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How CAESAR II used in District Cooling Industry

K M Pandian
Agenda
Overview on District Cooling System
Scope for the Pipe Stress Analysis
What Piping code they use
Modeling Challenge
Output Review
What is District Cooling
District cooling means the centralized production and
distribution of cooling energy. Chilled water is delivered via
an underground insulated pipeline to office, industrial and
residential buildings to cool the indoor air of the buildings
within a district.

Specially designed units in each building then use this water

to lower the temperature of air passing through the
building's air conditioning system.
Conventional Method (Will reduce to 5 Min later)
How District Cooling System Works
Typical District Cooling Schematic

You can segregate District Cooling into three main areas

Chiller Plant Area
Pipe Network
ETS Room
Chiller Plant Area
Chiller Plan will have the
Cooling Tower
Pump Room
Storage Tank
Pipe Network
Typically they route the
pipe under the Road
Mostly Buried and its
comes out to connect
the Chiller Plant and
ETS Rooms
The Pipes goes into the
utility tunnel have bit
more challenge
ETS Room
ETS (Energy Transfer System) Room will consist of Heat
Exchangers such as evaporators and condenser to maintain
the chilled water at 4.4 deg. C.
Pipe Materials Used
PreInsulated Carbon Steel
Pipes

FRP / GRP Pipes

HDPE Pipes
 Pipe Stress Analysis Initial Stage
No Stress Analysis carried out.
They just go with typical thump
rules like
Elbows and TEEs need to be
Anchored in Buried line
Basic rest support with standard
pipe span according to the pipe
sizes will be provided
The temperate is not much varies
between 4.4~14 deg. C. So
typically they will not consider the
thermal expansion into their job.
Pipe Stress Analysis Manual Calculation
Initially they are trying the same Thump rules for District
Cooling System too.
But with huge pipe network, the owners start asking for the
technically validated report instead of going with Thump
Rules.
When the question arises on Buried area with lots of anchor
blocks requirements, then people started performing the
manual calculation using the below formulae
Sl = -E * (T2 T1) + Sh and compare the results with the
tensile strength of the materials.
Piping Code
No Standardization on the Piping code. Companies uses
many codes
B31.4, Liquid Transportation
B31.3, Process Piping
B31.1 & EN13480, Power Piping
EN 13941, District Heating
But, over the period of time, we could see now mostly it is
between B31.1 and EN 13480
Companies still try to explore EN 13941, because it is for
District Heating and possibly more suitable for District
cooling
Modeling Challenge Pipe Network
Most of the time, they connected the pipes directly to the main header,
which gives huge stress on TEEs Junction and over the period of time
now they are started doing better pipe routing to reduce some stress
thru proper modeling.
Modeling Challenge Utility Tunnel
This is the most challenging area, because your very limited
space. Most of the time, you will end up with only 2 options
i.e. Expansion joints and Anchor Support (Steel).
Modeling Challenge Valve Chamber
The Puddle Flange in the Valve Chamber Sometimes they
may not consider Anchor Point and consider has Guide and
allowed to move axially.
Output Report
Apart from the Standard Stress, Displacement, Restraint
Summary and Equipment's loading, in District Cooling, they
may be interested to get the below reports i.e.
Loads on the Tunnel Wall
Loads on Valve Chamber
This is because the Utility tunnel and the Valve Chambers are
pre-cast materials have certain load limits.
 SAMPLE CAESAR II FILE
DISTRICT COOLING - CHILLER PLANT AREA
(Will show actual C2 Model)
 SAMPLE CAESAR II FILE
DISTRICT COOLING - NETWORK PIPING
(Will show actual C2 Model)
 SAMPLE CAESAR II FILE
DISTRICT COOLING - ETS ROOM AREA
(Will show actual C2 Model)
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Thank you