1.

Tn tnh hung: Vn dng kin thc lin mn gii thch mt s tnh hung
nhm tit kim nng lng khi s dng in

Trong cuc sng thng ngy ta lun gp phi rt nhiu tnh hung m
khng ch vn dng nhng kin thc k nng ca bt k mn hc no l c th gii
quyt c m phi l s kt hp, cht lc nhng tri thc c rc t nhiu mn
hc khc nhau m mi chng ta ai cng u c trang b trn gh nh trng. c
bit vi nhng vn tuy nh hay gp phi trong cuc sng thng nht m nng
lng v tit kim nng lng l mt v d. Th hi nu mt ngi trong mt gi
lng ph ch 1cm3 nc, th trong mt nm = 8760 gi th con s tng ln gn
9 lt (!?), vi ngi dn chu Phi hay nhng khu vc kh nng, thng xuyn
xy ra hn hn th 9 lt nc y cn qu hn c nhng th xa x nht! Vy th u
cn phi c nhng chin dch hay hnh ng to ln? Mi ngi trong chng ta ch
cn tit kim nhng th n gin nht th khng ch cn l tit kim cho bn
thn, gia nh hay x hi m cn gp phn tit kim cho ton nhn loi. in
nng cng nh nc vy, mt ti nguyn tng chng v tn nhng khng c
ngha l n s tn ti cng chng ta mi mi, nu nh con ngi khng bit s
dng, ti to hp l th sm mun n cng s cn kit v tht kh tng tng ra
vin cnh tri t ngp trong bng ti khi mt tri khut bng.

2. Mc tiu gii quyt tnh hung

- Gii thch mt s hin tng thng gp trong cuc sng lin quan n s
dng in.
- a ra phng php tit kim nng lng khi s dng in, c c s khoa
hc v chng minh bng kin thc ph thng.
- Gio dc thc bo v mi trng, bo v ti nguyn thin nhin, tit
kim nng lng in.

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3. Tng quan v cc nghin cu lin quan n vic gii quyt tnh hung

- Phn ln hc sinh thng ch nm l thuyt p dng lm bi tp m

cha thc s ghi nh vn dng gii quyt nhng tnh hung thc tin thng
gp trong cuc sng hng ngy. a phn u khng nh hng c mnh s
dng nhng kin thc c hc no? mn hc no? gii thch khi bt gp
hay c hi v nhng vn lin quan n nng lng v tit kim nng lng.
- Ti liu v vn s dng in an ton, tit kim tuy nhiu nhng hiu qu
p ng cha cao, cc bin php c a ra tuy c hiu qu nhng li tn km
trong vic chn mua cc thit b.
- thc tit kim nng lng ca mt b phn hc sinh cn hn ch do cha
thy r tm quan trng v ngha ca vic tit kim.

4. Gii php gii quyt tnh hung

- Vn dng cc kin thc vt l, ton hc thc hin cc php chng minh

v gii quyt bi ton c t ra t thc t bng nh lut nh Ohm hay iu kin
c nghim ca phng trnh bc hai, bt ng thc Cauchy,
- Nm c cc phng php lp t v cch thit k mch in an ton,
ng k thut bng vic s dng kin thc mn Cng ngh.
- Chn c nhng thit b in tit kim nng lng, cch in, cch nhit
tt thng qua nhn bit cc c tnh ha hc.
- Gio dc, nng cao thc tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin v thy r vai
tr ca vic lm thit thc bng cc kin thc mn Gio dc cng dn.

5. Thuyt minh tin trnh gii quyt tnh hung

Nhng tnh hung thng gp nht trong vn s dng v tit kim in

nng c bn xut hin trong qu trnh lp rp v s dng cc thit b in. Trong
khun kh bi vit, xin nu ra ba tnh hung c bn sau y:

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 * Tnh hung 1: TNH HUNG KHOA HC
Ti sao vi mt s n xc nh, c rt nhiu cch mc cc n u sng
bnh thng nhng ngi ta li ch chn mt hay hai trong s cc cch mc m
khng chn nhng cch cn li? iu khng nhng ty thuc vo kinh nghim
ca mi ngi m n cn nh vo qu trnh tnh ton rt k lng vi chnh xc
cao. gii thch r hn trc tin ta cng gii quyt mt bi ton sau y:
Bi ton 1. Cho mt b ngun in c sut in ng x = 18V , in tr trong
r = 6W mc vi mch ngoi gm bn bng n loi 6V 3W.
a) Tm cch mc cc bng n sng bnh thng.
b) Tnh hiu sut ca ngun in trong tng cch mc. Cch mc no c li hn?
Li gii.
a) Khi cc bng n sng bnh thng, tc l tiu th ng cng sut nh mc th
cng sut in mch ngoi c gi tr hon ton xc nh: = 4.3 = 12W
Bit cng sut in mch ngoi, ta tnh c in tr mch ngoi theo cng thc:
2
x

= I R =
2

R hay R 2 + (2r - x 2 )R + r 2 = 0
R + r

Thay s: = 12W , x = 18V , r = 6W ta c phng trnh R 2 - 15R + 36 = 0

Phng trnh ny c hai nghim l R1 = 3W; R2 = 12W.
x
- Khi R = R1 = 3W, cng dng in ton mch l I1 = = 2A
R1 + r
V cc bng n ging nhau nn ta phi mc chng thnh x dy, mi dy c y
bng ni tip v xy = 4 . Mun cc bng n sng bnh thng th cng dng

in qua chng phi c gi tr nh mc I 0,5A .
U

I1
Do , s dy l x1 = = 4 dy
I

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 4
V s bng n mi dy l y1 = = 1 bng n.
x1
x
- Khi R = R2 = 12W, cng dng in ton mch l I1 = = 1A
R2 + r

I2 4
S dy l x2 = = 2 dy. V s bng n mi dy l y2 = = 2 bng n
I x2
b) Hiu sut ngun in
R1 1
Vi cch mc th nht H1 = = 33%
R1 + r 3
R2 2
Vi cch mc th hai H 2 = = 67%
R2 + r 3
Hin nhin ta thy cch mc th hai (2 dy, mi dy 2 bng) li hn.
Nhn xt. Nu p dng mt cch khoa hc, khng my mc bi ton ny vo thc
t th d nhin vi ngun 220V v cc loi bng n 20W, 40W ta cng c th
chn ra c cch mc ti u nht, tit kim nng lng nht.
Mt tnh hung khc cng thng gp khi lp t cc thit b in cho
phng hc, phng hp l: Lp sao m bo cht lng nh sng, khng
nhng vy cn phi ph hp vi iu kin c s vt cht. Vi nhng kin thc
c trang b, chng ta s gii quyt mt na vn thng qua bi ton sau
y:
Bi ton 2. Mt ngun in c sut in ng x = 24V , in tr trong r = 6W
dng thp sng cc bng n loi 6V 3W.
a) C th mc ti a my bng n cc n u sng bnh thng v phi mc
chng nh th no?
b) Nu ch c su bng n th phi mc chng nh th no cc bng sng bnh
thng? Trong cc cch mc cch no li hn?

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Li gii.
a) Gi N l s bng n c thp sng. Gi s s bng n c mc thnh
m dy, mi dy c n bng ni tip.
Cch 1. Nu chng u sng bnh thng th cng sut in tiu th mch ngoi
l = 3N .

Mt khc, theo nh lut Ohm = UI = (x - rI )I = 24 I - 6 I 2

Nh vy ta c 3N = 24I - 6I 2 .
Suy ra phng trnh 2 I 2 - 8I + N = 0 (1)
xc nh cng mch chnh I . Mun cho phng trnh c nghim ta phi
c D ' 0 16 - 2 N 0 N 8 .
Vy s bng n ti a l 8 bng.
Vi N = 8 phng trnh (1) c nghim I = 2 A .

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Bit cng nh mc ca bng n l I = = = 0,5A
U 6

I 2 N 8
Ta phi c I = mI suy ra m = = = 4 dy v n = = = 2 bng n.
I 0,5 m 4

Cch 2. Cng dng in qua n khi n sng bnh thng I 0 = = 0,5A
U

U 2
in tr ca n R0 = = 12W.

Cng dng in mch chnh l I = 0,5m

x x
Theo nh lut Ohm cho mch kn I = mI 0 =
R+ r nR0
+r
m
Suy ra xR0 I 0 + yI 0 r = x thay s ri gin c ta c 2n + m = 8 (2).

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p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c 2n + m 2 2nm = 2 2 N

Do 2 2 N 8 hay N 8 , khi 2n = m (
2)
n = 2; m = 4
b) Thay N = 6 vo (1) ta c I1 = 1A; I 2 = 3 A
Vi I1 = 1A ta tnh c m = 2 dy v n = 3 bng n. Cng sut ngun in l
x1 = 24W v cng sut in mch ngoi l = 18W , t c hiu sut ngun

in l H1 = 75% .
Tng t vi I 2 = 3 A ta tnh c hiu sut ngun in H 2 = 25% .
Nh vy cch mc 6 bng n thnh 2 dy, mi dy c 3 bng n th c li hn.
Kt lun. gii quyt hai tnh hung trn, ngoi kin thc vt l m ta
c hc trong chng dng in khng i, ta cn dng mt s kin thc ton
hc: tnh hung th nht l cch gii mt phng trnh bc hai; tnh hung th
hai l iu kin c nghim ca mt tam thc bc hai cch 1 v bt ng thc
Cauchy cch 2 trong phn tm s bng n ti a c mc. Tuy s cp thi
nhng nu khng c nhng kin thc y th vn ca chng ta s tr nn v cng
phc tp.
Xt thm mt tnh hung thng gp di dy: Mt dy n trang tr gm
cc bng n cng loi 12V mc vo mng in c hiu in th 220V. Cc n
ang sng bnh thng, t nhin c mt bng b t. Thay bng mt bng 12V
khc th khi cm in, bng mi thay b t ngay. Sau li thay bng mt bng
6V th khi cm in c dy n sng n nh. Nguyn nhn do u? l do tng
quan gia cng sut thc v cng sut nh mc ca mi bng n. Gi s cc n
ban u thuc loi 12V-5W. Ln u, khi thay n hng bng n loi 12V l loi
c cng sut nh mc nh hn 5W (v d 3W) th n s b t dy tc ngay v
cng sut thc t s ln hn nhiu so vi cng sut nh mc. Ln sau, khi thay
bng n 6V-3W th cc n s sng n nh v cng sut thc ca cc bng s gn

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bng hoc nh hn cng sut nh mc. T cho ta thy mt iu, thc t i khi
s c sai lch mt cht t so vi l thuyt v iu l hin nhin khi khng mt
th g l khng c sai s!
Lp t mch in theo yu cu c bit cng l mt vn thng gp.
ni l c bit th mi mch in s c nhng c im khc nhau ph hp vi
mc ch s dng. Ta xt mt tnh hung thng gp sau y: Cho cc dng c:
Mt n 220V-15W; Mt n 220V-100W; Mt kha K (ng ngt in n);
Dy ni. Hy mc mt mch in sao cho: khi K ng th n ny sng, n kia ti
v khi K ngt th hai n ti-sng ngc li. Ta phi mc nh hnh v di y:

220V-15W 220V-100W

Gii thch.
- Khi K ng th n 15W s tt v n 100W sng bnh thng.
U2
- Khi K m th n 15W s sng, cn n 100W s gn nh khng sng v R =

Suy ra: R1 3200W v R2 = 484W
U1 R1
Li c =
U 2 R2
Suy ra hiu in th U1 190V . Hiu in th ny ch nh hn nh mc mt cht
nn n 15W sng yu hn bnh thng. Cn hiu in th U 2 = 220 - U1 30V
nh hn nhiu so vi hiu in th nh mc, nn n 100W hu nh khng sng.

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Ngoi ra cn c nguyn nhn in tr tng theo nhit lm cho hin tng cng
r rt hn.
* Tnh hung 2: TNH HUNG THC T
Trc y nh em dng bng n vng si t 75W thp sng, c nh
dng 5 bng v thi gian hot ng trung bnh cho mi bng khong 6 ting ng
h mt ngy. T khi chuyn sang dng bng n hunh quang 15W th hiu qu
thp sng khng thay i nhng mt thng nh em tit kim c mt lng
ng k in nng cng nh chi ph chi tr cho vic thp sng. Nu ly gi in
trung bnh khong 1500 ng/kWh v mt thng trung bnh c 30 ngy th c th,
so vi lc trc cn phi tr 75 10- 3 5 6 1500 30 = 101250 ng th nay ch
cn phi tr 15 10- 3 5 6 1500 30 = 20250 ng, tit kim c 81000 ng
tng ng 54kW. Tuy chi ph u t thit b c cao hn so vi trc (n hunh
quang tit kim in c gi gp khong 3 ln bng n si t) tuy nhin s gi
pht sng hay tui th ca n hunh quang l ln hn rt nhiu!
lp em c 8 bng n hunh quang 1,2m loi 40W v 4 qut trn loi
70W, thng thng ch khi tri ti vo ma ma hoc tri nng vo ma h th
chng em mi dng ht cng sut ca n, qut. Nhng lc c nh sng mt tri
nhng khng , chng em thng ch dng 4 bng tuy nhin cng chiu sng
n tng bn vn bo m v tng t vi qut trn cng vy. Do , so vi thit
k ban u chng em tit kim c gn mt na lng in d tr nhng vn
khng nh hng n cht lng hc tp. Nhn th tng chng nh lng in y
rt nh b nhng nu xt mt ngy hc hai bui vi thi gian trung bnh khong 10
ting mi ngy th con s y trong mt thng qu l khng h nh cht no!
* Tnh hung 3: TNH HUNG SNG TO
Vic nu nng l mt trong nhng cng vic thit yu hng ngy, v vy
nng lng m qu trnh ny tiu th cng rt ng k. Bn cnh cn rt nhiu
ngun nng lng tuy c tim nng rt ln nhng cha c khai thc ng mc,
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in hnh l nh nng mt tri ngun nng lng m hu nh quanh nm u c
v s gi c nng cng rt nhiu, khong 10 gi mt ngy. l l do ti sao
chng em ngh n m hnh bp s dng nng lng mt tri cung cp nhit
lng cho vic un nu.

CH THCH
1. Thu knh hi t
2. H thng si quang
3. Thu knh phn k
4. B phn iu chnh
5. Dng c nu

M hnh Bp s dng nng lng mt tri

- Thit b s dng: Thu knh hi t v phn k, h thng si quang.
- C ch hot ng:
+ B phn thu nhit: S dng thu knh hi t hp th nng lng nh
sng mt tri.
+ H thng truyn dn: S dng si quang truyn nng lng thu c
n b phn pht.
+ B phn pht nhit: S dng thu knh phn k kt hp vi b phn iu
chnh nhit iu chnh lng nhit truyn n din tch y m, ni, cho nhit
ta u khp y.

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 Kt lun. Thng qua m hnh ny, khuyn khch cc bn hc sinh th hin
tnh sng to thng qua vic tn dng nhng ngun nng lng hin c, khng thi
kh c hi gy hiu ng nh knh hay lm hao ht ngun ti nguyn ca mi
trng. T khng nhng trong vic nu nng hng ngy, k c vic thp sng
hay nhng hot ng tiu th mt lng ln nng lng khc trong cuc sng
cng u c th c thay th bng nhng ngun nng lng thin nhin, nng
lng sch cha c khai thc.

6. ngha ca vic gii quyt tnh hung

- i vi thc tin hc tp: L ti liu b sung vo hnh trang tri thc ca

hc sinh. N thit thc ch gii quyt c nhng vn thc t ch khng cn
l l thuyt sung hay bi tp c trong sch v na. Ngoi ra, vic s dng tri thc
chn lc t nhiu mn hc gip ta khc su thm kin thc v rn luyn kh nng
linh hot vn dng nhng g hc cng nh pht huy tnh nng ng, sng to
gii quyt khng nhng ch cc tnh hung lin quan n nng lng v tit kim
nng lng m cn rt nhiu vn khc ny sinh trong cuc sng hng ngy.

- i vi thc tin i sng kinh t - x hi: Nng cao r rt thc tit

kim ca mi hc sinh cng dn tng lai v hiu qu nng lng tit kim c
l rt ln. Nh nc th tit kim c mt khon ngn sch chi tiu sn xut v
nhp khu nng lng, em li ngun li v kinh t. Vic tn dng ngun nng
lng thin nhin, nng lng sch gip trnh gy nhim mi trng. Gp phn
nh b vo vic tit kim nng lng trn ton cu v bo v mi trng.

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