Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IDEAS 2
awards
The design and construction industry
recognizes the importance of teamwork, co-
ordination, and collaboration in fostering suc-
cessful construction projects today more than
ever before. In support of this trend, AISC is
proud to present the results of its annual IDEAS
awards competition. This program is designed
to recognize all team members responsible for
excellence and innovation in a projects use of
structural steel.
A
wards for each winning project were pre-
sented to the project team members in-
volved in the design and construction of
the structural framing system, including the archi-
tect, structural engineer of record, general con-
tractor, detailer, fabricator, erector and owner. From left: Zimmerman, Klemens, Walls, Long, Theel, Tofighi, Schneider
New buildings, as well as renovation, ret-
rofit, or expansion projects, were eligible. The
projects also had to display, at a minimum, the
following characteristics: The judges considered each projects use of structural steel from both an
A significant portion of the framing system architectural and structural engineering perspective, with an emphasis on:
must be wide-flange or hollow structural Creative solutions to the projects program requirements;
steel sections; Applications of innovative design approaches in areas such as connections,
Projects must have been completed between gravity systems, lateral load resisting systems, fire protection, and blast;
January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2010; The aesthetic and visual impact of the project, particularly in the coordina-
Projects must be located in North America; tion of structural steel elements with other materials;
Previous AISC IDEAS or EAE award-winning Innovative uses of architecturally exposed structural steel;
projects were not eligible. Advances in the use of structural steel, either technically or in the archi-
tectural expression;
The use of innovative design and construction methods such as 3D
A panel of design and construction industry
building models; interoperability; early integration of specialty contrac-
professionals judged the entries in three cat-
tors such as steel fabricators; alternative methods of project delivery; or
egories, according to their constructed values
in U.S. dollars: other productivity enhancers.
Both national and merit honors were awarded. The jury also selected
Less than $15 million
one project for the Presidential Award of Excellence in recognition of dis-
$15 million to $75 million
tinguished structural engineering.
Greater than $75 million
2011 IDEAS2 Awards Jury
C
ombined, the new concourse and Ter- Simplified erection, with STMF com-
minal B at Mineta San Jos Interna- ponents delivered preassembled and
tional Airport (SJC) stretch more than erected with bolts and fillet welds.
2,100 ftthe length of seven football fields Just as Clark Construction began erect-
with soaring spaces up to 55 ft high. Although ing the concourse, aviation business at SJC
limited by site constraints to just a 90-ft width, was challenged by the terrorist attacks on
the 1,600-ft-long concourse adds 380,000 sq. 9/11/2001 and the dotcom decline, and the
ft of passenger space, with ticketing, security, modernization program beyond the new con-
retail/dining, baggage operations, support course building was
space, and new departure curb. Terminal B, put on hold.
which is 254,028 sq. ft on thee levels, has With the owners
been designed for future phased expansion desires reined in by
in the form of a 12-gate south concourse. new economics, the
The need for the new structure had be- design team imple-
come apparent by the late 1990s. The airport mented a revised
was undersized, outdated, and at risk of losing $1.3 billion, 3-year
resident airlines. Fearing the negative impacts improvement pro-
from that for itself and area businesses, the air- gramwith similar
port hired architectural firm Gensler to under- scope but at one
take master planning. Ultimately, the San Jos third the cost and on
City Council approved a $4.5 billion, 12-year a compressed sched-
modernization program. The scope and small ule. Terminal B was
sitetightly bounded on six sides by a river, prioritized as the next
roadways, FAA regulations, and a high water project and proceed-
tablepresented significant challenges. ed using a design/
Work began first on a new concourse build- build approach led
ing, with Gensler leading the design team which by contractor Hensel
included Steinberg Architects and Magnusson Phelps with Fentress
Klemencic Associates (MKA) as structural, seis- Architects to accel-
mic, and blast engineer. To meet the owners erate the schedule,
goals of long-term space planning flexibility minimize costs, and
and operational efficiencies, MKA developed reduce risks.
a structural system never before used at a ma- A value engineering review by the HP team
jor airport known as a special truss moment discovered that if Terminal B were moved
frame (STMF). several hundred feet from its location in the
The brace-free openness of the STMF sys- master plan and physically connected to the
tem provided several significant benefits: still-under-construction concourse, substan-
Extremely ductile and robust perfor- tial economic and operational benefits could
mance during a seismic event, impor- be realized. This relocation and revision was
tant given the airports location in the possible only due to the adaptability of the
most active and populous earthquake STMF system. The acceleration of design for
area in the U.S. Terminal B and the HP teams idea of shifting
Accommodation of restrictive site ge- the terminal immediately adjacent to the con-
ometries while fitting all desired pro- course meant that the terminals structural sys-
gram elements. tem had to be designed well before its archi-
Increased architectural freedom and layout tectural layout had been established. MKAs
flexibility, both initially and in the future, solution was to use the highly adaptable
with simplified routing of ducts, pipes, STMF system from the concourse in Terminal
and conduits in the spaces between the B as well. That allowed the structural system
diagonal trusses and center segment. for Terminal B to be designed and early con-
Triple-duty performance, resisting struction packages issued for excavation and
gravity and earthquake/wind loads in structural steel before the architectural layout
one system. was completed.
Steel seems
rating building joint and corresponding double row of columns.
Engineers also disconnected the TerminalB roof from the concourse to
well integrated, minimize potential damage during a major earthquake. Wherever the arched
roof ribs touch down curbside, they are supported on three Teflon-coated
not just a elastomeric bearing pads that allow up to 28 in. of horizontal movement.
means to an end.
Another cost savings was realized in the way the curved architectural fea-
tures were achieved. Creating the architectural building shapes found in Ter-
Jay Schneider minal B and the concourse out of uniquely curved steel members was possi-
ble, but prohibitively expensive. Instead, engineers employed nontraditional
straight-line generation techniques. In areas where a ruled surface existed,
systems were designed with straight members in one direction and curved
in the other. When curved members were necessary, parametric and costing
studies optimized spacing and minimized the number of curved pieces, and
the radius of a curve was repeated where possible to minimize set-up time
and fabrication costs.
For architectural feature walls, cladding elements were supported on
metal deck bent naturally along its weak axis to form a curve. Terminal B
was designed using curved steel roof girders spanning 100 ft and spaced
30 ft on center. In the concourse, leaning Y-shaped columns on 30-ft cen-
ters support curved roof beams, with additional steel members parallel to
the length of the concourse.
Terminal B and the concourse both were delivered under budget and
ahead of schedule. Terminal B is expected to receive LEED Silver, and the
concourse already has.
Owner
Mineta San Jose International Airport, San Jose, Calif.
Architect Terminal B
Fentress Architects, San Jose, Calif.
Architect Concourse
Steinberg Architects, San Jose, Calif. / Gensler, San Francisco
Structural Engineer
Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Seattle (AISC Member)
Steel Fabricator
Gayle Manufacturing Company, Woodland, Calif. (AISC Member)
Beck Steel Inc., Lubbock, Texas (AISC Member)
Bender/Roller
photos by Sherman Takata
Chicago Metal Rolled Products Company, Chicago (AISC Member)
Steel Erector
California Erectors, Benicia, Calif. (IMPACT Member)
General Contractor
Clark Construction Group, LLC, Oakland, Calif.
Design-Build Contractor Terminal B
Hensel Phelps Construction Company, Los Angeles
Structural Software
Revit, SAP2000
U
pon completion in 2009, National Alabama Corpora- the simplest components, the fabrication and construction of
tions 2.1-million-sq.-ft railcar manufacturing facility im- railcars uses cranes extensively for material handling. The con-
mediately set the standard for other railcar facilities to struction area of the facility incorporates jib cranes, semi-gantry
emulate. Housing fabrication, construction, finishing and ad- and gantry cranes, as well as top-running bridge cranes, all of
ministration operations under one roof, the facility is capable which are integrated into the building in a complex marriage of
of producing up to 12,000 cars annually. process and building structural elements. Typical bay size paral-
Located on 635 acres in Barton Riverfront Industrial Park in lel to the process flow was set at 30 ft to optimize crane runway
Cherokee, Ala., the facilitys orientation followed the existing to- support framing. Bay sizes perpendicular to the process flow
pography, which minimized site grading, allowing natural areas to ranged from 93 ft to 120 ft with the majority being 103 ft or 120
remain untouched. The north-south orientation of the facility takes ft. Roof trusses were used to span the long direction with bar
full advantage of sunlight for natural lighting opportunities. The joists or wide-flange beams spanning the 30 ft.
facility accesses the Norfolk-Southern rail line along its southern During initial scheduling discussions it became apparent that
boundary and a 500-car capacity storage yard was constructed procurement of structural steel was on the critical path. The proj-
east of the manufacturing facility. Steel rail sidings connect to the ect design team engaged a structural steel fabricator and erector
existing rail line to facilitate delivery of completed railcars. very early in the design process, allowing for optimization of the
Constructed at a cost of approximately $300 million, the proj- structural steel design and streamlining of the procurement pro-
ect recorded many impressive construction statistics. More than cess. Applying their joint expertise to the fullest extent, the project
22,600 tons of structural steel was erected in a remarkably short team produced a structural steel mill order in less than a month
period of just four months. The superstructure included 27,000 while still in the schematic design phase. This extraordinary joint
pieces of steel, 200,000 bolts, three miles of handrail and more effort enabled the project team to meet a window in the steel mill
than five miles of crane runways. The manpower effort included production, avoiding a three-month delay in schedule.
more than 50,000 detailing hours and 305,000 fabrication hours. By modernizing a design innovation first implemented by Albert
Four erection crews with four crawler cranes worked concurrently Kahn himself a century ago, the structural engineering firm created
to keep pace with the arrival of 100 truckloads of steel per week, a 2,000-ft-long roof monitor over the construction area that not only
enabling the installation of an average 1,600 pieces per week. functions as an enormous glass skylight but also ventilates heat
From the earliest planning stages, it was clear the facility de- through its built-in louvers. Louvers located along the facilitys lower
sign needed to provide maximum flexibility to accommodate perimeter walls work in tandem to create a natural draft by pulling
concurrent production of multiple styles of railcars. With railcars cooler air in below while hotter air escapes above.
measuring nearly 90 ft long, 20 ft high and weighing close to The design uses single columns to support the roof and
70,000 pounds, it was evident that only a steel structure could crane girders in lieu of separate building and crane columns.
provide the long-span and clear heights necessary to meet this The crane girder support brackets were shop fabricated in-
critical program requirement. Due to the size and weight of even tegrally with the column to minimize effects of fatigue and
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION may 2011
able as a highly recyclable product that can
be transformed many times over and gain
new life when combined with other materi-
als. A great example of resource reuse can
be seen in the railcar storage yard. This
area incorporated more than eight miles of
reused steel rail sections, rescued from the
scrap yard and recycled, along with steel
rail ties, to form the storage yard rail spurs.
This used rail was also incorporated into
the facility production lines, reducing costs
and conserving natural resources.
Spanning nearly of a mile in length,
and made possible with innovative
structural steel design and construction,
NACs railcar manufacturing facility is a
marvel of modern industrial architecture.
The fusion of function, form and sustain-
eliminate the possibility of laminar tear- Aesthetically the building embodies
able design creates a flexible production
ing of the flanges. That also reduced the stylistic elements from the golden age of
environment with a reduced carbon foot-
number of erected pieces, shortened the American industrial design, the strong lin-
print that will endure for decades.
erection schedule and simplified the sup- ear character associated with railway func-
port of the multiple levels of cranes as tions and the NAC brand image. Horizon- Owner
well as the continuous 8-ft-wide equip- tal metal panels and glass bands are the National Alabama Corporation,
ment platform straddling the column. primary exterior materials. The facility in- Cherokee, Ala.
Although the manufacturing process corporates broad expanses of glass curtain Architect and Structural Engineer
is linear, a need existed for lateral move- wall and roof monitors that permeate the Albert Kahn Associates Inc., Detroit
ment of parts, tooling and jigs between manufacturing spaces with daylight and (AISC Member)
parallel production lines. Where required, natural ventilation. The south faade of the
these 90-ft-long, 18-ft-high openings ne- facility is a celebration of glass and classic Steel Detailer
cessitated the elimination of two crane/ industrial plant design for which Kahn is re- McGill Engineering, Inc., Tampa, Fla.
building columns at each crossover. Large nowned. This exit for finished railcars has a (AISC Member)
transfer trusses weighing 25 tons were transparency and light quality rarely seen in Steel Fabricator
utilized at the roof to support the roof as conventional industrial facilities. The result Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Ga.
well as supporting the crane girders at 30- is a design that is functional while maximiz- (AISC Member)
ft intervals. Hangers replicating the typical ing sustainable design and optimizing the
crane column in size and detailing were work environment to achieve an efficient, Steel Erector
connected to the transfer truss and used collaborative and inspiring image for Na- Midwest Steel, Inc., Detroit (AISC
to support the two levels of crane gird- tional Alabama Corporation. Member)
ers and the equipment platform. This ap- This facility is expected to achieve LEED General Contractor
proach eliminated the need for special Silver certification, and in so doing, may Yates-Walbridge Joint Venture,
plate girders that otherwise would have become the largest industrial project to Philadelphia, Miss.
been required to span the 90-ft opening. achieve this distinction in the new construc-
Joist Manufacturer
The design of the administration build- tion category. One example of the many
Quincy Joist Company, Quincy, Fla.
ing required roof cantilevers of up to 22 ft sustainable design features incorporated
(AISC Member)
and floor cantilevers of up to 12 ft while into the NAC facility is the harvesting of
minimizing the depth of structure. This, rain water from more than 37 acres of roof Structural Software
obviously, could only be accomplished us- and hard surface areas and diverting it to a RISA-3D, RAM Structural System
ing steel. Visualize Wrights Falling Water two-acre irrigation pond. The extensive use
but without the cracks in the structure. of steel in the facility is inherently sustain-
may 2011 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Merit AwardGreater than $75 Million
510 Madison Avenue, New York
5
10 Madison Avenue is a 429-ft-tall, 30-story bou-
tique office building on East 53rd Street in the Pla-
za district of Midtown Manhattan. This modernist
tower provides clean faade lines and flexible interior
spaces for tenants. The project is pursuing LEED Gold
certification. The building includes a fitness club with
50-ft pool and a private restaurant, both reserved for
tenants and their guests, along with a large landscaped
terrace overlooking Madison Avenue. The upper office
floors have views to Central Park.
The building sounds like any other plain vanilla of-
fice building until you look more closely. The structural
steel virtually disappears, taking up less floor space and
providing additional headroom. This is not a traditional
economical structure where the lightest steel members
were selected to reduce the steel tonnage. Rather it is
a modern, value-driven structure, providing the most
value for the owner by squeezing the structure, open-
ing up the floor area, raising the ceiling and letting aes-
thetic requirements control the design.
510 Madison is engineered to allow open column-
free floors. Trusses and transfer girders connect the
towerseventh floor and aboveto the base, allowing
the tower floors to cantilever over the adjacent building
to the west. The upper floors have no interior columns,
while the lower floors have only three.
The typical floor-to-floor height is 13 ft, 6 in. which al-
lowed for 10-ft clear height to the finished ceiling. Floor
slabs are constructed of 2.5-in. normal-weight concrete
over 3-in., 18-gage metal deck. Floor framing members
are designed to work compositely with the floor slab,
and typically span approximately 55 ft. These beams
are limited to W18 series to allow maximum headroom
with future flexibility.
The building core is compactly located on the south
side of the tower. The core is surrounded by steel braced
frames which were carefully coordinated with the de-
sign team to provide adequate door opening clear-
ances and passages for ductwork from the mechanical
room. All building columns are engaged in the lateral
load resisting system.
The braced frames incorporate outrigger trusses
at the 6th and 30th floors providing lateral stiffness in
the north-south direction. Braced frames combined
with moment frames along the north and south sides
provide resistance in the east-west direction. The
Photos: David deArmas/Moed deArmas & Shannon
The site was studied in a wind tunnel. Using that data and the Architect of Record
building properties, engineers at the Boundary Layer Wind Tun- SLCE Architects, New York
nel Laboratory at the University of Western Ontario performed Structural Engineer
desktop studies and determined the controlling design param- Gilsanz Murray Steficek, New York (AISC Member)
eter was to limit torsion at the top-most corner office space.
The fitness club in the cellar is accessed by an architecturally Steel Detailer
exposed steel stair. The skylight over the pool and the glass WSP Mountain Enterprises, Sharpsburg, Md. (AISC Member)
footbridge leading from the elevators to private dining are also Steel Fabricator
framed using steel. Banker Steel Co., LLC, Lynchburg, Va. (AISC Member)
GMS designed all the steel connections, provided special
inspection of the steel and served as the faade consultants. Steel Erector
Helmark Steel Inc., Wilmington, Del. (AISC Member)
Owner
Boston Properties, New York Construction Manager
Tishman Corporation, New York (AISC Member)
Developer
Macklowe Properties, New York Structural Software
ETABS, RAM Steel, SAP
Design Architect
Moed deArmas & Shannon, New York
may 2011 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION
National Award$15 Million to $75 Million
Gateway Center, Westchester Community College, Valhalla, N.Y.
S
triving to become a model for building ef- ditional HVAC system is not required. However,
ficiency and net-zero energy design, the to account for the remaining minimal heating
222,000-sq.-ft NREL Research Support Fa- and cooling needs of the RSF, approximately 42
cility (RSF) in Golden, Colo., identifies and ad- miles of radiant tubing runs through the floor of
dresses issues of building sustainability on mul- the building. Uncharacteristically the radiant tub-
tiple scales. Large-scale building components ing propagates the conditioned air down to the
like form and orientation are rooted in passive space below using the exposed steel decking as
solar design principles using the natural and a medium to evenly distribute this conditioned
predictable processes of the earth to give the air through the space.
RSF an energy advantage over traditional office To help compensate for the remaining energy
buildings. Smaller scale solutions using active needs, the RSF has 1.6 MW of photovoltaic pan-
energy generating systems and both innovative els installed directly to the standing seam steel
new construction materials as well as recycled roofing. The power generated by these photo-
materials help the RSF target aggressive energy voltaic panels is dedicated for use by the RSF. The
goals culminating with the desire to be a net- RSF is expected to perform 50% better than the
zero energy office building. ASHRAE 90.1 2004 standard and expects an en-
The building form is best described as a lazy ergy use of 35 kBtu per sq. ft per year.
H with long narrow wings maximizing north- With expansive views of the Rocky Moun-
south exposure. This exposure and thin profile tains and bright, collaborative workspaces, the
allows the interior office spaces to be naturally RSF hopes to change the culture of the mod-
ventilated and receive 100% daylight, greatly re- ern workplace. Rather than high partitions and
ducing mechanical energy consumption. closed offices, the open floor plans allow the
The insulated precast concrete panels and RSF to remain flexible and encourage social in-
zinc cladding are both attached to the steel teraction. Workstations are located within 30 ft
frame structure. By painting the exposed con- of windows and employees are able to ventilate
crete and structure white, many of the interior the office when conditions are favorable. Huddle
spaces, including all of the office spaces, need rooms are provided for meetings and sensitive
no interior gypsum board. Louvers and shade conversations that require acoustical privacy.
boxes are built around the triple-glazed, ther- The improved lighting conditions and indoor air
mally broken windows balancing the solar heat quality are key factors in the RSF achieving LEED
gain while allowing daylight to penetrate deep platinum status.
into the space after passing through a light lou- Through thoughtful design strategies and by
ver system. To produce an even spread of light, focusing on all scales of the building and its pro-
interior columns are eliminated while long-span cesses, the Research Support Facility is on track
steel trusses rest on perimeter columns. The to meet the aggressive energy goals set forth
steel decking runs perpendicular to the exterior during project conception. If so, the building will
walls to reduce any potential daylight from be- enter into a new category that aims to enhance,
ing lost in the ridges and valleys of the deck. rather than simply sustain, the built environment.
The perimeter columns are recycled natural Owner
gas pipe harvested from fields in Louisiana. Now National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
rather than extracting fossil fuels deep under- Golden, Colo.
ground they are the literal pillars of strength of
a building supporting the effort to minimize the Architect
impact of human life on earth through research RNL, Denver
and development. One of those developments Structural Engineer
at NREL led to the invention of the transpired KL&A, Golden, Colo. (AISC Member)
solar collector, a steel panel used as part of the
exterior cladding on the RSF. The panel is per- Steel Fabricator
forated such that natural convection draws out- Paxton & Vierling Steel Company, Carter Lake,
side air into the cavity between the panel and Iowa (AISC Member)
the thermally massive, insulated precast con- Steel Erector
crete panels. In the cool months this air is natu- LPR Construction Company, Loveland, Colo.
rally preheated before entering the building, (AISC and SEAA Member)
reducing the temperature differential between
General Contractor
indoor and outdoor air. This panel along with
Haselden Construction LLC, Centennial, Colo.
the nightly purging of the building through op-
erable windows keeps the RSF at temperatures Structural Software
close enough to human comfort levels that a tra- RAM, ETABS, SDS/2, Revit
L
incoln Center for the Performing Arts is of the nations best new restaurants since its
one of the largest and best-known arts September 2010 launch.
complexes in the world, with 12 inde- The simple, streamlined form of the pavil-
pendent companies and 15 venues bringing ion gives no indication of the complex, densely
a wide range of events to five million visitors packed facilities beneath. In addition to three
per year. Over the past decade, the center has new subterranean Lincoln Center Film Society
undertaken an ambitious modernization of its theaters, the restaurant sits atop the central
midcentury campus. The central design chal- utility plant, which provides chilled water and
lenge: reactivating the connection between steam to the entire campus.
the 16-acre campus and its Manhattan neigh- Arup has been engaged at Lincoln Center
borhood, increasing the visibility of resident for more than 10 years, providing structural,
organizations and drawing in new audiences. mechanical, electrical, plumbing, fire protec-
One of the key architectural solutions to tion and fire engineering services for the full
emerge from the modernization project is the range of modernization projects. Serving as
new restaurant pavilion. Topped by a striking subconsultant for the lawn, restaurant and film
warped green roof and housing a glass-walled center spaces (and as prime consultant for the
restaurant, the pavilion is a distinctive yet ac- renovation, expansion and upgrade of the
cessible urban form that fulfills complex pro- central mechanical plant), Arup used model-
grammatic requirements while maintaining ing technologies to craft highly tailored, mul-
much-needed public space on the campus. tidisciplinary engineering solutions suited to
In addition to creating an iconic shape that the complexity of the program.
stands out among its rectilinear neighbors, the The layout for the geometry of the pavilions
pavilions unique geometry addresses a num- steel superstructure follows the mathematical
ber of practical concerns. The lowest point principles and main generating lines of a rec-
of the structure brings the roof flush with the tilinear hypar. As a result, straight steel mem-
plaza, extending a friendly invitation onto bers were able to be used for all floor beams.
the grass to both Lincoln Center patrons and Thoughtful rationalization of the architectural
casual passersby. The twisting planes tilt the form and use of steel for the primary struc-
7,200-sq.-ft lawn away from 65th Street, re- ture simplified fabrication and enabled rapid
ducing visitors exposure to noise and traffic. construction. The latter was particularly impor-
The open, serene atmosphere is carried tant due to Lincoln Centers need to remain
into the 11,000-sq.-ft restaurant, called Lin- open throughout the design and construction
coln, which features an exposed central kitch- process. The design team and contractors ex-
en flanked by four public dining areas. Glass changed 3D models, further easing fabrication
walls and a contoured mahogany ceiling frame and aiding interdisciplinary coordination.
views to the outside and draw the publics Arups structural design thoughtfully ad-
gaze inward. Accessible from both plaza and dresses the requirements of each program-
street level, Lincoln has been praised as one matic element. Metal decking with concrete
Iwan Baan
poured on top forms the warped floor structure. Columns at its unique space-generating structure, complex interface of new
regular intervals transfer vertical loading into the existing build- and old, and challenging logistical and scheduling requirements,
ing. An additional layer of transfer beams underneath the col- the pavilion pushed New York Citys design and building com-
umns transfers vertical loading around the movie theaters and munity to the boundaries of existing construction technologies.
the central mechanical plant into existing footings. On one Owner
end, the lower tip of the hypar sockets into the existing waffle Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, New York
slab of the plaza, allowing the transfer of lateral loading into
the existing shear diaphragm. On the opposing side, braced Architect
frames transfer horizontal loading into the ground. Diller Scofidio + Renfro, New York
Throughout the five-year design and construction period, the Structural Engineer
project team created and coordinated multiple document pack- Arup, New York (AISC Member)
ages corresponding to the logistical challenges and sequencing
of the work, consistently exercising a high level of oversight to General Contractor
minimize conflicts and mitigate unforeseen field conditions. Turner Construction Company, New York (AISC Member)
The new pavilion and improved facilities will enable Lincoln Structural Software
Center to continue providing world-class performances to local, AutoCad 3D, Revit
national and international audiences for decades to come. With
T
his steel, glass, stone, and wood chapel is situated on a Once on the site, the column and rafter system was erected
bluff overlooking the Brazos River. It was constructed to and bolted into the anchor bolts cast into the foundation. The
provide a spiritual retreat for visitors, and a private venue turnbuckle and tension bar system was assembled and aligned
for religious services, performances, and weddings. A flag- without any on-site welding. The steel in the chapel provides
stone walkway connects the chapel forecourt to a conference, a strong and delicate structure in juxtaposition to the heavy
living building higher on the bluff. The chapel seats 50 people masonry base.
in built-in pews. Custom-designed and fabricated steel elements are used
The steep slope of the site is cut into by a 10-ft-tall stone wall throughout the site. An observation deck surrounded by a steel
visitors must pass through to reach the chapel. This retaining wall and glass rail overlooks the river. A 20-ft-tall steel sculpture beck-
continues through the chapel and supports each steel column ons visitors to the chapel at the top of the bluff, acting much like
to the north. The southern wall is floor-to-ceiling glass with steel an obelisk of a pilgrimage church. Three steel channels pierce
columns framing the view. The lateral bracing is placed toward the stone retaining walls to carry the water into a stone basin on
the inside of the chapel to maximize the natural light coming in the other side. Steel lights and lanterns illuminate the structure
and minimize any obstruction. and the surrounding landscape.
The earth drastically slopes away from the chapel exposing Owner
it to high winds. Steel HSS columns and cross bracing are con- Rio Roca Ranch, Palo Pinto County, Texas
cealed in the stone walls to the south to provide extra support.
All of the exposed steel is coated with automotive enamel to Architect
keep it from weathering. Maurice Jennings + Walter Jennings Architects, PLLC,
Each column is composed of a group of steel HSS wrapped Fayetteville, Ark.
in wood trim. The trim provides the connection to the insulated Architect of Record
glass. The steel columns are welded to steel flitch beams that Maurice Jennings Architect, Fayetteville, Ark.
support the copper roof. Steel turnbuckles, threaded rods, and
acorn nuts provide a delicate structural system so as not to de- Structural Engineer
tract from the chapel surroundings and are connected to the Myers-Beatty Engineering, PLLC, Van Buren, Ark.
flitch beams and columns to resist spread. The majority of the General Contractor
steel was fabricated in a sheltered environment off site. It was English Heritage Homes of Texas, Dallas
predrilled and painted to assist in the ease of construction. Be-
Structural Software
cause all the steel was shop built, the architects also were able to
RISA-3D, Revit
use a known fabricator from previous projects instead of trying to
identify a skilled local craftsman in a remote location.
T
he new headquarters building for a nationwide crane leas- roof beams, cellular beams for floor girders, and open-web steel
ing and steel erection company was a long-contemplated joists for lightweight spans. Corrugated metal decking found sec-
update to a venerable, family-run enterprise. Business ond life supporting the roof and floor, and two sections of 15-ft-tall
was good and growing, but market conditions demanded bet- plate girders became the walls of a new conference room, cantile-
ter teamwork and communication. Existing space was cramped
and poorly arranged. Most important to the third generation of 1 5 M A I N E NT R ANC
vered out the front of the building to shelter the main entrance.
Buckner rescued a 15-ton, 58-ft-long pedestrian bridge from
family leadership, the companys existing offices said nothing the college campus where the company had first installed it 30
of the firms work, capability, or success. years before. The bridge and its pylons became the connector
The Buckner Companies turned its need into opportunitya between the new building and the existing offices. Even old
chance to project itself as a dynamic and resourceful contracting crane parts and pieces of rigging found their way into the proj-
partner. The firms new open, airy headquarters in central North ect, as stair hangers, column braces, and furniture pedestals.
Carolina is a showcase for the steel erectors trade. It also tells In all, 83 tons of steelmore than 40% of all the steel in the
the story of steel, beginning with the materials salvage and reuse, buildingcame directly from Buckners yard. This direct reuse elimi-
to its integration with other building systems, and ending with its nated the energy costs normally involved in refabricating salvaged
powerful impact when simply expressed and carefully detailed. steel, going, in effect, beyond green in making use of a material
To make a place that would clearly express the companys already widely appreciated for having high recycled content.
line of work, Buckner turned to its own crane-rigging yard, Virtually all of the structural steel in Buckners headquarters
which was piled with steel building parts rescued from various is left exposed, yet steel is not the only or even the most dis-
construction sites over several decades. Company president tinctive structural element in the project. Overhead are pairs of
Doug Williams provided an inventory of materials from this 8-in. by 30-in. curved wood glue-laminated beamsalso sal-
boneyard, challenging the design and construction team to vagedthat create the buildings roofs and south-facing clere-
incorporate all they could in the new building. story. Integrating the steel structure with these wood members
Engineers combed the list and assessed hundreds of steel sec- was a special challenge for the designers and constructors.
tions and fabrications for condition, strength and suitability. They From the beginning, the architects, engineers, contractor, fab-
found wide-flange members for columns and composite floor and ricator and erector collaborated closely to determine how the
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION may 2011
5 W14 MOMENT FRAME COLUMN
ED GLULAM 4
9 I NT EG R AT I ON + D ETA I L
connection between wood and steel would be expressed. isting office building, which was extensively refurbished to make 1
Custom-fabricated steel extensions, or tails, at the ends a cafe, exercise area and other high-profile common spaces.
photo by: j. west productions
of the wood beams served two purposes: to provide the ad- These shared places, and the second-level enclosed pedestrian
ditional length needed to span the buildings central space, and bridge linking the new building with the old, are key to making
to achieve the moment-resisting connections that allowed the all employees feel a connection to the new construction.
wood and steel to work together. Fueled by the realized possibilities for reusing existing ma-
In another carefully considered move, the wood beams pass terials, the Buckner project grew to embrace an all-points sus-
through slots cut into the webs of an interior line of W14 col- tainable building effort. Green building practices incorporated
CE/CO NFER ENCE
umns, like thread through the eye of a needle. This interaction
has the effect of showing off the ability of the steel to accommo-
into the project include a chip-and-tar drive, stormwater biore-
tention pond, new materials with high recycled content such as
date less malleable structural members. galvalume roofing and linoleum floor covering, and water con-
Despite the challenges inherent in the assembly of the buildings servation measures including low-flow toilet fixtures and roof
many exposed connections, the steel erector, who happened in this drains supplying a 15,000-gallon cistern for vehicle washing.
case to be project owner, credited the close collaboration on the The 15,000-sq.-ft project was completed in May 2010.
team with producing a project that was very erector friendly. Owner
Because most of the building structure was to be left exposed The Buckner Companies, Graham, N.C. (AISC Member)
to visually tell the story of the owners business, detailing and con-
struction quality was a significant focus of the project. The team Architect
considered following AESS criteria but rejected that approach, Weinstein Friedlein Architects, Carrboro, N.C.
largely because of the desire to repurpose as much salvaged ma- Engineer
terial as possible. Instead, the team placed rigorous emphasis on Stewart Engineering, Raleigh, N.C.
planning and detail to achieve high aesthetic results. Close coor-
dination among the designers, contractor, fabricator and erector Steel Detailer and Fabricator
took into account the spacing of framing, types of connections, CMC South Carolina Steel, Greenville, S.C. (AISC Member)
bolt patterns, and even the orientation of cotter pins. Steel Erector
The new building took form around the notion of surrounding Buckner Steel, Graham, N.C. (AISC and SEAA Member)
a double height space with the offices of project managers and
Contractor
administrative staff, creating vertical, visual connection among
Romeo Guest, Durham, N.C.
all employees. The project added 15,000 sq. ft to Buckners ex-
may 2011 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Simple and beautiful.
Farro Tofighi
T
his 175-acre ranch in the cross timbers region of Tex-
as was created for the care, training and breeding
of cutting horses. The master plan includes a steel-
framed arena, horse barns, cattle pens and service struc-
tures placed among woods, pastures, roads and trails.
The structural engineer and steel fabricator were early
members of the design team that developed the structural
and aesthetic vocabulary for approximately 100,000 sq ft
of exposed steel structure. The exposed steel columns photos by Frank Ooms Photography
and trusses express the regional barn vernacular while
offering clean, modern lines to the ranch buildings; the
perforated, corrugated metal cladding opens the spaces
to daylight and breezes, eliminating the need for operable
windows. These elements come together to provide a
comfortable environment for the horses and staff. The
few air-conditioned spaces are clad in galvanized metal
and wood, allowing a continuity of design vocabulary and
refuge from the hot Texas summer for the ranch hands
and managers.
The long structures of the barns and arena sit along a
tree-lined creek to block the north wind while taking ad-
vantage of summer breezes from the south. The arena cuts
into the sloping grade to reduce the impact of this tall
structure. Repeating gable roof forms, supported by steel
pipe trusses, continue from the arena to the training barn
and provide cover for a connecting ramp, horse walker,
and wood-clad ranch office. The covered ramp continues
Urban renewal
at its best.
Duff Zimmerman
T
he Power Plant at Rocketts Landing, constructed in the The adaptive reuse integrates a five-story indoor and out-
late 19th century, was once the primary power supply for door piazza that begins at the flood plain level and rises to the
the industrial citys fleet of trolleys. As train transportation roof. The first and second levels are utilitarian spaces, assumed
became increasingly obsolete, so did the need for this once- by the Virginia Boat Club for the storage of crew hulls. The
booming plant. When private developers made plans for a new Boathouse Restaurant occupies a 12,000-sq.-ft space on the
residential and business neighborhood, the design team was third and fourth floors. The waterfront dining areas and out-
charged with preserving and repurposing the plant. Beauti- door decks offer 180 views of the James River and the Rich-
fully situated along the historic James River, the goal was to mond skyline.
maximize connectivity between the plants indoor and outdoor The plants stairs and mezzanines are constructed of exposed
spaces with the nearby waterfront while maintaining its historic steel that accentuates the industrial aesthetic, while providing
integrity street side. efficient access to the main facility. Structural steel provided
Through the use of structural steel, the design team was the lateral bracing through the use of rods and moment con-
able to innovatively transition the 27,000-sq.-ft mixed use fa- nections to accommodate the code-required loading as well as
cility. Embracing the industrial aesthetic of the Power Plant, bracing to prevent uncomfortable movements perceptible to
the team incorporated a steel frame skeleton to overlap the the occupants.
buildings existing structure, merging antiquity and modernity. In keeping with the original industrial use of the building,
Approaching from the west, a soaring, industrial smokestack the new stair and elevator tower features the use of exposed
emerges from a new skeletal structure of steel and glass. The W1235 wide-flange columns on the street side that have been
stack is a reminder of the buildings legacy, while the modern- built up with a vertical open-web joist. Double 63 steel
istic steel structure communicates a renewed sophistication for angles form the chord attached to the W12 while the oppo-
the revived waterfront district. site chord consists of the same size double angles attached to
L
ocated in the hills above Montecito, Calif., the resi-
dence was designed to take advantage of the sites
prominent features, including majestic oak trees and
large boulders. The house is divided into two wings. A
public wing includes living, dining and kitchen areas and
opens up to the main outdoor dining and lounging areas.
The second, more intimate wing contains bedrooms, bath-
rooms and a library, all of which open up to small outdoor
courtyards and terraces. The property also includes a lap
pool and an existing guest house.
The most striking feature of the house is its expression of
exposed structural steel frames and insulated metal panels.
Continuing the architects ongoing steel residential design in-
vestigation, initiated in the 1970s, the Montecito Residence
is the fourth completed iteration in an ongoing research proj-
ect that has been tested for the past seven years in a design
research studio in a renowned Los Angeles-based school of
architecture. The intention behind the design strategy is tec-
tonic design research that creatively envisions a flexible pro-
totype for mass-produced housing using steel construction
and standardized off-the-shelf industrial components.
Because structural steel is manufactured primarily from
scrap metal it is inherently a green material. After being
fabricated offsite, the steel frame can be rapidly erected
and does not generate the typical amount of construction
waste caused by wood frame construction. The design ad-
vances concepts of adaptive space while creating a kit
of parts that can be assembled into 20-ft modules as an
alternative to the manufactured buildings mitigating the
Owner
John and Dorothy Gardner, Montecito, Calif.
Architect
Barton Myers Associates, Inc., Los Angeles
Structural Engineer
Norman J. Epstein Structural Engineers, Los Angeles
Steel Detailer, Fabricator and Erector
Anvil Steel Corporation, Gardena, Calif. (AISC Member)
General Contractor
Caputo Construction Corp., Los Angeles
I
n 2010 two young entrepreneurs with an interest in ac- structural steel catwalk connecting the upper floors of the
tion sports opened House of Air, a trampoline facility pavilions allows for elevated vantage points from which to
that caters to the young, energetic population of active observe activity on the trampolines below.
San Francisco. The single-story, steel-framed building is a Providing a cost-effective and efficient method to
historic aircraft hangar located at the western end of Crissy strengthen the building and developing details for the
Field and the foot of the Golden Gate Bridge within The new trampolines to accommodate the uneven slab were
Presidio of San Francisco, a national park. the two most difficult tasks the design and construction
The facility includes more than 6,500 sq. ft of conjoined team had to address.
trampolines. A large field trampoline for bouncing sits The addition of new special moment-resisting frames
alongside a trampoline dodge ball court and three perfor- (SMRF) to the building was a straightforward solution, but
mance trampolines used for competitive jumping and ski, developing a methodology for tying the building together
snowboard, and wakeboard training. Flanking the trampo- at roof level was challenging. The existing roof includes a
line area is 10,000 sq. ft of amenity space including two 10-ft pop-up clerestory space effectively separating the roof
pavilions housing a caf, meeting facilities, lockers, and a into two halves. These separate roof sections also change in
lounge. Translucent blue walls lit from within are graphic pitch at their midpoint creating out-of-plane reactions at the
interpretations of the vertical motion which takes place roof diaphragm. In addition to the geometric constraints,
throughout the facility. the roof is clad with 3 in. of unreinforced concrete.
The clients objectives were purely to construct and op- The final solution provides isolated strengthening to the
erate a facility that could accommodate their business plan. existing gravity truss top chords which could then be uti-
The architects objective was to create a space that would act lized as compression members in a new roof diaphragm.
as a branding device in a visual manner, thus elevating what New diagonal rod bracing, 2 in. in diameter, was installed
could otherwise have been a base commercial experience to to complete the diaphragm truss while the out-of-plane
a level matching the sophisticated site and clientele. reactions resulting from the change in roof pitch are resisted
The seismic strengthening of the structure included by the strengthened gravity trusses. By addressing these
new ductile steel special moment resisting frames, which two issues in unison, the design team was able to limit the
are integrated into the existing building with a tension rod addition of new material to an existing historic building and
roof diaphragm. The strengthening scheme was carefully deliver a diaphragm stiff enough to protect both the exist-
detailed to minimize the impact on the existing building ing gravity frames and the brittle concrete roof.
fabric and allowed many of the buildings character- Investigating materials at the outset of the project
defining features to remain. showed that the original steel was suitable for welding,
The Presidio has stringent requirements for maintain- which facilitated the integration of the new lateral bracing
ing the history behind its existing buildings. As with most and gravity strengthening, one of many advantages of us-
historically significant buildings the way in which they were ing structural steel.
built tells a story about both construction practices and In addition to the base building seismic retrofit and core
social and economic circumstances at the time. Maintain- and shell work, the structural engineer designed a vast net-
ing the story associated with this historic biplane hangar work of conjoined trampolines, providing detailing as well
was an important driver for the approach taken with the as structural calculations and drawings to meet the require-
House of Air. Very little of the original building fabric was ments of the California Building Code.
removed and the inherent strength of the existing structure The design required complex analysis of the individual
was used to the greatest extent possible. In addition, the trampoline framing members. A finite element analy-
House of Air project is LEED certified with many of the sis model was used to capture the various stresses in the
credits coming from the reuse of existing materials. members and back checked against static catenary action
The renovation and remodeling of the existing historic spreadsheets. The resulting member sizesHSS 31
hangar was no small task. The existing building consists of with wall thicknesses from 316 in. to 14 gaugewere strong
a steel trussed roof spanning 110 ft. Steel columns support enough to demonstrate compliance with a wide range of
the roof at the perimeter creating a 17,500-sq.-ft column- impact loads while still being easy to fabricate. The tram-
free floor plate. The existing structure is built on artificial fill polines were modeled in Revit to simplify the fabrication
prone to liquifaction in a high seismic zone. Adding to that and installation process. That proved to be especially help-
the 3-in.-thick concrete roof structurebomb-proof by ful with the complex geometry in the dodgeball court and
1920s standardswhich had to remain intact, it was clear double bowl.
that the building was in need of strengthening. The trampoline framing uses more than 6,500 ft of HSS.
Architecturally, the hangar remains a large-volume A system of adjustable legs detailed to accommodate more
structure with free-standing elements installed within it. than 5 in. of undulation in the existing hangar slab. That per-
The original roller door was removed and a 45-ft glazed mitted fabricating all trampoline legs the same length while
overhead bifold door was constructed at one end of the at the same time allowing the trampoline beds to be perfectly
building. Internally, this large oculus is flanked by structur- level. By using a section of threaded rod and locking nuts for
ally independent pavilions housing discreet programmatic each leg, its overall length could be shortened or extended
elements and clad in translucent blue polycarbonate. to suit its location by simply spinning the base plate, saving a
Large openings in these walls are fitted with pivoting pan- significant amount of time during the 350-leg installation.
els to provide privacy to the interior rooms. An exposed
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION may 2011
Blake Marvin
Ethan Kaplna Photography
Owner
House of Air, San Francisco
Architect
Mark Horton Architecture, San Francisco
Structural Engineer Ethan Kaplna Photography
Holmes Culley, San Francisco (AISC
Member)
General Contractor
Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Co.,
San Francisco
Structural Software
RISA-3D
C
onstructed in 1939, the Ottawa Street Power Sta-
tion along Lansing, Michigans Grand River was de-
commissioned in 1992 and sat idle for more than a
decade. Its resurrection for use as a national headquarters
by Lansing, Mich.-based Accident Fund Insurance Fund
of America began in 2007. Converting the abandoned
vintage power station into prime office space relied on a
detailed erection plan and flawless execution.
Imagine building a 10-story steel-framed office build-
ing inside an existing masonry structure, all the while
having to both preserve and support the heavy shell.
Then add the complication that much of the existing
steel had to be removed before the new framing and
floors could be installed. These were just some of the
challenges facing the project team.
The teams collaborative solution was much like
building a ship in a bottle. The construction manager,
Christman Company, turned to Douglas Steel and Ruby
+ Associates to provide design and construction ex-
pertise in evaluating design alternatives to convert the
power plant into a modern, energy-efficient 10-story of-
fice building without disturbing the historical exterior.
This team began in the spring of 2008, and completed
the main structural steel erection ahead of schedule,
even with a late start due to site delays.
The existing building consisted of two primary areas:
a 10-story tower and the original turbine hall. Working
within the confines of an existing structure posed major
access obstacles. Douglas Steel developed an inno-
vative technique that enabled erection of the internal
structure without disturbing the building exterior. The
process involved installing two temporary 14-ft by 40-ft
roof hatches at the top of the 10-story tower, hoisting
all of the steel through these roof hatches, and setting
the new steel from the ground up. That meant that all
steel would be set in the blindthe crane operator
would not see the piece being lowered into position,
nor would he see the ironworker setting the piece. This
required a detailed erection plan with a reliable commu-
nication system between the ironworkers and the crane
operator. To capitalize on this effort, Ruby carefully ana-
lyzed the tower structure to maximize first pass de-
molition, giving the trades a safe working environment
while minimizing obstruction.
To maneuver the steel in the turbine hall, Douglas
Steel took advantage of the existing crane way. The
original overhead crane was to remain in the structure as
a historic artifact, but it had not been operated for more
than 25 years. Douglas creative solution consisted of
Rehabilitating a public
installing a new custom overhead crane for the duration
of the project which used the existing crane runway and
original rails. In the turbine hall, new steel for the fourth
floor was attached to the original and architecturally ex- landmark is always noble,
posed crane girders. The third floor steel was then hung
from the bottom of the fourth floor steel. always complex, and this
project redefines both.
Initially Arup, the structural engineer of record (EOR),
used documents from the original 1939 construction of
the power plant to create a Revit model of the struc-
ture. Engineers then deleted and added members to Wesley Walls
the model as required.