a.
28a.
ITYPE ISHEAR E NU THICK WGT IMEMB IMATL IHYST ILOS
ITYPE
ISHEAR
E
NU
THICK
WGT
IMEMB
IMATL
IHYST
ILOS
= 0;
Plane Stress and Plate Bending (Shell elem ent)
= 1;
Plane Stress only
= 2;
Plane Strain only
= 3;
Plate Bending only
= 0;
Elastic Modulus
Poisson's Ratio
Thickness of the elem ent
W eight/(unit volum e) of the elem ent
= 0;
Hybrid Stress Plane Elem ent and Hybrid Stress Plate Elem ent
= 1;
CST Plane Elem ent (6 degrees of freedom ) and Hybrid Stress Plate Elem ent
= 0;
Isotropic m aterial, uses E and NU above.
= 1;
Anisotropic m aterial, com pliance supplied
= 2;
Anisotropic Com pliance, plane and plate properties differ.
= 0;
Linear Elastic m aterial
= 0;
I
F
F
F
F
I
I
I
I
Notes:
1.
The weight/(unit volum e) is used to com pute the m em ber m ass and does not contribute to the static loads
on the m em ber or the structure.
2.
The elem ent is a Hybrid Stress Type 2 triangular finite elem ent. All three nodes m ust be distinct. The
stress distribution is assum ed to have a linear variation in both the x and y directions and the elem ent
edge displacem ents are assum ed to vary linearly along the elem ent edge for the tangential displacem ent
and to have a cubic variation along the edge for the norm al displacem ent. The elem ent actually assum es
a linear variation of thickness between nodes but in the application within the program a constant
thickness is assum ed.
3
The plate bending elem ent is a Hybrid Stress elem ent with a linear variation of bending m om ents in the
elem ent. T he edge displacem ent have a cubic variation of plate displacem ent and a linear variation of
norm al slope along each edge.
4.
The elem ent is assum ed, at present, to be linearly elastic.
148
In-Plane Force Sign Convention.
149
19b.
Anisotropic Material (only if IMATL = 1or 2 on section 19a)
If IMATL = 1 then the com pliance m atrix [S] is used for both in-plane action and for plate bending.
If IMATL = 2 then the com pliance m atrix [S] is used only for the in-plane actions
S11 S12 S22 S13 S23 S33
S11
S12
S22
S13
S23
S33
19c.
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
term
term
term
term
term
term
for
for
for
for
for
for
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
F
F
F
F
F
F
Anisotropic Material (only if IMATL = 2 on section 19a)
This com pliance m atrix [S] is used for the bending actions
S11 S12 S22 S13 S23 S33
S11
S12
S22
S13
S23
S33
19d.
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
Com pliance
term
term
term
term
term
term
for
for
for
for
for
for
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
com pliance
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
m atrix
F
F
F
F
F
F
Material Specific Damping (only if ICTYPE = 5 or 7on section 19a)
where M = Mass,
BETA0 BETAT ALPHA
BETA0
BETAT
ALPHA

150
F
F
F
30
Lumped Weights at the nodes.
For any analysis except a static analysis this section of data MUST be supplied. If all the m ass (weight) of the
structure is supplied as m em ber weight then the WEIGHTS flag m ust be followed by two lines of data in which only
the node num bers need be supplied. This data should be supplied for node 1 and for the last node in the m esh
respectively.
WEIGHTS INTERP
WEIGHTS
INTERP
W ord WEIGHTS
=0;
Om itted Nodes have no point weight
=1;
Om itted Nodes have weight of First Node in sequence repeated.
A
I
One input line is required for each nodal point. However, if any nodal points are om itted and INTERP above is
non-zero, the om itted nodes will be assum ed to have the sam e weights as those of the nodal point on the previous
input line. T he inform ation for the last nodal point should be supplied even if it has zero m ass. The nodal point
num bers m ust be provided in an ascending order. It m ust be noted that the nodal weights and that the self-weight
com puted from the m em ber weights are not added to the static load analysis.
N Wx Wy Wz Mx My Mz
N
Wx
Wy
Wz
Mx
My
Mz
Note:
Nodal point num ber

Lum ped nodal weight
acting
acting
acting
acting
acting
acting
in
in
in
in
in
in
the X direction
the Y direction
the Z direction
rotation about X axis at the Node
rotation about Y axis at the Node
rotation about Z axis at the Node
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
If only a static analysis is to be carried out, then the nodal weights m ay be om itted. Sim ilarly the weight
m ay be provided by self-weight of the m em bers (see the section tables in part 13 of this m anual). Note
that these weights are converted to m asses internally within the program .
151
31
External (static) nodal loads
LOADS
One input line with the word LOADS starting in colum n 1

One input line is required for each nodal point. The inform ation for the last nodal point should be supplied even
if it is not loaded. The nodal point num bers m ust be provided in an ascending order. It m ust be noted that the
nodal forces are independent of the nodal weights and that a self weight will not be com puted from the nodal
m asses and added to the static analysis.
N Fx Fy Fz Mx My Mz
N
Fx
Fy
Fz
Mx
My
Mz
Nodal point num ber

Static load at node N in the X direction
Static load at node N in the Y direction
Static load at node N in the Z direction
Static m om ent at node N about the X axis
Static m om ent at node N about the Y axis
Static m om ent at node N about the Z axis
152
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
32.
Dynamic load patterns (Only if IPVERT is less than 0)
One set of data for each of the ( - IPVERT) shape patterns.

The load com ponents will be m ultiplied by the loading, or excitation, history (see section 27). The first com ponent
is m ultiplied by the first excitation history and the second com ponent by the second excitation history etc. This
enables a m axim um of four com ponent loading, a constant static com ponent and up to three tim e-varying
com ponents.
In the Adaptive Push-Over analysis (IPANAL = 6) or for the Cyclic Adaptive Push-Over analysis (IPANAL = 7) the
value of IPVERT is set to -1.
In the Adaptive Push-Over analysis (IPANAL = 6) the elastic displacem ent associated with this load is designed
to be reached in 1.0/Alpha of the num ber of tim e-steps prescribed in the input data. The loads prescribed here
will be m ultiplied by the factor Alpha*DT/TIME for the first step and then the subsequent steps will use the Modified
Rayleigh m ethod to generate the following load increm ents. In these analyses the displacem ent increm ent in all
subsequent steps is sim ilar in size to that in the first increm ent. The analysis will term inate when the capacity of
the structure is reached or the displacem ent history is com plete. The default value of Alpha is 2.0.
One input line with the word SHAPE starting in colum n 1
SHAPE
ALPHA
ALPHA Multiplier of Shape vector. (Only if IPANAL = 6), (ALPHA > 2.0)
One input line is required for each loaded nodal point. The last nodal point should be provided even if no loads
are applied to it or else supply a line with node num ber 0 which will term inate the input.
N Fx Fy Fz Mx My
N
Fx
Fy
Fz
Mx
My
Mz
Mz
Nodal point num ber

Load in the X direction
Load in the Y direction
Load in the Z direction
Mom ent in the x direction
Mom ent in the y direction
Mom ent in the z direction
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
If there is m ore than a single loading pattern repeat all of the above SHAPE data for each of the loading patterns
153
33
Earthquake Accelerograms, Displacement Time-Histories or Dynamic Load Time-Histories.

(Only for IPANAL = 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 or 9)
The following set of input lines is required for each earthquake or dynam ic loading com ponent.
There is 1 com ponent if
IPVERT = -1, 0 or 1
There are n com ponents if
IPVERT = -n or n
For Earthquake Accelerogram s the com ponents act in the directions specified in the Earthquake Transform ation
m atrix supplied in section 2b of this m anual.
For Dynam ic loading patterns each com ponent m ultiplies each of the load vectors described under the SHAPE
data sets.
For Input Displacem ent Histories (IPANAL = 8 or 9) the excitations act at the degrees of freedom specified in the
Nodal Point Boundary Condition data. The displacem ent m ust be scaled, via the divisor ASCALE to have the
displacem ent units chosen for the structure.
33a. Excitation Flag

One input line with the word EQUAKE starting in colum n 1
EQUAKE
FILE
FILE
Nam e of File where excitation is to be found (Maxim um of 60 characters)

If less than 3 excitations this nam e is usually supplied in response to the
the prom pts when the program s starts, or in Batch m ode as argum ents
on the com m and line.
If a file nam e is supplied here it over-rides those supplied at the prom pts
or on the com m and line.
If no nam e is supplied then the excitation is assum ed to follow this line in
the supplied data. In this user m ay use word INPUT.
This nam e MUST be supplied after the third excitation if abs(IPVERT) > 3
unless the excitations are part of the input data file.
154
33b.
Control parameters for Accelerogram, Displacement Time-History or Loading Time-History
IBERG ISTART DELTAT ASCALE END VEL DIS TSCALE
IBERG
ISTART
DELTAT
ASCALE
END
VEL
DIS
TSCALE
= 0;
Excitation in BERG Form at
= 1;
Excitation in CALTECH Form at
= 2;
Excitation in NCEER Form at
= 3;
Excitation in FREE Form at (One point per line)
= 4;
Excitation in CSMIP Form at
= 5;
Excitation in EXCEL Form at
= 6,
Excitation in PEER Form at
= 7;
Excitation in SAC Form at
The num ber of the first line of the excitation that is to be used.
This is usually = 1 but by using greater values enables the start of the
record to be ignored. The num ber of lines counts from the START line.
Excitation data interval
BERG Form at records = Tim e step at which the record will be digitized.
The default value is the tim e-step for the integration DT. This m ay
m ean large m em ory requirem ents for very sm all tim e-steps.
It is suggested that som ething of the order of 0.01 seconds be used
for m ost records is a larger interval is desired.
CALTECH Form at records the record tim e-interval
(usually 0.025, 0.02, 0.01 or 0.005 seconds)
NCEER Form at records the record tim e-interval
(usually 0.02 seconds)
FREE Form at records (see BERG Form at records)
CSMIP Form at records the record tim e-interval
EXCEL Form at records (see BERG Form at records)
PEER Form at records the record tim e-interval
SAC Form at records the record tim e-interval
1/(Scale factor) for the record.
BERG, FREE or EXCEL Form at records om it or set equal to 1.0
CALTECH records are usually in units of acceleration m ultiplied by a constant
as the F6.0 form at is usually an Integer I6 form at and the decim al point is
m issing with about 5 integer digits for the largest num bers. The values m ust
be converted units of the acceleration of gravity . If the record is in the units
of m m /sec/sec and if g = 9.81 m /sec/sec. then ASCALE = 9810.0.
NCEER and CSMIP records are usually in cm /sec/sec and ASCALE = 981.0
to bring the record to units of the acceleration of gravity.
Determ ines action if End-of-File is found before spanning duration of
excitation, DUR in line 3 of the data (Fram e Control Param eters).
=0 ;
End of File im plies data error
= -1 ;
Any m issing part of record is padded with zero values
=T ;
After T seconds record is set to zero. Allows for a free vibration of
TIME-T seconds at the end of the earthquake excitation.
Initial Ground Velocity (Default = 0.0)
Added to all degrees of freedom at beginning of Tim e-history analysis for
earthquake analysis only. Only im portant in travelling wave analyses or where
total instead of relative displacem ents are being used
Initial Ground Displacem ent (Default = 0.0)
Added to all degrees of freedom at beginning of Tim e-history analysis for
earthquake analysis only. (Not norm ally of any im portance to the analysis)
Tim e scale for the record (Default = 1.0)
The tim es im plied in the record are effectively divided by TSCALE. If
TSCALE = 2.0 then if the duration of the analysis is 10 seconds at least
20 seconds of excitation m ust be provided unless END = -1
155
The rest of the input for the accelerogram (section 33c and 33d) is in the Accelerogram File, the Displacem ent
History File or the Force History File specified by the user in the initial file nam e prom pts at the beginning of the
program execution or on the line with the word EQUAKE. The default response is that the accelerogram s, or
excitation is appended to the above data file.
33c.
Accelerogram, Displacement History or Load-History flag. This line is the start of the accelerogram
etc. for all but the PEER or SAC form at records.
The PEER form at records are preceded by 4 lines of header inform ation and this START line is not used.
The SAC form at records are preceded by 2 lines of header inform ation and this START line is not used.
One input line with the word STAR, START or DATA: (the colon is m andatory) starting in colum n 1 and the word
must be in upper case. This line m ay be preceded by as m any header lines as desired.
START
33d. Accelerogram, Displacement History or Load-History

The rem ainder of the input is the Acceleration, Displacem ent H istory or Load-history record itself. The record is
in the form of a series of lines each of which starts with a Line Sequence Number (which m ust be in an ascending
order) followed by either (i) a group of 4 or 1 successive tim e-acceleration points (BERG or FREE or EXCEL
Form ats), or (ii) a sequence of 10, 8, 5 or 6 uniform ly spaced acceleration values at DELTAT tim e intervals apart,
the (CALTECH, NCEER , CSMIP, PEER or SAC Form ats).
Note that the NCEER, CSMIP, EXCEL, PEER or SAC records do not have a sequence num ber. The analysis
acceleration record, or forcing function, will begin at the first tim e on or im plied by the beginning of the
accelerogram line ISTART and there must be sufficient lines rem aining to span the analysis tim e-history length
TR.
If the input is a force history IPVERT < 0 then the so-called accelerations are the actual force m ultiplier values
which will m ultiply the input load shape patterns (see section 32 above).
If the input are Displacem ent Histories (IPANAL = 8) these histories are applied to the degrees of freedom
specified in the Nodal Point Boundary Conditions.
T he record m ust be on one of the following form ats depending on the value of IBERG on section 33b. T he
FORTRAN form at is provided in parentheses for each case.
The I3 form at im plies 3 characters for the num ber which is right justified, 6X im plies 6 blank characters. The F8.4
im plies 8 characters for the num ber and if om itted the decim al point is located in front of the 4 th to last character
in the 8 character set which is assum e to be right justified, if the decim al point is provided the num ber m ay be
located anywhere in the 8 character space. A num ber preceding the form at, i.e. 10F8.4 m eans that there are 10
num bers each having an 8 character field. Each form at starts on a new line.
156
(1)
BERG FORMAT (I3,4(F8.4,F9.6))
(Default filenam e extension is .eqb)
ISEQ T1 G1 T2 G2 T3 G3 T4 G4
ISEQ
Ti
Gi
Line sequence num ber

Tim e of point on accelerogram (seconds)
Acceleration (decim al fraction of gravity)
I3
F 8.4
F 9.6
If the line sequence num ber is greater than 999 it is not read or checked by the program .
(2)
CALTECH FORMAT
(I4,6X,10F6.0) or m ore precisely (I4,6X,10I6)(Default filenam e extension is .eqc)
ISEQ G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10
ISEQ
Gi

10 Accelerations (m ultiplied by ASCALE) at intervals of DELTAT
I4
I6
If the line sequence num ber is greater than 9999 it is not read or checked by the program .
(3)
NCEER FORMAT (10F8.2)
(Default filenam e extension is .eqn)
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10
Gi
Acceleration (m ultiplied by ASCALE) at intervals of DELTAT
(4)
FREE FORMAT ( * )
F 8.2
(Default filenam e extension is .eqf)
ISEQ T1 G1
ISEQ
T1
G1

I
F
F
The three item s m ay be placed anywhere on the line and separated by at least one blank colum n or a com m a.
T he lines m ust be in consecutive order with ISEQ starting at 1 and increasing line by line. This form at is
particularly useful where the excitation record has been generated on a spreadsheet. It is, however, not as
com pact a form at as the NCEER form at.
157
(5)
CSMIP FORMAT (8F10.3)
(Default filenam e extension is .eqs)
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8
Gi
(6)
8 Accelerations (m ultiplied by ASCALE) at intervals of DELTAT
EXCEL FORMAT ( * )
F 10.3
(Default filenam e extension is .eqe)
T1 G1
T1
G1

F
F
The two item s m ay be placed anywhere on the line and separated by at least one blank colum n or a com m a. The
tim es MUST be in ascending order but do not have to be at equal intervals. This form at is particularly useful where
the excitation record has been generated on a spreadsheet. It is, however, not as com pact a form at as the
NCEER form at.
(7)
PEER FORMAT (5E15.7)
(Default filenam e extension is .eqp)
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
Gi
E 15.7
Note DELTAT is usually 0.004 seconds. The records are usually in the units of the acceleration of gravity.
(8)
SAC FORMAT (6E13.5)
(Default filenam e extension is .eqk)
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
Gi
E 13.5
Note DELTAT is usually 0.020 seconds. The records are usually in the units of the acceleration of gravity.
158
34
Cyclic Adaptive Push-Over Displacement Time-History.
(Only for IPANAL = 7)
The following set of input lines is required for the required displacem ent history. This displacem ent history acts as
a control on the displacem ent at the node and direction specified on line 34b.
34a. Excitation Flag

One input line with the word EQUAKE starting in colum n 1
EQUAKE
FILE
FILE

34b. Control parameters for Displacement History.
NSTEP NODE NDOF SCALE IPRINT
NSTEP
NODE
NDOF
SCALE
IPRINT
Num ber of Points in Displacem ent History

Nodal Point where Displacem ent History is Measured.
Direction in which Displacem ent History is Measured.
If the displacem ent is m easured in the global X direction use X, x or 1
If the displacem ent is m easured in the global Y direction use Y, y or 2
If the displacem ent is m easured in the global Z direction use Z, z or 3
Scale factor for the record. (Default value is 1.0)
= 0; Displacem ent History is not printed in output file.
= 1; Displacem ent History is printed in output file.
159
I
I
A
F
I
The rest of the input for the displacem ent history (section 34c and 34d) is in the Displacem ent-History File the
nam e of which is specified by the user in the initial acceleration file nam e prom pts at the beginning of the program
execution. The default response is that the displacem ent history, or excitation, is appended to the above data file.
34c. Displacement History flag

START
34d. Displacement History

The rem ainder of the input is the Displacem ent History record itself. The record is in the form of a series of lines
each of which contains a sequence of displacem ents at which the Adaptive Load Sequence reverses. Each of
these values is read under the FORTRAN Free Form at so that the num bers are separated by one or m ore blanks
or a com m a. All NSTEP points MUST be supplied. The initial 0.0 is im plied and should not be supplied. T he
sequence of displacem ent values should have alternating signs. Use as m any lines as are necessary to span all
NSTEP points.
D1 D2 D3 .. ... Di ... .. Dnstep
Di
The ith displacem ent in the Displacem ent History.
160
35
Acceleration Response Spectra.
(Only if IPANAL =10)
The following set of input lines is required for the acceleration response spectra. These spectral accelerations are
assum ed to apply to the base of the structure and will apply to all earthquake excitation directions as specified by
the param eter IPVERT in line 2 of the data set.
35a. Spectra Flag

One input line with the word SPECTRA starting in colum n 1
SPECTRA
FILE
FILE

35b. Control parameters for Displacement History.
NSTEP IPRINT ISAME ICOMB SDAMP
NSTEP
IPRINT
ISAME
ICOMB
SDAMP
Num ber of Points in Acceleration Response Spectra.

= 0; Response Spectra is not printed in output file.
= 1; Response Spectra is printed in output file.
= 0; All IPVERT earthquake com ponents use the sam e response spectra.
= 1; IPVERT response spectra are supplied.
= 0; SRSS m odal com binations are used.
= 1; CQC m odal com binations are used
(Not available yet).
= 2; DSC m odal com binations are used
= 3; Hum ar m odal com binations are used
% dam ping used in m odal com bination m ethod. (0.0 # SDAMP # 20.0)
(Not required for SRSS m odal com binations)
I
I
I
I
Notes: The Acceleration Response Spectra are supplied in the units of Acceleration of Gravity (g). The response
spectra are then m ultiplied by the gravitational constant GRAV supplied in line 5 of the data set.
The spectra are supplied in the following section with one line required for each natural period of freevibration. The first line m ust be for the zero natural period of free-vibration. The total num ber of lines is
NSTEP.
In the response spectra calculations if the natural period of a m ode is greater than the value of the
NSTEPth natural period the spectral acceleration is assum ed to rem ain constant for all greater natural
periods.
161
The rest of the input for the response spectra (sections 35c and 35d) is in the Response Spectra File the nam e
of which is specified by the user in the first excitation file nam e prom pt at the beginning of the program execution.
The default response is that the spectra is appended to the data file following lines 35a and 35b above.
35c. Response Spectra file flag

START
35d. Displacem ent History

The rem ainder of the input is the Response Spectra.. The record is in the form of a series of lines each of which
contains the natural period of free-vibration and the necessary spectral values. Each of these values is read under
the FORTRAN Free Form at so that the num bers are separated by one or m ore blanks or a com m a. All NSTEP
lines MUST be supplied. The num ber of spectral accelerations required on each line depends on the values of
IPVERT in line 2 of the data set and on the value of ISAME in line 27b above. If IPVERT = 0 or 1, or ISAME =
0 then there m ust be only one spectral acceleration on each line. If IPVERT > 1 and ISAME = 1then there m ust
be IPVERT spectral accelerations on each line. Use as m any lines as are necessary to span all NSTEP points.
T(I)
T(i)
SA(i,1)
SA(i,2)
SA(i,3)
SA(i,1)
SA(i,2)
The
The
The
The
ith
ith
ith
ith
SA(i,3)
natural period of free-vibration.

spectral acceleration for the first earthquake com ponent.
spectral acceleration for the second earthquake com ponent (if required).
spectral acceleration for the third earthquake com ponent (if required).
End
162
*
*
*
*
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Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

COMPUTER PROGRAM LIBRARY

Volume 3: User manual for the 3-Dimensional Version, Ruaumoko3D

Copyright \ Athol J. Carr, University of Canterbury, 1981-2007. All Rights reserved.

Running the program RUAUMOKO3D.

vibration are displayed unless a different number of cycles is specified.

The default response END

Running the program RUAUMOKO3D in Batch Mode.

OVERVIEW OF THE DATA FOR "RUAUMOKO3D"

Title for the Analysis - one line - see section 1

Analysis Control Parameters - one line - see section 2

Earthquake Transformation - one line - see section 3

Structural Parameters - one line - see section 4

Output and Plotting Parameters - one line - see section 5

Plot Transformation - one line - see section 6

Iteration and Travelling wave parameters - one line - see section 7

NODES - one line - see section 10

DRIFT-one line - see section 7a

ELEMENTS - one line - see section 11

PROPS - one line - see sections 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 and 27.

LOADS - one line - see section 31

THE DATA FILE FOR "RUAUMOKO3D"

Description of the analysis

Description of the structure (up to 79 alphanumeric characters)

Principal analysis options

Static Analysis (with iteration for in-elastic behaviour)

Rayleigh or Proportional Damping Model ICTYPE=0 or 1

Linear or Tri-Linear Damping Model ICTYPE=2 or 3

User Specified Modal Damping ICTYPE=4

Earthquake Excitation Component Transformation

Frame Control Parameters

NNP NMEM NTYPE NMODE MODE1 MODE2

GRAV C1 C2 DT TIME FACTOR

Number of nodal points in the structure

Output Intervals and Plotting Control Parameters

Plot Axes Transformation

Txx Txy Txz Tyx Tyy Tyz

The transformation has the form

Example. The Default transformation.

Iteration Control and Wave Velocities

If IPANAL not = 3. The maximum number of cycles of Newton-Raphson

If IPVERT is negative then travelling wave models are not permitted.

User Specified Modal Damping Parameters (Only if ICTYPE = 4)

MODE1 DAMP1 MODE2 DAMP2 .. ..

Mode number. Must be in ascending numerical order,

Time-history Output Control

Nodal Point Input

One input line with the word NODES starting in column 1.

NODES IOUT IPLANE

flag (see section 9 above)

Nodal point number

means the displacement or rotation is unconstrained.

If IPANAL is 8 or 9 in line 2 above, Multiple Input Displacement Histories, this

means no coupling of the degrees of freedom.

Inter-storey Drift Input. (Only if NLEVEL on data line 5 is greater than 2)

One input line with the word DRIFT starting in column 1.

point number at ground floor, or first level, of the structure.

Member Topology or Geometry

One input line with the word ELEMENTS starting in column 1.

Output control flag (see section 9 above)

Five Node Linear Members

Quadrilateral or Panel Members