Fabillar, Ma. Melissa S.

1. What is a social science?

Social science is, in its broadest sense, the study of society and the manner in which
people behave and influence the world around us. It tells us about the world beyond
our immediate experience, and can help explain how our own society works . It
provides vital information for governments and policymakers, local authorities, non-
governmental organizations and others.
Why do we study social science?
It is important to study social sciences because it can provide us with a lot of
answers and observations that may help us to improve our lives, our interactions
with other people and better to understand how the world works. The impacts of
how people make a decision about their societies to be run and we are able to
identify root causes of society's problems and find more effective solutions.

2. What are the disciplines in the social science

Psychologists: emotional and cognitive impacts of environments and
relationships, and the reactions of human systems to emotional and cognitive
changes.
Sociologists: how we become members of groups, move between groups,
and how being in different groups affects individuals and the groups in which
they participate.
Political Scientists: how we identify ourselves as citizens of a particular
nation, how we participate in our political structure, how it affects us, what
motivates us to affiliate ourselves with certain points of view or parties.
Anthropologists: the rituals and beliefs of a community, their function
within a community, what they reflect about communities, and how they
affect the members of that community.
Historians: the interpretation of the past, how it affects our views of the
present, understanding trends or the lack thereof in the past.

3. What are the fundamental procedures in sociological research?

The basic goal of sociological inquiry is to obtain a better understanding of society
and the interactions, social relations, social phenomena, social behavior and social
processes taking place within it. Fundamental Procedures In Sociological Inquiry-
Sociological inquiry follows the step in the scientific method as follow:
a. Defining the Problem b. Reviewing the Literature
c. Forming a Hypothesis d. Choosing a Research Design
e. Collecting the Data f. Analyzing the Data
g. Drawing Conclusions h. Communicating the Results of the
Study

Archival research - Facts or factual evidences from a variety of records

are compiled.
Content Analysis - The contents of books and mass media are analyzed
to study how people communicate and the messages people talk or write
about.
Fabillar, Ma. Melissa S.

Historical Method - This involves a continuous and systematic search for

the information and knowledge about past events related to the life of a
person, a group, society, or the world.
Experimental Research - The researcher isolates a single social process
or social phenonena and uses the data to either confirm or construct
social theory. The experiment is the best method for testing theory due to
its extremely high internal validity.
Survey Research - The researcher obtains data from interviews,
questionnaires, or similar feedback from a set of persons chosen
(including random selection) to represent a particular population of
interest. Survey items may be open-ended or closed-ended.
Life History - This is the study of the personal life trajectories. Through a
series of interviews, the researcher can probe into the decisive moments
in their life or the various influences on their life.
Longitudinal study - This is an extensive examination of a specific group
over a long period of time.
Observation - Using data from the senses, one records information about
social phenomenon or behavior. Qualitative research relies heavily on
observation, although it is in a highly disciplined form.
Participant Observation - As the name implies, the researcher goes to
the field (usually a community), lives with the people for some time, and
participates in their activities in order to know and feel their culture.

4. What is anthropology?
Anthropology is the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history,
how they behave, adapt to different environments, communicate and socialize with
one another. The study of anthropology is concerned both with the biological
features that make us human (such as physiology, genetic makeup, nutritional
history and evolution) and with social aspects (such as language, culture, politics,
family and religion).
What are the areas of anthropology?
Biological (or physical) anthropologists carry out systematic
studies of the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans. Non-
cultural refers to all of those biological characteristics that are
genetically inherited in contrast to learning.
Cultural (or socio-cultural) anthropologists are interested in
learning about the cultural aspects of human societies all over the
world. They usually focus their research on such things as the social
and political organizations, marriage patterns and kinship systems,
subsistence and economic patterns, and religious beliefs of different
societies
Linguistic anthropologists Study the human communication
process. They focus their research on understanding such phenomena
as the physiology of speech, the structure and function of languages,
Fabillar, Ma. Melissa S.

social and cultural influences on speech and writing, nonverbal

communication, how languages developed over time, and how they
differ from each other.
Archaeologists are interested in recovering the prehistory and early
history of societies and their cultures. They systematically uncover the
evidence by excavating, dating, and analyzing the material remains
left by people in the past.

5. Define sociology
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociologys
subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the
state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common
culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the
study of these diverse subjects of study is sociologys purpose of understanding
how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding
cultural and social structures.
Who were the pioneers?
Auguste Comte
Herbert Spencer
Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Max Weber

6. Discuss the various perspective about society

Symbolic interactionist perspective, also known as symbolic
interactionism, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and
details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people
interact with each other.
Functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, each aspect
of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as
a whole.
Conflict perspective, which originated primarily out of Karl Marx's
writings on class struggles, presents society in a different light than do
the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives.
7.
Fabillar, Ma. Melissa S.

1.) Define:
a. Planning
A basic management function involving formulation of one or more
detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with
the available resources. The planning process (1) identifies the goals or
objectives to be achieved, (2) formulates strategies to achieve them,
(3) arranges or creates the means required, and (4) implements,
directs, and monitors all steps in their proper sequence.
b. Objective business
A business aim is the goal a business wants to achieve. A primary aim
for all business organizations is to add value and in the private sector
this involves making a profit. A more strategic aims include expansion,
market leadership and brand building.
A business objective is a detailed picture of a step you plan to take in
order to achieve a stated aim. These need to be SMART in order for
the business to know what progress it has made towards achieving the
objective:
Specific - clear and easy to understand. Measurable - i.e. able to be
quantified. Achievable - possible to be attained. Realistic - not 'pie in
the sky'. Time bound - associated with a specific time period.
c. Strategy business policy
A Strategy is a unique plan made to achieve a market position and to
reach the organizational goals and objectives, but Policy refers to a set
of rules made by the organization for rational decision making.
d. Procedures
A step in a procedure. : a series of steps followed in a regular definite
order
e. Policies
A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government,
party, business, or individual : prudent or expedient conduct or action.
f. Program
A planned series of future events, items, or performances : a sheet or
booklet giving details of items or performers at an event or
performance
g. Budget
An estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time : allow
or provide a particular amount of money in a budget.

2.) Enumerate the importance/benefits of planning

a) Planning increases the efficiency of an organization.
b) It reduces the risks involved in modern business activities.
c) It facilitates proper coordination within an organization.
d) It aids in organizing all available resources.
e) It gives a right direction to the organization.
f) It is important to maintain good control.
g) It helps to achieve the objectives of the organization.
h) It motivates the personnel of an organization.
Fabillar, Ma. Melissa S.

i) It encourages managers' creativity and innovation.

j) It also helps in decision-making.

3.) What are the means, why people failed in planning?

1. Having a plan simply for plans sake. Some organizations go
through the motions of developing a plan simply because common sense
says every good organization must have a plan. Dont do this. Just like
most everything in life, you get out of a plan what you put in. If youre
going to take the time to do it, do it right.
2. Not understanding the environment or focusing on results.
Planning teams must pay attention to changes in the business
environment, set meaningful priorities, and understand the need to
pursue results.
3. Partial commitment. Business owners/CEOs/presidents must be fully
committed and fully understand how a strategic plan can improve their
enterprise. Without this knowledge, its tough to stay committed to the
process.
4. Not having the right people involved. Those charged with
executing the plan should be involved from the onset. Those involved in
creating the plan will be committed to seeing it through execution.
5. Writing the plan and putting it on the shelf. This is as bad as not
writing a plan at all. If a plan is to be an effective management tool, it
must be used and reviewed continually. Unlike Twinkies or a fine vino,
strategic plans dont have a good shelf life.
6. Unwillingness or inability to change. Your company and your
strategic plan must be nimble and able to adapt as market conditions
change.
7. Having the wrong people in leadership positions. Management
must be willing to make the tough decisions to ensure the right individuals
are in the right leadership positions. The right individuals include those
who will advocate for and champion the strategic plan and keep the
company on track.

4.) Enumerate the values that can be derived from planning