Colligative Properties

Properties determined by the number of particles (concentration) in solution rather than

the type of particles
Vapor pressure
Freezing point
Boiling point
Osmotic pressure
Raoults Law
Vapor pressure of a solution varies directly with the mole fraction of solvent multiplied by
the vapor pressure of pure solvent
Psolu = Xsolvent Psolvent
Xsolvent =
Mol solvent_____
Mol solute + mol solvent

Ex. Calculate the vapor pressure of a 1.00 m solution of a nonvolatile solute in water at 50 oC.
Vapor pressure of water at 50oC is 0.122 atm.
m = m solute (change to mol)
kg solvent
1.00 m = 1 mol solute
1 kg solvent
Kg H2O x 1000 g x 1 mol H2O_= 55.49 mol H2O
1 kg
18.02 g H2O
X H2O = 55. 49 = 0.9822
1 + 55.49

(Solve for mol solvent)

(Solve for X solvent)

Psolu = (0.9822) (0.122 atm)

Psolu = 0.12 atm

(Solve for Vapor pressure)

Boiling Point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase equals atmospheric
pressure
Boiling-Point Elevation
The difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point
of the pure solvent
Boiling Point Elevation ( Tb)
Tb = Tb solu Tb solvent
Tb = Kbm

Ex. What is the boiling point of an aqueous solution containing 364g of sucrose (C 12H22O11) in
250g of water?
(FW = 342.5g/mol; to water = 1000C; kb water = 0.5120C, kg)
mol
m = mol solute = 364g x 1 mol
kg
kg solvent
342.5g_
250g x 1 kg_
Tb = (0.5120C, kg) (4.25 mol)
1000g
mol
kg
m = 4.25 mol

Tb = 2.1760C
2.1760C = Tb solu - 1000C

2.1760C + 1000C = Tb solu

102.1760C = Tb solu

Freezing-Point Depression
Freezing Point
The difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing
point of the pure solvent (water)
Freezing-Point Depression ( Tf)
Tf = Tf solvent Tf solu
Tf = Kfm

Ex. What is the freezing point of the solution containing 364g of sucrose (C 12H22O11) in 250g of
water?
(FW = 342.5g/mol; Tf water = 00C; Kf water = 1.860C, kg)
mol
Tf = ( 1.860C, kg) (4.25 mol)
mol
kg
Tf = 7.9050C
7.9050C = 00C - Tf solu
7.9050C - 00C = - Tf solu
-1 (7.9050C = - Tf solu)
- 7.9050C = Tf solu

Osmotic Pressure
The pressure needed to prevent the flow of solvent from dilute solution to a more
concentrated solution
Colloids
Suspension
Particles will settle
Solution:
Homogeneous
<1nm particle size
Does not separate
Passes through filter
paper

Solution
Mix, uniform all through out
Colloid:
Suspension:
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
1-100 nm particle
>100nm particle size
size
Separate/settle
Does not separate
Doesnt pass through
Passes through filter
filter paper
paper

Unique properties of colloids

Tyndall effect
Scattering of light
Ex. ray of light

Brownian movement
Particles are moving in rapid random zigzag motion

Electric charge
A dispersed colloidal particle can adsorb (not go in) electrically charged particles on its
surface
Prevents coagulation (clumping together)/precipitation of dispersed colloidal particles

Adsorptive Property

Surfaces of solids and liquids can adsorb molecules from fluid phases (liquids and gases)
onto their surface

Adsorptive Property:
Chemisorption
Fairly strong, resembling chemical bonds and difficult to break

Physisorption
Weak, involves on Van der Waals forces and the adsorbed material can usually be removed
again

Classification of colloids:
Components: dispersed particles (solute) and dispersing medium (solvent)
Can be classified according to:
Affinity between phases
Phase
Classification according to Affinity between phases:
Lyophilic
solvent loving
have a strong attraction for the molecules of the dispersing medium

Lyophobic
Solvent fearing
Dispersed phase are actually immiscible with the solvent under normal conditions

Classification according to Phase:

Aerosols
Suspensions of liquid or solid particle in gas

Foams
Colloidal dispersion of gas bubbles in liquids (liquid foams) or solid (solid foams)

Sols
A solid dispersed in either a solid or liquid

Gels
A colloidal system in which the dispersed phase consists of fibrous, interwoven particles
called fibrils which exert a marked effect on the physical properties of the dispersing
medium

Emulsions
Colloidal dispersion of liquid in either liquid or solid
The 2 components of an emulsion are usually immiscible and require an addition of
emulsifying agent or peptizing agent to form stable emulsion
If the dispersed particles in an emulsion are relatively large, they still tend to separate
from the dispersion medium. This could be prevented by the process called
homogenization.

Removal of Colloidal Particles

Colloid particles are coagulated (enlarged) until they can be removed by filtration

Methods of coagulation:
o Heating (colloid particles move and are attracted to each other when they collide);
o Adding an electrolyte (neutralize the surface charges on the colloid particles)