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Hu a chung. Thot tin, tr chi ny xut pht t trong Ni, sau ph bin dn trong dinh
th ca cc vng tn, cng t v quan li triu nh nh Nguyn, ri mi lan truyn ra dn
gian.
Xm c ngun gc t ch (thim), ngha l ci th. Hng l li c tri t ch
(hng), ngha l mu hng, nhng do ch ng m vi ch trong ch (Hng
Nhm) l tn ca vua T c (cm quyn: 1848 - 1883) nn phi king. xm hng l tr
chi gieo 6 ht sc sc (cn gi l ht to co) dnh nhng chic th khc ch mu ,
ghi cc hc v trong h thng khoa c thi xa gm: (t ti), (c nhn), (tin
s), (hi nguyn), (thm hoa), (bng nhn) v (trng nguyn). Ngay
tn gi ca cc th xm cng th hin ci nho nh ca tr chi cng nh tinh thn cu hc
v c vng khoa bng ca ngi xa.
Mt b xm hng gm 3 mn chnh: nhng chic th xm, 6 ht sc sc v chic t bng s
su lng gieo sc sc (ngi Hu gi l ht). Ngy trc, ngi chi phi nhc cng
tm cho c mt chic t s men lam lm t i Minh - Thanh bn Tu ting ht
mi thanh v vang xa. Ring b th th ty mc sang hn ca ch nhn m c lm bng
ng voi, xng th hay ct tre. Ni in Ha Khim trong lng T c vn cn trng by
mt b xm hng lm bng ng voi, chm tr rt p, vn l vng bo ca vua T c.
Ch nhn Ngc Sn cng cha t ng ng Nguyn Ch Thanh vn cn lu gi c
mt b xm hng khc, cng bng ng voi, c t thi vua ng Khnh (cm quyn: 1885 -
1889). Ngy nay, cc b xm hng bn ch ng Ba thng c lm bng xng, cng
chm tr cu k nhng cc ch Hn c thay bng cc hnh v c mu sc le lot v nhng
du chm mu . Ngoi ra cng cn phi k n chic hp ct nhng chic xm v cc
ht sc sc. l nhng chic hp lm bng g qu, bn ngoi c cc hnh trang tr bng sn
son thp vng hay cn x c. Nh th mi tng xng vi nhng ng trng, ng ngh lm
bng ng voi c ct gi trong hp.
Mi b xm hng gm 63 chic th. Th c gi tr cao nht l th trng nguyn (1 th), c
tnh tng ng 32 im. Tip theo l 1 th bng nhn v 1 th thm hoa (16 im/th); 4 th
hi nguyn (8 im/th), 8 th tin s (4 im/th), 16 th c nhn (2 im/th) v 32 th t ti
(1 im/th).
Tr chi dng 6 ht sc sc, mi ht c 6 mt khc cc du chm theo th t: nht, nh, tam,
t, ng, lc. Trong , mt nht v mt t t mu (ngi Hu gi l hng), cc mt
khc c t mu en. Khi chi, ngi ta gieo c 6 ht sc sc vo chic t s, ri cn c vo
cc mt hin ra tnh im nhn cho mnh chic th thch hp. S ngi chi c th l 4,
5 hay 6 ngi u c. V ty theo s ngi chi nh ra cc l lut nh bn trng,
mua im v nh mc n thua.
Thang im c bn da trn mt t (hng) nh sau:
- Nht hng: c 1 mt t trong 6 mt sc sc hin ra, ot th t ti.
- Nh hng: c 2 mt t trong 6 mt sc sc hin ra, ot th c nhn.
- Tam hng: c 3 mt t trong 6 mt sc sc hin ra, ot th hi nguyn.
- T hng: c 4 mt t trong 6 mt sc sc hin ra, ot th trng nguyn.
- T hng cp chnh: c 4 mt "t" trong 6 mt sc sc hin ra, 2 mt cn li l 2 mt "nh",
ot th trng nguyn v 1 th bng nhn hay thm hoa.
- T hng cp xin: c 4 mt "t" trong 6 mt sc sc hin ra, 2 mt cn li l 1 mt "nht"
v 1 mt "tam", ot th ot th trng nguyn v 1 th hi nguyn.
- Ng hng: c 5 mt t trong 6 mt sc sc hin ra, ot c 3 th: trng nguyn, bng
nhn, thm hoa.
- Lc ph hng: c 6 mt t trong 6 mt sc sc hin ra, ot tt c cc th c trong cuc
chi, k c th thuc v tay ngi khc v c thng gp i s im quy nh cho cc
th. y l trng hp rt him hoi, c coi l tt nh ca vn may. V thng khi t c
lc ph hng, ngi ta mng t, lo nhiu, v cho rng sau khi t c tt cng ca s may
mn th s gp xui xo, nht l nhng ai xm hng trong ngy u nm on vn hn
xui ca mnh trong mt nm sp n.
Ngi ta cn da vo cc mt mu en nh ra thang im th hai nh sau:
- T t: c 4 mt ging nhau trong 6 mt, ot th tin s.
- T t nht hng: c 4 mt ging nhau trong 6 mt v 1 mt t, ot 1 th tin s v 1 th
t ti.
- T t nh hng: c 4 mt ging nhau trong 6 mt v 2 mt t, ot 1 th tin s v 1 th
c nhn.
- T t cp: c 4 mt ging nhau trong 6 mt, 2 mt cn li c tng s im bng 1 trong 4
mt ging nhau , ot th bng nhn hay thm hoa.
- Ng t: c 5 mt ging nhau trong 6 mt, ot th trng nguyn.
- Lc ph: c 6 mt ging nhau, thng ton b.
- Phn song: c 6 mt nhng chia lm hai nhm, mi nhm c 3 mt ging nhau, ot th
bng nhn hay thm hoa.
- Phn song tam hng: c 3 mt ging nhau v 3 mt t, ot th bng nhn (hay th thm
hoa) v 1 th hi nguyn.
- H m: xut hin 3 cp: nht - nh - tam, ot th bng nhn hay th thm hoa.
- Thng m: xut hin 3 cp: t - ng - lc, ot th bng nhn hay th thm hoa.
- Lc thun: xut hin c 6 mt: nht - nh - tam - t - ng - lc, ot th bng nhn hay th
thm hoa.
Trn y l 2 thang im chnh ca tr chi xm hng. Ngoi ra, ty tng trng hp c
th m nh ra cch thc cp trng khi th ny v tay ngi khc, hay cch ot cc th
tng ng vi mt th c s im cao hn nhng thuc v ngi khc, trc khi ngi th
hai ot c th . Khi ngi chi ot ht 63 th l lc cuc chi kt thc. V ngi ta
da vo s th m nhng ngi chi ot c xc nh k thng ngi thua.
iu th v l tr xm hng hon ton khng c tnh st pht m ch yu nh vo s may
ri. Ngi ta thng chi xm hng trong nhng dp u xun: va gii tr trong my
ngy Tt; va xem vn hn xui ca mnh trong mt nm hn l tha mn th en
nh nhng tr c bc khc.
iu ny c l ph hp vi tnh cch ca ngi Hu, v th nn tr xm hng mi lan
truyn su rng ni mnh t c v vn tn ti cho n by gi.
Ch thch nh
nh 1: B xm hng bng ng voi ca vua T c hin ang trng by ti lng vua T
c..
nh 2 v 3: Ch Hn khc trn cc th xm phng theo b xm hng ca vua T c
nh 4: B xm hng bng ng voi ca ph m Nguyn Hu Tin hin ang bo lu ti t
ng Ngc Sn cng cha (Hu)
nh 5: Mt s th xm lm bng xng trong cc b xm hng ang by bn ti ch ng
Ba (Hu).
nh 7, 8, 9: C nh va my vn xm hng ly hn.
+4
Tr chi dng su con sc sc, mi con c su mt khc cc du chm theo th t: nht, nh,
tam, t, ng, lc, trong mt nht v mt t t mu (hng), cc mt khc c t mu
en. Khi chi, ngi ta gieo c su con sc sc vo chic t s ri cn c vo cc mt hin ra
tnh im nhn cho mnh chic th thch hp. Ngi chi c th l bn, nm hay su
ngi u c. V ty theo s ngi chi nh ra cc l lut nh bn trng, mua trng v
nh mc n thua. Thang im c bn da trn mt t (hng) nh sau:
Chi xm hng u nm
Cc em b rt thch th xm hng
Mt ngi chi hn, ly c nhiu th tt
Sng mng 7 thng ging nm inh Hi, ti ang chin my ming bnh tt th nghe v ti gi vi xung t lu
1: anh on i ! Xm hng trong chng trnh VTV1 ca truyn hnh VN. Ti vi bt TV, va kp lc phng
vin ang phng vn 1 ngi dn sng ph c Hi An, ngi ny bo rng tr chi Xm Hng l mt tr chi
ca ngi Tu, c du nhp vo VN do ngi Minh Hng (Vit gc Tu) t rt lu. C phng vin ln ngi
c phng vn u sai, vi mt pht biu trn phng tin truyn thng d gy ra ng nhn. Pht biu
mang tnh v on v thiu cn c.
Theo ti, tr chi Xm Hng c by ra lm tr tiu khin trong ni cung Triu Nguyn. Sau , cc quan
li v nhng ngi trong Nguyn Phc Tc, mang tr chi ny ra ngoi cung v tr chi tr nn ph bin t
thnh th n nng thn Hu v Tha Thin. Ngi dn cc x Qung (Qung Tr, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi)
cng c nhng gia nh chi tr Xm Hng nhng rt t. Nhng gia nh ny c th l ngi gc Hu hoc c
dy m r m g vi ngi Hu. Hoc gi, trong dng tc c ngi lm quan trong triu nh Hu, hoc gi h l
b con du r vi ngi Hu. Vo trong Nam hay ngoi Bc, tr chi ny hon ton l lm. Nh vy, tr chi
Xm Hng v nh vt du loang, tr chi t cung nh Hu lan ra khp Hu v Tha Thin ri ta ra cc vng
x Qung, ri thi. Nhng vng xa nh Bnh nh, Ph Yn tr vo n C Mau, t Qung Bnh tr ra Bc hu
nh chng ai bit tr chi ny.
Tr li bi phng vn v Xm Hng trn VTV1, bo rng Xm Hng c ngun gc t Trung Quc l khng c
cn c v nu vy tr chi phi li mt du vt no trong cc tc phm vn hc. Chng c du vt no.
Nu ngi Minh Hng em tr chi ny du nhp vo Vit Nam th khng c g c ngi Minh Hng Hi An
chi tr ny m ngi Minh Hng Ch Ln l mt cng ng ngi Hoa rt rng ln li khng bit tr chi
ny? Dng h Mc Thin Tch lp nghip H Tin t cng phi em tr chi th v ny du nhp ch sao li
khng nh? chng minh thm tr chi Xm Hng pht sinh t ni cung triu Nguyn, ti dn ra y 2 chng
c:
Nu pht sinh t cc triu vua trc Thng Long, th vi mc thm thu ca tr chi ny, t nht l ngi
ng H Ni phi c ngi bit.
Tr chi Xm Hng chc l c by ra sau i vua Minh Mng. thit lp mt nn qun ch k cng, ng
vua vn v song ton ny lp ra nhng bi thiu 4 cu 5 ch phn bit dng chnh v dng th trong Nguyn
Phc Tc. M dng ch (chnh h) l:
* * *
Nhn y ti xin trnh by thm v tr chi Xm Hng, mt tr chi ph hp vi nim hn hoan ca con ngi
trong 3 ngy tt, ph hp vi vic to mt khng kh m cng, y tnh thng yu gn b cc thnh vin trong
gia nh, bng hu t gi ti tr ai chi cng c, cng vui, thm ch ngi khng bit lut vn ngi vo chi
c nh thng.
Ngi ta thng chi Xm Hng trong my ngy tt, c ko di lm th cng n ht mng th thi. y l mt
tr chi tao nh v khng ai dng Xm Hng st pht. Hu nh khng c ting ci c, cay c trong lc chi
Xm Hng, ch c ting ci vui rn r ha vi ting leng keng vui tai ca nm ht sc sc xoay trn trong t
kiu cng ting lch cch ca nhng th hng va chm nhau.
S lng ngi tham d tr chi ny c th ln n 12 ngi hay nhiu hn na nu chng ta bit cch chi.
Do , Xm Hng rt ph hp vi khng kh gia nh chung vui trong ba ngy tt. Chng ai chi Xm Hng
m tnh chuyn gian ln v khng ai c th iu khin c mt lc 6 ht sc sc. Tnh minh bch ca tr chi rt
cao, 6 ht by ra r rng trc bao nhiu cp mt nn ngi khng bit t g v Xm Hng cng c th ngi
vo chi thoi mi, ch cn th ht vo t th c ngi c v lm th gip. Ch qua vi ba vn l bit c lut
chi lin.
Nhiu ngi tin rng chi Xm Hng nh mt cch bi qu tt xu u nm. Trong cuc chi, ai ly c
Trng anh (Trng Nguyn), Trng em (Bng Nhn, Thm Hoa) nhiu ln th chc c nm danh ti c li, cng
vic hanh thng, thng tin. Trc n sau thua th u nm tt, na nm v sau xu v nu trc thua sau n th
ngc li tin hung hu ct. Nu b cp trng th coi chng nhng iu xui ri, cng vic gy gia chng.
Hn nht l ng hng ot tam khi, cp mt lc 3 ng trng chc l trong nm c c hi honh pht ti lc.
Kh nht l lc ph, tc l 6 ht sc sc cng hin ra mt mt ging nhau. V l cc k kh nn ngi ta tin rng
iu qu tt hin hin th c s vic qu xu tim n.
Bn v tr chi Xm Hng:
C l nhiu ngi chi Xm Hng thc mc v sao ngi by ra tr chi ny li ly mt t (bn) lm chun ca
tr chi, trong khi mt nht (mt) cng p v cng c mu .Theo ti, tr chi mang tinh thn khuyn hc. Vo
thi qun ch, ngi ta hc hnh theo li t chng vi mc ch kim mt ch trong chn quan trng. Mun
ra lm quan th ngi hc phi qua cc k thi Hng T Ti, k thi Hi C Nhn v k thi nh
u t Tin S. Trong tr chi Xm Hng cng c cc cp t nh vy m phn thng cho ngi chi l
nhng th xm hng, trong cao nht l Trng Nguyn. V l chn quan trng nn cung quan l ch o
ca tr chi.
Ngi by ra tr chi da trn tnh ton xc sut v tn sut xut hin ca cc mt sc sc nh ra lut l tr
chi. Cng kh xut hin (tc l xc sut thp, tn sut xut hin t) th mc thng cng cao. T hnh thnh
ra cc loi th xm hng. B th Xm Hng c lp theo th t qu Dch: Thi Cc (1), Lng Nghi (2), T
Tng (4), Bt Qui (8) t tng dn ln theo cp s nhn m cng bi l 2. Nu tnh n v l 1 th nht
hng (gi tr l 1) th tng gi tr ca c b Xm Hng l 192 n v, chia ra lm 6 loi th, mi loi th tr gi
32 n v gi l 1 Trng. Tng mi loi th c gi tr 32 n v gi l 1 trng x 6 = 192 n v, ngi ta gi l 6
Trng. Th Tam Hng cn gi l th Tam Hng Hi. Cn nht hng, nh hng tng ng vi cp t
l T Ti, C Nhn th ti ch nghe ni m thi. Nh vy ch vi 1 b 6 ht sc sc v mt b th nh trn vi 1
ci t kiu ting ku thanh tao l ta sn sng cho mt cuc chi vui th.
Trng em: c nhiu trng hp xut hin c ly Trng Em (tc l Bng Nhn, Thm Hoa)
Thng M, H M: theo ch l Thng m kim, h m ngn trong tch To Tho i ng Quan Cng
trong truyn Tam Quc Ch.
- H m l 3 i: 2 t, 2 ng, 2 lc
Bn trng hp trn, ngi chi c quyn ly th trng Em. Khi ht th trng Em gia lng th ly tng
ng gi tr 16 th.
Khi mt ngi ly c trng 8 tui, m c ngi khc ht sc sc ra trng Anh 9 tui tr ln th ngi
c ly trng anh t tay ngi kia gi l cp trng.
Ngoi tui ca trng xc nh nh trn cn c 2 trng hp c bit l Trng cp xin v Trng cp chnh.
Trng cp xin l 4 t, 1 tam, 1 nht.;
Trng cp chnh l 4 t, 2 nh.
Trng cp xin cp trng c tui. Trng cp chnh cp c c trng cp xin.
Trng ng t (Trng anh en): bao gm 5 mt ging nhau tr hng. Ht xc sc cn li l s tui.
Ng hng ot tam khi: Tc l 5 mt hng th c ly c 3 trng (1 trng anh v 2 trng em) d trng
nm trong tay ngi khc. Ht sc sc cn li l s tui ca ng hng.
Trong trng hp, ngi chi ht vng ra ngoi th xem nh bt hp l v phi b pht mt th hng thm
vo trng.
Sc sc Xm Hng
1. T 2 n 7 ngi:
- Nm ngi: C 2 cch:
+ Bn trng: ngi c trng anh c quyn bn trng v nhng th khc trn tay mnh, khng gi li th no.
Nh vy, mi ngi khc phi 48 th.
- By ngi: ngi no c trng anh s bn ht th trn tay mnh cho ngi no cn thiu (mi ngi phi 32
th).
2. Bt u 8 ngi chi tr ln th cch tnh c phn phc tp hn. S ngi chi c th nhiu nhng nn chi
ti a 12 ngi. T 8 n 12 ngi chi, chng ta p dng li bn trng 2 ln. Nhiu ngi ngh rng, bn trng
2 ln l ngi c trng c bn gp i gi tr ca th trng (32 x 2 = 64). Tht s, nu chi theo cch th ch
c 1 ngi vui v n nhiu m nhng ngi khc s bun v ai cng thua c. Theo ti p dng v cch bn
trng 2 ln ny hay hn. Bn trng hai ln c ngha l c trng anh v 2 trng em u c bn. Ngi c trng
em c xem nh th, s cn li m ngi c trng em ly c th c quyn bn. Sau khi ngi c th
trng em bn xong, th ngi c trng anh s n ht phn cn li. S lng th cn c ca nhng ngi chi
khng c trng gim dn khi s ngi chi tng ln:
S lng th ny ty theo s giao c ca nhng ngi chi. Con s trn y ch l con s tham kho m
thi.
u th ri: Khi cn li ch trng anh, ngi ta to thm ho hng bng cch u 1, 2 th hng. Ai nhiu
hng hn s n ht. Li u ny ch cn c theo mt hng.
H gi trng: Khi ht th nh m nhiu vng khng ln trng, cho nhanh c th h gi trng. Thng
thng l phn song tam hng, c th l trng em tr sut (C ngha l phn song, t t cp, thng h m)
Cp Trng Em: Khi c 8 ngi chi tr ln, ngi chi chp nhn bn trng 2 ln th gi tr ca trng em tng
ln nhiu. C th chia ra 3 cp cp trng em.
Khng ly th: Ngi chi c quyn khng ly th gia lng v khng ai cm 1 ngi t chi quyn li mnh
c hng. Nh vy ngi chi c c hi cp trng nhiu hn.
Bng cch chi mi l ny m bn b Quc Hc 61-64 p dng trong bui hp mt u nm inh Hi. N to
nn nim vui v k. Hu nh tr chi no cng c nhng bin thi thch hp to nn ho hng v vui v
nhiu hn. Do chng ta khng nn cu n l thi c m th p dng nhng ci bin trong tr chi xm hng
tr chi vui hn, hp dn hn.
Ch tc th Xm Hng
Trong ni cung triu Nguyn v cc gia nh quan li trc y, th xm hng c th lm bng ng voi. Sau
ny, th xm hng c lm bng vt liu khc d kim hn. Vt liu c th l sng b, sng tru trng,
xng, tre, g lm xm. C th in, v hnh trng v ghi ch Hn, cng c th ghi ch s, min sao c th
ln nh chi. B th xm hng ca ti c ch tc t a nha melamine ca Trung Quc. Ch cn ct di
ngn khc nhau ta c th nht hng, nh hng, t t. Ghp 2 th t t cho di hn 1 t ta c th tam hng,
ghp 3 th di hn ta c trng em, di hn cht na ta c trng anh. Dng keo dn Super Glue gn cc th
a li vi nhau. Cch ch tc ny d dng, ai cng lm c v n gin v cng m m thanh ca th va
chm nhau cng thanh tao nghe ra ting st, ting vng chen nhau vui tai lm lm. Xm hng l mt tr chi
mang m nt vn ho c sc. Tr chi ph bin rt rng ri trong x hi Hu v cc vng ln cn. Tr chi v
cng tao nh v thn thit. C mi ln Tt n, c nghe m thanh cc ht sc sc dn trong ci t kiu,
lng ngi t nhin thy rn r mt khng kh vui ti, m m ca mt gia nh ngi Hu n xun. Mi gia
nh ngi Vit d Vit Nam hay xa x nn kim mua hoc t lm mt b xm hng gia nh c quy
qun vui v trong ba ngy Tt vi tr chi tao nh: XM HNG