Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A1 Properties of areas.*
*Symbols used are:
r = radius of gyration = I/A
J = polar moment of inertia
Zp = polar section modulus
A = area
I = moment of inertia
S = Section modulus
Circle
D2
= R2
4
D4
I=
64
D3
S=
32
A=
R
D
D R
=
4
2
D4
32
D3
Zp =
16
Circumference = D = 2R
r=
(D2 d2)
4
(D4 d4)
64
(D4 d4)
S=
32D
I=
J=
r=
D2 + d2
4
(D4 d4)
32
(D4 d4)
Zp =
16D
J=
Square
A = s2
X s
s/2
s
Rectangle
Ix =
s4
12
Sx =
s3
6
rx =
Y
A = bh
s
12
Ix =
h/2
Iy =
bh3
12
hb3
12
Sx =
bh2
6
Sy =
hb2
6
h
12
b
ry =
12
rx =
b/2
Y
b
690
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Appendix
691
692
Appendix
Metric (mm)
Fractional (in)
Untitled-1.indd 2
Decimal (in)
First
1
64
1
32
1
16
3
32
1
8
0.015 625
0.031 25
0.062 5
0.093 75
0.125 0
5
5 14
5 12
5 34
6
5.000
5.250
5.500
5.750
6.000
0.010
0.012
0.016
0.020
0.025
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
5
32
3
16
1
4
5
16
3
8
0.156 25
0.187 5
0.250 0
0.312 5
0.375 0
6 12
7
7 12
8
8 12
6.500
7.000
7.500
8.000
8.500
0.032
0.040
0.05
0.06
0.08
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
7
16
1
2
9
16
5
8
0.437 5
0.500 0
0.562 5
0.625 0
9
9 12
10
10 12
9.000
9.500
10.000
10.500
0.10
0.12
0.16
0.20
4.00
4.20
4.40
4.60
13.50
14.00
14.50
15.00
11
16
3
4
7
8
0.687 5
0.750 0
0.875 0
11
11 12
12
11.000
11.500
12.000
0.24
0.30
0.40
4.80
5.00
5.20
15.50
16.00
16.50
1
1 14
1 12
1 34
1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
12 12
13
13 12
14
12.500
13.000
13.500
14.000
0.50
0.60
0.80
1.00
5.40
5.60
5.80
6.00
17.00
17.50
18.00
18.50
2
2 14
2 12
2 34
2.000
2.250
2.500
2.750
14 12
15
15 12
16
14.500
15.000
15.500
16.000
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
19.00
19.50
20.00
3
3 14
3 12
3 34
3.000
3.250
3.500
3.750
16 12
17
17 12
18
16.500
17.000
17.500
18.000
4
4 14
4 12
4 34
4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
18 12
19
19 12
20
18.500
19.000
19.500
20.000
1
1.2
1.6
2
2.5
6
8
Second
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.8
3.5
4.5
5.5
7
9
First
10
12
16
20
25
30
40
50
60
80
Second
11
14
18
22
28
35
45
55
70
90
First
100
120
160
200
250
300
400
500
600
800
1000
Second
110
140
180
220
280
350
450
550
700
900
05/02/15 6:37 PM
Appendix
693
A3 Screw threads.
(a) American Standard thread dimensions, numbered sizes
Coarse threads: UNC
Size
Basic major
diameter, D
(in)
0
1
2
3
Threads
per inch, n
Tensile
stress area
(in2)
Threads
per inch, n
Tensile
stress area
(in2)
0.060 0
0.073 0
0.086 0
0.099 0
64
56
48
0.002 63
0.003 70
0.004 87
80
72
64
56
0.001 80
0.002 78
0.003 94
0.005 23
4
5
6
0.112 0
0.125 0
0.138 0
40
40
32
0.006 04
0.007 96
0.009 09
48
44
40
0.006 61
0.008 30
0.010 15
8
10
12
0.164 0
0.190 0
0.216 0
32
24
24
0.014 0
0.017 5
0.024 2
36
32
28
0.014 74
0.020 0
0.025 8
Threads
per inch, n
Tensile
stress area
(in2)
Threads
per inch, n
1
4
5
16
3
8
7
16
1
2
0.225 0
0.312 5
0.375 0
0.437 5
0.500 0
20
18
16
14
13
0.031 8
0.052 4
0.077 5
0.106 3
0.141 9
28
24
24
20
20
0.036 4
0.058 0
0.087 8
0.118 7
0.159 9
9
16
5
8
3
4
7
8
0.562 5
0.625 0
0.750 0
0.875 0
12
11
10
9
0.182
0.226
0.334
0.462
18
18
16
14
0.203
0.256
0.373
0.509
1
1 18
1 14
1 38
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375
8
7
7
6
0.606
0.763
0.969
1.155
12
12
12
12
0.663
0.856
1.073
1.315
1 12
1 34
2
1.500
1.750
2.000
6
5
4 12
1.405
1.90
2.50
12
1.581
Size
Untitled-1.indd 3
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694
Appendix
695
Untitled-1.indd 4
05/02/15 6:37 PM
in4
5.36
20.8
47.6
98.9
178
12.51
48.5
111.1
231
415
76.3
193
393
697
264
536
951
679
1204
1458
mm2
3.39 103
5.32 103
7.01 103
8.95 103
10.88 103
7.90 103
12.42 103
16.39 103
20.90 103
25.42 103
19.55 103
26.65 103
33.74 103
40.84 103
36.32 103
46.00 103
55.68 103
58.26 103
70.52 103
85.35 103
in2
5.25
8.25
10.87
13.87
16.87
12.25
19.25
25.4
32.4
39.4
30.3
41.3
52.3
63.3
56.3
71.3
86.3
90.3
109.3
132.3
mm
38 89
38 140
38 184
38 235
38 286
89 89
89 140
89 184
89 235
89 286
140 140
140 191
140 241
140 292
191 191
191 241
191 292
241 241
241 292
292 292
1.5 3.5
1.5 5.5
1.5 7.25
1.5 9.25
1.5 11.25
3.5 3.5
3.5 5.5
3.5 7.25
3.5 9.25
3.5 11.25
5.5 5.5
5.5 7.5
5.5 9.5
5.5 11.5
7.5 7.5
7.5 9.5
7.5 11.5
9.5 9.5
9.5 11.5
11.5 11.5
24
26
28
2 10
2 12
44
46
48
4 10
4 12
66
68
6 10
6 12
88
8 10
8 12
10 10
10 12
12 12
2.23 106
8.66 106
19.8 106
41.2 106
74.1 106
5.21 106
20.2 106
46.2 106
96.1 106
172 106
31.8 106
80.3 106
164 106
290 106
110 106
223 106
396 106
283 106
501 106
607 106
mm4
Moment of inertia, Ix
in
Area of section
Nominal
size
Actual size
3.06
7.56
13.14
21.4
31.6
7.15
17.65
30.7
49.9
73.9
27.7
51.6
82.7
121
70.3
113
165
143
209
253
in3
50.1 103
124 103
215 103
351 103
518 103
117 103
289 103
503 103
818 103
1211 103
454 103
846 103
1355 103
1983 103
1152 103
1852 103
2704 103
2343 103
3425 103
4146 103
mm3
Section modulus, Sx
696
q
r
s
m
n
o
p
i
j
k
l
e
f
g
h
a
b
c
d
Ref.
28.8
14.9
23.5
12.2
12.7
6.58
11.1
5.75
9.35
4.89
7.70
4.09
4.65
3.21
1.67
L442
1
L444
1
L432
1
L434
L332
1
L334
1
L322
1
L324
L228
1
L224
1
L228
L664
3
L668
3
L644
3
L648
(in)
51.3
26.7
37.6
19.7
(in)
Weight
per foot
(lb/ft)
L881
1
L882
L841
1
L842
(in)
Shape
1.37
0.944
0.491
2.75
1.44
2.26
1.20
3.75
1.93
3.25
1.69
8.46
4.38
6.90
3.58
15.1
7.84
11.10
5.80
Area, A
(in2)
0.476
0.346
0.189
2.20
1.23
1.92
1.09
5.52
3.00
5.02
2.75
28.1
15.4
24.4
13.4
89.1
48.8
69.7
38.6
Ix
(in4)
0.348
0.244
0.129
1.06
0.569
1.00
0.541
1.96
1.03
1.87
0.988
6.64
3.51
6.23
3.30
15.8
8.36
14.00
7.48
Sx
(in3)
Axis X-X
0.632
0.586
0.534
0.929
0.836
1.08
0.980
1.18
1.08
1.32
1.22
1.77
1.62
2.08
1.94
2.36
2.17
3.03
2.84
y
(in)
Centroid
X
0.476
0.346
0.189
2.20
1.23
0.667
0.390
5.52
3.00
2.40
1.33
28.1
15.4
8.63
4.84
89.1
48.8
11.6
6.75
Iy
(in4)
0.348
0.244
0.129
1.06
0.569
0.470
0.258
1.96
1.03
1.10
0.585
6.64
3.51
2.95
1.58
15.8
8.36
3.94
2.15
Sy
(in3)
Axis Y-Y
Section properties
x Y
0.632
0.586
0.534
0.929
0.836
0.580
0.487
1.18
1.08
0.822
0.725
1.77
1.62
1.08
0.940
2.36
2.17
1.04
0.854
x
(in)
0.386
0.387
0.391
0.580
0.585
0.425
0.431
0.776
0.783
0.633
0.639
1.17
1.19
0.857
0.871
1.56
1.59
0.844
0.863
r
(in)
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
22.4
23.6
45.0
45.0
28.5
29.2
45.0
45.0
23.2
24.1
45.0
45.0
13.9
14.9
(deg.)
Centroid
Axis Z-Z
Y Z
x Y
L
L
L
L
L 51 51 9.5
L 51 51 6.4
L 51 51 3.2
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
76 12.7
76 6.4
51 12.7
51 6.4
6.92
4.78
2.48
13.9
7.28
11.5
6.09
18.9
9.79
16.5
8.56
i
j
k
l
76
76
76
76
42.9
22.2
35.0
18.2
L 152 152 19
L 152 152 9.5
L 152 102 19
L 152 102 9.5
e
f
g
h
(mm)
76.3
39.7
55.9
29.3
(mm)
Shape
(mm)
a
b
c
d
Ref.
Mass
per m
(kg/m)
67.9
46.9
24.4
136
71.4
112
59.7
185
96.0
162
83.9
420
217
343
178
749
390
549
288
Weight
per m
(N/m)
884
609
317
1770
929
1460
774
2420
1250
2100
1090
5460
2830
4450
2310
9740
5060
7160
3740
Area, A
(mm2)
1.98E05
1.44E05
7.87E04
9.16E05
5.12E05
7.99E05
4.54E05
2.30E06
1.25E06
2.09E06
1.14E06
1.17E07
6.41E06
1.02E07
5.58E06
3.71E07
2.03E07
2.90E07
1.61E07
Ix
(mm4)
5.70E03
4.00E03
2.11E03
1.74E04
9.33E03
1.64E04
8.87E03
3.21E04
1.69E04
3.06E04
1.62E04
1.09E05
5.75E04
1.02E05
5.41E04
2.59E05
1.37E05
2.29E05
1.23E05
Sx
(mm3)
Axis X-X
16.1
14.9
13.6
23.6
21.2
27.4
24.9
30.0
27.4
33.5
31.0
45.0
41.1
52.8
49.3
59.9
55.1
77.0
72.1
y
(mm)
Centroid
X
1.98E05
1.44E05
7.87E04
9.16E05
5.12E05
2.78E05
1.62E05
2.30E06
1.25E06
9.99E05
5.54E05
1.17E07
6.41E06
3.59E06
2.01E06
3.71E07
2.03E07
4.83E06
2.81E06
Iy
(mm4)
5.70E03
4.00E03
2.11E03
1.74E04
9.33E03
7.70E03
4.23E03
3.21E04
1.69E04
1.80E04
9.59E03
1.09E05
5.75E04
4.84E04
2.59E04
2.59E05
1.37E05
6.46E04
3.52E04
Sy
(mm3)
Axis Y-Y
Section properties
x Y
16.1
14.9
13.6
23.6
21.2
14.7
12.4
30.0
27.4
20.9
18.4
45.0
41.1
27.4
23.9
59.9
55.1
26.4
21.7
x
(mm)
9.80
9.83
9.93
14.7
14.9
10.8
10.9
19.7
19.9
16.1
16.2
29.7
30.2
21.8
22.1
39.6
40.4
21.4
21.9
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
45.0
22.4
23.6
45.0
45.0
28.5
29.2
45.0
45.0
23.2
24.1
45.0
45.0
13.9
14.9
(deg.)
Axis Z-Z
Centroid
r
(mm)
Y Z
x Y
697
698
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
5.51
3.38
4.33
2.87
3.83
2.40
2.64
1.97
2.13
1.59
1.76
1.21
8 18.75
8 11.5
7 14.75
7 9.8
6 13
6 8.2
59
5 6.7
4 7.25
4 5.4
36
3 4.1
8.82
5.88
5.88
4.41
C 10 30
C 10 20
C 9 20
C 9 15
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
14.7
11.8
8.82
7.35
Area, A
(in2)
C 15 50
C 15 40
C 12 30
C 12 25
(lb/ft)
Shape
(in)
a
b
c
d
Ref.
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
15.0
15.0
12.0
12.0
Depth, d
(in)
0.321
0.184
0.356
0.170
0.437
0.200
0.325
0.190
0.487
0.220
0.419
0.210
0.673
0.379
0.448
0.285
0.716
0.520
0.510
0.387
Web
Thickness, tw
(in)
1.72
1.58
1.60
1.41
2.16
1.92
1.89
1.75
2.53
2.26
2.30
2.09
3.03
2.74
2.65
2.49
3.72
3.52
3.17
3.05
Width, bf
(in)
0.296
0.296
0.273
0.273
0.343
0.343
0.320
0.320
0.390
0.390
0.366
0.366
0.436
0.436
0.413
0.413
0.650
0.650
0.501
0.501
Thickness, tf
Average (in)
Flange
4.58
3.85
2.07
1.65
17.3
13.1
8.89
7.48
43.9
32.5
27.2
21.2
103
78.9
60.9
51.0
404
348
162
144
Ix
(in4)
Sx
(in3)
2.29
1.92
1.38
1.10
5.78
4.35
3.56
2.99
11.0
8.14
7.78
6.07
20.7
15.8
13.5
11.3
53.8
46.5
27.0
24.0
Axis X-X
0.425
0.312
0.300
0.191
1.05
0.687
0.624
0.470
1.97
1.31
1.37
0.957
3.93
2.80
2.41
1.91
11.0
9.17
5.12
4.45
Iy
(in4)
0.337
0.277
0.263
0.196
0.638
0.488
0.444
0.372
1.01
0.775
0.772
0.617
1.65
1.31
1.17
1.01
3.77
3.34
2.05
1.87
Sy
(in3)
Flange
0.459
0.457
0.455
0.437
0.514
0.512
0.478
0.484
0.565
0.572
0.532
0.541
0.649
0.606
0.583
0.586
0.799
0.778
0.674
0.674
x
(in)
X
Centroid
Web
Axis Y-Y
Section properties
Depth
0.730
0.584
0.438
0.365
0.438
0.292
0.292
0.219
0.274
0.168
0.215
0.143
0.190
0.120
0.128
0.102
0.106
0.0788
0.0876
0.0598
C 250 45
C 250 30
C 230 30
C 230 22
C 200 27.9
C 200 17.1
C 180 22
C 180 14.6
C 150 19.3
C 150 12.2
C 130 13
C 130 10.4
C 100 10.8
C 100 8
C 80 8.9
C 80 6.1
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
Wt/m
(KN/m)
C 380 74
C 380 60
C 300 45
C 300 37
(kg/m)
Shape
(mm)
a
b
c
d
Ref.
1370
1020
1140
777
2470
1550
1700
1270
3560
2180
2790
1850
5690
3790
3790
2850
9480
7610
5690
4740
Area, A
(mm2)
102
102
76.2
76.2
152
152
127
127
203
203
178
178
254
254
229
229
381
381
305
305
Depth, d
(mm)
8.15
4.67
9.04
4.32
11.1
5.08
8.26
4.83
12.4
5.59
10.6
5.33
17.1
9.63
11.4
7.24
18.2
13.2
13.0
9.83
Web
Thickness, tw
(mm)
43.7
40.2
40.5
35.8
54.8
48.8
47.9
44.5
64.2
57.4
58.4
53.1
77.0
69.6
67.3
63.1
94.4
89.4
80.5
77.4
Width, bf
(mm)
7.52
7.52
6.93
6.93
8.71
8.71
8.13
8.13
9.91
9.91
9.30
9.30
11.1
11.1
10.5
10.5
16.5
16.5
12.7
12.7
Thickness, tf
(mm)
Flange
1.91E06
1.60E06
8.62E05
6.87E05
7.20E06
5.45E06
3.70E06
3.11E06
1.83E07
1.35E07
1.13E07
8.82E06
4.29E07
3.28E07
2.53E07
2.12E07
1.68E08
1.45E08
6.74E07
5.99E07
Ix
(mm4)
Sx
(mm3)
3.75E04
3.15E04
2.26E04
1.80E04
9.47E04
7.13E04
5.83E04
4.90E04
1.80E05
1.33E05
1.28E05
9.95E04
3.39E05
2.59E05
2.21E05
1.85E05
8.82E05
7.62E05
4.43E05
3.93E05
Axis X-X
1.77E05
1.30E05
1.25E05
7.95E04
4.37E05
2.86E05
2.60E05
1.96E05
8.20E05
5.45E05
5.70E05
3.98E05
1.64E06
1.17E06
1.00E06
7.95E05
4.58E06
3.82E06
2.13E06
1.85E06
Iy
(mm4)
Section properties
Depth
Flange
5.52E03
4.54E03
4.31E03
3.21E03
1.05E04
8.00E03
7.28E03
6.10E03
1.66E04
1.27E04
1.27E04
1.01E04
2.70E04
2.15E04
1.92E04
1.66E04
6.18E04
5.47E04
3.36E04
3.06E04
11.7
11.6
11.6
11.1
13.1
13.0
12.1
12.3
14.4
14.5
13.5
13.7
16.5
15.4
14.8
14.9
20.3
19.8
17.1
17.1
x
(mm)
X
Centroid
Web
Sy
(mm3)
Axis Y-Y
699
700
22.4
20.1
21.5
16.7
16.2
11.8
12.6
7.69
19.1
8.79
4.71
17.60
8.84
3.54
11.70
6.16
2.96
4.43
3.55
5.54
4.68
3.83
W 24 76
W 24 68
W 21 73
W 21 57
W 18 55
W 18 40
W 14 43
W 14 26
W 12 65
W 12 30
W 12 16
W 10 60
W 10 30
W 10 12
W 8 40
W 8 21
W 8 10
W 6 15
W 6 12
W 5 19
W 5 16
W 4 13
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
Area, A
(in2)
51.0
31.7
43.1
30.0
(lb/ft)
W 30 173
W 30 108
W 27 146
W 27 102
(in)
a
b
c
d
Ref.
Shape
5.15
5.01
4.16
5.99
6.03
8.25
8.28
7.89
10.2
10.5
9.87
12.1
12.3
12.0
18.1
17.9
13.7
13.9
23.9
23.7
21.2
21.1
30.4
29.8
27.4
27.1
Depth, d
(in)
0.270
0.240
0.280
0.230
0.230
0.360
0.250
0.170
0.420
0.300
0.190
0.390
0.260
0.220
0.390
0.315
0.305
0.255
0.440
0.415
0.455
0.405
0.655
0.545
0.605
0.515
Web
Thickness, tw
(in)
5.03
5.00
4.06
5.99
4.00
8.07
5.27
3.94
10.1
5.81
3.96
12.0
6.52
3.99
7.53
6.02
8.00
5.03
8.99
8.97
8.30
6.56
15.0
10.5
14.0
10.0
Width, bf
(in)
0.430
0.360
0.345
0.260
0.280
0.560
0.400
0.205
0.680
0.510
0.210
0.605
0.440
0.265
0.630
0.525
0.530
0.420
0.680
0.585
0.740
0.650
1.070
0.760
0.975
0.830
Thickness, tf
(in)
Flange
26.2
21.3
11.3
29.1
22.1
146
75.3
30.8
341
170
53.8
533
238
103
890
612
428
245
2100
1830
1600
1170
8230
4470
5660
3620
Ix
(in4)
Sx
(in3)
10.2
8.51
5.46
9.72
7.31
35.5
18.2
7.81
66.7
32.4
10.9
87.9
38.6
17.1
98.3
68.4
62.7
35.3
176
154
151
111
541
299
414
267
Axis X-X
Axis Y-Y
Flange
Web
9.13
7.51
3.86
9.32
2.99
49.1
9.77
2.09
116
16.7
2.18
174
20.3
2.82
44.9
19.1
45.2
8.91
82.5
70.4
70.6
30.6
598
146
443
139
Iy
(in4)
Section properties
Depth
3.63
3.00
1.90
3.11
1.50
12.2
3.71
1.06
23.0
5.75
1.10
29.1
6.24
1.41
11.9
6.35
11.3
3.54
18.4
15.7
17.0
9.35
79.8
27.9
63.5
27.8
Sy
(in3)
1.109
0.993
1.066
0.832
0.803
0.584
0.628
0.380
0.949
0.437
0.233
0.876
0.439
0.176
0.579
0.307
0.146
0.221
0.175
0.276
0.233
0.189
W 610 113
W 610 101
W 530 109
W 530 85
W 460 82
W 460 60
W 360 64
W 360 39
W 310 97
W 310 44.5
W 310 23.8
W 250 89
W 250 44.8
W 250 17.9
W 200 59
W 200 31.3
W 200 15
W 150 22.5
W 150 18
W 130 28.1
W 130 23.8
W 100 19.3
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
2.525
1.576
2.131
1.489
Wt/m
(KN/M)
W 760 257
W 760 161
W 690 217
W 690 152
(kg/m)
Shape
(mm)
a
b
c
d
Ref.
3570
3020
2470
2860
2290
7550
3970
1910
11 400
5700
2280
12 300
5670
3040
10 500
7610
8130
4960
14 500
13 000
13 900
10 800
32 900
20 500
27 800
19 400
Area, A
(mm2)
131
127
106
152
153
210
210
200
259
267
251
307
312
305
460
455
348
353
607
602
538
536
772
757
696
688
Depth, d
(mm)
6.86
6.10
7.11
5.84
5.84
9.14
6.35
4.32
10.7
7.62
4.83
9.91
6.60
5.59
9.91
8.00
7.75
6.48
11.2
10.5
11.6
10.3
16.6
13.8
15.4
13.1
Web
Thickness, tw
(mm)
128
127
103
152
102
205
134
100
257
148
101
305
166
101
191
153
203
128
228
228
211
167
381
267
356
254
Width, bf
(mm)
10.9
9.14
8.76
6.60
7.11
14.2
10.2
5.21
17.3
13
5.33
15.4
11.2
6.73
16.0
13.3
13.5
10.7
17.3
14.9
18.8
16.5
27.2
19.3
24.8
21.1
Thickness, tf
(mm)
Flange
1.09E07
8.87E06
4.70E06
1.21E07
9.20E06
6.08E07
3.13E07
1.28E07
1.42E08
7.08E07
2.24E07
2.22E08
9.91E07
4.29E07
3.70E08
2.55E08
1.78E08
1.02E08
8.74E08
7.62E08
6.66E08
4.87E08
3.43E09
1.86E09
2.36E09
1.51E09
Ix
(mm4)
Sx
(mm3)
1.67E05
1.39E05
8.95E04
1.59E05
1.20E05
5.82E05
2.98E05
1.28E05
1.09E06
5.31E05
1.79E05
1.44E06
6.33E05
2.80E05
1.61E06
1.12E06
1.03E06
5.79E05
2.88E06
2.52E06
2.47E06
1.82E06
8.87E06
4.90E06
6.79E06
4.38E06
Axis X-X
Web
3.80E06
3.13E06
1.61E06
3.88E06
1.24E06
2.04E07
4.07E06
8.70E05
4.83E07
6.95E06
9.07E05
7.24E07
8.45E06
1.17E06
1.87E07
7.95E06
1.88E07
3.71E06
3.43E07
2.93E07
2.94E07
1.27E07
5.95E04
4.92E04
3.11E04
5.10E04
2.46E04
2.00E05
6.08E04
1.74E04
3.77E05
9.42E04
1.80E04
4.77E05
1.02E05
2.31E04
1.95E05
1.04E05
1.85E05
5.80E04
3.02E05
2.57E05
2.79E05
1.53E05
1.31E06
4.57E05
1.04E06
4.56E05
Sy
(mm3)
Flange
Axis Y-Y
2.49E08
6.08E07
1.84E08
5.79E07
Iy
(mm4)
Section properties
Depth
701
702
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
r
s
t
u
v
6.76
5.40
5.06
3.66
2.93
2.79
2.26
2.20
1.66
8 23
8 18.4
6 17.25
6 12.5
5 10
4 9.5
4 7.7
3 7.5
3 5.7
14.6
10.2
10.3
7.45
S 12 50
S 12 35
S 10 35
S 10 25.4
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
20.5
16.0
14.7
12.6
S 18 70
S 18 54.7
S 15 50
S 15 42.9
f
g
h
i
Area, A
(in2)
35.5
26.5
28.2
22.0
19.4
(lb/ft)
S 24 121
S 24 90
S 20 96
S 20 75
S 20 66
(in)
a
b
c
d
e
Ref.
Shape
5.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
8.00
8.00
6.00
6.00
12.0
12.0
10.0
10.0
18.0
18.0
15.0
15.0
24.5
24.0
20.3
20.0
20.0
Depth, d
(in)
0.214
0.326
0.193
0.349
0.170
0.441
0.271
0.465
0.232
0.687
0.426
0.594
0.311
0.711
0.461
0.550
0.411
0.800
0.625
0.800
0.635
0.505
Web
Thickness, tw
(in)
3.00
2.80
2.66
2.51
2.33
4.17
4.00
3.57
3.33
5.48
5.08
4.94
4.66
6.25
6.00
5.64
5.50
8.05
7.13
7.20
6.39
6.26
Width, bf
(in)
0.326
0.293
0.293
0.260
0.260
0.425
0.425
0.359
0.359
0.659
0.544
0.491
0.491
0.691
0.691
0.622
0.622
1.090
0.870
0.920
0.795
0.795
Thickness, tf
(in)
Flange
12.3
6.8
6.05
2.91
2.50
64.7
57.5
26.2
22.0
303
228
147
123
923
801
485
446
3160
2250
1670
1280
1190
Ix
(in4)
Axis X-X
4.90
3.38
3.03
1.94
1.67
16.2
14.4
8.74
7.34
50.6
38.1
29.4
24.6
103
89.0
64.7
59.4
258
187
165
128
119
Sx
(in3)
1.19
0.887
0.748
0.578
0.447
4.27
3.69
2.29
1.80
15.6
9.84
8.30
6.73
24.0
20.7
15.6
14.3
83.0
44.7
49.9
29.5
27.5
Iy
(in4)
Section properties
Depth
0.795
0.635
0.562
0.461
0.383
2.05
1.84
1.28
1.08
5.69
3.88
3.36
2.89
7.69
6.91
5.53
5.19
20.6
12.5
13.9
9.25
8.78
Sy
(in3)
Axis Y-Y
Web
Flange
1.766
1.314
1.401
1.095
0.963
1.022
0.799
0.730
0.626
0.730
0.511
0.511
0.371
0.336
0.269
0.252
0.182
0.146
0.138
0.113
0.110
0.083
S 460 104
S 460 81.4
S 380 74
S 380 64
S 300 74
S 300 52
S 250 52
S 250 37.8
S 200 34
S 200 27.4
S 150 25.7
S 150 18.6
S 130 15
S 100 14.1
S 100 11.5
S 80 11.2
S 80 8.5
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
Wt/m
(KN/m)
S 610 180
S 610 134
S 510 143
S 510 112
S 510 98.2
(kg/m)
Shape
(mm)
a
b
c
d
e
Ref.
1890
1800
1460
1420
1070
4360
3480
3260
2360
9420
6580
6650
4810
13 200
10 300
9480
8130
22 900
17 100
18 200
14 200
12 500
Area, A
(mm2)
127
102
102
76.2
76.2
203
203
152
152
305
305
254
254
457
457
381
381
622
610
516
508
508
Depth, d
(mm)
5.4
8.3
4.9
8.9
4.3
11.2
6.9
11.8
5.9
17.4
10.8
15.1
7.9
18.1
11.7
14.0
10.4
20.3
15.9
20.3
16.1
12.8
Web
Thickness, tw
(mm)
76.2
71.1
67.6
63.8
59.2
106
102
90.7
84.6
139
129
125
118
159
152
143
140
204
181
183
162
159
Width, bf
(mm)
8.3
7.4
7.4
6.6
6.6
10.8
10.8
9.1
9.1
16.7
13.8
12.5
12.5
17.6
17.6
15.8
15.8
27.7
22.1
23.4
20.2
20.2
Thickness, tf
(mm)
Flange
5.12E06
2.81E06
2.52E06
1.21E06
1.04E06
2.69E07
2.39E07
1.09E07
9.16E06
1.26E08
9.49E07
6.12E07
5.12E07
3.84E08
3.33E08
2.02E08
1.86E08
1.32E09
9.36E08
6.95E08
5.33E08
4.95E08
Ix
(mm4)
Sx
(mm3)
8.03E04
5.54E04
4.97E04
3.18E04
2.74E04
2.66E05
2.36E05
1.43E05
1.20E05
8.29E05
6.24E05
4.82E05
4.03E05
1.69E06
1.46E06
1.06E06
9.74E05
4.23E06
3.06E06
2.70E06
2.10E06
1.95E06
Axis X-X
Web
4.95E05
3.69E05
3.11E05
2.41E05
1.86E05
1.78E06
1.54E06
9.53E05
7.49E05
6.49E06
4.10E06
3.45E06
2.80E06
9.99E06
8.62E06
6.49E06
5.95E06
1.30E04
1.04E04
9.21E03
7.56E03
6.28E03
3.36E04
3.02E04
2.10E04
1.77E04
9.33E04
6.36E04
5.51E04
4.74E04
1.26E05
1.13E05
9.06E04
8.51E04
3.38E05
2.05E05
2.28E05
1.52E05
1.44E05
Sy
(mm3)
Flange
Axis Y-Y
3.45E07
1.86E07
2.08E07
1.23E07
1.14E07
Iy
(mm4)
Section properties
Depth
703
704
0.465
0.233
0.465
0.233
0.233
0.465
0.233
0.233
0.233
0.465
0.233
0.233
0.233
0.233
0.233
HSS 8 8 1/2
HSS 8 8 1/4
HSS 8 4 1/2
HSS 8 4 1/4
HSS 8 2 1/4
HSS 6 6 1/2
HSS 6 6 1/4
HSS 6 4 1/4
HSS 6 2 1/4
HSS 4 4 1/2
HSS 4 4 1/4
HSS 4 2 1/4
HSS 3 3 1/4
HSS 3 2 1/4
HSS 2 2 1/4
Ref.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
m
n
o
Shape
Design
wall
thickness
tw
(in)
8.78
7.08
5.38
8.78
21.5
12.2
35.1
19.0
15.6
12.2
48.7
25.8
35.1
19.0
15.6
Weight
per foot
(lb/ft)
2.44
1.97
1.51
2.44
6.02
3.37
9.74
5.24
4.30
3.37
13.5
7.10
9.74
5.24
4.30
Area, A
(in2)
3.02
2.13
0.747
4.49
11.9
7.80
48.3
28.6
20.9
13.1
125
70.7
71.8
42.5
28.5
Ix
(in4)
2.01
1.42
0.747
2.25
5.97
3.90
16.1
9.54
6.96
4.37
31.2
17.7
17.9
10.6
7.12
Sx
(in3)
Axis X-X
1.11
1.04
0.704
1.36
1.41
1.52
2.23
2.34
2.20
1.97
3.04
3.15
2.71
2.85
2.57
rx
(in)
3.02
1.11
0.747
1.48
11.9
7.80
48.3
28.6
11.1
2.21
125
70.7
23.6
14.4
2.94
Iy
(in4)
2.01
1.11
0.747
1.48
5.97
3.90
16.1
9.54
5.56
2.21
31.2
17.7
11.8
7.21
2.94
Sy
(in3)
Axis Y-Y
Section properties
1.11
0.751
0.704
0.779
1.41
1.52
2.23
2.34
1.61
0.810
3.04
3.15
1.56
1.66
0.827
ry
(in)
5.08
2.52
1.31
3.82
21.0
12.8
81.1
45.6
23.6
6.55
204
111
61.1
35.3
9.36
J
(in4)
3.52
2.23
1.41
3.05
11.2
6.56
28.1
15.4
10.1
4.70
52.4
28.1
24.4
13.6
6.35
C
(in3)
Torsional constants
Shape
11.8
5.92
5.92
5.92
11.8
5.92
5.92
5.92
5.92
5.92
HSS 76 76 6.4
HSS 76 51 6.4
HSS 51 51 6.4
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
(mm)
11.8
5.92
11.8
5.92
5.92
(mm)
(mm)
a
b
c
d
e
Ref.
Design
wall
thickness
tw
(mm)
13.1
10.5
8.01
32.0
18.2
13.1
52.2
28.3
23.2
18.2
72.5
38.4
52.2
28.3
23.2
Mass
per m
(kg/m)
128
103
78.5
314
178
128
512
277
228
178
711
377
512
277
228
Weight
per m
(N/m)
1570
1271
974
3880
2170
1570
6280
3380
2770
2170
8710
4580
6280
3380
2770
Area
A
(mm2)
1.26E06
8.87E05
3.11E05
4.95E06
3.25E06
1.87E06
2.01E07
1.19E07
8.70E06
5.45E06
5.20E07
2.94E07
2.99E07
1.77E07
1.19E07
Ix
(mm4)
3.29E04
2.33E04
1.22E04
9.78E04
6.39E04
3.69E04
2.64E05
1.56E05
1.14E05
7.16E04
5.11E05
2.90E05
2.93E05
1.74E05
1.17E05
Sx
(mm3)
Axis X-X
28.2
26.4
17.9
35.8
38.6
34.5
56.6
59.4
55.9
50.0
77.2
80.0
68.8
72.4
65.3
rx
(mm)
1.26E06
4.62E05
3.11E05
4.95E06
3.25E06
6.16E05
2.01E07
1.19E07
4.62E06
9.20E05
5.20E07
2.94E07
9.82E06
5.99E06
1.22E06
Iy
(mm4)
3.29E04
1.82E04
1.22E04
9.78E04
6.39E04
2.43E04
2.64E05
1.56E05
9.11E04
3.62E04
5.11E05
2.90E05
1.93E05
1.18E05
4.82E04
Sy
(mm3)
Axis Y-Y
Section properties
28.2
19.1
17.9
35.8
38.6
19.8
56.6
59.4
40.9
20.6
77.2
80.0
39.6
42.2
21.0
ry
(mm)
2.11E06
1.05E06
5.45E05
8.74E06
5.33E06
1.59E06
3.38E07
1.90E07
9.82E06
2.73E06
8.49E07
4.62E07
2.54E07
1.47E07
3.90E06
J
(mm4)
5.77E04
3.65E04
2.31E04
1.84E05
1.08E05
5.00E04
4.61E05
2.52E05
1.66E05
7.70E04
8.59E05
4.61E05
4.00E05
2.23E05
1.04E05
C
(mm3)
Torsional constants
705
706
10.00
10.00
12.00
12.00
C 10 6.136
C 10 8.360
C 12 8.274
C 12 11.822
q
r
s
t
8.00
8.00
9.00
9.00
4.147
5.789
4.983
6.970
8
8
9
9
C
C
C
C
m
n
o
p
2.834
4.030
3.205
4.715
6
6
7
7
C
C
C
C
i
j
k
l
6.00
6.00
7.00
7.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
1.738
2.331
2.212
3.089
C
C
C
C
e
f
g
h
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
Depth, A
(in)
4
4
5
5
(lb/ft)
Shape
0.577
1.071
1.135
1.597
(in)
2
2
3
3
C
C
C
C
a
b
c
d
Ref.
3.50
4.25
4.00
5.00
3.00
3.75
3.25
4.00
2.50
3.25
2.75
3.50
2.00
2.25
2.25
2.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Width, B
(in)
5.218
7.109
7.036
10.053
3.526
4.923
4.237
5.927
2.410
3.427
2.725
4.009
1.478
1.982
1.881
2.627
0.491
0.911
0.965
1.358
Area
(in2)
0.41
0.50
0.47
0.62
0.35
0.41
0.35
0.44
0.29
0.35
0.29
0.38
0.23
0.29
0.26
0.32
0.13
0.26
0.20
0.26
Flange
Thickness, t1
(in)
0.25
0.31
0.29
0.35
0.19
0.25
0.23
0.29
0.17
0.21
0.17
0.21
0.15
0.19
0.15
0.19
0.13
0.17
0.13
0.17
Web
Thickness, t
(in)
83.22
116.15
159.76
239.69
37.40
52.69
54.41
78.31
14.35
21.04
22.09
33.79
3.91
5.21
7.88
11.14
0.288
0.546
1.41
1.97
Ix
(in4)
16.64
23.23
26.63
39.95
9.35
13.17
12.09
17.40
4.78
7.01
6.31
9.65
1.95
2.60
3.15
4.45
0.288
0.546
0.94
1.31
Sx
(in3)
Axis X-X
3.99
4.04
4.77
4.88
3.26
3.27
3.58
3.63
2.44
2.48
2.85
2.90
1.63
1.62
2.05
2.06
0.766
0.774
1.21
1.20
rx
(in)
6.33
13.02
11.03
25.74
3.25
7.13
4.40
9.61
1.53
3.76
2.10
5.13
0.60
1.02
0.98
2.05
0.045
0.139
0.22
0.42
Iy
(in4)
x
Y
Sy
(in3)
2.56
4.47
3.86
7.60
1.57
2.82
1.89
3.49
0.90
1.76
1.10
2.23
0.45
0.69
0.64
1.14
t1
1.10
1.35
1.25
1.60
0.96
1.20
1.02
1.27
0.80
1.05
0.88
1.13
0.64
0.72
0.72
0.88
0.303
0.391
0.47
0.55
1.02
1.34
1.14
1.61
0.93
1.22
0.93
1.25
0.79
1.12
0.84
1.20
0.65
0.78
0.73
0.95
0.298
0.471
0.49
0.62
x
(in)
X
Centroid
ry
(in)
Axis Y-Y
0.064
0.178
0.22
0.37
Section properties
41.37
58.8
46.8
68.8
60.5
84.5
72.7
101.7
89.6
122.0
120.8
172.6
4.217
6.00
4.77
7.02
C 152
C 152
C 178
C 178
C 203 6.17
C 203 8.61
C 229 7.41
C 229 10.37
C 254 9.13
C 254 12.44
C 305 12.31
C 305 17.59
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
25.37
34.03
32.29
45.09
2.586
3.468
3.291
4.596
C 102
C 102
C 127
C 127
e
f
g
h
8.42
15.63
16.57
23.31
0.859
1.594
1.689
2.376
51
51
76
76
Wt/m
(N/m)
C
C
C
C
(kg/m)
Shape
(mm)
a
b
c
d
Ref.
254
254
305
305
203
203
229
229
152
152
178
178
102
102
127
127
51
51
76
76
Depth, A
(mm)
89
108
102
127
76
95
83
102
64
83
70
89
51
57
57
70
25
32
38
44
Width, B
(mm)
3367
4587
4540
6486
2275
3176
2734
3824
1555
2211
1758
2587
954
1279
1214
1695
317
588
623
876
Area
(mm2)
10.4
12.7
11.9
15.7
8.9
10.4
8.9
11.2
7.4
8.9
7.4
9.7
5.8
7.4
6.6
8.1
3.3
6.6
5.1
6.6
Flange
Thickness, t1
(mm)
6.4
7.9
7.4
8.9
4.8
6.4
5.8
7.4
4.3
5.3
4.3
5.3
3.8
4.8
3.8
4.8
3.3
4.3
3.3
4.3
Web
Thickness, t
(mm)
3.46E07
4.83E07
6.65E07
9.98E07
1.56E07
2.19E07
2.26E07
3.26E07
5.97E06
8.76E06
9.19E06
1.41E07
1.63E06
2.17E06
3.28E06
4.64E06
1.20E05
2.27E05
5.87E05
8.20E05
Ix
(mm4)
2.73E05
3.81E05
4.36E05
6.55E05
1.53E05
2.16E05
1.98E05
2.85E05
7.83E04
1.15E05
1.03E05
1.58E05
3.20E04
4.26E04
5.16E04
7.29E04
4.72E03
8.95E03
1.54E04
2.15E04
Sx
(mm3)
Axis X-X
101.3
102.6
121.2
124.0
82.8
83.1
90.9
92.2
61.98
62.99
72.39
73.7
41.40
41.15
52.07
52.32
19.46
19.66
30.73
30.48
rx
(mm)
2.63E06
5.42E06
4.59E06
1.07E07
1.35E06
2.97E06
1.83E06
4.00E06
6.37E05
1.56E06
8.74E05
2.14E06
2.50E05
4.25E05
4.08E05
8.53E05
1.87E04
5.79E04
9.16E04
1.75E05
Iy
(mm4)
Section properties
x
Y
Sy
(mm3)
Axis Y-Y
4.20E04
7.33E04
6.33E04
1.25E05
2.57E04
4.62E04
3.10E04
5.72E04
1.48E04
2.88E04
1.80E04
3.65E04
7.38E03
1.13E04
1.05E04
1.87E04
1.05E03
2.92E03
3.61E03
6.06E03
27.94
34.29
31.75
40.64
24.38
30.48
25.91
32.26
20.32
26.67
22.35
28.70
16.26
18.29
18.29
22.35
7.70
9.93
11.94
13.97
ry
(mm)
25.9
34.0
29.0
40.9
23.6
31.0
23.6
31.8
20.1
28.4
21.3
30.5
16.5
19.8
18.5
24.1
7.57
12.0
12.4
15.7
x
(mm)
X
Centroid
t1
707
708
Shape
8.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
10.00
12.00
12.00
I 8 6.181
I 8 7.023
I 9 8.361
I 10
I 10
I 12
I 12
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
8.646
10.286
11.672
14.292
5.00
6.00
6.00
7.00
3.700
4.030
4.692
5.800
I
I
I
I
e
f
g
h
5
6
6
7
I
I
I
I
a
b
c
d
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
Depth, A
(in)
1.637
2.030
2.311
2.793
(in) (lb/ft)
3
3
4
4
Ref.
6.00
6.00
7.00
7.00
5.00
5.00
5.50
3.50
4.00
4.00
4.50
2.50
2.50
3.00
3.00
Width, B
(in)
7.352
8.747
9.925
12.153
5.256
5.972
7.110
3.146
3.427
3.990
4.932
1.392
1.726
1.965
2.375
Area
(in2)
0.41
0.50
0.47
0.62
0.35
0.41
0.44
0.32
0.29
0.35
0.38
0.20
0.26
0.23
0.29
Flange
Thickness, t1
(in)
0.25
0.29
0.29
0.31
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.17
Web
Thickness, t
(in)
132.09
155.79
255.57
317.33
59.69
67.78
102.02
13.94
21.99
25.5
42.89
2.24
2.71
5.62
6.71
Ix
(in4)
A11 Properties of Aluminum Association standard I-beam shapes U.S. Customary units.
26.42
31.16
42.60
52.89
14.92
16.94
22.67
5.58
7.33
8.50
12.25
1.49
1.81
2.81
3.36
Sx
(in3)
Axis X-X
4.24
4.22
5.07
5.11
3.37
3.37
3.79
2.11
2.53
2.53
2.95
1.27
1.25
1.69
1.68
rx
(in)
14.78
18.03
26.90
35.48
7.30
8.55
12.22
2.29
3.10
3.74
5.78
0.52
0.68
1.04
1.31
Iy
(in4)
Section properties
B
R
t
4.93
6.01
7.69
10.14
2.92
3.42
4.44
1.31
1.55
1.87
2.57
0.42
0.54
0.69
0.87
Sy
(in3)
Axis Y-Y
1.42
1.44
1.65
1.71
1.18
1.20
1.31
0.85
0.95
0.97
1.08
0.61
0.63
0.73
0.74
ry
(in)
X A
t1
Shape
54.01
58.83
68.49
84.66
90.22
102.5
122.0
126.2
150.1
436.5
233.5
5.506
5.997
6.982
8.630
I 127
I 152
I 152
I 178
I 203 9.197
I 203 10.45
I 229 12.44
I 254 12.87
I 254 15.31
I 305 44.50
I 305 23.80
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
23.90
29.63
33.73
40.77
2.436
3.021
3.439
4.156
Wt/m
(N/m)
I 76
I 76
I 102
I 102
(mm) (kg/m)
a
b
c
d
Ref.
254
254
305
305
203
203
229
127
152
152
178
76
76
102
102
Depth, A
(mm)
152
152
178
178
127
127
140
89
102
102
114
64
64
76
76
Width, B
(mm)
4744
5644
6404
7841
3391
3853
4587
2030
2211
2574
3182
898
1114
1268
1532
Area
(mm2)
10.4
12.7
11.9
15.7
8.9
10.4
11.2
8.1
7.4
8.9
9.7
5.1
6.6
5.8
7.4
Flange
Thickness, t1
(mm)
6.4
7.4
7.4
7.9
5.8
6.4
6.9
4.8
4.8
5.3
5.8
3.3
3.8
3.8
4.3
Web
Thickness, t
(mm)
5.50E07
6.48E07
1.06E08
1.32E08
2.48E07
2.82E07
4.25E07
5.80E06
9.15E06
1.06E07
1.79E07
9.32E05
1.13E06
2.34E06
2.79E06
Ix
(mm4)
4.33E05
5.11E05
6.98E05
8.67E05
2.45E05
2.78E05
3.72E05
9.15E04
1.20E05
1.39E05
2.01E05
2.44E04
2.97E04
4.61E04
5.51E04
Sx
(mm3)
Axis X-X
107.7
107.2
128.8
129.8
85.60
85.60
96.27
53.59
64.26
64.26
74.93
32.26
31.75
42.93
42.67
rx
(mm)
6.15E06
7.50E06
1.12E07
1.48E07
3.04E06
3.56E06
5.09E06
9.53E05
1.29E06
1.56E06
2.41E06
2.16E05
2.83E05
4.33E05
5.45E05
Iy
(mm4)
Section properties
B
R
t
8.08E04
9.85E04
1.26E05
1.66E05
4.79E04
5.61E04
7.28E04
2.15E04
2.54E04
3.06E04
4.21E04
6.88E03
8.85E03
1.13E04
1.43E04
Sy
(mm3)
Axis Y-Y
36.07
36.58
41.91
43.43
29.97
30.48
33.27
21.59
24.13
24.64
27.43
15.49
16.00
18.54
18.80
ry
(mm)
X A
t1
709
710
PIPE 2 STD
PIPE 2-1/2 STD
PIPE 3 STD
PIPE 3-1/2 STD
PIPE 4 STD
PIPE 5 STD
PIPE 6 STD
PIPE 8 STD
PIPE 10 STD
12 in
16 in
18 in
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
12.750
16.000
18.000
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.750
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
0.405
0.540
0.675
11.938
15.000
16.876
5.047
6.065
7.981
10.020
2.067
2.469
3.068
3.548
4.026
0.622
0.824
1.049
1.380
1.610
0.269
0.364
0.493
Inside
Diameter
(in)
0.406
0.500
0.562
0.258
0.280
0.322
0.365
0.154
0.203
0.216
0.226
0.237
0.109
0.113
0.133
0.140
0.145
0.068
0.088
0.091
Wall
thickness,
tw
(in)
15.745
24.347
30.788
4.300
5.581
8.399
11.908
1.075
1.704
2.228
2.680
3.174
0.250
0.333
0.494
0.669
0.799
0.072
0.125
0.167
Area, A
(in2)
NOTE: All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steel pipe.
Rows dq conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe. Rows ac and rt do not.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual.
Schedule 40 pipe
1/8 in
1/4 in
3/8 in
Nominal size
(in)
a
b
c
Ref.
Outside
Diameter
(in)
300.2
731.9
1171
15.16
28.14
72.49
160.7
0.6657
1.530
3.017
4.788
7.233
1.71E-02
3.70E-02
8.73E-02
0.1947
0.3099
1.06E-03
3.31E-03
7.29E-03
I
(in4)
47.09
91.49
130.2
5.451
8.496
16.81
29.90
0.5606
1.064
1.724
2.394
3.214
4.07E-02
7.05E-02
0.1328
0.2346
0.3262
5.25E-03
1.23E-02
2.16E-02
S
(in3)
4.367
5.483
6.168
1.878
2.245
2.938
3.674
0.787
0.947
1.164
1.337
1.510
0.261
0.334
0.421
0.540
0.623
0.122
0.163
0.209
r
(in)
1.331
3.059
6.034
9.575
14.47
3.42E-02
7.41E-02
0.1747
0.3894
0.6198
2.13E-03
6.62E-03
1.46E-02
J
(in4)
600.4
1464
2343
94.18
183.0
260.3
10.90
16.99
33.62
59.81
1.121
2.128
3.448
4.788
6.429
8.14E-02
0.1411
0.2657
0.4692
0.6524
1.05E-02
2.45E-02
4.32E-02
Zp
(in3)
Torsional constants
30.32
56.28
145.0
321.5
Section properties
PIPE 13 STD
PIPE 19 STD
PIPE 25 STD
PIPE 32 STD
PIPE 38 STD
PIPE 51 STD
PIPE 64 STD
PIPE 75 STD
PIPE 89 STD
PIPE 102 STD
305 mm
406 mm
457 mm
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
323.9
406.4
457.2
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.1
60.33
73.03
88.90
101.6
114.3
21.34
26.67
33.40
42.16
48.26
10.29
13.72
17.15
303.2
381.0
428.7
128.2
154.1
202.7
254.5
52.50
62.71
77.93
90.12
102.3
15.80
20.93
26.64
35.05
40.89
6.83
9.25
12.52
Inside
Diameter
(mm)
10.31
12.70
14.27
6.55
7.11
8.18
9.27
3.91
5.16
5.49
5.74
6.02
2.77
2.87
3.38
3.56
3.68
1.73
2.24
2.31
Wall
Thickness,
tw
(mm)
10 158
15 708
19 863
2774
3601
5419
7683
693.2
1099
1438
1729
2048
161.5
214.6
318.6
431.3
515.8
46.45
80.62
107.7
Area, A
(mm2)
NOTE: All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steel pipe, converted to SI units.
Rows dq conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe. Rows ac and rt do not.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual.
Schedule 40 pipe
3.2 mm
6.4 mm
9.5 mm
Nominal size
(mm)
a
b
c
Ref.
Outside
Diameter
(mm)
1.25E08
3.05E08
4.88E08
6.31E06
1.17E07
3.02E07
6.69E07
2.77E05
6.37E05
1.26E06
1.99E06
3.01E06
7114
15416
36355
81044
1.29E05
442.7
1379
3035
I
(mm4)
7.72E05
1.50E06
2.13E06
89327
1.39E05
2.75E05
4.90E05
9187
17 436
28 253
39 228
52 676
666.9
1156
2177
3844
5346
86.07
201.0
354.0
S
(mm3)
110.9
139.3
156.7
47.70
57.04
74.62
93.32
19.99
24.06
29.55
33.95
38.34
6.637
8.475
10.68
13.71
15.81
3.087
4.135
5.308
r
(mm)
J
(mm4)
2.50E08
6.09E08
9.75E08
1.26E07
2.34E07
6.03E07
1.34E08
5.54E05
1.27E06
2.51E06
3.99E06
6.02E06
14 228
30 831
72 710
1.62E05
2.58E05
1.54E06
3.00E06
4.27E06
1.79E05
2.78E05
5.51E05
9.80E05
18 374
34 873
56 506
78 457
1.05E05
1334
2312
4354
7688
10 691
172.1
402.1
708.0
Zp
(mm3)
Torsional constants
885.4
2757
6069
Section properties
711
712
17
14
16
10
16
10
16
10
10
5
10
5
10
5
5
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
112
112
2
2
212
212
3
3
312
312
4
4
412
412
5
5
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
Wall gage
a
b
c
d
1
2
1
2
OD (in)
4.500
4.500
5.000
5.000
3.500
3.500
4.000
4.000
2.500
2.500
3.000
3.000
4.060
3.900
4.560
4.400
3.232
3.060
3.560
3.400
2.232
2.060
2.732
2.560
1.370
1.232
1.870
1.732
0.384
0.334
0.870
0.732
Inside
Diameter
(in)
0.220
0.300
0.220
0.300
0.134
0.220
0.220
0.300
0.134
0.220
0.134
0.220
0.065
0.134
0.065
0.134
0.058
0.083
0.065
0.134
2.958
3.958
3.304
4.430
1.417
2.267
2.613
3.487
0.996
1.576
1.207
1.921
0.293
0.575
0.395
0.786
0.081
0.109
0.191
0.365
Area, A
(in2)
6.791
8.773
9.456
12.281
2.010
3.062
4.682
6.007
0.699
1.034
1.241
1.868
0.0756
0.135
0.185
0.344
0.00200
0.00246
0.0210
0.0350
I
(in4)
3.018
3.899
3.782
4.912
1.149
1.750
2.341
3.003
0.559
0.827
0.828
1.245
0.101
0.181
0.185
0.344
0.00800
0.00983
0.0419
0.0700
S
(in3)
1.515
1.489
1.692
1.665
1.191
1.162
1.339
1.312
0.838
0.810
1.014
0.986
0.508
0.485
0.685
0.661
0.158
0.150
0.331
0.310
r
(in)
13.583
17.546
18.911
24.562
4.020
6.125
9.364
12.013
1.398
2.067
2.483
3.736
0.151
0.271
0.370
0.687
0.00400
0.00491
0.0419
0.0700
J
(in4)
6.037
7.798
7.564
9.825
2.297
3.500
4.682
6.007
1.119
1.654
1.655
2.490
0.202
0.361
0.370
0.687
0.0160
0.0197
0.0839
0.140
Zp
(in3)
Torsional constants
7:01 PM
1.500
1.500
2.000
2.000
0.500
0.500
1.000
1.000
Outside
Diameter
(in)
Section properties
6/8/10
Ref.
Nominal size
Wall
thickness,
tw
(in)
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD
Page 712
OD (mm)
12.7
12.7
25.4
25.4
38.1
38.1
50.8
50.8
63.5
63.5
76.2
76.2
88.9
88.9
101.6
101.6
114.3
114.3
127.0
127.0
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
5
1
5
1
10
5
5
1
10
5
10
5
16
10
16
10
114.30
114.30
127.00
127.00
88.90
88.90
101.60
101.60
63.50
63.50
76.20
76.20
38.10
38.10
50.80
50.80
25.40
25.40
12.70
12.70
103.124
99.060
115.824
111.760
82.093
77.724
90.424
86.360
56.693
52.324
69.393
65.024
34.798
31.293
47.498
43.993
22.098
18.593
9.754
8.484
Inside
Diameter
(mm)
5.588
7.620
5.588
7.620
3.404
5.588
5.588
7.620
3.404
5.588
3.404
5.588
1.651
3.404
1.651
3.404
1.651
3.404
1.473
2.108
1908
2554
2131
2858
914.2
1463
1686
2250
642.6
1017
778.4
1240
189.1
371.0
254.9
506.8
123.2
235.2
51.96
70.15
Area, A
(mm2)
2.83E06
3.65E06
3.94E06
5.11E06
8.37E05
1.27E06
1.95E06
2.50E06
2.91E05
4.30E05
5.17E05
7.77E05
3.15E04
5.64E04
7.71E04
1.43E05
8726
1.46E04
833
1023
I
(mm4)
4.95E04
6.39E04
6.20E04
8.05E04
1.88E04
2.87E04
3.84E04
4.92E04
9166
1.35E04
1.36E04
2.04E04
1651
2959
3034
5632
687.1
1147
131.1
161.1
S
(mm3)
38.5
37.8
43.0
42.3
30.3
29.5
34.0
33.3
21.3
20.6
25.8
25.0
12.9
12.3
17.4
16.8
8.42
7.87
4.00
3.82
r
(mm)
Section properties
5.65E06
7.30E06
7.87E06
1.02E07
1.67E06
2.55E06
3.90E06
5.00E06
5.82E05
8.60E05
1.03E06
1.55E06
6.29E04
1.13E05
1.54E05
2.86E05
1.75E04
2.91E04
1665
2045
J
(mm4)
9.89E04
1.28E05
1.24E05
1.61E05
3.76E04
5.74E04
7.67E04
9.84E04
1.83E04
2.71E04
2.71E04
4.08E04
3303
5918
6068
1.13E04
1374
2294
262.3
322.1
Zp
(mm3)
Torsional constants
7:01 PM
16
10
17
14
Wall gage
Outside
Diameter
(mm)
Wall
thickness,
tw
(mm)
6/8/10
Ref.
Nominal size
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD
Page 713
713
714
Appendix
Material
AISI no.
1020
1020
1020
1040
1040
1040
1040
1040
1040
1040
1080
1080
1080
1080
1080
1141
1141
1141
1141
1141
1141
4140
4140
4140
4140
4140
5160
5160
5160
5160
5160
Ultimate
strength, su
Yield
strength, sy
Condition
ksi
MPa
ksi
MPa
Percent
elongation
Annealed
Hot-rolled
Cold-drawn
Annealed
Hot-rolled
Cold-drawn
WQT 700
WQT 900
WQT 1100
WQT 1300
Annealed
OQT 700
OQT 900
OQT 1100
OQT 1300
Annealed
Cold-drawn
OQT 700
OQT 900
OQT 1100
OQT 1300
Annealed
OQT 700
OQT 900
OQT 1100
OQT 1300
Annealed
OQT 700
OQT 900
OQT 1100
OQT 1300
57
65
75
75
90
97
127
118
107
87
89
189
179
145
117
87
112
193
146
116
94
95
231
187
147
118
105
263
196
149
115
393
448
517
517
621
669
876
814
738
600
614
1303
1234
1000
807
600
772
1331
1007
800
648
655
1593
1289
1014
814
724
1813
1351
1027
793
43
48
64
51
60
82
93
90
80
63
54
141
129
103
70
51
95
172
129
97
68
60
212
173
131
101
40
238
179
132
103
296
331
441
352
414
565
641
621
552
434
372
972
889
710
483
352
655
1186
889
669
469
414
1462
1193
903
696
276
1641
1234
910
710
36
36
20
30
25
16
19
22
24
32
25
12
13
17
23
26
14
9
15
20
28
26
12
15
18
23
17
9
12
17
23
*Other properties approximately the same for all carbon and alloy steels:
Modulus of elasticity in tension = 30 000 000 psi (207 GPa)
Modulus of elasticity in shear = 11 500 000 psi (80 GPa)
Density = 0.283 lbm/in3 (7680 kg/m3)
OQT means oil-quenched and tempered. WQT means water-quenched and tempered.
Untitled-1.indd 5
05/02/15 6:37 PM
Magnesiumcast
ASTM AZ 63A-T6
Zinccast-ZA 12
C54400 bronze,
C36000 brass,
Stainless steels
AISI 301 annealed
AISI 301 full hard
AISI 430 annealed
AISI 430 full hard
AISI 501 annealed
AISI 501OQT 1000
17-4PH H900
PH 13-8 Mo H1000
Material and
condition
soft
hard
soft
hard
soft
hard
hard
40
58
32
48
72
195
44
70
68
110
185
75
90
70
175
210
215
ksi
276
400
221
331
496
1344
305
480
469
758
1280
517
621
483
1210
1450
1480
MPa
Ultimate
strength, su
19
47
10
44
20
145
18
35
57
40
140
40
80
30
135
185
205
ksi
131
324
69
303
138
1000
124
240
393
276
965
276
552
207
931
1280
1410
MPa
Yield
strength, sy
5
5
50
20
20
4
20
4
20
60
8
30
15
28
15
14
13
Percent
elongation
0.066
0.218
0.318
0.308
0.298
0.323
0.290
0.290
0.280
0.280
0.280
0.280
0.281
0.279
lb/in3
Density
1830
6030
8800
8530
8250
8940
8030
8030
7750
7750
7750
7750
7780
7720
kg/m3
110
117
16 106
17 106
45
83
131
19 106
6.5 106
12 106
117
193
193
200
200
200
200
197
203
GPa
17 106
28 106
28 106
29 106
29 106
29 106
29 106
28.5 106
29.4 106
psi
Modulus of
elasticity, E
715
716
1205
550
690
80
100
1170
170
175
1280
185
640
614
448
345
50
93
89
65
448
65
Nickel-based alloys
N06600annealed
70F (21C)
800F (427C)
1200F (649C)
N0611040% cold worked
70F (21C)
500F (260C)
800F (427C)
N04400annealed [At 70F (21C]
Annealed
Cold drawn
A15 (continued )
30
75
150
130
120
37
30
27
155
175
40
55
207
517
1034
896
827
255
207
186
1070
1210
276
379
50
30
18
18
18
45
49
39
20
18
0.318
0.302
0.304
0.160
0.176
0.163
0.163
8800
8330
8420
4432
4875
4515
4515
207
181
26 106
114
16.5 106
30 106
110
16.0 106
207
103
14.9 106
30 106
103
15 106
717
Appendix
212 to 6 in thick
A572HSLA columbium-vanadium
steel: shapes, plates and bars
Grade 42
Grade 50
Grade 60
Grade 65
A913HSLA, grade 65: shapes
A992HSLA: W-Shapes only
Ultimate
strength, su*
Yield
strength, sy*
ksi
MPa
ksi
MPa
Percent
elongation
in 2 in
58
60
400
414
36
35
248
240
21
70
483
50
345
21
67
462
46
317
21
63
434
42
290
21
58
62
58
62
400
427
400
427
42
46
46
50
290
317
317
345
23
21
23
21
58
400
36
248
23
110
758
100
690
18
100
690
90
620
16
60
65
75
80
80
65
414
448
517
552
552
448
42
50
60
65
65
50
290
345
414
448
448
345
24
21
18
17
17
21
718
Appendix
A17 Typical properties of cast iron.*
Yield
strength
Ultimate strength
su
Material type
and grade
Gray iron ASTM A48
Grade 20
Grade 40
Grade 60
Ductile iron ASTM A536
60-40-18
80-55-6
100-70-3
120-90-2
Austempered ductile iron (ADI)
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Malleable iron ASTM A220
45008
60004
80002
suc
syt
sus
ksi
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi
MPa
ksi
MPa
20
40
55
138
276
379
80
140
170
552
965
1170
32
57
72
221
393
496
60
80
100
120
414
552
690
827
180
1240
57
73
393
503
40
55
70
90
276
379
483
621
125
150
175
200
862
1034
1207
1379
80
100
125
155
552
690
862
1069
65
80
95
448
552
655
240
240
240
1650
1650
1650
49
65
75
338
448
517
45
60
80
310
414
552
Modulus of
elasticity, E
psi
GPa
Percent
elongation
12.2 106
19.4 106
21.5 106
84
134
148
<1
<0.8
<0.5
24
24
24
23
106
106
106
106
165
165
165
159
18
6
3
2
24
24
24
24
106
106
106
106
165
165
165
159
10
7
4
1
26 106
27 106
27 106
170
186
186
8
4
2
*The density of cast iron ranges from 0.25 to 0.27 lb /in3 (6920 to 7480 kg/m3).
m
Ultimate
strength, su
Shear
strength, sus
Alloy
and
temper
ksi
MPa
ksi
MPa
Percent
elongation
ksi
MPa
1100-H12
1100-H18
2014-0
2014-T4
2014-T6
3003-0
3003-H12
3003-H18
5154-0
5154-H32
5154-H38
6061-0
6061-T4
6061-T6
7075-0
7075-T6
16
24
27
62
70
16
19
29
35
39
48
18
35
45
33
83
110
165
186
427
483
110
131
200
241
269
331
124
241
310
228
572
15
22
14
42
60
6
18
27
17
30
39
8
21
40
15
73
103
152
97
290
414
41
124
186
117
207
269
55
145
276
103
503
25
15
18
20
13
40
20
10
27
15
10
30
25
17
16
11
10
13
18
38
42
11
12
16
22
22
28
12
24
30
22
48
69
90
124
262
290
76
83
110
152
152
193
83
165
207
152
331
29
59
30
200
405
207
8
6
10
Casting alloys
(permanent mold castings)
204.0T4
206.0T6
356.0T6
48
65
41
331
445
283
Modulus of elasticity E for most aluminum alloys, including 1100, 3003, 6061, and 6063, is 10 106 psi
(69.0 Gpa). For 2014, E = 10.6 106 psi (73.1 GPa). For 5154, E = 10.2 106 psi (70.3 GPa). For 7075,
E = 10.4 106 psi (71.7 GPa). Density of most aluminum alloys is approximately 0.10 lbm/in3 (2770 kg/m3).
Untitled-1.indd 6
05/02/15 6:37 PM
719
Untitled-1.indd 7
05/02/15 6:37 PM
1400
1000
650
5.7
4.0
2.6
5.7
4.7
2.6
825
675
375
9.6
7.9
4.3
1400
1150
625
825
575
375
7.2
5.9
3.3
MPa
1050
850
475
psi
12.1
10.0
5.5
MPa
Tension
parallel
to grain
1750
1450
800
psi
Bending
80
70
70
75
75
75
95
95
95
psi
0.55
0.48
0.48
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.66
0.66
0.66
MPa
Horizontal
shear
Allowable stress
270
230
230
245
245
245
385
385
385
psi
1.86
1.59
1.59
1.69
1.69
1.69
2.65
2.65
2.65
MPa
850
550
400
1000
800
500
5.86
3.79
2.76
6.90
5.52
3.45
8.62
6.90
4.14
MPa
Parallel
to grain
1250
1000
600
psi
Compression
Perpendicular
to grain
1600
1300
1300
1500
1400
1200
1800
1700
1500
ksi
11.0
9.0
9.0
10.3
9.7
8.3
12.4
11.7
10.3
GPa
Modulus of
elasticity
720
Dry
50% R.H.
Medium-impact
High-impact
General-purpose
Standard
High-impact
Rigid
Nylon 66
30% Glass
ABS
21.0
15.0
6.0
5.0
9.0
10.5
5.4
6.0
(ksi)
146
102
41
34
62
72
37
41
(MPa)
25% graphite
5.7
39
powder filler
Glass-fiber filler
27.0
186
Laminate
50.0
345
Acetal
Copolymer
8.0
55
Polyurethane
Elastomer
5.0
34
Phenolic
General
6.5
45
Polyester with glass-fiber mat reinforcement (approx. 30% glass by weight)
Lay-up, contact mold
9.0
62
Cold press molded
12.0
83
Compression molded
25.0
172
Polyimide
PVC
Polycarbonate
Acrylic
Type
Material
Tensile
strength
410
100
1100
1200
800
360
250
340
430
220
350
(ksi)
2830
690
7580
8700
5500
2480
1720
2340
2960
1520
2410
(MPa)
Tensile
modulus
88
345
483
90
4
62
110
152
69
50.0
70.0
13.0
0.6
9.0
16.0
22.0
10.0
79
55
76
110
48
11.5
8.0
11.0
16.0
7.0
12.8
221
(MPa)
32.0
(ksi)
Flexural
strength
5520
8960
8960
7580
1100
800
1300
1300
22 400
27 580
2590
6210
2140
1790
2070
3170
1590
2070
7900
(MPa)
3250
4000
375
900
310
260
300
460
230
300
1100
(ksi)
Flexural
modulus
17.0
13.0
1.3
No break
0.3
4.0
7.0
12.0
0.4
1.2
0.420.0
(varies widely)
0.25
Impact
strength IZOD
(ft1b/in
of notch)
721
Appendix
Ductile Materials
(% Elongation 5%)
Brittle Materials
(% Elongation 5%)
sd sy 2
sd su 8
sd su 12
sd su 6
sd su 10
sd su 15
AISC Code:
Design Shear StressesFor direct shear and for torsional shear stresses
Based on maximum shear stress theory of failure:
td sys N 0.5 sy N sy 2N
Manner of
loading
Static loads
Repeated loads
Shock or impact
Design
factor
Design
shear stress
Use N 2
Use N 4
Use N 6
td sy 4
td sy 8
td sy 12
Material
sus 0.65 su
sus 0.82 su
sus 0.90 su
sus 1.30 su
Aluminum alloys
SteelPlain carbon and alloy
Malleable iron and copper alloys
Gray cast iron
(continued)
722
Appendix
A21 (continued)0
Allowable bearing stresses on masonry and soils for use in this book.
Allowable bearing stress, bd
Material
psi
MPa
400
250
350
140
70
55
15
2.76
1.72
2.41
0.96
0.48
0.38
0.10
Concrete:
Where:
K = 0.34 A2/A1
.50
.40
.35
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
A2/A1
F
F
Steel
Steel
Concrete
A2/A1 = 1.0
Concrete
A2/A1 > 1.0
A1 = Bearing area
A2 = Support area
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD
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3:40 PM
Page 723
723
Appendix
A21 (continued)
psi
MPa
400
250
350
140
70
55
15
2.76
1.72
2.41
0.96
0.42
0.38
0.10
Where: f c 5 Rated
strength of concrete
A1 5 Bearing area
A2 5 Full area of the support
Design Bending StressesGeneral machine and structural design
Manner of
loading
Static loads
Repeated loads
Impact or shock
Ductile Materials
(% Elongation .5%)
Brittle Materials
(% Elongation ,5%)
sd 5 sy /2
sd 5 su /8
sd 5 su /12
sd 5 su /6
sd 5 su /10
sd 5 su /15
Design Bending StressesAISC specifications for structural steel carrying static loads on buildinglike structures
sd 5 sy /1.5 5 0.66 sy
Design Bending StressesAluminum Association specifications for aluminum carrying static
loads on building-like structures
sd 5 sy /1.65 5 0.61 sy
or
sd 5 su /1.95 5 0.51 su
Whichever is lower.
Design Shear Stresses for Beams in Bending
Rolled structural steel beam shapesallowable web shear stress (AISC)
td 5 0.40 sy
General ductile materials carrying static loads: Based on yield strength of the material in shear
with design factor, N 5 2:
td 5 sys /N 5 0.5 sy /N 5 sy /2N 5 sy /2(2) 5 sy /4 5 0.25 sy
724
Appendix
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
D/dg = 1.2
1.9
Kt
D/dg = 1.1
1.8
1.7
D/dg = 1.05
1.6
r = Groove radius
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
dg
max = Kt nom
nom = F/(d2g/4)
1.1
1.0
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
r/dg
0.20
0.25
725
Appendix
2.5
2.4
2.3
r = Fillet radius
max = K
t nom
nom = F/(d2g/4)
2.2
2.1
D/d = 3.0
2.0
1.9
Kt
D/d = 2.0
1.8
1.7
D/d = 1.1
D/d = 1.2
1.6
1.5
D/d = 1.05
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
r/d
0.20
0.25
726
Appendix
Thickness = t
F
3.0
2.6
Kt
max = Kt nom
nom = F = F
Amin t h
2.2
1.8
H/h = 2.0
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.01
1.0
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
r/ h
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.32
727
Appendix
4.0
Basic geometry
Kt
max = Kt nom
3.0
nom based on
net section
2.0
C
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
d/w
Curve A
Curve B
Curve C
Direct tension
on plate
Tension load
applied through
a pin in the hole
Bending in
the plane of
the plate
nom = F = F
Anet (w d)t
nom = F = F
Anet (w d)t
nom = Mc = 6Mw
3
3
Inet (w d )t
F
M
F
F = total load
728
Appendix
A225 Round bar with transverse hole in tension, bending, and torsion.
BA C
11.0
10.0
d
9.0
8.0
Basic geometry
7.0
A
Kt
6.0
C
5.0
4.0
B
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
d/D
Note: Ktg is based on the nominal stress in a round
bar without a hole (gross section).
max=Kt gross
g
tmax=Kt tgross
g
Curve A
Tension
F
Curve B
Bending
Curve C
Torsion
F
M
gross = F = F
A D2/4
M
gross = M = M
S
D3/32
T
tgross = T = T
Zp D3/16
729
Appendix
2.4
2.3
T
D
dg
2.2
2.1
tmax=Kt tnom
tnom=T / (dg3/16)
2.0
1.9
1.8
D/dg = 2.0
Kt 1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
D/dg = 1.2
1.3
1.2
D/dg = 1.05
1.1
1.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
r/dg
0.20
0.25
730
Appendix
r = Fillet radius
tmax=Kt tnom
tnom=T / (dg3/16)
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
D = 2.5
d
Kt 1.5
D = 1.67
d
1.4
D = 1.11
d
1.3
D = 1.25
d
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
r/dg
0.20
0.25
731
Appendix
r = Groove radius
M
2.4
2.3
dg
2.2
smax = Kt snom
snom = M/( d 3g /32)
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
Kt
D/dg = 2.0
1.7
D/dg = 1.2
1.6
D/dg = 1.05
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
r/dg
0.20
0.25
732
Appendix
M
2.4
d
D
2.3
r = Fillet radius
2.2
smax = Kt snom
snom = M/(p d 3/32)
2.1
D/d = 3.0
2.0
1.9
D/d = 2.0
1.8
D/d = 1.50
Kt
1.7
D/d = 1.2
1.6
D/d = 1.10
D/d = 1.05
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
r/d
0.20
0.25
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD
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3:42 PM
Page 733
733
Appendix
3.0
H
h
snom =
2.6
M
M
=
Smin t h2/6
M
r
Kt
2.2
1.8
H/h = 2.0
1.4
1.2
1.05
1.01
1.0
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
r/h
K*t
Sled-runner
Profile
1.6
2.0
0.28
0.32
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD
6/9/10
4:05 PM
Page 734
734
Appendix
yB = ymax =
L/2
A
- PL3
at center
48EI
Between A and B:
- Px
(3L2 - 4x2)
48EI
y =
(a)
Pab(L + b)23a(L + b)
27EIL
y max =
at x1 = 2a(L + b)3
a>b
c
b
a
x1
yB =
- Pa2b2
at load
3EIL
- Pbx 2
(L - b2 - x2)
6EIL
y =
y =
At end of overhang at D:
yD =
(b)
yE = ymax =
P
a
A
yB = yC =
a
C
-Pa
(3L2 - 4a2) at center
24EI
-Pa2
(3L - 4a) at loads
6EI
Between A and B:
x
L
Pabc
(L + a)
6EIL
y =
-Px
(3aL - 3a2 - x2)
6EI
Between B and C:
(c)
y =
-Pa
(3Lx - 3x 2 - a2)
6EI
735
Appendix
A23 (continued)
yB = ymax =
Total load = W = wL
w = uniformily distributed load
B
A
x
- 5wL4
=
384EI
Between A and B:
C
a
L/2
- wx 3
(L - 2Lx 2 + x 3)
24EI
y =
At D at end:
yD =
(d )
wL3a
24EI
Between A and B:
w = uniformily
distributed load
- 5WL3
at center
384EI
y =
C
a
- wx 2
[a (2L - a)2 - 2ax 2(2L - a) + Lx 3 ]
24EIL
Between B and C:
y =
(e)
- wa2(L - x)
(4Lx - 2x 2 - a 2)
24EIL
MB = concentrated moment at B
Between A and B:
y
x
MB
y =
C
B
a
Between B and C:
y =
(f)
RA
yC =
- Pa2
(L + a)
3EI
RB
L
(g)
MB
x3
3a2
c 3a2 + 3x 2 - a2L +
bx d
6EI
L
L
At C at end of overhang:
x
0.577L
-MB
3a2
x3
c a6a d
- 2Lbx 6EI
L
L
yD = 0.06415
PaL2
EI
736
Appendix
A23 (continued)
At C at center:
Total load = W = wL
w = uniformly distributed load
A
y =
E
a
At A and E at ends:
y =
(h)
-W(L - 2a)3 5
24
a2
c (L - 2a) a
bd
384EI
L
L L - 2a
2
3
-W(L - 2a)3a
a
a
c - 1 + 6a
b + 3a
b d
24EIL
L - 2a
L - 2a
At C at center:
P
D
y =
a
L /2
PL2a
8EI
y =
(i)
- Pa2
3
aa + Lb
3EI
2
At B:
y = 0.03208
0.577L
L
( j)
wa2L2
EI
At D at end:
y =
- wa3
(4L + 3a)
24EI
737
Appendix
At B at end:
y
yB = ymax =
L
A
- PL3
3EI
Between A and B:
y =
(a)
- Px2
(3L - x)
6EI
At B at load:
- Pa3
3EI
yB =
At C at end:
L
P
yC = ymax =
b
B
- Pa2
(3L - a)
6EI
Between A and B:
y =
- Px 2
(3a - x)
6EI
Between B and C:
y =
(b)
- Pa2
(3x - a)
6EI
W total load wL
At B at end:
L
w uniformly distributed load
yB = ymax =
- WL3
8EI
Between A and B:
-Wx2
[2L2 + (2L - x)2]
24EIL
y =
(c)
B
x
(d)
MB
yB = ymax =
- MB L2
2EI
Between A and B:
y =
- MB x 2
2EI
738
Appendix
P
L/2
A
MA
11
RA 16
L/2
C
D
0.447L
Deflections
At B at load:
5
RC 16
yB =
ymax is at v = 0.447L at D:
11
P
16
Shearing
force,V
- 7 PL3
768 EI
yD = ymax =
- PL3
107EI
0
16 P
5
5PL
MB
32
Bending
moment,
M
Between A and B:
y =
- Px2
(9L - 11x)
96EI
Between B and C:
3PL
MA
16
y =
(a)
- Pv
(3L2 - 5v2)
96EI
Reactions
Pb
RA =
P
A
Pa2
RC =
2L3
2L3
RA
RA
Shearing
force,V
RC
- Pab
Pa2b
2L3
(b + L)
(b + 2L)
Deflections
At B at load:
0
MB
Bending
moment,
M
2L2
MB =
(b + 2L)
Moments
MA =
MA
(3L2 - b2 )
RC
yB =
- Pa3b2
12EIL3
(3L + b)
Between A and B:
0
y =
MA
- Px2b
12EIL3
(3C1 - C2x)
y =
- Pa2v
12EIL3
739
Appendix
A25 (continued)
Ractions
RA =
A
MA
5
W
8
3
RB = W
8
W = total load = wL
L/2
0.579L
RA
D C
B
RB
Moments
MA = - 0.125WL
x
Shearing
force, V
ME = 0.0703WL
RA
3
8L
RB
yC = ymax =
ME = Mmax
L/
4
Bending
moment,
M
Deflections
At C at x 0.579L:
- WL3
185EI
At D at center:
yD =
MA
- WL3
192EI
Between A and B:
y =
(c)
RA
MA
-Wx 2(L - x)
(3L - 2x)
48EIL
Reactions
P
a
L
A
RA =
B
RB
- 3Pa
2L
RB = Pa1 +
P
Shearing
force, V
Moments
0
RA
MA =
MA
Bending
moment,
M
Pa
2
MB = - Pa
Deflection
At C at end:
MB
(d )
3a
b
2L
yC =
- PL3 a2
a3
a 2 +
b
EI
4L
3L3
740
Appendix
A25 (continued)
L
y
Moments
P
L/2
A
MA
RA = P/2
RC = P/2
MA = MB = MC =
MC
Deflections
At B at center:
x
Shearing
force, V
RA
0
L/
4
Bending
moment,
M
PL
8
yB = ymax =
RC
MB = PL/8
- PL3
192EI
Between A and B:
0
MC
MA
- Px2
(3L - 4x)
48EI
y =
(e)
Reactions
RA =
RC =
L
a
(a > b)
A
x
MA
RA
Pb2
L3
Pa2
L3
b
B
C
v
x1
MA =
RC
MB =
MC
RA
- Pab2
L2
2Pa2b2
L3
- Pa2b
L2
Deflections
At B at load:
yB =
RC
At D at x1 =
MB
Bending
0
moment,
MA
M
(3b + a)
Moments
MC =
Shearing
force, V
(3a + b)
3EIL3
2aL
3a + b
yD = ymax =
MC
- Pa3b3
- 2Pa3b2
3EI(3a + b)2
- Px 2b2
6EIL3
y =
- Pv 2a2
6EIL3
741
Appendix
A25 (continued)
L
Moments
W = total load = wL
y
A
MA
C
RC = W/2
Deflections
At B at center:
RA
Shearing
force, V
WL
24
MB =
MC
L/2
RA = W/2
-WL
12
MA = MC =
yB = ymax =
- WL3
384EI
Between A and C:
y =
RC
- wx 2
(L - x)2
24EI
MB
Bending
moment,
M
MC
MA
(g)
Reactions
w = uniformly distributed load
A
x1
RA = RC =
C
x1
RB = 1.25wL
RA
RB
RC
Shearing forces
VA = VC = RA = RC =
VB
Shearing
force, V
VA
VB =
0
VC
VB
MB = - 0.125wL2
ME
Deflections
At x1 0.4215L from A or C:
0
A
D
MB
ymax =
- wL4
185EI
Between A and B:
B
(h)
5wL
8
Moments
3L
8
MD
3wL
8
MD = ME = 0.0703wL2
3L
8
Bending
moment,
M
3wL
8
y =
-w 3
(L x - 3Lx 3 + 2x4)
48EI
742
Appendix
A25 (continued)
y
Reactions
w = uniformly distributed load
A
B
L
C
L
RA
RA = RD = 0.4wL
RB = RC = 1.10wL
RB
RC
RD
Moments
ME = MF = 0.08wL2
0.6wL
0.5wL
0.4wL
Shearing
force, V 0
MB = MC = - 0.10wL2 = Mmax
0.5L
0.4L
0.4L
0.4wL
0.5wL
0.6wL
ME
Bending
moment,
M
MG = 0.025wL2
MF
MG
MB
MC
(i)
Reactions
w = uniformly distributed load
A
RB
RA
RA = RE = 0.393wL
RB = RD = 1.143wL
E
L
RC
RD
RC = 0.928wL
RE
Shearing forces
+VB
0.39L
+VA
Shearing
force, V
VA = + 0.393wL
+VD
0.39L
+VC
- VB = - 0.607wL
0.54L
+ VB = + 0.536wL
0
0.54L
VB
VC
- VC = + 0.464wL
VE
VD
+ VC = + 0.464wL
- VD = - 0.536wL
MF
Bending
moment,
M
MI
MG
+ VD = + 0.607wL
- VE = - 0.393wL
MH
Moments
MB = MD = - 0.1071wL2 = Mmax
MF = MI = 0.0772wL2
MC
MB
( j)
MD
MC = - 0.0714wL2
MG = MH = 0.0364wL2
743
Appendix
Mass
14.59 kg
slug
32.174 lbm
slug
2.205 lbm
kg
453.6 grams
lbm
2000 lbm
tonm
1000 kg
metric tonm
Force
105 dynes
N
224.8 lbf
kN
1000 lb
K
39.37 in
m
12 in
ft
25.4 mm
in
1.609 km
mi
5280 ft
mi
144 in2
10.76 ft2
645.2 mm2
106 mm2
ft2
m2
in2
m2
43,560 ft2
acre
104 m2
hectare
3.785 L
gal
35.3 ft3
4.448 N
lbf
Length
3.281 ft
m
Area
Volume
1728 in3
231 in3
gal
ft3
7.48 gal
264 gal
ft3
m3
m3
Section Modulus
1.639 * 104 mm3
109 mm3
in3
m3
1012 mm4
in4
m4
1000 kgm3
gramcm3
32.17 lbmft3
slug ft3
16.018 kg m3
lbmft3
1728 lbft3
lbin3
1.356 Nm
lbft
Standard SI unit: Pascal (Pa). Equivalent units: N m2 or kg ms2.
Energy
1.356 J
lbft
Power
745.7 W
hp
47.88 Pa
6895 Pa
1 Pa
lbft2
lbin2
Nm2
6.895 MPa
ksi
1.055 kJ
Btu
3.600 kJ
Whr
778 ftlb
Btu
1.356 W
lbfts
1.341 hp
kW
8.85 lbin
J
550 lbfts
hp
General approach to application of conversion factors: Arrange the conversion factor from the table in such a manner that, when multiplied by
the given quantity, the original units cancel out, leaving the desired units. See examples on next page.
744
Appendix
Example 1. Convert a stress of 36 ksi to MPa.
s = 36 ksi *
6.895 MPa
= 248 MPa
ksi
1.0 ksi
= 184 ksi
6.895 MPa
Forces
A force is a push or pull effort applied to a structure or a member of the structure. If the
force tends to pull a member apart, it is called a tensile force. If the force tends to crush the
member, it is called a compressive force. See Figure A271 for examples of these kinds of
forces applied in line with the axis of the members. These are called axial forces.
Forces on members in static equilibrium are always balanced in such a way that the
member will not move. Thus in the two cases in Figure A271, the two axial forces, F,
are equal in magnitude but they act in opposite directions so they are balanced. You should
also note that every part of these members experiences an internal force equal to the externally applied force, F. Figure A272 shows this principle by illustrating a part of the tensile member cut anywhere between its ends. The force on the left is the externally applied
force, F. The force on the right is the total internal force acting on the material of the member across its cross section.
Moments
A moment is the tendency for a force to cause rotation of a member about some point or
axis. Figure A273 shows two examples. Each of the forces shown would tend to rotate
the member on which they act about the point identified as A.
The magnitude of the moment of a force is the product of the force times the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the point about which the
moment is being computed. That is,
M = Force times distance = F * d
The direction is simply observed from the figure to be clockwise or counterclockwise.
745
Appendix
FIGURE A271
Types of axial forces.
F
(a) Tensile force
F
(b) Compressive force
FIGURE A272
Internal force.
F
Internal force
FIGURE A273
Illustrations of
moments.
Line of
action of F1
a
12 in
Point A
F1 = 100 lb
b
8 in
F2 = 60 lb
Line of
action of F2
(a)
F1 = 3.0 kN
F2 = 4.0 kN
Line of
action of F3
F3 = 5.0 kN
c
0.8 m
Line of
action of F2
Point A
Line of
action of F1
a
0.5 m
b
0.6 m
(b)
746
Appendix
FIGURE A274
Support structure.
F1
20 =
a
0.3 m
b
0.5 m
747
Appendix
Ay
FIGURE A275
Free-body diagrams of
structure and its
components.
Ax
F1
20 =
Cx
a
0.3 m
Cy
b
0.5 m
ABx
ABx
20 =
ABy
AB
F1
By
Cx
Bx
a
b
l
Cy
d. Figure A275(c) is the free-body diagram of member BC. This member is called a
beam because it carries a load, F1, acting perpendicular to its long axis. There must be
an upward reaction force at both B and C to resist the downward force F1. We call
those forces By and Cy. Member AB exerts the supporting force on member BC at B.
That force acts upward and to the left. We call the horizontal component of that force
Bx. The total force at B is equal to the force AB described in (c). Finally, to balance the
horizontal forces, there must be a force Cx acting toward the right at C.
Static Equilibrium
When a structure or a member is in static equilibrium, all forces and moments are balanced
in such a way that there is no movement. The equations that describe static equilibrium are:
a Fx = 0
a Fy = 0
a M = 0 About any point
a Fz = 0
748
Appendix
The first three equations state that the sum of all forces in any direction must add to zero.
We typically do the analysis in three perpendicular directions, x, y, and z. The fourth equation states that the sum of the moments about any point must be zero.
We use the equations of equilibrium to determine the values of unknown forces and
moments when certain forces and moments are known and when suitable free-body
diagrams are available.
Example from Figures A274 and A275
Determine the forces on all members and at all joints for the structure shown in Figure
A274. The given data are: F1 18.0 kN, a 0.3m, b 0.5m, 20.
Solution.
Step 1.
(Check)
Step 2. Consider the forces acting at B. We know that By 6.75 kN. We also know
that the total resultant force, B, acts at an angle of 20 above the horizontal toward the left.
This is because it is applied through the pin by the force AB. The free-body diagram in
(b) indicates that AB acts along the direction of the member AB because it is a two-force
member. We can then say,
By = B sin 20
Bx = B cos 20
Then,
B = By (sin 20) = (6.75 kN) (sin 20) = 19.74 kN
Bx = B cos 20 = (19.74 kN)(cos 20) = 18.55 kN
Step 3. The forces acting at pin B on both member AB and member BC must be
equal and opposite because of the principle of action-reaction. Therefore, the axial force
on member AB is: AB 19.74 kN. The force AB acts at both A and B along the line between
the two pins in a manner that places the member AB in tension. The components of AB at
pin A are equal to the components at pin B, but they act in opposite directions.
749
Appendix
Step 4. The only unknown now is Cx, the horizontal force acting at C on member
BC. We can use the free-body diagram of member BC again from part (c) of the figure.
a Fx = 0 = Cx - Bx
Then,
Cx = Bx = 18.55 kN
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force Systems
When the line of action of all forces acting on a member pass through the same point, the
system is called a concurrent force system. For static equilibrium to exist in such a system, the vector sum of all forces must add to zero. Two methods can be used to analyze a
concurrent force system to determine unknown forces.
The Component Method
This method calls for each force to be resolved into perpendicular components, usually
horizontal and vertical. Then the classic equations of equilibrium are applied.
Example Using Figure A276
Determine the force in each cable when the mass of the load is 1500 kg and the angle
25
FIGURE A276
Load carried by three
cables showing force
analysis.
A
= 25
B
C
AB
ABy
ABx
BC
Load
BD
AB
O
= 25
BC
BD
BD
(c) Free-body diagram of B with
vectors drawn to scale
AB
Intersection of
lines of action
of AB and BC
65
90
25
BC
750
Appendix
Solution. There are three cables that we will call AB, BC, and BD. All three are
two-force members and pass through point B as shown in part (b). Therefore, they are
concurrent.
Step 1.
Then,
ABy = BD = 14.7 kN
But ABy is the vertical component of the cable force AB. Then,
ABy = AB sin u = AB sin 25
AB = ABy (sin 25) = (14.7 kN) (sin 25) = 34.8 kN
Step 4.
Then,
BC = ABx = AB cos 25 = (34.8 kN)(cos 25) = 31.6 kN
Summary: The three cable forces are:
AB = 34.8 kN
BC = 31.6 kN
BD = 14.7 kN
751
Appendix
Step 1. The sum can be done in any order and we could start at any point, say point
O. We will actually sum the forces in the order BD BC AB. Lets first draw the known
vector BD vertically downward to scale. The value is BD 14.7 kN as found in the component method.
Step 2. Add vector BC from the tip of BD and acting horizontally to the right. Its
length is unknown at this time, but its line of action is known. Draw the line of indefinite
extent for now.
Step 3. Then, adding vector AB to the end of vector BC should cause the vector
polygon to close by having the tip of AB fall right on point O. We can pass a line through
point O in the direction of AB. Where this line crosses the line of action of vector BC establishes where the tip of BC is. Similarly, the tail of AB is also at that point.
Step 4. In the vector triangle thus formed, we know all three angles and the length
of one side, BD. We can use the law of sines to find the lengths of the other two sides.
BD
AB
=
sin 25
sin 90
Then,
AB = (BD)(sin 90)(sin 25) = (14.7 kN)(sin 90)(sin 25) = 34.8 kN
Also,
BD
BC
=
sin 25
sin 65
Then,
BC = (BD)(sin 65) (sin 25) = (14.7 kN)(sin 65) (sin 25) = 31.6 kN
Summary. The results for the cable forces are identical to those found from the component method.
AB = 34.8 kN
BC = 31.6 kN
BD = 14.7 kN
752
Appendix
Trusses
A truss is a structure comprised of only straight members connected by pin joints with
loads applied only at joints. The result is that all members are two-force members carrying either tensile or compressive loads. Figure A277 shows an example. Next we
describe the method of joints for analyzing the forces in all members of a truss.
Example Using Figure A277
Find the forces in all members of the truss shown in Figure A277. Determine both the
magnitude and direction (tension or compression) for each force.
FIGURE A277
Forces on a truss and
its joints.
4 ft
4 ft
4 ft
6 ft
4 ft
F1 = 1200 lb
F2 = 1500 lb
( ) = 33.7
= Tan1
4 ft
A
= 45
4 ft
= 33.7
4 ft
Ay
4
6
45
6 ft
Fx = 0
4 ft
F1 = 1200 lb
Fy
F2 = 1500 lb
AB
ABx
ABy
A
45
AD
CDy
BC
45
AD
ABy
ABx
AB
Ay
CE
CFy
DE
EF
EF 45
CFx
F2 = 1500 lb
(f) FBD of Joint E
DE
F1 = 1200 lb
BD
(d) FBD of Joint B
33.7
CDx
Fy
(g) FBD of Joint F
753
Appendix
Compression
a Fx = 0 = AD - ABx
AD = ABx = AB cos 45 = (1818 lb)(cos 45) = 1286 lb
Step 3.
Tension
754
Appendix
Step 4.
Step 6.