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Abstract The main objective of this paper is to provide comparison between various adiabatic logics has been
new low power solutions for Very Large Scale Integration done to provide the better results.
(VLSI) designers. Especially, this work focuses on the
reduction of the power dissipation, which is showing an ever-
increasing growth with the scaling down of the technologies. II. DESIGN OF QUASI ADIABATIC CIRCUITS
Then, to limit the power dissipation, alternative solutions at
each level of abstraction are proposed. The dynamic power A. 2N2N-2P
requirement of CMOS circuits is rapidly becoming a major The 2N2N-2P adiabatic block has a 2N2P latch which
concern in the design of personal information systems and consists of two NMOS and two PMOS transistors, along
large computers. In this paper work, a new CMOS logic with complementary functional blocks, in parallel with the
family called ADIABATIC LOGIC, based on the adiabatic
two NMOS devices of the 2N2P latch. The presence of
switching principle is presented. The Logic cells like 2N2P,
2N2N2P, PFAL has been designed and presented here. Power these NMOS transistors avoids the occurrence of floating
consumption is widely reduced up to 50%. The simulation nodes with remnant charge, which will pay way for charge
tool used to design adiabatic cells is TANNER EDA V13.0. sharing and leakage. This ultimately results in loss of high
frequency performance of the circuit. The four main
Keywords Adiabatic, Low Power Very Large Scale phases of operation of the 2N2N-2P logic gates are 1)
Integration, 2N2N-2P, PFAL, 2N2P. input, 2) hold, 3) recovery and 4) reset. A typical 2N2N-
2P inverter is shown in Fig. 1, to briefly explain the
I. INTRODUCTION operation of the circuit.
starts conducting. Node outbar gets charged as MP2 main difference between the PFAL and the 2N2N-2P
conducts and it follows the power-clock. During the hold logics is that the complementary functional blocks in
phase, the outputs are maintained the same. In this phase PFAL are implemented as a pull up network, in parallel
of operation, the next stage of adiabatic circuit, operates in with the two PMOS devices. This has its characteristic
its evaluate phase. During the recovery phase, power-clock advantages and disadvantages, when compared to the
starts falling. Then, since the node outbar is at a higher 2N2N-2P logic. This is explained in the following
potential than the power-clock voltage, the charge from paragraph.
outbar goes back to the power-clock and hence energy is The evaluate phase of the power-clock, assume that the
recovered. input X is already high and /X low. When the power-clock
voltage level rises above the threshold voltage Vtn of the
NMOS transistor, the transistor MX conducts and
connects the rising node voltage Y to PC. This node Y
with rising voltage turns on the device MN2 and pulls the
node /Y to ground. This in turn is applied to the gate of the
PMOS device MP1. This in effect realizes a parallel
combination of the PMOS and NMOS devices, namely,
MX and MP1. This results in reduced ON resistance
through the transmission gate structure. This reduction of
resistance is the main advantage of the PFAL. During the
hold phase of the power-clock, the Y and /Y logic levels
are used as the input for the succeeding gate of the
adiabatic pipeline.
During the recovery phase, the power-clock voltage
reduces. Then, due to the potential difference existing
Fig.2. Timing Diagram for 2N2N-2P logic between the power rail and Y node, the charge gets
transferred back to the PC. However, since the input
B. PFAL NMOS device at this time is OFF, energy recovery is
made possible only through the PMOS device. This in
The acronym PFAL stands for the Positive Feedback
effect poses increased resistance. When the PC voltage is
Adiabatic Logic. It is a dual rail adiabatic circuit capable
lower than the Vth of the PMOS device, the charge
of realizing partial energy recovery. The basic circuit of
recovery stops. This results in the floating node problem,
Fig 3 represents a buffer implemented using PFAL logic.
due to the remnant charge. This remaining charge is
Analogous to the 2N2N-2P logic, this logic also uses the
retained in the output node and is dissipated in the next
four-phase power-clock, consisting of 4 phases, namely,
stage, when the states of the adiabatic stage change.
(1) the rising phase of power-clock called evaluate, (2) the
Hence, this logic falls under quasi adiabatic family, that is
constant phase called hold, when the output is held for the
complete recovery of energy is not possible due to the
next stage to evaluate this signal, (3) the falling phase of
losses mentioned above. The floating output node problem
power-clock called reset or recovery, where the process of
also results in poorer high frequency performance.
charge reclamation or charge retrieval takes place. This is
followed by the Wait phase, which synchronizes the flow C. 2N2P
of data across the adiabatic pipeline. The 2N2P adiabatic block consists of two NMOS and
two PMOS transistors. The operation is same as a
2N2N2P adiabatic cell. The presence of these NMOS
transistors avoids the occurrence of floating nodes with
remnant charge, which will pay way for charge sharing
and leakage. This ultimately results in loss of high
frequency performance of the circuit. The four main
phases of operation of the 2N2N-2P logic gates are 1)
input, 2) hold, 3) recovery and 4) reset. A typical 2N2P
inverter is shown in Figure 4, to briefly explain the
operation of the circuit.
A four- phase power-clock is employed to power the
circuit. It is called as power-clock to identify the fact that
these power-clocks power the circuit and act as the timing
clocks for the pipelined adiabatic circuit. By pipelining,
we mean the operating nature of the adiabatic circuits,
wherein the output of the current stage when held, is used
Fig.3. Structure of PFAL buffer for evaluation by the next stage in the circuit, and signal
goes on across the stages by the presence of power-clock
signals, each lagging behind the previous by 90o.
The heart of the PFAL circuits is the adiabatic amplifier
latch made by two PMOS and NMOS transistors. The
Copyright 2013 IJAIM right reserved
83
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics
Volume 1, Issue 5, ISSN 2320 5121
III. ADIABATIC CELL DESIGN AND DESIGN Fig.6. Schematic of 8x8 Adiabatic Multiplier
FLOW
V. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND
The realization of multiplier is done in a semi-automatic COMPARISON
custom flow as depicted in Fig.5 the individual modules
are constructed using the S-Edit and the designs are The results of the simulation are presented in this
exported to the T-Spice circuit Simulator. section. Each of the multiplier was analyzed for energy
The operational feasibility of the gate is studied for consumption and the number of transistor devices
various frequency ranges and capacitive loads. The employed in the design, which is an indication of the
functional block diagram of the multiplier circuit is shown actual silicon area requirement for the circuit. The inputs
in Fig.5. A, B, C and D were supplied as per the four bit binary
counting sequence for uniformity. The frequency of the
power clock was 50 MHz
The energy dissipation measurement was done from the
simulation outputs, by integrating the power over the
specific period of simulation. The average power
dissipation of the circuit was also observed.
The waveform shown in figure 7 gives the performance
evaluation of Conventional CMOS circuit.
AUTHORS PROFILE
M. Vasanthakumar
Completed B.E Degree in Electronics and
Communication engineering in 2009 from paavai
engineering College affiliated by Anna University,
Chennai and currently pursuing M.E Degree in VLSI
DESIGN from AVS Engineering College, affiliated
by Anna University, Chennai.
He worked as an EMF & RF Engineer in Sprint Communication
Services at Chennai during the year of 2009-2010.The research interest
includes Wireless networks and Testing of VLSI Circuits System.