Integrated Reservoir Analysis

Quick-Look Log Interpretation

E. Standen
NExT Training
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 Petrophysical Integration
What does it mean?

Sir Winston Churchill once said:

You may take the most gallant sailor, the most intrepid
airman, and the most audacious soldier, put them at a
table together and what do you get?

The sum of their fears!

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 Reservoir Integration
the sum of their fears.

Geologist There is no way I can extrapolate facies away

from the wellbore with so little core and this well spacing!
Geophysicist Do they realize the assumptions built into
our attribute maps? Were lucky to have any meaningful
velocity data after our de-multiple processing!
Reservoir Engineer I dont even know what layers
theyre injecting into and now they tell me, with the new
mapping, the grid blocks are the size before!
Petrophysicist I cant even get a Phi-K relationship from
modern logs in this reservoir and 80% of the wells have only
resistivity and one porosity log for rock typing! 3
Conversion of
resistance to
Resistivity

4
 Resistivity & Conductivity

Resistivity is specific resistance

R=r*A/L
Units are ohm-m
For each tool there is a specific K-factor that relates
the resistance measured to a calibrated Resistivity.
Conductivity is the reciprocal of Resistivity
C = 1000 / R (or R = 1000 / C)
Units are milli-mhos / m or mmho/m
ie. 1ohmm = 1000 mmho (note we dont usually say
mmho/m).

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 The Original Concept

R1

R2

R3
R4

R5

R6

R7

SP Well Log
Induced Polarization Array Survey

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 Definitions for Log Analysis

Porosity = Pore Volume / Bulk Volume

Total Porosity Total available for fluids
Effective Porosity that allows fluid flow
Water Saturation Sw = Water Volume
Pore Volume
Oil Saturation = Oil Volume / Pore Volume
Gas Saturation = Gas Volume / Pore Volume
Sw x = Bulk Volume Water (BVW)

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Formation Log Symbols & Terms
R = resistivity (ohmm)
eg. Rt, Rw, Rxo, Rmf

S = saturation (dec. %)
eg. Sw, Sxo, So, Sgas

d = diameter (in. or mm)

h = bed thickness (ft or m)

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 Log Measurements
Resistivity SP GR
Laterologs
Induction
Porosity / Lithology GR
Sonic
Litho-Density
Neutron
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Auxiliary
Micro-resistivity
Caliper
Pressure (MDT)
Imaging Tools (FMI / UBI)
Borehole Seismic
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 0 10 20 30 % Por

Core Plug: Clay

30% porosity
Truer Porosity/Oil saturation
80% So

5m 3m 0m
What is the volumetric ratio Sand
between a core plug (1dia.
X 2in) and an induction log
that sees 4h x 5dia. or a
density log ?

A: Ratio of the equivalent

Apparent Porosity/Oil saturation
volumes. Clay
Core = 1.57 cu in.
ILD = 135,716 cu in.
Ratio = 1 : 86,400
Rhob = 450 cu in.
Ratio = 1 : 286 Different apparent thickness with different
0 40 60 80 So 10
porosity/saturation cutoff
 BQ Example Log Suite
Correlation Resistivity Track Correlation Porosity Track
Track Track

Gamma Ray
0 150
Spontaneous (API units)
Potential (mv) Caliper log
- |--| + 5in 15in

Dual Induction SFL Density & Neutron

.2 1.0 10 100 2000 45 30 15 0 15
(logarithmic ohmm) (sandstone porosity units)

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 Rock Matrix, Porosity & Fluids

Ro = F Rw
where

F = a / m
2
Rt = Rw Rt = Ro Rt = F Rw / Sw

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 Archies Equation

Empirical constant

a Rw
(usually near unity) Resistivity of
formation water,

Sw = n
-m

Water m Cementation

Rt
saturation, exponent
fraction (usually near 2)
Saturation
exponent
(also usually Resistivity of
near 2) Porosity, uninvaded
fraction formation, -m
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 Pore Types - Sandstones
The Good

The Bad

The UGLY
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 Pore Types - Carbonates

Carbonate Porosity - Example

Moldic
Pores
Due to dissolution
Dolomite and collapse of ooids
(allochemical particles)
Isolated pores
Moldic Moderate total porosity
Pore Low effective porosity
Low permeability

Calcite

Thin section micrograph - plane-polarized light

Blue areas are pores.
Smackover Formation, Alabama 15
(Photograph by D.C. Kopaska-Merkel)
Rock - Pore Saturations

Pc

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Sw
 Resistivity & Lithology - Saturation

Low Resistivity is a water-wet formation.

Wet Sands/Carbonates
Shale
High Resistivity is a formation with no
water.
Low Porosity no water
Hydrocarbon present low volume of water (Swirr)
Or, VERY FRESH water

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 Hydrocarbon Identification from Resistivity and SP.

High Resistivity => HC or Tight?

(check )

Clean

Low Resistivity => Water-Wet

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 Quick-look HC Identification
Highlight the deep resistivity log.
Highlight Sonic or Density log as Porosity.
Both Sonic and Density read higher in Gas
In a porous, wet zone (ie. Low Resistivity and
High Porosity) overlay the porosity on the deep
resistivity log, keeping the logs parallel and on
depth.
Hydrocarbon is indicated where separation occurs
high resistivity and high porosity.
If you change the relative position of the porosity
and resistivity curves it implies a change in Rw.
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Gamma Ray Neutron Density Porosity Log

Trace Density or
overlay on a light
table.

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Since we are dealing with log-compatible overlay scales, the density curve
on the resistivity scale now defines Ro, the wet resistivity of the formation.

Overlay
Logs Here

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 Sw Calculations
Get Rw from the SP or Rwa in a 100% wet zone.
Compute Sw from Deep Resistivity and Density or
Sonic porosity.
Or
Compute Sw from Deep Resistivity and the average of
Neutron and Density porosity (total).
Do not mix porosities in your computations.
If shale resistivity is much lower than Rt in the
hydrocarbon zone, be aware that no correction for the
shale effect on Rt has been made and you should
consider a shaley-sand interpretation model.
An alternative to individual computations is to plot
porosity and resistivity on a Picket Plot.
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 Rwa is the apparent Rw as
computed from the deep
resistivity and porosity. In
Rwa=Rwb in shales this example the deep
induction log and sonic
using a Wyllie time-
average computation have
been used to produce the
Rwa curve where
Rwa = Rt x **2
The increase in Rwa from
the lowest value in a clean
zone is an indicator of
hydrocarbon in other clean
zones.

Rwa = Rw 23
Pickett Plot for Basal Quartz Sand Example
Rw = 0.028 ohmm

Sw=100%

m=2

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 HC

HC

Water Wet

Water

hc?

hc?

hc

HC

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Water Wet
 Simple Shaley-Sand Model
total = effective

Clean Sand Matrix (Quartz) HC

In a clean sand the irreducible water volume is a function
of the surface area of the sand grains and therefore, the Irreducible
grain size. water
effective
Bound water

Clay +
Clean Sand Matrix (Quartz)
Silt
In a shaley-sand the addition of silt + clay usually decreases
effective porosity due to poorer sorting and increases the total
irreducible water volume with the finer grain size. In
addition, there is clay bound water that is non-effective
porosity that adds conductivity to the formation.
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 Quick-Look Shaley-Sand Analysis

Sw = 1/T**2 x Rw/Rt
total = (PhiN + PhiD)/2
effective = total x (1 Vsh)

In a clean formation PhiN = PhiD and Phi-Total is Phie.

In a shaley formation PhiN + PhiD / 2 usually increases slightly

as shale volume increases (Shale total porosity is usually higher
than the total porosity of a clean sand until significant
compaction occurs).

As shale increases Rt will decrease so the net effect on the

saturation computation is minimal as shale volume increases.
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 Archies Equation

a Rw
Sw = n m
Total
Rt
As Shale (clay) volume increases What is the effect on Sw?
Up to about 20% Vshale not much effect will be seen on Sw as long
as the porosity input is Total Porosity, not Effective porosity. 28
 Production Prediction

Calculation of Swirr
Correlation of log responses to Capillary
Pressure curves
Calculation of moved hydrocarbon
Flow unit identification
Flow estimation from drill stem tests.

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 Bulk Volume Water
What is the volume of water in the formation?
Answer: Sw x = BVW
Assume basic Archie:
Sw**2 = (1/**2) * Rw/Rt
Sw**2 x **2 = Rw/Rt
or Sw*= Rw/Rt
Rt is on a logarithmic scale - it is inversely
proportional to BVW.
low Rt = high BVW and high Rt = low BVW.
As long as BVW is changing with porosity you
are not in the zone of irreducible water saturation.
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Assume ILD = Rt, then BVW is proportional to 1/Rt

Lowest BVW

High Resistivity

Clean zone
Low BVW
Low
Resistivity
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High BVW
 = 12%

= 6 to 15%

= 19%
= 19%

Sw=100% = 18%

Sw=100% = 19%

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 Ellerslie Example BVW Computation

depth Phi Rt Sw BVW

BVW as Cap. Pressure

5350 0.12 15 0.372678 447
2500
2000
1500

BVW
BVW
5374 0.09 25 0.3849 346 1000
5378 0.13 27 0.25641 333
500
5382 0.06 22 0.615457 369
0
5392 0.12 28 0.272772 327
50

78

96

20
5396 0.18 14 0.257172 463 53

53

53

54
Water free production depth
5408 0.19 7 0.344555 655

5420 0.16 1.1 1.032154 1651

5428 0.15 1.5 0.942809 1414

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5436 0.19 0.8 1.019206 1936
 BVW related to Cap. Pressure
Swirr x Porosity = BVW at
irreducible saturation
conditions. This means that
when BVW approaches a
low constant value for a
Pressure formation it will produce
Or water free above that point.
Depth Above the Swirr point,
changes in BVW will
reflect changes in pore size
(grain size) or a change in
HC fluid content.
Remember that Swirr is
0 Swirr Swirr 100 unique for each rock unit.
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Sw
 BVW Plot with Permeability K4
Buckles Plot

K= {70* e**2[(1-Swi)/Swi]}**2
Rock unit 1

Rock unit 2

Water zone
Transition zone

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 BVW Rules of Thumb
eg. For: Sw=20% & =30%, BVW=600
For water free production in clean zones
Carbonates:
Oil : BVW= 150 to 400
Gas: BVW= 50 to 300
Course-grained Sands:
Oil : BVW = 300 to 600
Gas : BVW = 150 to 300
Very fine-grained Sands
Oil : BVW = 800 to 1200
Gas : BVW = 600 to 900
Note: This will depend on the position in the HC
column. Higher up gives a lower BVW. 36
 For our Sand Example

BVWirr ranges from 460 to 330.

Since we expect light oil production from
the zone we can estimate that the rock
should be a coarse-grained sand.
Zones of higher BVW above the oil-water
contact would indicate finer grain-size rock
units.

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HC Yes!
But is it Oil or Gas?

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 Basal Quartz Example HC typing

Point B
Vsh=10%

Vsh=0% Point A

Clean
Vsh=0%
water
sand

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1) Plotting the average
shale point gives an
indication of the shale
correction that will be
applied to each point. Clean Matrix Density line
2) In the 100% wet zone the
apparent clean matrix line
can be estimated. In this
case the sand appears to
have a higher matrix
density than quartz or Sh
about 2.68 gm/cc.
3) Plotting two points in the
hydrocarbon zone and
making a rough shale
correction to one of the
points indicates that light
hydrocarbon is present in
the sand.

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Chart CP-5 can be used
to obtain an estimate of
the gas saturation in the
flushed zone from the
apparent neutron and
density porosities after
correction for shale.

The points in the HC

zone are indicating
20% to 40% Sgas
suggesting that this
zone should produce
some gas.

Test results for the

upper 25 feet of this
sand gave 1.2MMcfd
of gas and 600 bpd of
condensate.

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