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PortableDocumentFormat
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Mainpage "PDF"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seePDF(disambiguation).
Contents
ThePortableDocumentFormat PortableDocumentFormat
Featuredcontent
Currentevents (PDF)isafileformatusedtopresent
Randomarticle documentsinamannerindependent
DonatetoWikipedia ofapplicationsoftware,hardware,and
Wikipediastore operatingsystems.[2]EachPDFfile
Interaction encapsulatesacompletedescription
Help ofafixedlayoutflatdocument,
AboutWikipedia includingthetext,fonts,graphics,and
Communityportal
otherinformationneededtodisplayit. AdobePDFicon
Recentchanges
Contactpage Filename .pdf
APDFfilecaptures extension
Tools Internet application/pdf ,[1]
documenttext,fonts,
Whatlinkshere mediatype application/xpdf
images,andeven
Relatedchanges application/xbzpdf
Uploadfile
formattingofdocuments application/xgzpdf
Specialpages fromavarietyof Typecode 'PDF'[1](includingasingle
Permanentlink applications.Youcane space)
Pageinformation mailaPDFdocumentto UniformType com.adobe.pdf
Identifier(UTI)
Wikidataitem yourfriendsanditwill
Citethispage Magic %PDF
lookthesameontheir number
Print/export screensasitlookson Developedby AdobeSystems
Createabook yours,eveniftheyhave Initialrelease June15,199323yearsago
DownloadasPDF Latestrelease 1.7
Applecomputersandyou
Printableversion
haveaPC.[3] Extendedto PDF/A,PDF/E,PDF/UA,
Inotherprojects PDF/VT,PDF/X
WikimediaCommons Standard ISO320001
Contents[hide] Openformat? Yes
Languages
1 Historyandstandardization Website www.adobe.com/devnet
Afrikaans
2 Technicalfoundations /pdf/pdf_reference_archive
Alemannisch .html
2.1 PostScript

Azrbaycanca 3 Technicaloverview
3.1 Filestructure
3.2 Imagingmodel
3.2.1 Vectorgraphics
()
3.2.2 Rasterimages

Boarisch 3.2.3 Text
Bosanski 3.2.3.1 Fonts
Catal 3.2.3.2 StandardType1

Fonts(Standard
etina
14Fonts)
Cymraeg
3.2.3.3 Encodings
Dansk
3.2.4 Transparency
Deutsch
Eesti 3.3 Interactiveelements
3.3.1 AcroForms
Espaol 3.3.1.1 FormsData
Esperanto Format(FDF)
Euskara 3.3.1.2 XMLFormsData
Format(XFDF)
Froyskt 3.3.2 AdobeXMLForms
Franais Architecture(XFA)
Galego
3.4 Logicalstructureand

accessibility

3.5 Securityandsignatures

3.5.1 Usagerights

Hrvatski
3.6 Fileattachments
Ido 3.7 Metadata
BahasaIndonesia 4 Intellectualproperty
slenska 5 Technicalissues
Italiano 5.1 Accessibility
5.2 Virusesandexploits
BasaJawa
5.3 Usagerestrictionsand

monitoring

5.4 Defaultdisplaysettings
Kinyarwanda
Kurd 6 Content
7 Software
Latvieu 7.1 Editing
Ltzebuergesch 7.2 Annotation
Lietuvi 7.3 Other
Lumbaart 8 Seealso
Magyar 9 References

10 Furtherreading
Malagasy
11 Externallinks

BahasaMelayu
Nederlands Historyandstandardization [ edit ]
Mainarticle:HistoryandstandardizationofPortableDocumentFormat
Norskbokml
Norsknynorsk PDFwasdevelopedintheearly1990s[4]asawaytosharecomputerdocuments,
Occitan includingtextformattingandinlineimages.[5]Itwasamonganumberofcompeting
Polski formatssuchasDjVu,Envoy,CommonGroundDigitalPaper,FarallonReplicaand
Portugus evenAdobe'sownPostScriptformat.Inthoseearlyyearsbeforetheriseofthe
Romn WorldWideWebandHTMLdocuments,PDFwaspopularmainlyindesktop

publishingworkflows.AdobeSystemsmadethePDFspecificationavailablefreeof

Scots
chargein1993.PDFwasaproprietaryformatcontrolledbyAdobe,untilitwas
SimpleEnglish officiallyreleasedasanopenstandardonJuly1,2008,andpublishedbythe
Slovenina InternationalOrganizationforStandardizationasISO320001:2008,[6][7]atwhich
Slovenina timecontrolofthespecificationpassedtoanISOCommitteeofvolunteerindustry
/srpski experts.In2008,AdobepublishedaPublicPatentLicensetoISO320001granting
Srpskohrvatski/
royaltyfreerightsforallpatentsownedbyAdobethatarenecessarytomake,use,
Suomi sell,anddistributePDFcompliantimplementations.[8]
Svenska
However,therearestillsomeproprietarytechnologiesdefinedonlybyAdobe,such

asAdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)andJavaScriptextensionforAcrobat,
Tarandne
whicharereferencedbyISO320001asnormativeandindispensableforthe
Trke applicationoftheISO320001specification.Theseproprietarytechnologiesare
notstandardizedandtheirspecificationispublishedonlyonAdobes
website.[9][10][11][12][13]Manyofthemarealsonotsupportedbypopularthirdparty
TingVit
implementationsofPDF.SowhenorganizationspublishPDFswhichusethese

proprietarytechnologies,theypresentaccessibilityissuesforsomeusers.
Yorb
In2014,ISOTC171votedtodeprecateXFAforISO320002("Nextgeneration
PDF").[14]
Editlinks

Technicalfoundations [ edit ]

ThePDFcombinesthreetechnologies:

AsubsetofthePostScriptpagedescriptionprogramminglanguage,for
generatingthelayoutandgraphics.
Afontembedding/replacementsystemtoallowfontstotravelwiththe
documents.
Astructuredstoragesystemtobundletheseelementsandanyassociated
contentintoasinglefile,withdatacompressionwhereappropriate.

PostScript [ edit ]

PostScriptisapagedescriptionlanguageruninaninterpretertogeneratean
image,aprocessrequiringmanyresources.Itcanhandlegraphicsandstandard
featuresofprogramminglanguagessuchas if and loop commands.PDFis
largelybasedonPostScriptbutsimplifiedtoremoveflowcontrolfeatureslike
these,whilegraphicscommandssuchas lineto remain.

Often,thePostScriptlikePDFcodeisgeneratedfromasourcePostScriptfile.The
graphicscommandsthatareoutputbythePostScriptcodearecollectedand
tokenized.Anyfiles,graphics,orfontstowhichthedocumentrefersalsoare
collected.Then,everythingiscompressedtoasinglefile.Therefore,theentire
PostScriptworld(fonts,layout,measurements)remainsintact.

Asadocumentformat,PDFhasseveraladvantagesoverPostScript:

PDFcontainstokenizedandinterpretedresultsofthePostScriptsourcecode,
fordirectcorrespondencebetweenchangestoitemsinthePDFpage
descriptionandchangestotheresultingpageappearance.
PDF(fromversion1.4)supportsgraphictransparencyPostScriptdoesnot.
PostScriptisaninterpretedprogramminglanguagewithanimplicitglobalstate,
soinstructionsaccompanyingthedescriptionofonepagecanaffectthe
appearanceofanyfollowingpage.Therefore,allprecedingpagesina
PostScriptdocumentmustbeprocessedtodeterminethecorrectappearance
ofagivenpage,whereaseachpageinaPDFdocumentisunaffectedbythe
others.Asaresult,PDFviewersallowtheusertoquicklyjumptothefinal
pagesofalongdocument,whereasaPostScriptviewerneedstoprocessall
pagessequentiallybeforebeingabletodisplaythedestinationpage(unlessthe
optionalPostScriptDocumentStructuringConventionshavebeencarefully
compliedwith).

Technicaloverview [ edit ]

Filestructure [ edit ]

APDFfileisa7bitASCIIfile,exceptforcertainelementsthatmayhavebinary
content.APDFfilestartswithaheadercontainingthemagicnumberandthe
versionoftheformatsuchas %PDF1.7 .TheformatisasubsetofaCOS
("Carousel"ObjectStructure)format.[15]ACOStreefileconsistsprimarilyof
objects,ofwhichthereareeighttypes:[16]

Booleanvalues,representingtrueorfalse
Numbers
Strings,enclosedwithinparentheses( (...) ),maycontain8bitcharacters.
Names,startingwithaforwardslash( / )
Arrays,orderedcollectionsofobjectsenclosedwithinsquarebrackets
( [...] )
Dictionaries,collectionsofobjectsindexedbyNamesenclosedwithindouble
pointybrackets( <<...>> )
Streams,usuallycontaininglargeamountsofdata,whichcanbecompressed
andbinary
Thenullobject

Furthermore,theremaybecomments,introducedwiththepercentsign( % ).
Commentsmaycontain8bitcharacters.

Objectsmaybeeitherdirect(embeddedinanotherobject)orindirect.Indirect
objectsarenumberedwithanobjectnumberandagenerationnumberanddefined
betweenthe obj and endobj keywords.Anindextable,alsocalledthecross
referencetableandmarkedwiththe xref keyword,followsthemainbodyand
givesthebyteoffsetofeachindirectobjectfromthestartofthefile.[17]Thisdesign
allowsforefficientrandomaccesstotheobjectsinthefile,andalsoallowsforsmall
changestobemadewithoutrewritingtheentirefile(incrementalupdate).
BeginningwithPDFversion1.5,indirectobjectsmayalsobelocatedinspecial
streamsknownasobjectstreams.Thistechniquereducesthesizeoffilesthat
havelargenumbersofsmallindirectobjectsandisespeciallyusefulforTagged
PDF.

AttheendofaPDFfileisatrailerintroducedwiththe trailer keyword.It

contains

adictionary
anoffsettothestartofthecrossreferencetable(thetablestartingwiththe
xref keyword)
andthe %%EOF endoffilemarker.

Thedictionarycontains

areferencetotherootobjectofthetreestructure,alsoknownasthecatalog
thecountofindirectobjectsinthecrossreferencetable
andotheroptionalinformation.

TherearetwolayoutstothePDFfiles:nonlinear(not"optimized")andlinear
("optimized").NonlinearPDFfilesconsumelessdiskspacethantheirlinear
counterparts,thoughtheyareslowertoaccessbecauseportionsofthedata
requiredtoassemblepagesofthedocumentarescatteredthroughoutthePDFfile.
LinearPDFfiles(alsocalled"optimized"or"weboptimized"PDFfiles)are
constructedinamannerthatenablesthemtobereadinaWebbrowserplugin
withoutwaitingfortheentirefiletodownload,sincetheyarewrittentodiskina
linear(asinpageorder)fashion.[18]PDFfilesmaybeoptimizedusingAdobe
AcrobatsoftwareorQPDF.

Imagingmodel [ edit ]

ThebasicdesignofhowgraphicsarerepresentedinPDFisverysimilartothatof
PostScript,exceptfortheuseoftransparency,whichwasaddedinPDF1.4.

PDFgraphicsuseadeviceindependentCartesiancoordinatesystemtodescribe
thesurfaceofapage.APDFpagedescriptioncanuseamatrixtoscale,rotate,or
skewgraphicalelements.AkeyconceptinPDFisthatofthegraphicsstate,which
isacollectionofgraphicalparametersthatmaybechanged,saved,andrestored
byapagedescription.PDFhas(asofversion1.6)24graphicsstateproperties,of
whichsomeofthemostimportantare:

Thecurrenttransformationmatrix(CTM),whichdeterminesthecoordinate
system
 Theclippingpath
Thecolorspace
Thealphaconstant,whichisakeycomponentoftransparency

Vectorgraphics [ edit ]

AsinPostScript,vectorgraphicsinPDFareconstructedwithpaths.Pathsare
usuallycomposedoflinesandcubicBziercurves,butcanalsobeconstructed
fromtheoutlinesoftext.UnlikePostScript,PDFdoesnotallowasinglepathtomix
textoutlineswithlinesandcurves.Pathscanbestroked,filled,orusedforclipping.
Strokesandfillscanuseanycolorsetinthegraphicsstate,includingpatterns.

PDFsupportsseveraltypesofpatterns.Thesimplestisthetilingpatterninwhicha
pieceofartworkisspecifiedtobedrawnrepeatedly.Thismaybeacoloredtiling
pattern,withthecolorsspecifiedinthepatternobject,oranuncoloredtiling
pattern,whichdeferscolorspecificationtothetimethepatternisdrawn.Beginning
withPDF1.3thereisalsoashadingpattern,whichdrawscontinuouslyvarying
colors.Thereareseventypesofshadingpatternofwhichthesimplestaretheaxial
shade(Type2)andradialshade(Type3).

Rasterimages [ edit ]

RasterimagesinPDF(calledImageXObjects)arerepresentedbydictionarieswith
anassociatedstream.Thedictionarydescribespropertiesoftheimage,andthe
streamcontainstheimagedata.(Lesscommonly,arasterimagemaybe
embeddeddirectlyinapagedescriptionasaninlineimage.)Imagesaretypically
filteredforcompressionpurposes.ImagefilterssupportedinPDFincludethe
generalpurposefilters

ASCII85Decodeafilterusedtoputthestreaminto7bitASCII
ASCIIHexDecodesimilartoASCII85Decodebutlesscompact
FlateDecodeacommonlyusedfilterbasedonthedeflatealgorithmdefinedin
RFC1951 (deflateisalsousedinthegzip,PNG,andzipfileformatsamong
others)introducedinPDF1.2itcanuseoneoftwogroupsofpredictor
functionsformorecompactzlib/deflatecompression:Predictor2fromtheTIFF
6.0specificationandpredictors(filters)fromthePNGspecification(RFC
2083 )
LZWDecodeafilterbasedonLZWCompressionitcanuseoneoftwogroups
ofpredictorfunctionsformorecompactLZWcompression:Predictor2fromthe
TIFF6.0specificationandpredictors(filters)fromthePNGspecification
RunLengthDecodeasimplecompressionmethodforstreamswithrepetitive
datausingtherunlengthencodingalgorithmandtheimagespecificfilters
DCTDecodealossyfilterbasedontheJPEGstandard
CCITTFaxDecodealosslessbilevel(black/white)filterbasedontheGroup3
orGroup4CCITT(ITUT)faxcompressionstandarddefinedinITUTT.4and
T.6
 JBIG2Decodealossyorlosslessbilevel(black/white)filterbasedonthe
JBIG2standard,introducedinPDF1.4
JPXDecodealossyorlosslessfilterbasedontheJPEG2000standard,
introducedinPDF1.5

NormallyallimagecontentinaPDFisembeddedinthefile.ButPDFallowsimage
datatobestoredinexternalfilesbytheuseofexternalstreamsorAlternate
Images.StandardizedsubsetsofPDF,includingPDF/AandPDF/X,prohibitthese
features.

Text [ edit ]

TextinPDFisrepresentedbytextelementsinpagecontentstreams.Atext
elementspecifiesthatcharactersshouldbedrawnatcertainpositions.The
charactersarespecifiedusingtheencodingofaselectedfontresource.

Fonts [ edit ]

AfontobjectinPDFisadescriptionofadigitaltypeface.Itmayeitherdescribethe
characteristicsofatypeface,oritmayincludeanembeddedfontfile.Thelatter
caseiscalledanembeddedfontwhiletheformeriscalledanunembeddedfont.
Thefontfilesthatmaybeembeddedarebasedonwidelyusedstandarddigital
fontformats:Type1(anditscompressedvariantCFF),TrueType,and(beginning
withPDF1.6)OpenType.AdditionallyPDFsupportstheType3variantinwhich
thecomponentsofthefontaredescribedbyPDFgraphicoperators.

StandardType1Fonts(Standard14Fonts) [ edit ]

Fourteentypefaces,knownasthestandard14fonts,haveaspecialsignificancein
PDFdocuments:

Times(v3)(inregular,italic,bold,andbolditalic)
Courier(inregular,oblique,boldandboldoblique)
Helvetica(v3)(inregular,oblique,boldandboldoblique)
Symbol
ZapfDingbats

Thesefontsaresometimescalledthebasefourteenfonts.[19]Thesefonts,or
suitablesubstitutefontswiththesamemetrics,shouldbeavailableinmostPDF
readers.However,sinceAdobeAcrobatversion6,mostofthesefontsarenot
guaranteedtobeavailableinthereader,andmayonlydisplaycorrectlyifthe
systemhastheminstalled.[20]Fontsmaybesubstitutediftheyarenotembedded
inaPDF.

Encodings [ edit ]

Withintextstrings,charactersareshownusingcharactercodes(integers)thatmap
toglyphsinthecurrentfontusinganencoding.Thereareanumberofpredefined
encodings,includingWinAnsi,MacRoman,andalargenumberofencodingsfor
EastAsianlanguages,andafontcanhaveitsownbuiltinencoding.(Althoughthe
WinAnsiandMacRomanencodingsarederivedfromthehistoricalpropertiesofthe
WindowsandMacintoshoperatingsystems,fontsusingtheseencodingswork
equallywellonanyplatform.)PDFcanspecifyapredefinedencodingtouse,the
font'sbuiltinencodingorprovidealookuptableofdifferencestoapredefinedor
builtinencoding(notrecommendedwithTrueTypefonts).[21]Theencoding
mechanismsinPDFweredesignedforType1fonts,andtherulesforapplying
themtoTrueTypefontsarecomplex.

Forlargefontsorfontswithnonstandardglyphs,thespecialencodingsIdentityH
(forhorizontalwriting)andIdentityV(forvertical)areused.Withsuchfontsitis
necessarytoprovideaToUnicodetableifsemanticinformationaboutthe
charactersistobepreserved.

Transparency [ edit ]

TheoriginalimagingmodelofPDFwas,likePostScript's,opaque:eachobject
drawnonthepagecompletelyreplacedanythingpreviouslymarkedinthesame
location.InPDF1.4theimagingmodelwasextendedtoallowtransparency.When
transparencyisused,newobjectsinteractwithpreviouslymarkedobjectsto
produceblendingeffects.TheadditionoftransparencytoPDFwasdonebymeans
ofnewextensionsthatweredesignedtobeignoredinproductswrittentothePDF
1.3andearlierspecifications.Asaresult,filesthatuseasmallamountof
transparencymightviewacceptablyinolderviewers,butfilesmakingextensiveuse
oftransparencycouldbeviewedincorrectlyinanolderviewerwithoutwarning.

Thetransparencyextensionsarebasedonthekeyconceptsoftransparency
groups,blendingmodes,shape,andalpha.Themodeliscloselyalignedwiththe
featuresofAdobeIllustratorversion9.Theblendmodeswerebasedonthose
usedbyAdobePhotoshopatthetime.WhenthePDF1.4specificationwas
published,theformulasforcalculatingblendmodeswerekeptsecretbyAdobe.
Theyhavesincebeenpublished.[22]

TheconceptofatransparencygroupinPDFspecificationisindependentof
existingnotionsof"group"or"layer"inapplicationssuchasAdobeIllustrator.
Thosegroupingsreflectlogicalrelationshipsamongobjectsthataremeaningful
wheneditingthoseobjects,buttheyarenotpartoftheimagingmodel.

Interactiveelements [ edit ]

PDFfilesmaycontaininteractiveelementssuchasannotations,formfields,video
andFlashanimation.

RichMediaPDFisatermthatisusedtodescribeinteractivecontentthatcanbe
embeddedorlinkedtoinsideofaPDF.Thiscontentmustbeproducedusingthe
Flashfileformat.WhenAdobeboughtMacromedia,thejewelofthecompanywas
Flash,andtheFlashplayerwasembeddedinsideAdobeAcrobatandAdobe
Reader,removingtheneedforthirdpartypluginssuchasFlash,QuickTime,or
WindowsMedia.Unfortunately,thiscausedariftwithAppleasQuickTimevideo
wasprohibitedfromPDF.RichMediaexpertRobertConnollybelievesthisevent
triggeredthewarbetweenAppleandAdobeovertheFlashiPhone/iPaddispute.
RichMediaPDFwillnotoperateinApple'siOSdevicessuchastheiPad,and
interactivityislimited.

InteractiveFormsisamechanismtoaddformstothePDFfileformat.

PDFcurrentlysupportstwodifferentmethodsforintegratingdataandPDFforms.
BothformatstodaycoexistinPDFspecification:[23][24][25][26]

AcroForms(alsoknownasAcrobatforms),introducedinthePDF1.2format
specificationandincludedinalllaterPDFspecifications.
AdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)forms,introducedinthePDF1.5
formatspecification.TheXFAspecificationisnotincludedinthePDF
specification,itisonlyreferencedasanoptionalfeature.AdobeXFAFormsare
notcompatiblewithAcroForms.[27]

AcroForms [ edit ]

AcroFormswereintroducedinthePDF1.2format.AcroFormspermitusingobjects
(e.g.textboxes,Radiobuttons,etc.)andsomecode(e.g.JavaScript).

AlongsidethestandardPDFactiontypes,interactiveforms(AcroForms)support
submitting,resetting,andimportingdata.The"submit"actiontransmitsthenames
andvaluesofselectedinteractiveformfieldstoaspecifieduniformresource
locator(URL).Interactiveformfieldnamesandvaluesmaybesubmittedinanyof
thefollowingformats,(dependingonthesettingsoftheactionsExportFormat,
SubmitPDF,andXFDFflags):[23]

HTMLFormformat(HTML4.01SpecificationsincePDF1.5HTML2.0since
1.2)
FormsDataFormat(FDF)
XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)(externalXMLFormsDataFormat
Specification,Version2.0supportedsincePDF1.5itreplacedthe"XML"form
submissionformatdefinedinPDF1.4)
PDF(theentiredocumentcanbesubmittedratherthanindividualfieldsand
values).(definedinPDF1.4)

AcroFormscankeepformfieldvaluesinexternalstandalonefilescontaining
key:valuepairs.TheexternalfilesmayuseFormsDataFormat(FDF)andXML
FormsDataFormat(XFDF)files.[28][29][30]Theusagerights(UR)signaturesdefine
rightsforimportformdatafilesinFDF,XFDFandtext(CSV/TSV)formats,and
exportformdatafilesinFDFandXFDFformats.[23]

FormsDataFormat(FDF) [ edit ]
TheFormsDataFormat(FDF)is FormsDataFormat(FDF)
basedonPDF,itusesthesame Filename .fdf
syntaxandhasessentiallythesame extension

filestructure,butismuchsimpler Internet application/vnd.fdf[31]

mediatype
thanPDF,sincethebodyofanFDF
Typecode 'FDF'
documentconsistsofonlyone
Developedby AdobeSystems
requiredobject.FormsDataFormat Initialrelease 1996(PDF1.2)
isdefinedinthePDFspecification Extendedfrom PDF
(sincePDF1.2).TheFormsData Extendedto XFDF
Formatcanbeusedwhen Standard ISO320001:2008
submittingformdatatoaserver, Openformat? Yes
receivingtheresponse,and
incorporatingintotheinteractiveform.Itcanalsobeusedtoexportformdatato
standalonefilesthatcanbeimportedbackintothecorrespondingPDFinteractive
form.BeginninginPDF1.3,FDFcanbeusedtodefineacontainerforannotations
thatareseparatefromthePDFdocumenttheyapplyto.FDFtypically
encapsulatesinformationsuchasX.509certificates,requestsforcertificates,
directorysettings,timestampserversettings,andembeddedPDFfilesfornetwork
transmission.[30]TheFDFusestheMIMEcontenttypeapplication/vnd.fdf,filename
extension.fdfandonMacOSitusesfiletype'FDF'.[23]Supportforimportingand
exportingFDFstandalonefilesisnotwidelyimplementedinfreeorfreewarePDF
software.Forexample,thereisnoimport/exportsupportinEvince,Okular,
Poppler,KPDForSumatraPDF,however,Evince,OkularandPopplersupport
fillinginofPDFAcroformsandsavingfilleddatainsidethePDFfile.Importsupport
forstandaloneFDFfilesisimplementedinAdobeReaderexportandimport
support(includingsavingofFDFdatainPDF)isforexampleimplementedinFoxit
ReaderandPDFXChangeViewerFreesavingofFDFdatainaPDFfileisalso
supportedinpdftk.

XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF) [ edit ]

XMLFormsDataFormat XMLFormsDataFormat(XFDF)
(XFDF)istheXMLversionof Filename .xfdf
FormsDataFormat,butthe extension

XFDFimplementsonlya Internet application/vnd.adobe.xfdf[32]

mediatype
subsetofFDFcontaining
Typecode 'XFDF'
formsandannotations.
Developedby AdobeSystems
TherearenotXFDF Initialrelease July2003(referencedinPDF1.5)
equivalentsforsomeentries Latestrelease 3.0
intheFDFdictionarysuch (August20097yearsago)

astheStatus,Encoding, Extendedfrom PDF,FDF,XML

JavaScript,Pageskeys, Standard No(understandardizationasISO/CD

194441[33])
EmbeddedFDFs,Differences
Website XFDF3.0specification
andTarget.Inaddition,
XFDFdoesnotallowthe
spawning,oraddition,ofnewpagesbasedonthegivendataascanbedone
whenusinganFDFfile.TheXFDFspecificationisreferenced(butnotincluded)in
PDF1.5specification(andinlaterversions).ItisdescribedseparatelyinXML
FormsDataFormatSpecification.[29]ThePDF1.4specificationallowedform
submissionsinXMLformat,butthiswasreplacedbysubmissionsinXFDFformat
inthePDF1.5specification.XFDFconformstotheXMLstandard.AsofNovember
2014,XFDF3.0isintheISO/IECstandardizationprocessundertheformalname
ISO/CD194441DocumentmanagementXMLformsdataformatPart1:XFDF
3.0.[33]

XFDFcanbeusedthesamewayasFDFe.g.,formdataissubmittedtoaserver,
modificationsaremade,thensentbackandthenewformdataisimportedinan
interactiveform.Itcanalsobeusedtoexportformdatatostandalonefilesthat
canbeimportedbackintothecorrespondingPDFinteractiveform.Asupportfor
importingandexportingXFDFstandalonefilesisnotwidelyimplementedinfreeor
freewarePDFsoftware.ImportofXFDFisimplementedinAdobeReader5and
laterversionsimportandexportisimplementedinPDFXChangeViewerFree
embeddingofXFDFdatainPDFformisimplementedinpdftk(pdftoolkit).

AdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA) [ edit ]
Mainarticle:XMLFormsArchitecture

InthePDF1.5format,AdobeSystemsintroducedanew,proprietaryformatfor
forms,namelyAdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)forms.TheXFA2.02is
referencedinthePDF1.5specification(andalsoinlaterversions)butisdescribed
separatelyinAdobeXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)Specification,whichhas
severalversions.[34]XFAspecificationisnotincludedinISO320001PDF1.7and
isonlyreferencedasanexternalproprietaryspecificationcreatedbyAdobe.XFA
wasnotstandardizedasanISOstandard.In2011theISOCommittee(TC171/SC
2/WG8)urgedAdobeSystemstosubmittheXFASpecificationfor
standardization.[10]

AdobeXFAFormsarenotcompatiblewithAcroForms.AdobeReadercontains
"disabledfeatures"foruseofXFAForms,thatactivateonlywhenopeningaPDF
documentthatwascreatedusingenablingtechnologyavailableonlyfrom
Adobe.[35][36]TheXFAFormsarenotcompatiblewithAdobeReaderpriorto
version6.

XFAformscanbecreatedandusedasPDFfilesorasXDP(XMLDataPackage)
files.TheformatofanXFAresourceinPDFisdescribedbytheXMLDataPackage
Specification.[23]TheXDPmaybeastandalonedocumentoritmayinturnbe
carriedinsideaPDFdocument.XDPprovidesamechanismforpackagingform
componentswithinasurroundingXMLcontainer.AnXDPcanalsopackageaPDF
file,alongwithXMLformandtemplatedata.[34]PDFmaycontainXFA(inXDP
format),butalsoXFAmaycontainPDF.[34]WhentheXFA(XMLForms
Architecture)grammarsusedforanXFAformaremovedfromoneapplicationto
another,theymustbepackagedasanXMLDataPackage.[37]

WhenthePDFandXFAarecombined,theresultisaforminwhicheachpageof
theXFAformoverlaysaPDFbackground.Thisarchitectureissometimesreferred
toasXFAF(XFAForeground).Thealternativeistoexpressalloftheform,
includingboilerplate,directlyinXFA(withoutusingPDF,oronlyusing"ShellPDF"
whichisacontainerforXFAwithminimalskeletonofPDFmarkup,orusingapre
rendereddepictionofastaticXFAformasPDFpages).Itissometimescalledfull
XFA.[37]

StartingwithPDF1.5,thetextcontentsofvariabletextformfields,aswellas
markupannotationsmayincludeformattinginformation(styleinformation).These
richtextstringsareXMLdocumentsthatconformtotherichtextconventions
specifiedfortheXMLFormsArchitecturespecification2.02,whichisitselfasubset
oftheXHTML1.0specification,augmentedwitharestrictedsetofCSS2style
attributes.[23]InPDF1.6,PDFsupportstherichtextelementsandattributes
specifiedintheXMLFormsArchitecture(XFA)Specification,2.2.InPDF1.7,PDF
supportstherichtextelementsandattributesspecifiedintheXMLForms
Architecture(XFA)Specification,2.4.[23]

MostPDFprocessorsdonothandleXFAcontent.WhengeneratingashellPDFit
isrecommendedtoincludeinthePDFmarkupasimpleonepagePDFimage
displayingawarningmessage(e.g."Toviewthefullcontentsofthisdocument,you
needalaterversionofthePDFviewer.",etc.).PDFprocessorsthatcanrender
XFAcontentshouldeithernotdisplaythesuppliedwarningpageimageorreplace
itquicklywiththedynamicformcontent.[38]ExamplesofPDFsoftwarewithsome
supportofXFArenderingincludeAdobeReaderforWindows,Linux,macOS(but
notAdobeReaderMobileforAndroidoriOS)orNuancePDFReader.

In2014,ISOTC171votedtodeprecateXFAforISO320002("Nextgeneration
PDF").[14]

Logicalstructureandaccessibility [ edit ]

A"tagged"PDF(ISO320001:200814.8)includesdocumentstructureand
semanticsinformationtoenablereliabletextextractionandaccessibility.
Technicallyspeaking,taggedPDFisastylizeduseoftheformatthatbuildsonthe
logicalstructureframeworkintroducedinPDF1.3.TaggedPDFdefinesasetof
standardstructuretypesandattributesthatallowpagecontent(text,graphics,and
images)tobeextractedandreusedforotherpurposes.[39]

TaggedPDFisnotrequiredinsituationswhereaPDFfileisintendedonlyforprint.
Sincethefeatureisoptional,andsincetherulesforTaggedPDFasspecifiedin
ISO320001arerelativelyvague,supportfortaggedPDFamongstconsuming
devices,includingassistivetechnology(AT),isuneven.[40]
AnAIIMprojecttodevelopanISOstandardizedsubsetofPDFspecificallytargeted
ataccessibilitybeganin2004,eventuallybecomingPDF/UA.

Securityandsignatures [ edit ]

APDFfilemaybeencryptedforsecurity,ordigitallysignedforauthentication.

ThestandardsecurityprovidedbyAcrobatPDFconsistsoftwodifferentmethods
andtwodifferentpasswords,userpassword,whichencryptsthefileandprevents
opening,andownerpassword,whichspecifiesoperationsthatshouldberestricted
evenwhenthedocumentisdecrypted,whichcaninclude:printing,copyingtext
andgraphicsoutofthedocument,modifyingthedocument,oraddingormodifying
textnotesandAcroFormfields.Theuserpassword(controlsopening)encryptsthe
fileandrequirespasswordcrackingtodefeat,withdifficultydependingon
passwordstrengthandencryptionmethoditispotentiallyverysecure(assuming
goodpasswordandencryptionmethodwithoutknownattacks).Theowner
password(controlsoperations)doesnotencryptthefile,andinsteadrelieson
clientsoftwaretorespecttheserestrictions,andisnotsecure.An"owner
password"canberemovedbymanycommonlyavailable"PDFcracking"software,
includingsomefreeonlineservices.[41]Thus,theuserestrictionsthatadocument
authorplacesonaPDFdocumentarenotsecure,andcannotbeassuredoncethe
fileisdistributedthiswarningisdisplayedwhenapplyingsuchrestrictionsusing
AdobeAcrobatsoftwaretocreateoreditPDFfiles.

Evenwithoutremovingthepassword,mostfreewareoropensourcePDFreaders
ignorethepermission"protections"andallowtheusertoprintormakecopyof
excerptsofthetextasifthedocumentwerenotlimitedbypassword
protection.[42][43][44]

ThereareanumberofcommercialsolutionsincludingAdobeLiveCycleRights
ManagementandLocklizardPDFDRM[45]thataremorerobustmeansof
informationrightsmanagement.Notonlycantheyrestrictdocumentaccessbut
theyalsoreliablyenforcepermissionsinwaysthatthestandardsecurityhandler
doesnot.[46]

Usagerights [ edit ]

BeginningwithPDF1.5,Usagerights(UR)signaturesareusedtoenable
additionalinteractivefeaturesthatarenotavailablebydefaultinaparticularPDF
viewerapplication.Thesignatureisusedtovalidatethatthepermissionshave
beengrantedbyabonafidegrantingauthority.Forexample,itcanbeusedto
allowauser:[23]

tosavethePDFdocumentalongwithmodifiedformand/orannotationdata
importformdatafilesinFDF,XFDFandtext(CSV/TSV)formats
exportformdatafilesinFDFandXFDFformats
submitformdata
 instantiatenewpagesfromnamedpagetemplates
applyadigitalsignaturetoexistingdigitalsignatureformfield
create,delete,modify,copy,import,exportannotations

Forexample,AdobeSystemsgrantspermissionstoenableadditionalfeaturesin
AdobeReader,usingpublickeycryptography.AdobeReaderverifiesthatthe
signatureusesacertificatefromanAdobeauthorizedcertificateauthority.The
PDF1.5specificationdeclaresthatotherPDFviewerapplicationsarefreetouse
thissamemechanismfortheirownpurposes.[23]

Fileattachments [ edit ]

PDFfilescanhavedocumentlevelandpagelevelfileattachments,whichthe
readercanaccessandopenorsavetotheirlocalfilesystem.PDFattachmentscan
beaddedtoexistingPDFfilesforexampleusingpdftk.AdobeReaderprovides
supportforattachments,andpopplerbasedreaderslikeEvinceorOkularalso
havesomesupportfordocumentlevelattachments.

Metadata [ edit ]

PDFfilescancontaintwotypesofmetadata.[47]ThefirstistheDocument
InformationDictionary,asetofkey/valuefieldssuchasauthor,title,subject,
creationandupdatedates.ThisisstoredintheoptionalInfotrailerofthefile.A
smallsetoffieldsisdefined,andcanbeextendedwithadditionaltextvaluesif
required.

InPDF1.4,supportwasaddedforMetadataStreams,usingtheExtensible
MetadataPlatform(XMP)toaddXMLstandardsbasedextensiblemetadataas
usedinotherfileformats.Thisallowsmetadatatobeattachedtoanystreaminthe
document,suchasinformationaboutembeddedillustrations,aswellasthewhole
document(attachingtothedocumentcatalog),usinganextensibleschema.

Intellectualproperty [ edit ]

AnyonemaycreateapplicationsthatcanreadandwritePDFfileswithouthavingto
payroyaltiestoAdobeSystemsAdobeholdspatentstoPDF,butlicensesthemfor
royaltyfreeuseindevelopingsoftwarecomplyingwithitsPDFspecification.[48]

Technicalissues [ edit ]

Accessibility [ edit ]

PDFfilescanbecreatedspecificallytobeaccessiblefordisabled
people.[49][50][51][52][53]PDFfileformatsinuseasof2014canincludetags(XML),
textequivalents,captions,audiodescriptions,etc.TaggedPDFisrequiredinthe
PDF/A1aspecification.[54][55]Somesoftwarecanautomaticallyproducetagged
PDFs,butthisfeatureisnotalwaysenabledbydefault.[56][57]Leadingscreen
readers,includingJAWS,WindowEyes,Hal,andKurzweil1000and3000canread
taggedPDFsaloud,ascanlaterversionsoftheAcrobatandAcrobatReader
programs.[58][59][60]Moreover,taggedPDFscanbereflowedandmagnifiedfor
readerswithvisualimpairments.ProblemsremainwithaddingtagstoolderPDFs
andthosethataregeneratedfromscanneddocuments.Inthesecases,
accessibilitytagsandreflowingareunavailable,andmustbecreatedeither
manuallyorwithOCRtechniques.Theseprocessesareinaccessibletosome
disabledpeople.

OneofthesignificantchallengeswithPDFaccessibilityisthatPDFdocuments
havethreedistinctviews,which,dependingonthedocument'screation,canbe
inconsistentwitheachother.Thethreeviewsare(i)thephysicalview,(ii)thetags
view,and(iii)thecontentview.Thephysicalviewisdisplayedandprinted(what
mostpeopleconsideraPDFdocument).Thetagsviewiswhatscreenreadersand
otherassistivetechnologiesusetodeliverahighqualitynavigationandreading
experiencetouserswithdisabilities.Thecontentviewisbasedonthephysical
orderofobjectswithinthePDF'scontentstreamandmaybedisplayedbysoftware
thatdoesnotfullysupportthetagsview,suchastheReflowfeatureinAdobe's
Reader.

PDF/UA,theInternationalStandardforaccessiblePDFbasedonISO320001was
publishedasISO142891in2012,andestablishesnormativelanguagefor
accessiblePDFtechnology.

Virusesandexploits [ edit ]
Seealso:AdobeAcrobatSecurity

PDFattachmentscarryingviruseswerefirstdiscoveredin2001.Thevirus,named
OUTLOOK.PDFWormorPeachy,usesMicrosoftOutlooktosenditselfasan
attachmenttoanAdobePDFfile.ItwasactivatedwithAdobeAcrobat,butnotwith
AcrobatReader.[61]

Fromtimetotime,newvulnerabilitiesarediscoveredinvariousversionsofAdobe
Reader,[62]promptingthecompanytoissuesecurityfixes.OtherPDFreadersare
alsosusceptible.OneaggravatingfactoristhataPDFreadercanbeconfiguredto
startautomaticallyifawebpagehasanembeddedPDFfile,providingavectorfor
attack.IfamaliciouswebpagecontainsaninfectedPDFfilethattakesadvantage
ofavulnerabilityinthePDFreader,thesystemmaybecompromisedevenifthe
browserissecure.SomeofthesevulnerabilitiesarearesultofthePDFstandard
allowingPDFdocumentstobescriptedwithJavaScript.DisablingJavaScript
executioninthePDFreadercanhelpmitigatesuchfutureexploits,althoughitdoes
notprotectagainstexploitsinotherpartsofthePDFviewingsoftware.Security
expertssaythatJavaScriptisnotessentialforaPDFreader,andthatthesecurity
benefitthatcomesfromdisablingJavaScriptoutweighsanycompatibilityissues
caused.[63]OnewayofavoidingPDFfileexploitsistohavealocalorwebservice
convertfilestoanotherformatbeforeviewing.

OnMarch30,2010securityresearcherDidierStevensreportedanAdobeReader
andFoxitReaderexploitthatrunsamaliciousexecutableiftheuserallowsitto
launchwhenasked.[64]

Usagerestrictionsandmonitoring [ edit ]

PDFsmaybeencryptedsothatapasswordisneededtovieworeditthecontents.
ThePDFReferencedefinesboth40bitand128bitencryption,bothmakinguseof
acomplexsystemofRC4andMD5.ThePDFReferencealsodefineswaysthat
thirdpartiescandefinetheirownencryptionsystemsforPDF.

PDFfilesmayalsocontainembeddedDRMrestrictionsthatprovidefurther
controlsthatlimitcopying,editingorprinting.Therestrictionsoncopying,editing,
orprintingdependonthereadersoftwaretoobeythem,sothesecuritythey
provideislimited.

ThePDFReferencehastechnicaldetailsforanenduseroverview.[65]LikeHTML
files,PDFfilesmaysubmitinformationtoawebserver.Thiscouldbeusedtotrack
theIPaddressoftheclientPC,aprocessknownasphoninghome.Afterupdate
7.0.5toAcrobatReader,theuserisnotified"...viaadialogueboxthattheauthor
ofthefileisauditingusageofthefile,andbeofferedtheoptionofcontinuing."[66]

ThroughitsLiveCyclePolicyServerproduct,Adobeprovidesamethodtoset
securitypoliciesonspecificdocuments.Thiscanincluderequiringauserto
authenticateandlimitingtheperiodduringwhichadocumentcanbeaccessedor
amountoftimeadocumentcanbeopenedwhileoffline.OnceaPDFdocumentis
tiedtoapolicyserverandaspecificpolicy,thatpolicycanbechangedorrevoked
bytheowner.Thiscontrolsdocumentsthatareotherwise"inthewild."Each
documentopenandcloseeventcanalsobetrackedbythepolicyserver.Policy
serverscanbesetupprivatelyorAdobeoffersapublicservicethroughAdobe
OnlineServices.AswithotherformsofDRM,adherencetothesepoliciesand
restrictionsmayormaynotbeenforcedbythereadersoftwarebeingused.

Defaultdisplaysettings [ edit ]

PDFdocumentscancontaindisplaysettings,includingthepagedisplaylayoutand
zoomlevel.AdobeReaderusesthesesettingstooverridetheuser'sdefault
settingswhenopeningthedocument.[67]ThefreeAdobeReadercannotremove
thesesettings.

Content [ edit ]

APDFfileisoftenacombinationofvectorgraphics,text,andbitmapgraphics.The
basictypesofcontentinaPDFare:
 Textstoredascontentstreams(i.e.,nottext)
Vectorgraphicsforillustrationsanddesignsthatconsistofshapesandlines
Rastergraphicsforphotographsandothertypesofimage
Multimediaobjectsinthedocument

InlaterPDFrevisions,aPDFdocumentcanalsosupportlinks(insidedocumentor
webpage),forms,JavaScript(initiallyavailableaspluginforAcrobat3.0),orany
othertypesofembeddedcontentsthatcanbehandledusingplugins.

PDF1.6supportsinteractive3DdocumentsembeddedinthePDF3Ddrawings
canbeembeddedusingU3DorPRCandvariousotherdataformats.[68][69]

TwoPDFfilesthatlooksimilaronacomputerscreenmaybeofverydifferent
sizes.Forexample,ahighresolutionrasterimagetakesmorespacethanalow
resolutionone.Typicallyhigherresolutionisneededforprintingdocumentsthan
fordisplayingthemonscreen.Otherthingsthatmayincreasethesizeofafileis
embeddingfullfonts,especiallyforAsiaticscripts,andstoringtextasgraphics.

Software [ edit ]

Formoredetailsonthistopic,seeListofPDFsoftware.

PDFviewersaregenerallyprovidedfreeofcharge,andmanyversionsare
availablefromavarietyofsources.

TherearemanysoftwareoptionsforcreatingPDFs,includingthePDFprinting
capabilitiesbuiltintomacOSandmostLinuxdistributions,LibreOffice,Microsoft
Office2007(ifupdatedtoSP2)andlater,[70]WordPerfect9,Scribus,numerous
PDFprintdriversforMicrosoftWindows,thepdfTeXtypesettingsystem,the
DocBookPDFtools,applicationsdevelopedaroundGhostscriptandAdobeAcrobat
itselfaswellasAdobeInDesign,AdobeFrameMaker,AdobeIllustrator,Adobe
Photoshop.Google'sonlineofficesuiteGoogleDocsalsoallowsforuploadingand
savingtoPDF.

Rasterimageprocessors(RIPs)areusedtoconvertPDFfilesintoarasterformat
suitableforimagingontopaperandothermediainprinters,digitalproduction
pressesandprepressinaprocessknownasrasterisation.RIPscapableof
processingPDFdirectlyincludetheAdobePDFPrintEngine[71]fromAdobe
SystemsandJaws[72]andtheHarlequinRIPfromGlobalGraphics.

Editing [ edit ]

Thissectionneedsexpansion.
Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(July2010)

ThereisspecializedsoftwareforeditingPDFfiles,thoughthechoicesaremuch
morelimitedandoftenmoreexpensivethancreatingandeditingstandardeditable
documentformats.Version0.46andlaterofInkscapeallowsPDFeditingthrough
anintermediatetranslationstepinvolvingPoppler.
SerifPagePluscanopen,editandsaveexistingPDFdocuments,aswellas
publishingofdocumentscreatedinthepackage.

EnfocusPitStopPro,apluginforAcrobat,allowsmanualandautomaticeditingof
PDFfiles,[73]whilethefreeEnfocusBrowsermakesitpossibletoeditthelowlevel
structureofaPDF.[74]

Dochub,isafreeonlinePDFeditingtoolthatcanbeusedwithoutpurchasing
anything.[75]

Annotation [ edit ]
Seealso:Comparisonofnotetakingsoftware

AdobeAcrobatisoneexampleofproprietarysoftwarethatallowstheuserto
annotate,highlight,andaddnotestoalreadycreatedPDFfiles.OneUNIX
applicationavailableasfreesoftware(undertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense)is
PDFedit.AnotherGPLlicensedapplicationnativetotheunixenvironmentis
Xournal.Xournalallowsforannotatingindifferentfontsandcolours,aswellasa
ruleforquicklyunderliningandhighlightinglinesoftextorparagraphs.Xournalalso
hasashaperecognitiontoolforsquares,rectanglesandcircles.InXournal
annotationsmaybemoved,copiedandpasted.ThefreewareFoxitReader,
availableforMicrosoftWindows,macOSandLinux,allowsannotatingdocuments.
TrackerSoftware'sPDFXChangeViewerallowsannotationsandmarkupswithout
restrictionsinitsfreewarealternative.Apple'smacOS'sintegratedPDFviewer,
Preview,doesalsoenableannotationsasdoesthefreewareSkim,withthelatter
supportinginteractionwithLaTeX,SyncTeX,andPDFSyncandintegrationwith
BibDeskreferencemanagementsoftware.FreewareQiqqacancreatean
annotationreportthatsummarizesalltheannotationsandnotesonehasmade
acrosstheirlibraryofPDFs.

Formobileannotation,iAnnotatePDF(fromBranchfire)andGoodReader(fromAji)
allowannotationofPDFsaswellasexportingsummariesoftheannotations.

Therearealsowebannotationsystemsthatsupportannotationinpdfandother
documentsformats,e.g.,A.nnotate,crocodoc,WebNotes.

IncaseswherePDFsareexpectedtohaveallofthefunctionalityofpaper
documents,inkannotationisrequired.Someprogramsthatacceptinkinputfrom
themousemaynotberesponsiveenoughforhandwritinginputonatablet.
ExistingsolutionsonthePCincludePDFAnnotatorandQiqqa.

Other [ edit ]

ExamplesofPDFsoftwareasonlineservicesincludingScribdforviewingand
storing,Pdfvueforonlineediting,andZamzarforconversion.

In1993theJawsrasterimageprocessorfromGlobalGraphicsbecamethefirst
shippingprepressRIPthatinterpretedPDFnativelywithoutconversiontoanother
format.ThecompanyreleasedanupgradetotheirHarlequinRIPwiththesame
capabilityin1997.[76]

AgfaGevaertintroducedandshippedApogee,thefirstprepressworkflowsystem
basedonPDF,in1997.

ManycommercialoffsetprintershaveacceptedthesubmissionofpressreadyPDF
filesasaprintsource,specificallythePDF/X1asubsetandvariationsofthe
same.[77]ThesubmissionofpressreadyPDFfilesareareplacementforthe
problematicneedforreceivingcollectednativeworkingfiles.

PDFwasselectedasthe"native"metafileformatforMacOSX,replacingthePICT
formatoftheearlierclassicMacOS.TheimagingmodeloftheQuartzgraphics
layerisbasedonthemodelcommontoDisplayPostScriptandPDF,leadingtothe
nicknameDisplayPDF.ThePreviewapplicationcandisplayPDFfiles,ascan
version2.0andlateroftheSafariwebbrowser.SystemlevelsupportforPDF
allowsMacOSXapplicationstocreatePDFdocumentsautomatically,provided
theysupporttheOSstandardprintingarchitecture.Thefilesarethenexportedin
PDF1.3formataccordingtothefileheader.WhentakingascreenshotunderMac
OSXversions10.0through10.3,theimagewasalsocapturedasaPDFlater
versionssavescreencapturesasaPNGfile,thoughthisbehaviourcanbeset
backtoPDFifdesired.

In2006PDFwaswidelyacceptedasthestandardprintjobformatattheOpen
SourceDevelopmentLabsPrintingSummit.Itissupportedasaprintjobformatby
theCommonUnixPrintingSystemanddesktopapplicationprojectssuchas
GNOME,KDE,Firefox,Thunderbird,LibreOfficeandOpenOfficehaveswitchedto
emitprintjobsinPDF.[78]

SomedesktopprintersalsosupportdirectPDFprinting,whichcaninterpretPDF
datawithoutexternalhelp.Currently,allPDFcapableprintersalsosupport
PostScript,butmostPostScriptprintersdonotsupportdirectPDFprinting.

TheFreeSoftwareFoundationonceconsideredoneoftheirhighpriorityprojects
tobe"developingafree,highqualityandfullyfunctionalsetoflibrariesand
programsthatimplementthePDFfileformatandassociatedtechnologiestothe
ISO32000standard."[79][80]In2011,however,theGNUPDFprojectwasremoved
fromthelistof"highpriorityprojects"duetothematurationofthePoppler
library,[81]whichhasenjoyedwideruseinapplicationssuchasEvincewiththe
GNOMEdesktopenvironment.PopplerisbasedonXpdf[82][83]codebase.There
arealsocommercialdevelopmentlibrariesavailableaslistedinListofPDF
software.

TheApachePDFBoxprojectoftheApacheSoftwareFoundationisanopensource
JavalibraryforworkingwithPDFdocuments.PDFBoxislicensedunderthe
ApacheLicense.[84]
Seealso [ edit ]

OpenXMLPaper PAdES,PDFAdvanced
Softwareportal
Specification ElectronicSignature
ComparisonofOpenXPS Webdocument
andPDF XSLFormattingObjects
DjVu

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Furtherreading [ edit ]

Hardy,M.R.B.Brailsford,D.F.(2002)."Mappinganddisplayingstructural
transformationsbetweenXMLandPDF".Proceedingsofthe2002ACM
symposiumonDocumentengineeringDocEng'02 (PDF).Proceedingsof
the2002ACMsymposiumonDocumentengineering.pp.95102.
doi:10.1145/585058.585077 .ISBN1581135947.
Standards
PDF1.7[1]
PDF1.6(ISBN0321304748)
PDF1.4(ISBN0201758393)
PDF1.3(ISBN0201615886)

Externallinks [ edit ]

HowwasthePDFformatcreated?
WikimediaCommonshas
Quora mediarelatedtoPDF.
PDFAssociation ThePDF
Associationistheindustryassociationforsoftwaredevelopersproducingor
processingPDFfiles.
AdobePDF101:SummaryofPDF
Adobe:PostScriptvs.PDF OfficialintroductorycomparisonofPS,EPSvs.
PDF.
PDFStandards....transitioningthePDFspecificationfromadefactostandardto
adejurestandard attheWaybackMachine(archivedApril24,2011)
InformationaboutPDF/EandPDF/UAspecificationforaccessibledocuments
fileformat(archivedbyTheWaybackMachine)
ISO190051:2005 thePDF/A1ISOstandardpublishedbytheInternational
OrganizationforStandardization(chargeable)
PDFReferenceandAdobeExtensionstothePDFSpecification
PortableDocumentFormat:AnIntroductionforProgrammers Introduction
toPDFvs.PostScriptandPDFinternals(uptov1.3)
TheCamelotPaper thepaperinwhichJohnWarnockoutlinedtheproject
thatcreatedPDF
EverythingyouwantedtoknowaboutPDFbutwereafraidtoask recording
 oftalkbyLeonardRosenthol(AdobeSystems)atTUG2007
HowtoproducePDFwithXSLFO
PDFToExcelConverter

VTE Graphicsfileformats [show]

VTE Multipurposeofficedocumentfileformats [show]

VTE ISOstandardsbystandardnumber [show]

VTE Ebooks [show]

Categories: 1993introductions AdobeSystems Digitalpress

Electronicdocuments Graphicsfileformats ISOstandards
Officedocumentfileformats Openformats Pagedescriptionlanguages
Vectorgraphics

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