DSP Assignment

Four Applications of Fast Fourier

Transform (FFT)

by
Rahul Khatri EE-119

Class: BE
Section: D
Batch: 10-11
Semester: 8th
Department: Electrical Engineering

Submitted to: Sir Mohammad

Omer

Department of Electrical Engineering

DSP Assignment Applications of FFT Roll No: EE-119, Section D

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Application 1 : Current Waveform Feature Extraction for training

the Artificial Neural Network for making a Fault Classifier and
location of Transmission Line.
Problem Statement:

Transmission Lines are the major parts of a Power System which are exposed
to the vulnerable atmospheric condition and are prone to severe kind of
faults. There are lot many method to locating and classifying the fault on
transmission line. Fault location through Artificial Neural Network is the
method that seems to be the most accurate one.

In order to make such Fault Classifier, we have to simulate the fault current
waveform for every possible fault. So after simulating the fault in any Power
System Transient Software we get analog waveform which is the sampled
according to the Nyquist Criteria to have discrete signals. Now problem is
that these discrete signals contain huge amount of information which will
become almost impossible or time taking to train ANN ?

Solution: In order to solve this issue we apply FFT algorithm by MATLAB on

discrete data to extract only the most important features of fault transient
waveform so that it can be trained to ANN with much accuracy and fast time
in feasible manner. The FFT was applied on the discrete signal of each fault
current for a particular time window. The most important features of the
current signals that have been identified to train the Artificial Neural Network
algorithms for fault classification and location after processing the windowed
signals with the fft function. For example some of the features of current
waveforms for different faults: [1]

The DC component
The fundamental frequency component (50 Hz or System Frequency)
Summation of the components over the frequency range A.
Summation of the components over the frequency range B.

Then ANN is then trained with extracted features for the current waveforms
for different faults, which allowed the Fault Classifier and Locator to identify
the type of fault and their location along the transmission line.

1
DSP Assignment Applications of FFT Roll No: EE-119, Section D

Figure 1 Block Diagram of ANN based Fault Classifier and Features Extraction by FFT

Application 2 : Digital Frequency Relay by FFT Technique

Problem Statement: A power system disturbance, or operating

abnormality, can produce a severe generation and load imbalance, resulting
in a rapid frequency decline. The possibility of such a disturbance has led to
increased interest in the application of automatic under frequency protection
schemes to restore load/generation balance and to prevent equipment
damage. We need a fast device or a relay thatll be able to detect the
changes in frequency due to load variation and initiate the load-shedding as
per requirement in order to stabilize the frequency.

Conventional Solutions:
The energy deficiency is characterized by a drop in the frequency; therefore,
it has been a common practice for many years to shed load with the
assistance of frequency relays until a balance is restored between output and
load. In such cases the load is disconnected in steps. A major drawback in
the conventional under-frequency relays is that they use the frequency level
alone to indicate a deficiency in system generation. Dependency on under
frequency alone, as an indicator of power deficiency, leads to alarming
inaccuracies in ascertaining the amount of load to be dropped. If too little is
dropped, system degeneration will not be arrested; overly vigorous load
shedding can cause generator acceleration and over speed.

FFT Based Solution:

FFT which is faster version of DFT has been used in many diverse areas for
finding out the system responses and analysis. If the input signal contains
frequency which is NOT integer multiple of analysis frequencies it will show
up in all FFT output bins or leaks out to all FFT output bins. This effect is
simply known as Spectral Leakage. We say that input signal energy shows up
in all of the output bins. The fact that leakage can occur in the FFT is used
advantageously for detecting fluctuations in the fundamental frequency of a
power system. Considering the oscillatory nature of the frequency decay,
and the randomness associated with the oscillations, an algorithm is
developed that optimally estimates the mean frequency and its average rate
of change based on the leakage co-efficient of FFT. [2]

2
DSP Assignment Applications of FFT Roll No: EE-119, Section D

Implementation:
The Figure 2 shows the Block Diagram for the implementation Proposed FFT
based Digital Frequency relay. The system frequency was set as 60 Hz
(Analysis Frequency). The first step is to low-pass filter the waveform using a
4-pole active Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 80 Hz. This would
yield a waveform that only contains the fundamental frequency component,
which is to be determined. The zero-crossing detector detects positive going
zero-crossings of the waveform and in turn initiates the 1.92 KHz pulse train
and digital logic which accurate the sampler. The digital logic includes a
counter which allows 32 samples to be accumulated in 1/60 sec. another
counter is necessary to allow approximately an additional 12.5 msec for
computational purposes. Therefore, in two cycles the frequency of the
unknown waveform can be determined. The analog to digital converter
digitizes the 32 sampled data which in turn are stored in the memory. The
microcomputer performs the FFT, and computes the leakage coefficient. The
frequency deviation is then calculated from the leakage coefficient by lfl =
n/.095584345 Hz. When a frequency deviation >, is detected, the Kalman
filter algorithm will be initiated to perform the least squares estimate of the
frequency deviation as well as its estimated rate of change and total
overload to be shed.

Figure 2 Implementation of Digital Relay Based on FFT

Application 3: Leakage Current Analysis of Polymer

Insulator by FFT

3
DSP Assignment Applications of FFT Roll No: EE-119, Section D

Problem Statement: Environmental Deterioration of Insulators is the

biggest reason of insulator fault outbreak condition. In case of wet pollution,
an appropriate path for leakage current is developed and as pollution
increases the leakage current also increases. Therefore for better idea of
insulator changing process from normal to fault outbreak condition, analysis
of this leakage current and aging model of insulator is necessary.

Solution: In order to investigate the information on the amount of

contamination due to pollution and level of deterioration of insulator, an
estimation index from the analysis of leakage current is developed which will
discriminate the normal and faulty condition of the insulator. This estimation
index is developed by applying the FFT on the leakage current. The leakage
current provides information on the amount of contamination on a polluted
insulator. The relationship between the leakage current and the discharge
phenomena have investigated on the polymer material under wet condition.

After testing it was found that the third harmonic component of the leakage
current is a factor that varies linearly with the physical outdoor condition of
the insulator. Under-noramal condition it was low but as wet pollution
increased the 3rd harmonic increased significantly.

Therefore, harmonic analysis of leakage current by FFT is an efficient

approach to determine the pollution severity of outdoor polymer insulators
by analyzing the strength of the third harmonic component of leakage
current.

Application 4: Thee Phase Power Monitoring based on FFT

Problem Statement: The increased application of higher frequency

nonlinear loads, such as electronic florescent ballasts and higher speed
adjustable drives, has resulted in the need to
monitor the higher power system harmonics which were largely ignored
in earlier power monitors. Addressing this need requires a meter with
substantially higher sample rate and greater computational power.

Solution:
The Three phase power can be monitored by designing a Monitoring device
with fast computational capability. So a three-phase, three-element power
meter is introduced that samples three voltages and four currents at 256
points per cycle. The instrument relies on the FFT to compute real and
reactive power at each harmonic and reports total real, reactive, and
distortion power on each phase.[4]

The Architecture Diagram is shown In the Figure 3.

4
DSP Assignment Applications of FFT Roll No: EE-119, Section D

Microprocessor
(DSP unit for
Processing)

Three Line-
Neutral Figure 3 Architecture Diagram of FFT Based Three Phase Power Voltages
and Line- Meter Neutral
Currents are sampled at 256 point per cycle. For the sampling of 60 Hz
frequency in 256 point per cycle, sampling frequency of 15 kHZ was used in
A-D converters for converting the signal in discrete domain. The digitized
signals were handled by the Microprocessor which contained a DSP unit for
processing.

The DSP unit reads the digital voltage and current data from the A to D
converters and stores these values into their respective data arrays in
memory. Once the data for a full power cycle (256 points) for each of the
three phase voltages, each of the three phase currents, and the neutral
current has been collected, the DSP performs a FFT on each of these seven
sets of point data in order to calculate their respective Fourier Coefficients.
Once these coefficients have been obtained they are used in Power
Calculation, and the results are outputted to host PC via RS-232
Communication link.

References

1. Kapildev Lout, Professor Raj K. Aggarwal UPEC 2012

5
DSP Assignment Applications of FFT Roll No: EE-119, Section D

A Feedforward Artificial Neural Network Approach to Fault Classification

and Location on a 132kV Transmission Line Using Current Signals Only.

2. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 2

February 1982. A NEW FFT-BASED DIGITAL FREQUENCY RELAY
FOR LOAD SHEDDING by Adly A. Girgis and Fredric M. Ham,

3. I. A. Joneidi, A. A. Shayegani, H. Mohseni, S. Mohseni, and M. Jebeli-Javan

Leakage Current Analysis and FFT Calculation on Polluted Polymer
Insulator
International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2013

4. Scott C. Smith M.S.E.E., Michael J. Devaney , Fourier Based Three Phase

Power Metering System IEEE