ME 558 Fracture and Fatigue

Considerations in Design

Lecture 2
 Todays Topics

n Instability and R-Curve

n Stress Analysis of Cracks
n Failure Modes
n Stress Intensity Factor
n Relationship between K and Global Behavior
n Effect of Finite Size
n Principle of Superposition
n Relationship Between K and G

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 Instability and R-Curve

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 Instability and R-Curve

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 Instability and R-Curve

n Flat R-Curve:

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 Instability and R-Curve

n Rising R-Curve: Material resistance is increasing with crack growth

a. Stable crack growth continues as the

stress increases up to s3
b. When the stress reaches s4, the
driving force curve is tangent to the R
curve. The plate is unstable with
further crack growth because the rate
of change in the driving force exceeds
the slope of the R curve.

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 Instability and R-Curve

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 Load Control vs. Displacement Control

In load control, the point A is instable

In displacement control, the structure is stable at

A the point A because the driving force decreases
with crack growth

Most real structure is subjected to conditions

between pure load control and pure displacement
control.

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 Example

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 Stress Analysis of Cracks

k
s ij = f ij (q ) + Am r g ij (q )
m2 m

r m =0

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 Stress Analysis of Cracks

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 Failure Modes

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 Stress Intensity Factor

n Stress Intensity Factor

K = k 2p
n Stress fields ahead of a crack tip

KI
f ij (q )
I
lim s =
I
ij
r 0 2pr
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 Stress Intensity Factor

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 Stress Intensity Factor

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 Stress Intensity Factor

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 Stress Intensity Factor

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.

Relationship Between K and Global

Behavior
n In order for the stress intensity factor to be useful, one must be able
to determine K from remote load and geometry.
n Linear elastic bodies must undergo proportional stressing, i.e., all the
stress components at all locations increase in proportion to the
remotely applied forces.
n Thus the crack tip stresses must be proportional to the remote stress:

K I s
n For infinite plate subjected to a remote tensile stress, s :

K I = s pa
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.

Relationship Between K and Global

Behavior
n For semi-infinite plate with an edge crack subjected to a
remote tensile stress:

K I = 1.12s pa

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior

n For an infinite plate with an angled crack

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior

K I = s yy pa = s cos b pa
2

K II = t xy pa = s cos b sin b pa
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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
Quick Review on Mohrs Circle
Assume sx > sy

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
Then, we can draw the Mohrs circle for the cracked body
Assumption : s yy s xx
K I = s yy pa = s cos2 b pa
b is small or less than 45o

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior

K II = t xy pa = s cos b sin b pa

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
n For a Penny-shaped crack in an infinite
medium

2 a
KI = s pa
p

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
n For elliptical or semi-elliptical crack

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
n For elliptical or semi-elliptical crack

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
n For elliptical or semi-elliptical crack

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
n Example: Pressure Vessel

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
n Example: Pressure Vessel
Condition to be satisfied:

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 Relationship Between K and Global
Behavior
n Example: Pressure Vessel

0.4

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 Effect of Finite Size

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 Effect of Finite Size

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 Effect of Finite Size

12
2W pa
K I = s pa tan
pa 2W

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 Effect of Finite Size

12
2W pa
K I = s pa tan
pa 2W

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 Effect of Finite Size

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 Effect of Finite Size

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 Effect of Finite Size

Plot of stress intensity solutions from previous Table

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 Effect of Finite Size

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 Effect of Finite Size

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 Effect of Finite Size

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 Principle of Superposition

n For linear elastic materials, individual components of

stress, strain, and displacement are additive.

n Same way stress intensity factors can be additive.

K
total
I = K IA + K BI + K CI + ......

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 Principle of Superposition

n Example: an edge cracked panel subjected to combined

axial loading and three-point bending

Pb/2
Pb/2
a
Pm Pm

Pb

K
total
I = K axial
I + bending
KI
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 Relationship Between K and G

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 Relationship Between K and G

n For a through crack in an infinite plate subjected to

a uniform tensile stress (plane stress, thin plate)

K I2
G=
E
n For plane strain (thick plate)

K I2
G=
E

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 Relationship Between K and G

Fracture stress for a penny-shaped flaw embedded in the material

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 Relationship Between K and G

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