SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL
SUBJECT: THEORY OF MACHINES.
(3341903)

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Theory of Machines (3341903)

Practical List

Sr. Performance Page Assessment Sign of

Title Marks
No. Date No Date Faculty

1 PREPERATORY ACTIVITY

TO STUDY VELOCITY AND

2
ACCELERATION DIAGRAM

3 TO STUDY CAM AND CAM

PROFILE

4 TO STUDY CLUTCH

TO STUDY OF VARIOUS
5 MECHANICAL POWER
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
TO STUDY OF BALANCING
6

TO STUDY ABOUT
7
FLYWHEEL AND FUCTION

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Theory of Machines (3341903)

Date:

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
INTRODUCTION ABOUT UNITS AND MICHANISM

AIM: TO STUDY OF BASIC OF SI UNITS & CONVERSIONS AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF

MECHANISMS.
OBJECTIVE: To learn about basic knowledge of unit and different types of motion of mechanisms
THEORY:

INTRODUCTION TO S.I UNITS:

S.I, the international system of units is divided into three classes.
1. Base units 2. Derived units 3. Supplementary units.
BASE UNITS:
QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL
Length Meter M
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second S
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity Candela Cd
Amount of substance Mole Mol

EXAMPLES OF DERIVED UNITS:

QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL
Area Square metre
Volume Cubic metre
Speed, velocity Metre per second
Acceleration Metre per second squared
Density, mass density Kilogram per cubic metre
Specific volume Cubic metre per kilogram

SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS:
QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL
Plane angle Radian Rad
Solid angle steradian Sr

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SOME CONVERSION FACTORS:

1. FORCE
1 newton = 1 kg m/sec = 0.012 kgf
1 kgf = 9.81 N

2. PRESSURE
1 bar = 750.06 mm Hg = 0.9869 atm = 10 N/m = 103 kg/m sec
1 N/m = 1 pascal = 10 bar = 10 kg/ sec = 1001325 * 10 N/m

3. POWER
1 watt = 1 joule/sec
1 h.p = 735.5 watt
1 KW = 1000 watts.

SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES:

Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.
Example: Mass, Distance, Speed, Temperature etc.
Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.
Example: Velocity, Acceleration etc.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF TWO VECTORS

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MECHANISM:

Single Slider Crank Mechanism Four Bar Chain Mechanism

Double Slider Crank Mechanism

Question:
1. Define scalar and vector quantity. Give two examples of each
2. Write basic and derived SI units. Also state conversions for mm to meter.
3. Sketch various elements (like piston, crank, connecting rod, screw, cam, clutch, brake, flywheel,
governor, etc.) and with functions of each.

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Theory of Machines (3341903)

Date:

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

AIM: TO STUDY OF VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION DIAGRAM.

OBJECTIVE: After study this practical, will know about graphical method for velocity and
acceleration

Introduction
Kinematics deals with study of relative motion between the various parts of the machines.
Kinematics does not involve study of forces. Thus motion leads study of displacement, velocity
and acceleration of a part of the machine. Study of Motions of various parts of a machine is
important for determining their velocities and accelerations at different moments.
As dynamic forces are a function of acceleration and acceleration is a function of velocities,
study of velocity and acceleration will be useful in the design of mechanism of a machine. The
mechanism will be represented by a line diagram which is known as configuration diagram. The
analysis can be carried out both by graphical method as well as analytical method.
Displacement: All particles of a body move in parallel planes and travel by same
distance is known, linear displacement and is denoted by x. A body rotating about a fired point
in such a way that all particular move in circular path angular displacement and is denoted by.

Velocity: Rate of change of displacement is velocity. Velocity can be linear velocity of

angular velocity.

Absolute velocity: Velocity of a point with respect to a fixed point (zero velocity point).

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Relative velocity: Velocity of a point with respect to another point x

Velocity of point A with respect to O2 fixed point, zero velocity point.

Acceleration Analysis:

Rate of change of velocity is acceleration. A change in velocity requires any one of the following
conditions to be fulfilled:
Change in magnitude only
Change in direction only
Change in both magnitude and direction
When the velocity of a particle changes in magnitude and direction it has two component of
acceleration.
1. Radial or centripetal acceleration
fc = 2r
Acceleration is parallel to the link and acting towards center.
2. Tangential Acceleration:
ft = BA acts to link

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SOLVE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEM AS PER GIVEN DATA.

1. In a four bar chain ABCD, AD is fixed link. Crank AB rotates in clock wise direction at an
angular velocity of 10 rad /sec. Link AB=60 mm, BC=CD =70 mm, DA =120 mm. When
angle DAB = 60 degree and points B and D on one side of the link AD, find angular velocity
of link BC and CD.

2. A four bar mechanism ABCD is having AD = 120 mm as a fixed link, AB =50mm as a

driving link and CD =75 mm as a driven link, the link BC = 75 mm and BAD = 60
degree, the driving link revolves at 120 rpm in clockwise direction. Find 1) Angular
velocity of link BC. 2) Velocity of midpoint E of link BC.

3. In an I.C.Engine the length of the crank and connecting rod are 0.2m and 0.8m respectively.
The crank rotates uniformly at 420 rpm in clockwise direction. The crank has turned to 30o
from I.D.C. Determine the followings by relative velocity method.
(i) Velocity of piston
(ii) Acceleration of piston.

4. The stroke of a reciprocating steam engine is 360 mm and length of the connecting is 600
mm. The crank rotates at uniform speed of 300 r.p.m. in clock wise direction. For the crank
position of 210 degree from I.D.C. determine using Relative velocity approach the
following:
i. Velocity and acceleration of piston.
ii. Angular velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod.

5. Solve the problem no. 4 by Kliens Construction method.

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Theory of Machines (3341903)

Date:

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
CAM AND CAM PROFILE

AIM: TO STUDY OF CAM AND CAM PROFILE

INTRODUCTION
A cam is a mechanical device used to transmit motion to a follower by direct contact. The
driver is called the cam and the driven member is called the follower. In a cam follower
pair, the cam normally rotates while the follower may translate or oscillate. A familiar
example is the camshaft of an automobile engine, where the cams drive the push rods (the
followers) to open and close the valves in synchronization with the motion of the pistons.

Cam Nomenclatures:

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Cam Profile: The contour of the working surface of the cam.

Tracer Point: The point at the knife edge of a follower, or the center of a roller, or the
center of a spherical face.
Pitch Curve: The path of the tracer point.
Base Circle: The smallest circle drawn, tangential to the cam profile, with its center on the
axis of the camshaft. The size of the base circle determines the size of the cam.
Prime Circle: The smallest circle drawn, tangential to the pitch curve, with its center on
the axis of the camshaft.
Pressure Angle: The angle between the normal to the pitch curve and the direction of
motion of the follower at the point of contact.

Classification of Follower.

1. According to the surface in contact. The followers, according to the surface in contact, are as
follows:

(a) Knife edge follower.

When the contacting end of the follower has a sharp knife edge, it is called a knife edge
follower, as shown in Fig. 20.1 (a). The sliding motion takes place between the contacting surfaces
(i.e. the knife edge and the cam surface). It is seldom used in practice because the small area of
contacting surface results in excessive wear. In knife edge followers, a considerable side thrust
exists between the follower and the guide.

(b) Roller follower:-

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

When the contacting end of the follower is a roller, it is called a roller follower, as shown
in Fig. Since the rolling motion takes place between the contacting surfaces (i.e. the roller and the
cam), therefore the rate of wear is greatly reduced. In roller followers also the side thrust exists
between the follower and the guide. The roller followers are extensively used where more
space is available such as in stationary gas and oil engines and aircraft engines.

(c) Flat faced or mushroom follower:-

When the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly flat face, it is called a flat-faced follower, as
shown in Fig. 20.1 (c). It may be noted that the side thrust between the follower and the guide
is much reduced in case of flat faced followers. The only side thrust is due to friction between
the contact surfaces of the follower and the cam. The relative motion between these surfaces is
largely of sliding nature but wear may be reduced by off-setting the axis of the follower, as
shown in Fig. 20.1 (f ) so that when the cam rotates, the follower also rotates about its own
axis. The flat faced followers are generally used where space is limited such as in cams
which operate the valves of automobile engines.

(d) Spherical faced follower.

When the contacting end of the follower is of spherical shape, it is called a spherical faced follower,
as shown in Fig. It may be noted that when a flat-faced follower is used in automobile engines,
high surface stresses are produced. In order to minimize these stresses, the flat end of the
follower is machined to a spherical shape.

2. According to the motion of Follower two types:

(a) Reciprocating or translating follower.

When the follower reciprocates in guides as the cam rotates uniformly, it is known as reciprocating
or translating follower.

(b) Oscillating or rotating follower.

When the uniform rotary motion of the cam is converted into predetermined oscillatory motion
of the follower, it is called oscillating or rotating follower.

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
3. According to the path of motion of the follower.

The followers, according to its path of motion, are of the following two types:

(a) Radial follower.

When the motion of the follower is along an axis passing through the centre of the cam, it is
known as radial follower.

(b) Off-set follower.

When the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the axis of the cam centre, it is called off-
set follower.
Questions.
1. Draw the cam Profile to reciprocate the knife edge follower from the following details.
(1) Out stroke of follower is with S.H.M. for 120 rotation of cam. Lift of follower =
42mm.
(2) Follower remains lifted during next 60 rotation of cam.
(3) Follower moves inward with uniform velocity during 90 of cam rotation.
(4) For remaining period of cam rotation, the follower remains at the bottom.
(5) Least Radius of cam is 30 mm and cam rotates in clockwise direction.
2. Draw cam profile for a cam operating a pivoted follower from the following data (a) the
follower moves out ward with S.H.M. during 120 rotation of cam. (b) The follower
remains lifted during 90 rotation of cam. (c) The follower moves inward with uniform
velocity during 120 rotation of cam. (d) The follower remains at the bottom for the rest of
rotation.(e) stroke of follower =42 mm. (f) least radius of cam =35 mm (g) the follower is
radial and the cam shaft rotates in anticlockwise direction.

3. Draw cam profile to move the roller follower to give 30mm lift with S.H.M. during 120
degree of cam rotation and it dwell for 30 degree of cam rotation then it returns with
uniform acceleration and retardation during 150 degree rotation. The follower remains in
rest at remaining period. The axis of follower passes through the axis of cam shaft. The
cam rotates in anticlockwise direction. The base circle diameter of the cam is 50 mm.

4. Draw the cam Profile to the knife edge follower from the following details.
(1) Out stroke of follower is with uniform velocity for 60 rotation of cam. Lift of
follower = 42mm.
(2) Follower remains lifted during next 30 rotation of cam.
(3) Follower moves inward with uniform velocity during 60 of cam rotation.
(4) For remaining period of cam rotation, the follower remains at the bottom.
(5) Least Radius of cam is 30 mm and the axis of follower is 15 mm offset from the
shaft. Cam rotates in clockwise direction.

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Theory of Machines (3341903)

Date:

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
CLUTCHES

AIM: TO STUDY OF SINGLE PLATE CLUTCH.

A clutch is a device used to transmit the rotary motion of one shaft to another when desired.

Single Plate Clutch: A single disc or plate clutch consists of a clutch plate whose both sides are faced with a
frictional material. It is mounted on the hub which is free to move axially along the splines of the driven shaft.

The pressure plate is mounted inside the clutch body which is bolted to the flywheel. Both the pressure plate
and the flywheel rotate with the engine crank shaft or the driving shaft. The pressure plate pushes the clutch plate
towards the flywheel by a set of strong springs which are arranged radially inside the body.

The three levers (also known as release levers or fingers) are carried on pivots suspended from the case of the
body. These are arranged in such a manner so that the pressure plate moves away from the flywheel by the
inward movement of a trust bearing. The bearing is mounted upon a forked shaft and moves forward when the
clutch pedal is pressed

When the clutch pedal is pressed down, its linkage forces the thrust release bearing to move in towards the
flywheel and pressing the longer ends of the levers inward.

The axial pressure exerted by the spring provides a frictional force in the circumferential direction when the
relative motion between the driving and driven members tends to take place. If the torque due to this frictional
force exceeds the torque to be transmitted, then no slipping takes place and the power is transmitted from the
driving shaft to the driven shaft.

Explain the construction & working of cone clutch:-

As the shape of the surfaces in contact is conical in this clutch. The member C having internal conical
surface is fixed with the driving shaft A. The driven shaft B has external splines and the driven member D
is assembled with the driven shat B and free to slide axially on the splines of the driven shaft and rotate
along with the shaft. Compression spring S is placed between the collar on the shaft and the sleeve initial
with the driven cone D. The initial compression in the spring keep the cone D in the contact with the member
C. Thus the power /torque is the transmitted from driving to the coaxial driven shaft. The grove in the sleeve
accommodates the end of operating lever G. When the force is applied on the paddle of the lever G the
spring S is further compressed & the sleeve moves on the right side creating a gap between driving & driven
cone will not rotate &power is transmitted. In the cone clutch the wedging action due to conical surfaces
results in to consideration normal pressure & friction force with small engaging force. Cone clutch has large
torque capacity for smaller axial force compared to plate clutch.

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Theory of Machines (3341903)

Date:

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

AIM: TO STUDY OF VARIOUS MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS.

THEORY:

INTRODUCTION:-
The belts or ropes are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of pulleys which
rotate at the same speed or at different speeds. The amount of power transmitted depends upon the following
factors:

1. The velocity of the belt.

2. The tension under which the belt is placed on the pulleys.
3. The arc of contact between the belt and the smaller pulley.
4. The conditions under which the belt is used. It may be noted that
a. The shafts should be properly in line to insure uniform tension across the belt section.
b. The pulleys should not be too close together, in order that the arc of contact on the smaller pulley may be as
large as possible.
c. The pulleys should not be so far apart as to cause the belt to weigh heavily on the shafts, thus increasing the
friction load on the bearings.

TYPES OF BELT USED FOR POWER TRANSMISSION:-

Following type of belt are used for power transmission:-
i-Flat belt:-
The flat belt, as shown in Fig. 11.1 (a), is mostly used in the factories and workshops, where a
moderate amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are not more
than 8 meters apart.
ii-V-belt:-
The V-belt, as shown in Fig. 11.1 (b), is mostly used in the factories and work-shops, where a moderate
amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each
other.

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
iii-Circular belt or rope belt:-
The circular belt or rope, as shown in Fig. 11.1 (c), is mostly used in the factories and workshops, where a
great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are more than
8 meters apart.

Types of Belt
Compare between flat and v-belt:-
Flat belt:-The belt are known as flat belt as the shape of cross section of the belt is flat rectangular. Flat belt
is mostly used in workshop, industrial equipments where moderate amount of power is to be transmitted.
The maximum center distance for single drive is limited to about 8 meters. Material used for flat belt are
leather, cotton ,fabric ,rubber ,synthetic material etc.

V-belt :-Cross section of this type of belt is trapezoid or a V-shape, cut from bottom side and hence it is
known as V belt. It is the most suitable drive for having relatively short center distance between the axes of
driving and driven shaft. Using more than one belt large power can be transmitted. Material used for V-belt
are fabric, vulcanized rubber with cotton, rubber impinged fabric with angle between 30 to 40

FEATURES FOR V-BELT DRIVE:-

(1) Effective co-efficient of friction is higher because of welding friction.

(2) Belt sleep is less compared to flat belt

(3) Oqupies less space compare to flat belt.

(4) Less maintenance.

(5) Less load on bearing compare to flat belt.

(6) Bending stresses are higher compare to flat belt.

(7) Not use for very large center distance.

(8) Design of pulley for V belt is slightely complex compare to flat belt.

(9) When more number of v belt are used matched sets are to be used.

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SLIP IN BELT DRIVE AND THE EFFECT OF SLIP IN VELOCITY RATIO:-

Slip of belt drive is the firm frictional grip between the belt and pulley causes the movement of the belt on
the pulley without slipping. If the frictional grip is in-sufficient, some forward motion of pulley will take
place without carrying the belt with them. This is known as slip of belt. Thus the difference between the linear
speed of the rim of the pulley and belt on it is known as slip of the belt drive.

The result of the belt slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system. As the slipping of the belt is a
common phenomenon, thus the belt should never be used where a definite velocity ratio is importance
TYPES OF BELT DRIVES:-
(1) Belt drive- Belt drive is formed by connecting two pulleys through endless belt.
(2) Rope drive- When the center distance between driver and driven shaft is very large and high power is
required to be transmitted, is such cases rope drive are used.
(3) Open belt drive- In such drive the driving and the driven shafts are parallel to each other and they rotate
in same direction.

(4) Crossed belt drive- In crossed belt drive the driven pulley rotates in the opposite direction to that of
driven pulley.

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

(5) Compound belt drive- The compound belt drive is used when the distance between input and output
shaft is large and also when the high velocity is required.

Compound Belt Drive

GEAR TRAIN :-
A gear train is the combination of gear wheels which is used to transmit motion from one shaft to another

Train-value: In any given gear drive the ratio of the driven or follower to the speed of the driven is known
as train value of the gear train.

TYPES OF GEAR TRAIN:-

1. Simple gear train

2. Compound gear train

3. Reverted gear train

4. Epi-cyclic gear train

Simple Gear Train:-

When there is only one gear on each shaft, as shown in it is known as simple gear train. The gears
are represented by their pitch circles. When the distance between the two shafts is small,
the two gears 1 and 2 are made to mesh with each other to

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Reverted Gear Train:

It is the special case to compound gear train in which the axis of the driven gear is in line with axis of
the driving gear.

Such gear train are used in mechanical clocks where minute and hour hand are attached to the gear in the
same axis, in automobile gear box, in back gear of lathe etc.
Gear 1 is mounted on driving shaft and drives the gear 4 through compound gear 2 and 3while the axis of
the driving and the driven shaft coincide. Such gear are compact and provide high speed ratio.
Epi-cyclic Gear Train:

In simple gear train and compound gear train the axes of the shaft are fixed. Where as in the epi-cyclic gear
train the axes of the shaft on which the gear train are mounted may have the relative motion between them.
Gear A and arm C have common axis O1 about which they can rotate gear B meshes with gear A and has its
axis o2 and can also revolves along with the arm about the axis o1. When the arm Is fixed the gear train where
gear A or gear B or vice versa. But if gear A is fixed and the arm C is rotate about the axis of gear A than the
gear B is forced to rotate upon and around gear A. such motion is called epicycle

and the gear train arranged in such a manner is known as epicycle gear train. Epicycle gear train may consist
of simple, compound or reverted gear train. Epicycle gear train are also known as planetary gear train as
the motion of the gear are like sun and planet.

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AUTOMOBILE GEAR BOX WITH SLIDING GEARS :-

This is the simplest type of gear box. The figure gives a simplified view if the gear box. The power comes
from the engine to the clutch shaft and hence to the clutch gear which is always in mesh with a gear on
the lay shaft. All the gears on the lay shaft are fixed to it and as such they are all the time rotating when
the engine is running and the clutch is engaged. Three direct and one reverse speeds are attained on
suitably moving the gear on the main shaft by means of selector mechanism.
Question:
1. The gearing of a machine tool is shown in Fig. The motor shaft is connected to gear A and rotates
at 975 r .p.m. The gear wheels B, C, D and E are fixed to parallel shafts rotating together. The
final gear F is fixed on the output shaft. What is the speed of gear F? The number of teeth on each
gear are as given below :
Gear A B C D E F
No. of theet 20 50 25 75 26 65

2. Two parallel shafts, about 600 mm apart are to be connected by spur gears. One shaft is to run at
360 r.p.m. and the other at120 r.p.m. Design the gears, if the circular pitch is to be 25 mm.
3. The speed ratio of the reverted gear train, as shown in Fig. 13.5, is to be 12. The module pitch of
gears A and B is 3.125 mm and of gears C and D is 2.5 mm. Calculate the suitable numbers of teeth
for the gears. No gear is to have less than 24 teeth.
Types of flat belt drive.
4. State the types of Gears. State and explain the types of gear trains.
Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Theory of Machines (3341903)

Date:

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
BALANCING

AIM: TO STUDY OF BALANCING.

Theory:
Balancing Of The Several Masses Rotation In The Same Plane:-

Masses m1, m2, m3, m4 are attached to the shaft in the same plane and rotating about the axis of the
shaft passing through the point `O. The masses are rotating at the angular speeds of rad /sec and have their
C.G at a distance of r1, r2, r3 and r4 from the axis of the shaft respectively .The angular position of the masses
m1, m2, m3, m4 with respect to `OX is 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively .When the shaft rotates the centrifugal
force acts on it radially outwards through each mass center. Each of these forces will be proportional to the
corresponding products m.r.
There are two method of Balancing of several masses

Analytical Method.
Graphical Method.

Analytical method:-
The magnitude and direction of the balancing mass may be obtained, analytically, as discussed below:
1. First of all, find out the centrifugal force (or the product of the mass and its radius rotation) of
exerted by each mass on the rotating shaft.

2. Resolve the centrifugal forces horizontally and vertically and find their sums, i.e.H And V . We
know that Sum of horizontal components of the centrifugal forces

H = m1r1cos1 + m2r2cos2

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
and sum of vertical components of the centrifugal forces,

V = m1r1sin1 + m2r2sin2

3. Magnitude of the resultant centrifugal force,

= +
4. If is the angle, which the resultant force makes with the horizontal, then
tan = V /H
5. The balancing force is then equal to the resultant force, but in opposite direction.
6. Now find out the magnitude of the balancing mass, such that
Fc = m.r
m = Balancing mass, r = Its radius of rotation
Graphical Method:
The magnitude and position of the balancing mass may also be obtained graphically as discussed below
1. First of all, draw the space diagram with the position of the several masses, as shown in Fig.
2. Find out the centrifugal force exerted by each mass on the rotation shaft.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal force. Such that ab represents the centrifugal
force exerted by the mass m1 (or m1 r1) in magnitude and direction to some suitable scale. Similarly, draw
bc, cd and de to represent centrifugal forces of other masses m2, m3 and m4.
4. Now, as per polygon law of forces, the closing side ae represents the resultant force in magnitude and
direction, as shown in Fig.
5. The balancing force is, then, equal to the resultant force, but in opposite direction.
6. Now find out the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r), such that
m2r = Resultant centrifugal force
mr = Resultant of m1 r1, m2 r2, m3 r3 and m4 r4

PREPARE SHEETS :-

1. Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding
radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angles between successive
masses are 45, 75 and 135. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if its radius
of rotation is 0.2 m.
2. Four masses A, B, Cand D are attached to a shaft and revolve in the same plane. The masses are 12 kg, 10
kg, 18 kg and 15 kg respectively and their radii of rotations are 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm and 30 mm. The
angular position of the masses B, C and D are 60, 135 and 270 from the mass A. Find the magnitude
and position of the balancing mass at a radius of 100 mm.
3. A single cylinder reciprocating engine has speed 240 r.p.m., stroke 300 mm, mass of reciprocating parts
50 kg, mass of revolving parts at 150 mm radius 37 kg. If two-third of the reciprocating parts and all the
revolving parts are to be balanced, find : 1). The balance mass required at a radius of 400 mm, and 2).The
residual unbalanced force when the crank has rotated 60 from top dead center.

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Theory of Machines (3341903)

Date:

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
FLYWHEEL
AIM: To study about fly wheel and its function
THEORY:

Fly wheel:-
A flywheel used in machines serves a purpose of reservoir, which stores energy during the period when
the supply of energy is more than the requirement and release it during the period when the requirement
of energy is more than the supply thus flywheel control fluctuation.
Function of the flywheel:-
1. To control the fluctuation in input and output in machines because of speed variation during
the cycle.
2. To control the speed during working cycle. Mathematically flywheel controls Dn /DT.
3. During the period of working cycle when the speed increases, fly-wheel stores the energy and
when it is required.
4. Flywheel cannot control the quality of working media
5. Fly wheel are required only where the undesired fluctuation in speed or energy take place
during working cycle.

Turning moment diagram four stroke cycle internal engine combustion:-

For the different positions of the crank, the turning moment available at the crank when represented in
the form graph is known as Turning moment diagram.

Turning moment diagram for four stroke cycle internal combustion engine:-
In this type of engine when crank turns for two revolutions the working cycle gets completed &one working
stroke is available during each cycle. During suction stroke the pressure in the cylinder is below atmospheric
pressure & hence negative loop of turning moment diagram is available for the portion of the stroke. During
compression work is done on the gas and hence negative loop of greater value is available during this stroke.
During working or expansion or expansion stroke the combustion of the fuel takes place & power is
produced to a large extent during this stroke & the gases expand giving large positive loop of turning
moment diagram. In the end during exhaust stroke the gases are paused out from the cylinder through
exhaust system & work is done on the gas as a result majority of negative loop of turning moment is
available during this stroke.
Uses of turning moment diagram:-

In the case of machines like steam engine I.C. engine power press, fly-press, crushes, it becomes necessary
to plot the turning moment diagram in order to carry out the force analysis.

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 SHRI K J POLYTECHNIC, BHARUCH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The important of turning moment diagram:-

1. Turning moment diagram shows the work done during the working cycle with the help of the is
which the power available at the crank shaft can be calculated.
2. From the area of the turning moment diagram mean torque can be found out .From the
3. Mean torque fluctuation of the energy during cycle can be worked out.

The value of the maximum torque during the working cycle can be found out which is useful for the design
of crank shaft, flywheel & other element of the machines.

Question:
1. The mass of flywheel of an engine is 6.5 tones and the radius of gyration is 1.8 meters. It is found from
the turning moment diagram that the fluctuation of energy is 56 kN-m. If the mean speed of the
engine is 120 r.p.m., find the maximum and minimum speeds.
2. The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to the following scales: Turning moment, 1
mm= 5 N-m; crank angle, 1 mm= 1. The turning moment diagram repeats itself at every half
revolution of the engine and the areas above and below the mean turning moment line taken in order
are 295, 685, 40, 340, 960, 270 mm2. The rotating parts are equivalent to a mass of 36 kg at a radius
of gyration of 150 mm. Determine the coefficient of fluctuation of speed when the engine runs at
1800 r.p.m.
3. The turning moment diagram for a multi cylinder engine has been drawn to a scale 1 mm= 600 N-m
vertically and 1 mm= 3 horizontally. The intercepted areas between the output torque curve and the
mean resistance line, taken in order from one end, are as follows:
+ 52, 124, + 92, 140, + 85, 72 and + 107 mm2, when the engine is running at a speed of 600 r.p.m.
If the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed 1.5% of the mean, find the necessary mass of the
flywheel of radius 0.5 m.

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

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