Power Electronics

Chapter 5:
SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED
AC TO DC RECTIFIER

Presented by : M. Zaenal Efendi

+
AC Line DC Output
Input Commutated V0(dc )
Voltage Converter
-

Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac

power supply.

Type of output: Variable dc output voltage

Type of commutation: Natural / AC line commutation

1
 Applications of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

DC motor control in steel mills, paper and textile mills
employing dc motor drives.

AC fed traction system using dc traction motor.

Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical processes.

Magnet power supplies.

Portable hand tool drives.

Classification of Phase
Controlled Rectifiers

Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

2
 Types of Single Phase Controlled
Rectifier:

A. Half wave controlled rectifiers.

B. Full wave controlled rectifiers.
C. Using a center tapped transformer.
D. Full wave bridge circuit.
E. Semi converter.
F. Full converter.

Single Phase Half-Wave Thyristor

Converter with a Resistive Load

3
 The Controlled Half-wave Rectifier

Previously discussed are classified as uncontrolled
rectifiers.

Once the source and load parameters are established, the
dc level of the output and power transferred to the load are
fixed quantities.
quantities

A way to control the output is to use SCR instead of diode.

Two condition must be met before SCR can conduct:

The SCR must be forward biased (VSCR>0)

Current must be applied to the gate of SCR

Controlled, Half-wave R load

A gate signal is applied at t = , where is

the delay/firing angle.

4
 Average load Voltage (D.C. Voltage)

DC Voltage

Maximum average (dc) o/p

voltage is obtained when = 0
and the maximum dc output voltage
V
Vdc( max) = Vdm = m (1+ cos0) ; cos ( 0) = 1
2
V
Vdc( max) = Vdm = m

Control Characteristic

VO(dc)
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0 60 120 180
Trigger angle in degrees

5
 Root Mean Square Values

The RMS output voltage is given by

1 2 2
VO( RMS ) =
2 0
vO .d ( t )

Output voltage vO = Vm sin t ; for t = to
1
1 2
VO( RMS ) = Vm2 sin 2 t.d ( t )
2

Root Mean Square Values

Average power absorbed by resistor,

V 2 rms
Note: for = 0 VRMS = 0.5 Vm P = I 2 rms R =
R

1
2 0
RMS Current where , Vo , rms = [Vm sin( t )] 2 d ( t )

For a resistive load VRMS = IRMS R Vm sin( 2 )

= 1 +
2 2

6
 Performance Parameters

Vm2
Pdc = (1 + cos ) 2
2
4 R

Example 1

Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of
40V across 100 load resistor from a 120Vrms 60 Hz
ac source. Determine the power absorbed by the
resistor, efficiency, FF, RF and the power factor.

Briefly describe what happen if the circuit is replaced

by diode to produce the same average output.

7
 Example 1 (Cont)

Solution V 2 rms 75.6 2

P= = = 57.1W
R 100
In such that to achieved 40V
57.1
average voltage, the delay angle pf = = 0.63
75.6
must be (120)
100

Vs If an uncontrolled diode is used,

Vo = [1 + cos ] the average voltage would be
2
120 2 Vs 2 (120)
40 = [1 + cos ] Vo = = = 54V
2
= 61.2o = 1.07 rad That means, some reducing
average resistor to the design must
Vm sin( 2 ) be made. A series resistor or
Vo , rms = 1 +
2 2 inductor could be added to an
120 2 1.07 sin [2(1.07 ) ] uncontrolled rectifier,
rectifier while
= 1 + controlled rectifier has advantage
2 2 of not altering the load or
= 75 .6V introducing the losses

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

(R-L Load)

8
 Output (Load) Voltage Waveform

Thyristor Voltage
Load Voltage

9
 Average Voltage (D.C. Voltage)

2
1
VO( dc ) = VL =
2 v .d (t )
0
O

1 2
VO( dc ) = VL = vO .d ( t ) + vO .d ( t ) + vO .d ( t )
2 0
vO = 0 for t = 0 to & for t = to 2
1

2
VO( dc ) = VL = O v .d ( t ) ;

vO = Vm sin t for t = to

2
VO ( dc ) = VL = m V sin t .d ( )
t

V

VO ( dc ) = VL = m cos t
2

Vm
VO ( dc ) = VL = ( cos cos )
2
V
VO ( dc ) = VL = m ( cos cos )
2

10
 Effect of Load Inductance
on the Output

D u rin g th e p erio d t = to th e
in stan tan eo u s o /p vo ltag e is n eg ative an d
th is red u ces th e averag e o r th e d c o u tp u t
vo ltag e w h en co m p ared to a p u rely
resist ive lo ad .

Average DC Load Current

The average load current (D.C.) is calculated as follows:

11
 RL Load with Free Wheeling Diode

T
i0
+
V0
+ R
Vs

~ FWD

Waveforms

vS
Supply voltage

0 2 3 t

iG
Gate pulses

0 t

iO Load current

t=
0 t
2+

vO
Load voltage

0 2 3 t

12
 D.C. Load Voltage

The average output voltage

Vm
Vdc = [1 + cos ] which is the same as that
2
of a purely resistive load.
The following points are to be noted
For low value of inductance, the load current
tends to become discontinuous.

During the period to

the load current is carried by the SCR.
During the period to load current is
carried by the free wheeling diode.
The value of depends on the value of
R and L and the forward resistance
of the FWD.

13
 Waveforms of a Load with a high inductance

For Large Load Inductance

the load current does not reach zero, & we
obtain continuous load current

i0
t1 t2 t3 t4

SCR FWD SCR FWD

0 t
2 2+ 3

A General Load

iO
R
+
~ vS
L
vO

+
E

14
 Triggering conditions

E
= sin 1
V
m
For trigger angle < ,
the Thyristor conducts from t = to
For trigger angle > ,
the Thyristor conducts from t = to

29

Waveforms
vO Vm

Load voltage

2 t
0 2+

iO

Im
Load current
0 t
2+ 2+

15
 Analysis of the circuit

vS = Vm sin t = Input supply voltage.

vO = Vm sin t = o/p ( load ) voltage
for t = to .
vO = E for t = 0 to &
for t = to 2 .

Expression of the
Load Voltage
2
1
VO( dc ) =
2 v .d ( t )
0
O

1
2
VO( dc ) = vO .d ( t ) + vO .d ( t ) + vO .d ( t )
2 0
vO = Vm sin t = Output load voltage for t = to
vO = E for t = 0 to & for t = to 2
1 2
VO( dc ) = E .d ( ) m
t + V sin t + ( )
E .d t
2 0 32

16
 Expression of the
Load Voltage

1 2

VO( dc ) = E ( t ) + Vm ( cos t ) + E ( t )
2 0
1
VO( dc ) = E ( 0 ) Vm ( cos cos ) + E ( 2 )
2
V E
VO( dc ) = m ( cos cos ) + ( 2 + )
2 2
Vm 2 ( )
VO( dc ) = ( cos cos ) + E
2 2
33

Expression of the
Load Volatge
Conduction angle of thyristor = ( )

RMS Output Voltage can be calculated

by using the expression
1 2
2

2 0
VO( RMS ) = O v .d ( t )

34

17
 Single Phase: Full Wave
Bridge Controlled Rectifier

There are 2 types of FW Bridge

Controlled Rectifiers:
1. Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
(Full Converter)
2. Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi-Converter)

Single Phase Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier With R Load

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 DC Output Voltage

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =

t =0
vO .d ( t )

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
V

m sin t.d ( t )

Vm

VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos t

V
VO( dc ) = Vdc = m [ cos + cos ] ; cos = 1

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = (1 + cos )

RMS Output Voltage

1
(V sin(t ) d (t )
2
Vo ( rms ) = m

2
Vm 1
Vo ( rms ) =
(1 cos 2 )d (t )
2

Vm
2
1


Vo ( rms ) = t sin 2t
2 2
Vm
2
1 1
Vo ( rms ) = sin 2 sin 2
2 2 2
1
Vo ( rms ) = Vm ( ) 1 sin 2 + 1 sin 2
2 2 2
1 sin 2 sin 2
Vo ( rms ) = Vm
2 2 4
1 sin 2
Vo ( rms ) = Vm +
2 2 4

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 Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier With RL Load

A Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier With RL Load

vO Vm

t
0

iO


t
0
2 3
(+) (+)

20
 Analysis of the circuit

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =


t=
v .d ( t )
O

1

VO( dc ) = Vdc = Vm sin t.d ( t )

Vm

VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos t

V
VO( dc ) = Vdc = m ( cos cos )

Analysis of the circuit

When the load inductance is negligible ( i.e., L 0 )

Extinction angle = radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
Vm
VO( dc ) = ( cos cos )

Vm
VO( dc ) =

( cos ( 1) )
Vm
VO( dc ) = (1 + cos ) ; for R load, when =

21
 Full Wave with a Free Wheeling Diode
A. Discontinuous Load Current

vO Vm

t
0

iO


t
0
2 3
(+) (+)

Analysis of the Circuit

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =

t =0
vO .d ( t )

1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
V

m sin t.d ( t )

Vm

VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos t

V
VO( dc ) = Vdc = m [ cos + cos ] ; cos = 1

Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = (1 + cos )

22
 Remarks

The load current is discontinuous for low values

of load inductance and for large values of
trigger angles.

For large values of load inductance the load
current flows continuously without falling to
zero.

Generally the load current is continuous for
large load inductance and for low trigger
angles.

B. Continuous Load Current Operation

vO Vm

t
0

iO

t
0
2 3
(+) (2+)

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 Analysis of the Circuit

( + )
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc =


t=
v .d ( t )
O

1
( + )
VO( dc ) = Vdc = Vm sin t.d ( t )

Vm ( + )
VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos t

VO( dc ) = Vdc
Vm
= cos cos ( + ) ;

cos ( + ) = cos
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = [ cos + cos ]

2Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos

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 Highly Inductive Load

Highly Inductive Load

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 Thyristors Currents

iO Constant Load Current

iO=Ia
Ia
t
+
iT1 Ia Ia
& iT2 t
+ 2+
iT3 Ia
& iT4 t
+ 2+ 3+

Highly Inductive Load

The average dc output voltage

can be determined by using the expression
1
2
VO( dc ) = Vdc = vO .d ( t ) ;
2 0
The o/p voltage waveform consists of two o/p
pulses during the input supply time period of
0 to 2 radians. Hence the Average or dc
o/p voltage can be calculated as

26
 Highly Inductive Load

2
+

2
VO( dc) = Vdc = Vm sin t.d (t )

2V +
VO( dc) = Vdc = m [ cos t ]
2
2V
VO( dc) = Vdc = m cos

Highly Inductive Load

Maximum average dc output voltage is

calculated for a trigger angle = 00
and is obtained as
2Vm 2Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm = cos ( 0 ) =

2Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm =

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 Highly Inductive Load

The normalized average output voltage is given by

VO( dc ) V
Vdcn = Vn = = dc
Vdc ( max ) Vdm
2Vm
cos
Vdcn = Vn = = cos
2Vm

Converter control characteristics

VO(dc)

Vdm
To plot the control characteristic of a
Single Phase Full Converter for constant 0.6Vdm

& continuous load current operation.

0.2 Vdm
We use the equation for the average/ dc
0
output voltage 30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm
2Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos
-0.6 Vdm

-Vdm
Trigger angle in degrees

Vdc = Vdm cos

28
 Converter control characteristics

Vdc = Vdm cos

Converter Modes of Operation

By varying the trigger angle we can vary the

output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger angle , 0 to 90 0 ( i.e., 0 90 0 ) ;
cos is positive and hence Vdc is positive
Vdc & I dc are positive ; Pdc = (Vdc I dc ) is positive
Converter operates as a Controlled Rectifier.
Power flow is from the ac source to the load.

29
 Converter Modes of Operation

For trigger angle , 90 0 to 180 0

( i.e., 90 0
180 0 ) ,
cos is negative and hence
Vdc is negative; I dc is positive ;
Pdc = (Vdc I dc ) is negative.
In this case the conve rte r operates
a s a Line Co mmutated In ve rter.
Power flows from the load ckt. to the i/p ac source.
The inductive load energy is fed back to the
i/p sou rce.

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