African Green Business Market Report

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
Frankfurt School of Finance & Management

In collaboration with
Ecobank Transnational Incorporated (ETI)
African Green Business

Market Assessment
Ghana
Country Study
Nairobi, 21 April 2010
Content
1 Market Environment for Green Businesses ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Country background......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Macroeconomic Environment ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Financial Sector .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Business Environment........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Energy Sector Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Primary Energy Supply Balance .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Final Energy Consumption Balance ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Potential for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency ............................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 Renewable Energy Sector ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Energy Efficiency Sector....................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Institutional Framework................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Institutions ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4.2 Industry Bodies ................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.4.3 Laws and Codes .................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.4.4 Guidelines/Energy Policy .................................................................................................................................... 13
2 Market Size and Composition of the Green Business Sector .......................................................................................... 17

2.1 Renewable Energy (Energy Production) ....................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.1 Solar..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.2 Hydro ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.1.3 Biogas .................................................................................................................................................................. 20
2.1.4 Biofuel ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
2.1.5 Wind .................................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.6 Market Trend in the RE sector ......................................................................................................................... 23
2.2 Energy Efficiency ............................................................................................................................................................ 24
2.2.1 Production ........................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.2.2 Transmission and Distribution ........................................................................................................................... 24
3 Financing Green Businesses in Ghana .............................................................................................................................. 27

3.1 Financial Services Industry for Green Businesses ........................................................................................................ 27
3.1.1 Government Budget and Incentives .................................................................................................................. 27
3.1.2 Development Partners (Technical Assistance and Funds) ................................................................................ 27
3.1.3 Carbon Finance ................................................................................................................................................... 30
3.1.4 Financial institutions .......................................................................................................................................... 31
3.2 Green Business Demand for Financial Services ........................................................................................................... 33
3.2.1 Business Demand for Financial services ........................................................................................................... 33
3.2.2 Consumer demand for financial services .......................................................................................................... 33
3.3 Financing barriers .......................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.3.1 Barriers for Financial Institutions Investing in Green Businesses in Ghana ................................................. 34
3.3.2 Barriers to Accessing Finance by Green Businesses ........................................................................................ 35
4 Conclusions: Capacity Building and Financial Mechanism ............................................................................................... 36

4.1 Capacity Building on the National Level ..................................................................................................................... 36
4.2 Capacity Building on the Financial Institution Level.................................................................................................. 36
Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page i

4.3 Financing Mechanisms on the National Level ............................................................................................................. 37
4.4 Financing Mechanisms on the Financial Institution Level .......................................................................................... 37
4.4.1 Micro Firms ......................................................................................................................................................... 37
4.4.2 SME ...................................................................................................................................................................... 38
4.4.3 Large Enterprise/Corporate ................................................................................................................................ 38
4.4.4 Financing Mechanism on the National and Financial Institution Levels ....................................................... 38
Annex 1 Contact List
Annex 2 Renewable Energy Project Profiles
Annex 3 Energy Efficiency Activity Profiles
Annex 4 Donor Projects
Annex 5 GEDAP
Annex 6 Ghana policy scenarios: RE Quota / Public Benefit Fund / CDM
Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page ii

1 Market Environment for Green Businesses
1.1 Country background
1.1.1 Macroeconomic Environment

Ghana has made considerable progress in laying the foundation for sustainable growth and poverty reduction through
steady reforms since the mid-1980s, resulting in per capita output growth averaging 1.6% per annum and increased
private sector activity. Under the NPP government (2000 2008), the rate of inflation declined as a result of im-
proved fiscal and monetary management, debt relief, structural reforms and a supportive international environment.
However, in view of internal and external factors including the 2008 national elections, the African Football Cup, rising
global food and oil prices, the fiscal deficit rose to 14.5% of GDP and inflation increased from 10.9 percent in 2006 to
18.1% in 2008.
The Ghanaian Cedi which was denominated only in July 2007 depreciated by 50 percent against the dollar, and official
reserves fell to 2 months import cover. Yet, at the same time, Ghanas economy grew at a two-decade high of 7.3%
based on persistently strong credit expansion to the private sector, buoyant remittances, and strong agricultural yields.
The consolidating fiscal policy of the new government aiming at public debt stabilization through expenditure restraint,
tax increases and budget support from the international community resulted in lower inflation and improved budget
balance (14.6 percent and -9.4 percent, respectively, in 2009).
Based on the prospects for a continuation of the disinflation process and improvements in economic activity and output
growth, the prime rate was reduced by 200 basis points from 18 percent to 16 percent in February 2010. Accordingly,
commercial interest rates are expected to decline further as interest in Treasury Bills has dropped below 18 percent and
banks are looking at other sources of bank income.1
1.1.2 Financial Sector

Government commitment to financial sector reform since the late 1980s included the Financial Sector Strategic Plan
which reformed the regulatory and institutional environment. The commercial banking system has seen increasing com-
petition in recent years, though it remains largely dominated by a few major banks that target mainly urban middle-
income and high net-worth clients. The Rural and Community Banks as well as the microfinance institutions have in-
creased access to financial services to the broader population, inducing traditional banks downscaling into new markets.
The financial sector has been resilient to the initial impact of the global financial crisis. Due to a strong regulatory and
supervisory framework and limited integration of Ghanaian banks with global markets, the impacts of the financial crisis
have been limited and mainly indirect through declining remittances and more cautious lending standards. But risks
have accumulated in an environment of rapid banking expansion, strong competition, and increased risk taking. A
recent deterioration in loan books could continue, based on rising funding costs and currency depreciation, which has
been mitigated by steps to increase minimum capital.2
1.1.3 Business Environment

The World Economic Forum ranks Ghana 114th out of 133 countries in its Global Competitiveness Index 2009 2010
(worsening from rank 102 in 2008 2009), and the World Bank Doing Business Report 2010 places the country on
rank 92 out of 183 economies reflecting the numerous administrative procedures for obtaining required licenses and the
comparatively high barriers for accessing credit as result of the lack of credit information. However, with regard to
investor protection Ghana is among the top 50, indicating greater disclosure, greater liability of directors and greater
1 IMF Article IV Report, 2009.

2 IMF (2009), Country Report No. 09/256; World Bank (2007), Project Appraisal Document.
Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page 1
powers of shareholders to challenge the transaction. In Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index, Ghana
is confidently ranked at 69 throughout 2007 and 2009.3
1.2 Energy Sector Overview
1.2.1 Primary Energy Supply Balance

Ghanas primary energy supply balance for all locally available and imported primary energy commodities includes
woodfuel, hydro, and imported crude. At 72%, woodfuel remains the single most important energy source for Ghana.
Figure 1: Primary Energy Supply Balance by Energy Type (2008)
7% Woodfuel
16%
Hydro
6%
Imported Crude
Oil for Refinery
72%
Imported Crude
for Electricity
Source: Energy Commission, 2009.
1.2.2 Final Energy Consumption Balance

Ghanas final energy consumption can be divided into three main sub-sectors: petroleum, electricity and traditional
biomass.
Figure 2: Consumption by End-Use Sector (2005, in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)
Households
Com&Service
Biomass
Transport
Petroleum
Agric & Fish Electricity
Industry
0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000
Source: MoE/EC, 2009
Figure 3: Composition of Fuels in Final Energy Consumption (2008)
3 World Economic Forum (2009), The Global Competitiveness Report 2009 2010; World Bank (2009), Doing Business 2010; Transparency
International (2009), Corruption Perception Index.
6.4%
17.1%
Biomass
Petroleum
Electricity
76.1%

The large part of the national energy basket, 76.1%, is made up of traditional biomass, i.e. fuelwood and charcoal, of
which about 90% are obtained from the natural forest and 10% from wood waste such as logging and sawmill residue
and planted forests. In 2008, about 9.1 million tons were consumed in the form of firewood and 7.3 million tons in
the form of charcoal. Wood fuels provide the bulk of the energy needs for most informal enterprises such as bread-
baking, processing of oil palm, brewing of local drinks, tobacco curing, traditional textiles and soap making, and fish
smoking.
Due to free and easy access, most rural households (76%) still cook with fuelwood compared to only 19% of urban
households. The lack of feasible alternatives and source of income for the rural population explains why its usage has
been constantly increasing over the last years (from 10.7 million tonnes in 2000 to 16.4 million tonnes in 2008).
Under moderately high economic growth scenarios, future demand for wood to be used as firewood and charcoal will
increase to 45 million tonnes by 2020. Accordingly, deforestation, desertification and land degradation are predominant
environmental issues linked to energy resources in the country. 4
The petroleum sector constitutes 17.1% of the final energy consumption. The nation imports and consumes significant
volumes of petroleum. In 2008, 1.98 million tonnes of crude oil were imported and 1.84 million tons consumed. The
petroleum sector covers upstream activities (exploration) and downstream activities (refining by the Tema Oil Refinery
(TOR), storage and distribution by oil marketing companies). Following the recent oil discovery in Ghana, which is
possibly one of the largest oil finds in the last decade off the shores of West Africa, the country aims to become a net
exporter of oil and power by 2013 and to build up the energy sector to become a national revenue and economic
growth engine. Available estimates suggest that crude oil exports will be in the range of USD 2 billion to USD 3.2
billion between 2010 and 2030; fiscal revenues from crude oil exports are forecasted at USD 700 million in 2010,
rising to USD 3 billion by 2013. Exploitation of the Jubilee oil field will commence in the last quarter of 2010.5
Table 1: Installed Electricity Generation Capacity and Electricity Generation (2008)
4 ESMAP, 2006; Energy Commission, 2006/2009

5 AEO, 2009, Budget Statement for the Fiscal Year 2010
Power Generation Site Installed Installed Electricity Genera- Electricity Generation
Capacity capacity tion (% of total)
(% of total)
Akosombo Hydropower Plant 1,020 MW 50.7% 5,254 GWh 63.1%
Kpong Hydropower Plant 160 MW 8% 941 GWh 11.3%
Takoradi Power Company

330 MW 16.4% 874 GWh 10.5%
(TAPCO) Thermal Power Plant
Takoradi International Power

Company (TICO) Thermal Power 220 MW 10.9% 1,063 GWh 12.8%
Plant
Tema Mines Diesel Reserve

80 MW 4.0% 46 GWh 0.6%
Plant
Tema Emergency Diesel Reserve

126 MW 6.3% 45 GWh 0.5%
Plant
Tema Diesel Reserve Plant 25 MW 1.2% 85 GWh 1.0%
Tema Diesel Plant 30 MW 1.5% 0 GWh 0.0%
Kumasi Diesel Reserve Plant 20 MW 1.0% 16 GWh 0.2%
Total 2,011 MW 100% 8,323 GWh 100.0%
Source: Ghana Energy Commission, 2009.
The electricity sector accounts for about 6.4% of the total energy consumed. Currently, the country has available capac-
ity of 2,011 MW as broken down in Table 1. The in-country generation of power amounts to 8,323 GWh on annual
average and is dominated by hydro electric sources. Due to falling water levels, thermal power has become more
important as source of electricity generation, especially as back-up during peak hours from 7 10 p.m., with shares
for thermal power increasing from 8.5% in 2000 to 25.6% in 2008 in total electricity generation (from 613 GWh to
2,128 GWh).
Apart from in-country generation, 275 GWh of thermal power was imported from Cote dIvoire in 2008 to supplement
domestic demand which is growing at 9% per annum as a result of population growth, rural electrification and indus-
trial expansion. The industrial sector is the largest consumer of electricity (37% in 2008), followed by the residential
sector (28%). The non-residential sector accounted for 11% of total electricity consumption. The remaining 24% can be
attributed to distribution and transmission losses.
In 2004, about 54% of the population had access to electricity supply, the third highest rate in Sub-Saharan Africa
after Mauritius and South Africa. Currently, experts estimate the national electrification rate at 64%, more than doubling
from 28% in 1989 when the National Electrification Scheme (NES) was launched. The Deputy Minister in an official
address in February 2010 confirmed that currently 65% of the population had access to the electricity grid. 6 Neverthe-
less, there are huge disparities between urban and rural areas (78.8% and 23.8% respectively). Per capita electricity
consumption was estimated to be 272 kWh per year in 2008, which is below the Sub-Saharan weighted average of
6 MoE, 2010, http://www.energymin.gov.gh/download/address.pdf.

475 kWh. Over 80% of electricity is consumed in urban areas. The lack of sufficient diversity in power sources exposes
the country to the risk of inconsistent power generation and significant power shortages in times of drought and chang-
ing rainfall patterns. In 2003 and 2007, electricity generation fell below 4,000 GWh and induced the government and
mining companies to procure diesel reserve plants of 126 MW and 80 MW, respectively.7
Since the diesel plants are powered by (hitherto imported) expensive fuel and natural gas, they have exerted significant
pressure on the national budget. Apart from the mono-structured electricity generation based mainly on large hydro
power, power availability and reliability is also constrained by the weak financial position of the public utilities. Due to
the low tariffs set by the government, the utility companies are unable to recover their short-run marginal cost leading
to high losses and system failures. As a result, the energy sector has been declared one of the greatest risks to the
economy in the 2010 Government Budget.
Businesses and households have to bear the high cost of resorting to alternative energy sources and the reduced levels
of supply. The Global Competitiveness Report 2009/2010 ranks Ghana very low in the quality of electricity supply, on
101 out of 133 countries (Kenya 91, Senegal 113, Rwanda not ranked). The industrial and service sectors, which jointly
account for nearly 75% of Ghanas GDP, rely critically on electricity and displacements in availability impact the opera-
tions of the sectors. The single largest electricity consumer (33% in 2000), the formerly government-owned aluminium
smelter VALCO, has frequently been shut down in times of low water levels in the Akosombo Dam. To date, one third
of households experience power failures every day or several times a week, which last anywhere from a few hours up
to 3 days.8
The assumed techno-economic data of existing and expected future power plants in Ghana and the cost assumptions for
future power plants have been taken as the average of estimates reported for various countries in a study by the
OECD/NEA/IEA (OECD, 2005). This data can be found in the Annex.
1.3 Potential for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
1.3.1 Renewable Energy Sector

Ghana is endowed with abundant renewable energy (RE) resources including solar, wind, hydro resources and biomass
which could supplement the traditional sources of energy for the country. Ghana is rich in solar resources, receiving an
average annual solar radiation of 16 29 MJ/m, with an annual sunshine duration of between 1,800 and 3,000 hours.
The development of Solar-PV and solar water heaters has been mostly financed through grants and concessional loans
from donors and government programs, such as DANIDA, the Spanish government, and UNDP/GEF. As a result, about
5,000 Solar-PV systems with a working capacity of 1 MW have been installed.
The UNEP Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment project has found the strongest wind regime along the
Ghana/Togo border: 9.0-9.9 metres per second wind speed 9 that can yield a wind power density of 600-800 Watt/m2
in the mountains over an area of about 300-400 square kilometres. The total wind energy potential of this area has
been estimated at around 300 MW in capacity or 800 GWh in generation. Over a large area along the coast, high
winds (6.2-7.1 metres per second at the height of 50 m) are also present reflecting a total potential of around 3000
MW capacity or 7,300 GWh of electricity.
Marginal or moderate wind power density (200-400 W/m2) occur in other parts of the country putting the estimated
potential of scattered off-grid wind turbines at about 500-800 MW capacity or 1,100-1,700 GWh electricity. The wind
potential at the Ghana/Togo border (Volta Region) and along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea is suitable for grid con-
nected large wind farms while the scattered wind potential can be exploited through stand-alone wind turbines. For
7 The 2007 energy crisis necessitated a shift from hydro to a more costly thermal-power generation at a time of rising crude oil prices. In the
circumstance, the government introduced subsidies to enable consumers to operate a cost-recovery pricing mechanism during the period of acute
power shortages. As a result, petroleum prices in Ghana are currently the cheapest in the West African region, providing huge incentives for
smuggling and causing shortages in the country. Studies are underway to assess the impact of re-imposition of taxes on petroleum products on
household activities and economic growth.
8 ESMAP, 2006; Energy Commission, 2009.
9 A wind energy system usually needs an average wind speed of at least 5 metres per second to be practical. Typical annual average wind speed
of wind farms is between 6 7 m/s.

wind energy systems that are directly tied to the utility grid network, the grid system must be large enough to be able
to withstand fluctuations in wind power.
The unexploited hydropower potential may be in the order of 2,000 MW according to the Energy Commission. The
Government has identified nearly 20 medium to large hydro sites (20 400 MW each), and other studies have found
potential for the development of 70 small hydro sites (~ 10 MW). Identified mini hydro resource sites are about 3 MW
with corresponding annual generation potential of about 15 GWh. Ghana has pioneered research on biofuel and Jatro-
pha plantations in West Africa.
Ghana has pioneered research on biofuel and Jatropha plantations in West Africa. Bio-diesel generated from Jatropha,
sugarcane, oil palm, soya bean oil, or coconut oil can supplement costly regular diesel, for instance for powering grain
mills in off-grid communities. The technology has been tested in several villages in the country indicating promising
prospects to substitute for regular diesel. The most attractive plant for cultivation and biofuel processing are Jatropha
and sugarcane. Though the technology is still relatively young, small farmers are promising clients to use biofuel on a
local scale for lighting and agro-processing.
Further research is focusing on reducing production costs and improving farming techniques to reduce the risk of low
yields, pests and disease. Ghana also offers potential for biomass based electricity production from wood-residues (e.g.
from sawmills). The annual production of wood residues from logging and sawmills is estimated to be around 1.1
million tons indicating a large potential for biomass cogeneration from wood wastes and agriculture residues. Some
biomass-fired co-generation projects have been implemented in the oil palm industry, but are under-utilised. The main
factors hindering their exploitation especially in the wood processing industry are the lower cost grid power and the
hitherto lack of financial or fiscal incentives that would encourage them to generate and sell electricity to the grid.
Biogas technology processing municipal and farm waste has been demonstrated for cooking, direct lighting, small power
generation, and bio-sanitation in hotels, schools, hospitals, and other public institutions. Bio-latrines are being promoted
throughout the country. The development of the countrys RE resources has been seen as a credible option for poten-
tially relieving some of the energy needs of the poor and securing the countrys energy needs. Even though Ghana is
endowed with a variety of renewable energy resources, the contribution of solar, wind, biofuel and small hydro to the
energy mix is still negligible to date due to improper public sensitisation, information asymmetries, marketing strategies,
lack of feed-in-tariffs and high upfront costs. Accordingly, the main renewable energy source in Ghana is still coming
from large hydropower plants as the cheapest form of electricity generation.
1.3.2 Energy Efficiency Sector

Increase Energy Production Efficiency
Charcoal production is still largely based on the rudimentary earth mound technology which is low yielding consuming
between 4 6 tonnes of wood per every tonne of charcoal produced. The Ahibenso improved stove was introduced on
the market in 1989 as part of the woodfuel efficiency programme under the National Energy Board. It saved between
35 40% of charcoal and 15 20% of money normally spent on the traditional coal pot. Success of the programme
was constrained due to its focus on the production side instead of also accommodating the customer side in order to
grow the market.
Consumption
Considering the enormous wood demand under the moderate and high economic growth scenarios in the medium to
long-term, doubling to 45 million tons of until 2020, the informal industrial and commercial/service subsectors of the
economy need to be encouraged to switch to alternative fuels and more efficient appliances to reduce wood demand.
According to estimates by the Energy Commission (2006), wood demand can be reduced by one to two million tons per
year through nationwide promotion of energy efficient stove and conservation programmes (for instance, improved
cookstoves and charcoal production technologies as well as briquetting), and thus complement the expansion of forest
plantation in meeting the countrys energy needs. The industrial opportunity for gas cylinder manufacturing, LPG refinery
and distribution will be immense. Yet, it is likely that a significant proportion of the informal and commercial/service
sectors will be reluctant to change unless the shift to more efficient fuels and appliances is supported with financial
incentives since the traditional firewood and charcoal stoves are still the least expensive cooking device regarding initial
capital investments. Improved charcoal programmes and production kilns will create jobs for rural entrepreneurs involved
in the fabrication of charcoal and firewood stoves, and will in the medium-term attract CDM and other climate change
related funding to the country.
Some of the Ghanaian energy-intensive industry offers a good potential for reduction of electricity consumption. This is
especially the case for the three electric arc furnace steel plants, the aluminium smelting plant of VALCO as well as the
textile and rubber industry. The majority of the energy-intensive industry as well as the VRA is considering to switch
from fuel oil to natural gas (e.g. in industrial boilers and power plants) once gas is being delivered through the West
African Gas Pipeline (WAGP), which was completed over a year ago and contracts to deliver the gas have been signed,
but due to technical problems the gas has not been flowing yet.
Distribution
Due to lack of investment, Ghanas transmission system is old. 40% of the system is more than 40 years old, 20% of
the system is 25 years old and the remainder about 15 years. Delays in rehabilitation have occurred due to tariff levels
that have been insufficient to cover costs. As a result of high demand growth and delayed routine maintenance, the
distribution networks are overloaded resulting in high losses and service interruptions. Total losses in the Electricity
Company of Ghana (ECG) and the Northern Electricity Department (NED) were about 8,066 GWh (24% of electricity
output) in 2008. A large part of these losses (about 18%) are non-technical, i.e. they derive from pilferage of elec-
tricity, billing inefficiencies, and inadequate metering.10
1.4 Institutional Framework

The following is a description of the institutional framework for RE and EE in Ghana. Also presented are the institu-
tional and legal framework and the current energy policy followed by the government.
1.4.1 Institutions
The energy system in Ghana is basically managed by the public sector.
Ministry of Mines and Energy (MOME)
The Ministry of Mines and Energy is responsible for formulating and implementing energy and electricity policies. It also
supervises the operations of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation, the Tema Oil Refinery, the Volta River Authority, the
Electricity Company, and has oversight responsibility over the Energy Commission. In order to further develop the solar
and renewable energy programmes, the Ministry established on the Renewable Energy Services Project (RESPRO) with
funding support from the Global Environment Fund through the UNDP.
The Renewable Energy Division is responsible for developing and elaborating national policies and strategies for all
renewable resources, technologies, demand and supply side management and generation: solar PV systems for both
stand-alone and grid connected; wind energy resource assessment and generation, small hydro development, bio-
mass/biofuel and woodfuel resource assessment, development and generation.
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MEST)
The Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MEST) exists to establish a strong national scientific and techno-
logical base for accelerated sustainable development of the country. By September 2010, MEST in collaboration with an
international consultant will have developed Ghanas Low Carbon Growth Strategy, which strives to ensure the supply of
sustainable, affordable, safe and reliable energy for domestic and industrial use.
The draft strategy paper encompasses (1) promotion of RE research and development programmes, including to up-grade
hydropower energy production technology, sensitization and dissemination of energy technology in rural electrification
facilitating ownership; (2) facilitation of efforts to acquire and adapt sustainable safe and economical energy technolo-
gies; (3) promote public support for energy conservation; (4) encourage private and community investment, (5) exploit
the utilization of nuclear energy resources for domestic and industrial use, and (8) develop an integrated petrochemical
industry to respond to the oil and gas industry. Following this document, the Government will establish a climate fund
which would involve the creation of a gender fund to assist women and children to support mitigation and adaptation
10 Energy Commission, 2009

actions. In addition, the Ministry as part of its programme promotes afforestation and sponsors journalists to specialize
in environmental reporting with regards to climate change.
Regulating Agencies
The Energy Commission of Ghana is the primary regulator for the energy sector in Ghana setting the technical stan-
dards for the electricity and petroleum sectors (in collaboration with the National Petroleum Tender Board). The Energy
Commission also sets the standards for the export of charcoal, licenses RE businesses and gives out permits for import-
ing of RE components. The Commission also advises the Government on energy policy and strategy, including the RE
draft bill that will provide a level playing field for potential developers of RE energy production and climate change
mitigation in Ghana.
The Commission is dedicated to the exploitation of Ghanas renewable energy resources for which it utilizes funding
from the Energy Fund (Act No. 541). The Fund raises about USD 500,000 a year from levying petroleum products,
which is however insufficient to support large-scale RE development, as stipulated its Strategic National Energy Plan
2006 2020 (SNEP) which targets 10% of RE sources to be in the energy mix by 2020 (excluding biomass and large
hydropower). The Commission is also involved in indicative planning of energy and electricity system expansion, and
licensing of energy sector operators. The Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PURC), which was established in 1997,
is the prime body for monitoring price, setting tariffs, ensuring quality of service and framing customer service regula-
tions.
Electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution
The electricity generation and transmission functions lie with the publicly owned Volta River Authority (VRA), while
electricity distribution in the Southern part of the country is the responsibility of the Electricity Company of Ghana
(ECG), supplying 1.72 million non/residential and 11,136 industrial customers as of 2008. The Northern Electricity
Department (NED) under the VRA is responsible for distribution in northern Ghana having 278,000 non/residential and
31 industrial customers. In order to decentralize and open the power sector to Independent Power Producers, institu-
tional reforms of existing power utilities were undertaken in 1998. The newly established Ghana Grid Company (GRIDCO)
will replace the transmission department of the VRA and acts as broker between IPPs and VRA. The first private partner
to enter the market, CMS of Michigan, bought 51% in a joint venture with VRA to set up the 220 MW Aboadze ther-
mal power plant.
Other Agencies
The Ghana Energy Foundation, established in 1997, is a not-for-profit public private partnership devoted to promoting
the sustainable development and efficient consumption of energy in Ghana by offering EE and RE solutions to residential,
industrial and commercial energy consumers. The Executive Council consists of the Association of Ghana Industries (AGI),
Private Enterprise Foundation (PEF), Ghana National Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GNCCI), Ghana Chamber of
Mines (GCM), Volta River Authority (VRA), Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) and Volta Aluminium Company Ltd
(VALCO).
Its activities include energy audits and energy management strategies, power and factor correction, electrical load
management, heat recovery, monitoring and targeting energy management, tariff analysis, refrigeration and air condi-
tioning analysis, outreach programmes to educate the public, demonstration and promotion of RE and EE technologies.
The Foundation has used formal and informal communication with policy makers and energy sector stakeholders to raise
electricity tariffs to economic levels and successfully advocated for a reduction on import tariffs for energy efficient
products and renewable technologies. As early as 1999, it organized the first National Forum on Energy Efficiency
Technologies and has held several exhibitions for energy efficiency technologies, round table meetings and workshops for
local banks and international financial entities.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides the framework legislation for environmental assessments in Ghana.
According to Act 1994, EPA is mandated to advise the Minister of Energy on formulating environmental policies and to
make recommendations for the protection of the environment, to coordinate activities of domestic environmental bodies
and with international agencies, to develop a comprehensive database on environment related issues and environmental
protection, and to conduct training seminars for public sensitisation.
The Kumasi Institute for Technology and Environment (KITE), has gained international acclaim for its innovative and
effective RE and EE interventions. Since its inception in 1996, KITE has supported policy research, knowledge manage-
ment, the development of entrepreneurial skills and empowerment of indigenous entrepreneurs in order to help provid-
ing modern energy services in rural and peri-urban areas in Ghana and the ECOWAS region. In partnership with local
and international organizations, the institute has attracted more than USD 15 million in development assistance, exe-
cuted 40 projects, established more than 100 energy businesses, organized more than 100 capacity building workshops,
and has built the capacities of about 1,000,000 entrepreneurs and stakeholders. KITE has had impact on over 100
communities, and has directly served around 2,000,000 people. Table 2 summarizes KITEs ongoing activities.
Table 2: Ongoing KITE projects
Project Name Objective Measures
Rural Energy Supply and Sustainable production and utilization of Identification and deployment of new
Utilisation Program energy, focusing on alternative bio- technology options.
(RESUP) energy feedstock and improved conver- Finance and capacity building to formal
sion technologies and informal sector
Energy and Productivity Improve productivity levels of SMEs in Promotion and introduction of modern
Program (EPP) rural and peri-urban areas in Ghana energy technology and services in SMEs.
Enterprise development services, facilita-
tion of funding and technical support
Energy and Environment Facilitate knowledge sharing and tech- Promote and demonstrate the sustainable
Program (EEP) nology transfer use of RE and non-renewable energies
Clean Energy and Tech- Development of viable energy business Technical and financial support to viable
nology Investment Pro- opportunities into commercial enterprises energy businesses
gram (CETIP) Start-up capital
Knowledge Management - Keep stakeholders abreast with new - Channelling information through various
Program (KMP) developments in energy sectors and formats and means of communication
global industrial/technological trends and
funding opportunities
Source: KITE, 2010
The Energy Centre at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) represents another leading agency
in the development of RE and EE projects, including the Renewable Energy Education Project (REEP) supported by the
European Unions Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (EUACP) Secretariat, the Biofuel SME Project supported by Trust Africa (a
joint initiative of Ford Foundation and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada), and the
Renewable Energy Enterprise Development (REED) project. KNUST also hosts the Solar Laboratory at Mechanical Engineer-
ing Department and Agricultural Engineering Department. Other vital research institutes in the fields of biofuels and
deforestation are the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) which coordinates scientific R&D at eight
agricultural research institutes, and the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG).
The GIS-based Energy Access Project, supported with a EUR 180,000 grant from EUEI-PDF, contributes towards the
effective implementation of policies and plans for achieving energy access targets through the use of a geographic
information system (GIS) to collate and analyze national level data and provide timely information for policymaking
purposes in Ghana. The project is meant to be a pilot project which will be replicated in ECOWAS countries provided
continued support from UNDP. An RE Master programme is in pipeline.
The Lighting Africa National Advisory Committee (LANAC) was set up in August 2009 in Accra, and comprises consultants
specializing in the off-grid (solar) lighting markets in Ghana. IFC contracted KITE to provide technical support for setting
up the Committee in Ghana and Kenya. LANAC provides programme staff on programmatic and strategic issues and
acts as liaison for potential investors and customers informing on financing sources, consumer protection and targeting
strategic markets.

1.4.2 Industry Bodies
Established in March 2006, the Association of Ghana Solar Industries (AGSI) is hitherto the sole industry body represent-
ing green energy businesses. Although open for membership to all RE businesses and interested individuals, the Associa-
tion is mainly shaped by the strong solar industrial companies. The major firms (i.e. Deng and DWA Dizengoff) are also
members of the Association of Ghana Industries, but rather passive compared to the strong players engaged in oil
extraction, so that the Association has so far not promoted any changes in the policy formulation and regulations
related to the RE/EE sectors.
Stakeholders have expressed their interest in upgrading AGSI to an umbrella association for all RE businesses in the
near future. Under the GEDAP program, AGSI is receiving USD 500,000 enabling the Association to conduct enhanced
Solar-PV promotion campaigns and training programs to local Solar-PV dealers.
1.4.3 Laws and Codes

Under the Energy for Growth strategy, the power sector reform will continue with the preparation of a National
Electricity Grid Code, Natural Gas Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, and a Renewable Energy Law (see below).
At the Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PURC) and the Energy Commission (EC) capacity development efforts will
be pursued to enhance their regulatory oversight of the energy sector. Furthermore, a review of all IPP contracts will
be undertaken to ensure compliance with the laws.
Electricity Regulations
The current framework for gas and electricity supply, distribution and transmission encompasses:
L.I. 1816: Electricity Supply and Distribution (Technical and Operational) Rules, 2005;
L.I. 1911: Natural Gas Distribution and Sale (Technical and Operational) Rules, 2007;
L.I. 1912: Natural Gas Distribution and Sale (Standards of Performance) Regulations, 2007;
L.I. 1913: Natural Gas Transmission Utility (Technical and Operational) Rules, 2007;
L.I. 1934: Electricity Transmission (Technical, Operational and Standards of Performance) Rules, 2008;
L.I. 1935: Electricity Supply and Distribution (Standards of Performance) Regulations, 2008;
L.I. 1936: Natural Gas Transmission Utility (Standards of Performance) Regulations, 2008;
L.I. 1937: Electricity Regulations, 2008.
Under the Electricity Supply and Distribution Standards of Performance Law (2005), PURC will begin to apply penalties
to companies in the power sector for breach of standards of performance, effective from October 16, 2010. After a 5-
year transitional period, the companies will then be charged penalties ranging from two to 200 units (each unit having
a value of GHC 12 or USD 8.32)11 for every instance of the breach. The penalties are meant to improve service delivery
by the electricity companies and protect consumers from under-performance, including delays in service delivery, supply
interruptions, extended use of estimated billing, delays in the provision of replacement of electricity metres for consum-
ers and the failure to ensure that a vending point exists within 10 km of the customers premises.
Tariffs
The price of electricity in Ghana is far below the short-term marginal cost of electricity, which is about GHC 0.04 per
kWh (USD 0.028) from large hydro and GHC 0.28 (USD 0.1935) from thermal sources. Tariffs well below the cost tend
to increase power demand, accelerating both the depletion of water resources and the downward spiral of VRAs and
ECGs finances. As a result, VRA and ECG do not have sufficient funds to maintain and expand the power system lead-
ing to high losses and system failures. In addition to creating a financial crisis for the public utilities, the low tariffs
also prevent RE producers to sell their generated electricity to ECG or NED since they cannot compete on a cost level
with the subsidized prices of the public utilities (Table 3).
11 Exchange rate as of Feb 14, 2010.

Table 3: Electricity End User Tariff (2010)
Electricity from Public Utilities*

Bulk Supply Tariff Distribution Service End User Tariff Solar Wind
(BST) Charge (DSC) (EUT)
Price (GHC/kWh) 0.0611 0.0585 0.1196 0.8462 0.2115 0.2820
Price (USD/kWh) 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.60 0.15 0.20
Source: Energy Commission, 2009, *no changes since 2007.

Renewable Energies
There is currently no price regulation for RE products. Tax exemptions are valid for all systems of electricity generation,
including wind power systems, SHS, hydro, steam and gas systems, which are all exempted from payment of import
duty and VAT ( 85.02, The Harmonized System and Customs Tariff Schedules 2007). For RE components, such as lamps
and lanterns, there is a 10% import duty and 12.5% VAT are incurred (85.36). AGSI and the Energy Commission are
in discussion to standardize components so that RE parts can be differentiated from conventional parts such that they
will also be tax exempted. Unlike their grid-connected counterparts, RE electricity generators (excluding the large hydro
power plants at Akosombo and Kpong) are not subsidized.
A Renewable Energy Law that intends to increase the contribution of modern RE from 0.01% to 10% in the medium
term (excluding woodfuel and large hydro) is currently under discussion.12 The Energy Commission in collaboration with
an international consultant developed the draft bill that aims to create an enabling environment to attract investment
in renewable energy resources, encourage the use of renewable energy, diversify supplies to safeguard energy security,
improve access to electricity through the use of renewable energy sources, build indigenous capacity in technology for
renewable energy sources, increase knowledge and awareness of renewable energy production and consumption, and
regulate the production and supply of woodfuel and biofuel.
The Law will put the financial incentives in place to develop and use RE for electricity generation by establishing a
tariff regime with guaranteed technology-specific prices for each RE technology. PURC will determine the average costs
and share for RE generated electricity vis--vis conventional based on a weighted average price that will account for
economic viability for independent producers and affordability for consumers. 13 The feed-in-tariff rate will be fixed for a
period of twenty years from the date of the grant of the license.
In addition, the distribution companies VRA and ECG will be mandated to purchase a specific share (as determined by
PURC on an annual basis) of its total purchase of electricity from RE sources, or otherwise will be charged a premium.
The licensing framework for commercial activities in the RE sector foresees the completion of the licensing process
within 70 days. The Energy Commission will be mandated by law to promote the local manufacturing of RE components,
to develop plans for training and supporting local RE experts, and to promote the technical benefits of biofuels. The
Minister of Energy may on recommendation of the Board of the Energy Commission make regulations for the following
areas:
Rates of wheeling electricity generated from RE sources;
Standards with regard to biofuel and electricity;
Standards of performance and technical standards for the use of RE resources; and,
12
MoE, 2010, http://www.energymin.gov.gh/download/address.pdf.
13
Since PURC lacks the necessary in-house knowledge on RE, the feed-in tariff scheme is designed by an external consultant.
Control and management of biofuel, and woodfuel, for the establishment of a scheme for the creation, trad-
ing and extinguishing of RE certificates.
As part of the GEDAP programme, the Government has committed itself to submit a renewable energy bill to Parlia-
ment by October 2010 (revised from December 2008 and December 2009). The law is now with the Minister of Energy.
According to experts, the draft bill is likely to be presented to the Cabinet by March 2010, and enter Parliament before
July 2010. Interview partners have acknowledged not only the enactment, but also the implementation of the law as
critical.
The Law also aims to establish the Ghana Renewable Energy Fund (GREENfund) that will be managed by the Energy
Commission which is preparing the detailed concept and currently discussing the specific structure. The Funds objective
is to promote the grid interactive renewable electricity by means of generation based incentives, feed-in-tariffs and
capital subsidies. In addition, the Fund aims to support scientific and technological research into RE, as well as re-
search into the establishment of RE standards and programmes to adopt international best practices.
The Fund, through inter alia subsidies and equity participation, will mainly invest in the production of RE equipment,
the development of large-scale solar and wind projects and grid-connected RE systems drawing on feed-in tariffs coming
with the new law. The tax-exempted Fund will be sourced by (1) the premium payable from bulk customers who do
not comply with purchasing a certain percentage of their electricity from RE as set by PURC, (2) grants, donations and
other voluntary contributions to the Fund, (3) any person, donor and international organization, (4) moneys specifically
earmarked for the Fund, (5) internally generated funds obtained from RE related activities, (6) moneys provided by
Parliament, (7) moneys that the Minister with the approval of Parliament may determine, and (8) other moneys or
property that may in any manner become lawfully payable to and vested in the Board of the Energy Commission for
the benefit of the Fund.
Charcoal Production and Distribution
Compared to electricity and the petroleum sub-sectors, relatively little investment is made to formalize this traditional
energy sub-sector. The sector operates as an informal sector lacking human capacity at all levels of governance to
develop, implement and monitor policies on wood fuels and with poor institutional linkages among the various agencies
that should be devoted to manage the traditional fuel and ensure a sustainable woodfuel industry.
The only regulations in place apply to charcoal export that has officially been stopped with regulations and an adminis-
trative order effected by the Energy Commission. Only charcoal from wood wastes and owned plantations is permitted.
There is neither a price regulation authority for wood fuels nor an association of suppliers responsible for pricing. As
part of the RE draft bill, the Energy Commission will in consultation with the Forestry Commission develop a reforesta-
tion programme to sustain woodfuel production.
Biofuel
In November, 2005, the Energy Commission completed a National Bio-fuels Policy Draft, which was subsequently for-
warded to the Cabinet. It still has not been presented to Parliament as a bill to pass into law. Portions of it were,
however, incorporated in the 2008 Budget Statement, including fiscal incentives to be provided for investments in the
bio-fuel industry such as tax-holidays of up to five years and a reduction of corporate tax from 25 to 20 percent for
businesses directly related to the development of the bio-fuel industry.
As part of the RE draft bill, biofuels will be designated as petroleum product in accordance with the National Petroleum
Act, 2005 (Act 691). With enactment of the RE law by the end of 2010, the National Petroleum Authority will be
responsible for pricing biofuel. The proportion of biofuel in biofuel blend will be determined from time to time by the
National Petroleum Authority in consultation with the Energy Commission.
International Treaties
Ghana signed the United Nations Framework for Climate Change in 1992 and ratified it in 1995. It subsequently ac-
ceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2002 and has been participating in sub-regional, regional and international development.
Energy Efficiency

Ghana was the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to enact standards for appliances, particularly room air conditioners,
in collaboration with the Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP). Today, the following regula-
tions are in place:
L.I. 1815: Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling (non-ducted air conditioners and self-ballasted fluorescent
lamps) Regulations, 2005, requiring a minimum EE ratio of 2.8 per Watt and 33 lumens per Watt, respec-
tively.
L.I. 1932: Energy Efficiency (Prohibition of Manufacture, Sale or Importation of Incandescent Filament Lamp,
Used Air-Conditioner) Regulations, 2008
L.I. 1958: Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling (Household Refrigerating Appliances) Regulations, 2009
Under the Energy for Growth strategy, the power sector reform will continue with the preparation of Energy Efficiency
standards and labelling for refrigerators and freezers. In 2009, the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
conducted a survey of household electrical appliances for the development of the national refrigeration efficiency stan-
dard. An amendment to the building code is in the pipeline which will require one to make space for the erection of
solar panels on the roofs of houses. In addition, the Energy Commission will work on regulating solar water heaters for
commercial and public buildings until 2012.
1.4.4 Guidelines/Energy Policy

As acknowledged in the 2010 Government Budget, the energy sector provides one of the greatest risks to the [Ghana-
ian] economy. Accordingly, the Governments overall goal for energy is the development and sustenance of an efficient
and viable energy sector that provides a secure, safe and reliable supply of energy to meet the countrys development
needs in a competitive manner.
Due to uneconomically low tariffs and delayed payments by public institutions dating back to Q2/2009, VRA and ECG
have been in constant financial crisis preventing them from maintaining and expanding the power system. As a result,
VRA has accumulated debt of more than USD 800 million as of February 2010.14 To minimize this risk, the Ministry of
Finance and Economic Planning (MFEP) had undertaken a Power Sector Financial Restructuring and Recovery Study in
May 2008, the findings of which were supposed to enter a Comprehensive Financial Recovery Plan for the three power
utilities. However, the study has not been completed yet.
The Ministry of Energy will work with the Ministry of Finance to re-capitalize VRA, ECG and NED and ensure their long
term financial viability. Power tariffs are going to increase considerably by this year to enable utilities to operate on
sound financial footing.15 The Volta River Authority, Ghana Grid Company, and Electricity Company of Ghana submitted
proposals to Public Utilities Regulatory Commission for price increases (155%, 173% and 109%, respectively). The last
increase dates back to 2007, when PURC granted a 35% price increase to VRA to become more efficient and prevent
power outages.
Provided that commitments are met by the Government to clear arrears and indebtedness to VRA and ECG, the World
Bank will disburse funds of USD 450 million to the country (USD 200 million budget support and USD 250 million for
project support). To improve the availability and reliability of power, the Government of Ghana pursues both a short-
term action programme and a long-term strategy. In the short to medium term, the Government aims to address the
power capacity deficit and targets the installation of 5,000 MW of power generation capacity by 2015.
The anticipated increase in generation will enable cost-effective supply to meet the nations requirements including that
of VALCO. In this regard, a total of 1,611.5 MW of capacity is currently under construction by Government and Inde-
pendent Power Producers while other plans have been initiated to increase power generation capacity in the country.
Projects to increase power generation in the short- to medium-term focus mainly on large hydro power and thermal
power, among them the 49.5 MW Tema Thermal 2 Power Project (TT2PP), the 132MW combined-cycle power project in
14 State of the Nation Address by the President of Ghana, John Evans Atta Mills, February 19, 2010.
15 Despite tariffs below production costs, both the President in his Address to the Nation in February 2010, and the Minister of Finance in his
Budget Statement for the 2010 Fiscal Year in November 2010, argue for lowering energy tariffs by increasing efficiency of energy production (e.g.
through developing gas turbines).
Aboadze, and the 125 MW Osagyefo Power Barge. The 200 MW Sunon Asogli Kpone Power Plant, which is managed by
the Shenzhen Energy Group and partially financed by the China-Africa Development Fund, will provide additional 360
MW after completion of the second construction phase. The USD 600 million project is near completion and will start
generating power soon provided that Nigerian gas is being delivered through the West African Gas Pipeline. In 2009,
the 126 MW Tema Thermal 1 Power Project (TT1PP) which is now fully operational was commissioned. Interventions
undertaken also include the construction of the 400 MW Bui Dam hydro power plant and completion of the Regional
Capitals Street Lighting projects for selected streets in Accra, Tema, Kumasi, Takoradi, Ho, Sunyani, Bolgatanga and Wa.
To reform and modernize the power sub-sector, MoE has estimated investments requirements at USD 3 billion (and at
USD 10 billion for the energy sector as a whole). 16 This figure includes USD 1 billion for generation development, USD
500 million for transmission infrastructure development, USD 1 billion for distribution infrastructure development, and
USD 500 million for rural electrification and RE projects (solar PV, wind and mini hydro).
For the 2010 Fiscal Year, the Government is focusing on upgrading the transmission and distribution systems while
scaling up rural electrification to ensure increasing access to electricity by household and industry. Against the back-
ground of several power crisis and rolling blackouts in the recent past, the Government is strongly interested in increas-
ing electricity access, supply and reliability, in order to meet the projected rising demand for power and mitigate
impediments to economic growth. As a main objective of its Energy for Growth Strategy, the government intends to
assure an electrification rate of 75% by 2015 and universal access and choice of modern forms of energy to the whole
population by 2020. Under the National Electrification Scheme (NES), grid connections will be expanded to around 950
more communities and electrification to a further 200 communities (MoE, 2009). 17 Projects to be implemented will
include the extension of electricity supply to about 800 selected communities under a Suppliers Credit facility of USD
170 million by China International Water & Electric Corporation (CWE). An additional 1,200 selected communities will
be financed under an arrangement by the US EXIM Bank, 200 more communities will be connected under SHEP-4. In
addition, ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) will contribute to finance the connection of 106 se-
lected communities in the Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo Regions, while BNP Paribas will partially finance the connection of
79 communities to the national grid in the Ashanti and Eastern Regions. 18 A Rural Electrification Agency is going to be
established that will be devoted to coordinate all rural electrification programmes and to provide cost effective rural
electrification options including renewable energy throughout the country, also considering off-grid solutions for potential
customers that are located too far from the grid for connection to be economically viable. The responsible consultant
has completed the work; however, the immediate establishment of the REA could be slowed down due to the fact that
it will be in charge of grid extension, thus reducing political decision-making influence on grid extension.
The long-term strategy of the Government is the regional integration of Ghanas energy system through two multina-
tional energy projects: the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) and the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP), which are both
financed by the World Bank. The WAGP will diversify Ghanas hydro-based power system by bringing lower cost Nige-
rian gas through Benin and Togo to Ghana. The ongoing WAPP will enhance cross-border power trade in West Africa
by strengthening interconnection lines from Cte dIvoire to Benin along the Ghanaian coast, and by establishing inter-
connection lines within Ghana to transfer thermal power northwards to the Sahel countries. Although construction of the
gas pipeline finished over one year ago, and tests were concluded one year ago, the IPP are still waiting for Nigerian
gas to be delivered (World Bank, 2009).
Other key elements of the Governments agenda are to add capacity at the transmission and distribution levels, open
up the sector to independent power producers, pursue regional cooperation projects, strengthen the regulatory institu-
tions, implement power sector reforms and reduce costs of electricity production to achieve lower tariffs. The Ministry is
also working to improve the long term financial viability of the three power utilities. This plan will also affect full
16 MoE, 2010, http://www.energymin.gov.gh/download/address.pdf.

17 At the inception of the scheme in 1989, 478 communities were connected. The first phase of the NES, the National Electrification Project (NEP),
electrified all district capitals as well as towns and villages along the routes to the capitals, which was completed in 2000. The second phase, the
Self-Help Electrification Programme (SHEP), electrified all communities located 20km from the national grid if they pay for the required poles.
Today, about 4,000 communities have been connected to the national grid. The Ministry of Energy is currently working on the development of a
statistical data system that will enable them to determine the Access Rate on weekly basis.
18 Signed contracts for increasing access to electricity also include China Water & Electric Corporation (USD 90 million), Elecnor S.A. (USD 5 million
for solar), JICA sponsored West Akim Electrification Project (USD 7.6 million) and Upper Denkyira Electrification Project (USD 4.6 million), Wel-
dy/Lamont Associates (USD 350 million), Bilpower Limited/Chrispod Limited (USD 30 million), and Eltel Networks Corporation (EUR 10 million).
transfer of the national transmission grid assets from VRA to GRIDCO, and protect assets and liabilities associated with
the government sponsored Tema and Kpone thermal power projects. It is estimated that, about USD 9.0 billion is
required in the next five years to finance the numerous initiatives in the energy sector, of which oil and gas activities
alone require over USD 5.5 billion and USD 400 million for thermal power plants.
Renewable Energy
The evolution of national policies relating to renewables in Ghana can be traced back to 1983 when the National
Energy Board (NEB) was established. Within the last decade, renewable energy has come to play a more significant role
in the National Energy Plan. The Strategic National Energy Plan (SNEP), which was developed by the Energy Commission
for the period from 2006 2020, identifies the optimal path for the development, use and efficient management of
the country's energy resources required for economic development. The plan seeks to increase the use of RE to 10% of
the country's energy mix by 2020 and achieve 30% penetration of rural electrification via renewable energy technolo-
gies by 2020. To achieve this aim the plan recommends to introduce feed-in tariffs, backed by a regulatory framework
that allows existing biomass co-generation plants to be connected to the national grid through issuance of licenses for
large renewable energy plants, to encourage District Assemblies to provide alternative RE solutions to their off-grid
communities, to investigate innovative financial schemes, including capital subsidy arrangements and micro-financing, to
overcome the cost barrier to renewable energy. In the Plan, the Ghana Investment Promotion Council (GIPC) Investment
Code will be asked to make provisions for tax exemptions for renewable energy manufacturing. In addition, wind pow-
ered and solar energy generating sets, plants, machinery, equipment or parts for the establishment of manufacturing
facility should be exempt from import duty, VAT and excise duties. The Government should encourage Ghanaian indus-
trialists to partner with popular brand manufacturers to set up branches of production and assembly lines in the coun-
try and support decentralized RE systems which could include arranging concessionary credits for local RE dealers, and
to have public -private sector partnership in large-scale centralized power projects through shared costs. Many of these
recommendations have entered the RE draft bill that is currently under discussion.
In 2009, the Government facilitated the development of an operational manual for providing matching grants to support
renewable services by the private sector and supported the development of training and testing materials and testing
facilities for human resource development in Solar PV in Tamale Polytechnic and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science
and Technology (KNUST). Solar PV systems were installed in 75 rural health posts.
In 2010, the Government will continue to promote RET (specifically solar, wind and mini hydro), and technical training
for solar PV installation and maintenance. A government programme has been initiated to install Grid-connected PV
solar systems in schools, security service and health centres. In addition, the Government will implement grid-connected
wind systems, complete the construction of the Tsatsadu mini hydro power plant, rehabilitate grid-connected solar
system and develop a licensing and monitoring framework for the electricity industry. The setting up of a Biogas System
for the New Ankaful Maximum Security Prison is about to be completed. A similar version of the Biogas System is also
being constructed for several schools under the Ghana School Feeding Programme.
In order to promote and develop renewable energy systems, MoE sees the two-fold challenge of adopting appropriate
measures towards reducing the initial capital cost of RE systems (and identify areas where connection to the grid
cannot be economically justified), and of providing local technological support for production and maintenance of RE
systems, particularly in the case of imported solar photo-voltaic (PV) systems. The Minister for Energy, Dr. Joe Oteng-
Adjei is committed to speed up the process of establishing a Renewable Energy Law which would provide the legal basis
for creating an enabling environment for private participation and for better incorporating RE in the national energy
mix. The Ministry is strongly interested in attracting private sector investment in all aspects of Ghanas energy develop-
ment. Furthermore, the Government of Ghana stimulates the development of a local biofuels industry, especially from
agricultural wastes and Jatropha, supporting several small-scale initiatives, and promotes the construction of hybrid
solar/wind energy systems for households to reduce the over dependence on the national power grid.
Energy Efficiency
At the beginning of the 2000s, Ghana and South Africa had taken the lead in Africa in the implementation of energy
efficiency initiatives. Ghana early developed an Energy Efficiency Policy, an elaborate energy efficiency programme and
established institutions that promote Energy Efficiency in the country, the Ghana Energy Foundation.

Dating back to February 1997, the Ministry of Energy and Mines had signed a formal agreement with the US Depart-
ment of Energy, paving the way for closer collaboration in energy efficiency promotion. Under this agreement, the
Alliance to Save Energy and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) began assisting the Energy Foundation
on the introduction of performance standards for energy consuming appliances. Ghana was to be a test case for the
introduction and implementation of standardization programs serving as model for replication in other Sub-Saharan
African countries.
Apart from legislative initiatives on standards and labelling, the Government will continue the implementation of energy
management and efficiency projects in public institutions and public education on energy conservation. Subsequent to
the passage of the Electricity Regulations (LI 1937), the Ministry of Energy in collaboration with the Energy Commission
is developing a comprehensive Energy Efficiency and Conservation Programme to minimize electricity consumed by
households and industries. The programme aims to streamline existing institutional arrangements and intensify Power
Factor Correction Projects for public institutions, which will be financed by the Electricity Demand Management Fund
(EDMF) established by the Government. Furthermore, the Government will support the local production of Compact
Fluorescent Lamps at competitive prices. A bill to ban the use of incandescent light bulbs is currently under considera-
tion by Parliament. The Energy Commission has two programmes in the pipeline to create the financial incentives for
consumers via cash coupons that can be cashed in partner banks for replacing incandescent lights and purchasing CFLs.
As part of the Energy for Growth strategy, ECG and NED will continue the implementation of projects that are aimed
at significantly improving their operations. These include the prepayment metering expansion programme, the upgrading
of the medium voltage network including the construction of additional primary substations, construction of call centres
to enhance customer service operations, and the upgrading of the low voltage networks.
Despite the relative importance of the traditional fuel, the woodfuel subsector has for a long time not received much
public investment and there were no major direct policies targeted at its growth and development. Market forces regu-
late the trade and uncontrolled demand could pose a high environmental risk to the resource base. In the late 1980s,
two major programmes were instituted to address inefficient end-use devises for cooking: (1) the promotion of LPG as
means of achieving energy conservation through fuel shifting, and (2) the nationwide promotion of the Ahibenso im-
proved charcoal cooking stove, which was meant to replace the traditional charcoal stove. While the penetration rate
increased considerably at the beginning, the complex production and high initial price prevented further expansion and
sustainable impact. When the Ministrys funding ended by the mid 1990s, the programme was abandoned. In order to
promote the transition of Ghanaian household energy consumption from traditional to modern sources of energy, the
Ministry of Energy will require the National Petroleum Authority (NPA) to relaunch the national LPG programme with a
medium-term view to ensuring access at reasonable prices for at least 50% of the population by 2015 to reduce
reliance on fuelwood, taking into account the available gas from the oil find. In addition, the Energy Commission (EC)
will be required to relaunch a sustainable wood fuels programme building on earlier programmes, some of which were
supported by UNDP, to ensure that in the longer term Ghanaians without access to LPG will have access to a clean
and efficient woodfuel stove, using sustainably produced wood fuels, by 2020. The Rural Kerosene Distribution Improve-
ment Project will be continued and enhanced.

2 Market Size and Composition of the Green Business Sector
2.1 Renewable Energy (Energy Production)

The current share of RE in the total energy mix accounts for 80% and is comprised predominantly of biomass and
large hydro). The new definition, which is applied in the draft version of the RE law excludes large hydro power and
traditional biomass, and defines RE as mini hydro power (< 10 MW), biomass (waste to power, excluding woodfuel),
wind and solar for electricity generation. According to this definition, the current share of RE in total electricity genera-
tion in Ghana amounts to approximately 0.1% (2 MW), which is mainly generated from solar PV in areas without grid
connection. Taking the enactment of the RE law into consideration, experts estimate that the share of RE in total
electricity generation can realistically increase to 2 3% by 2012, and 20 MW by 2015 (i.e. 10% of the current
2,000 MW electricity generation).
2.1.1 Solar
Solar PV Market
The solar market is comparatively well developed due to the nature of the technology which allows small components
for installation and gradual increase, compared to other RET which are side-specific and large. Solar energy for electric-
ity generation has been used over the years. Public solar PV electrification projects were first implemented in the early
1990s. By 1991 there were about 335 solar PV installations in Ghana with total estimated power of about 160 kilo-
watts. From 1991 to 2003, the number of solar PV systems increased to 4,911 systems, which is mainly a result of the
National Electrification Scheme (NES) and the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS I) aiming at expanding the use
of solar PV in rural electrification programmes. However, in the absence of maintenance, most solar projects have not
been sustainable. Another contributing factor to that stimulated solar PV installation was the energy crisis in 1997/1998
that spurred the creation of new businesses and increased competition in the market. The development of solar PV
installations is depicted in Figure 4. More than 90% of the Solar PV Systems are applied in Solar Home Systems. The
latest data from the Energy Commission quantify production of electricity through solar systems at 1.3 1.8 GWh
which translate into about 140 tonnes of oil equivalent. Figures have to be taken tentatively, since they date back 5
years and are likely to underestimate the installed capacity as of to date.
Figure 4: Trend of Solar PV Installations in Ghana
6000
4911
5000
4000 3500
3000 2530
2000
800 1000
700 510
1000 335
0 353
160
1991 1993 1998 2000 2003
No. of Systems Installed Power (kW)
Source: MoE, 2003

The development of the countrys solar energy for electricity production is a credible option of relieving the energy
needs of the poor. For instance, a survey of villages fitted with stand-alone SHS for lighting, radio and television be-
tween 2001 and 2002 indicated that when compared with period before the intervention: TV acquisition increased

threefold, commercial activities in the evenings increased by 30 50%, and emergency health cases like child delivery
could be well attended to at night. Solar technologies, particularly PV systems, appear favourable for installation since it
is relatively portable and simple to install and use, even though it costs more per unit electricity generated than other
RE sources.
In order to overcome the barrier of high PV system costs, the fee-for-service approach was adopted by the public solar
PV Electrification Projects to enable some off-grid communities to acquire solar PV systems. Hence, project beneficiaries
paid only fixed monthly service fees of USD 1.63 for a 50pW and USD 2.72 for a 100pW PV system. Subsidies targeted
at the poor to enable them to meet their basic electricity needs from solar PV encourage usage, sustainability and
contribute to increase access to electricity services in off-grid rural areas.19
Table 4: PV Applications in Ghana (Dec. 2003)
Solar PV Application No. of Installations
Solar Home Systems 4,500
Water Pumping 80
Vaccine Refrigeration 210
Telecommunication 63
Radio Transceivers 34
Rural Telephony 3
Grid-connected (50 kW) 1
Battery charging stations 20
Total 4,911
Source: Obeng/Evers, 2009

Coming from a very much subsidized approach, providing access to solar electricity as part of donor or government
initiatives such as the Millennium Villages Project (and potentially distorting market prices for solar generated electricity),
the solar market is now in the process of shifting to a more commercial orientation beyond high net worth individuals.
The World Bank in collaboration with ARB Apex Bank and its network of rural banks is implementing a
dealer/consumer model to enable low income households in underserved communities in the northern parts of Ghana to
purchase SHS on a 50% subsidy, 50% loan basis (see below). Main players including DENG, Wilkins, Toyola and Wise
Energy, which are all based in the capital, have been selling solar systems across the country. Under the GEDAP pro-
gramme (see below), they are now providing subsidized solar systems to the low-income households in the northern
part of Ghana where access to electricity will not be reached within the next 5 10 years.
Ghana may shortly begin local design and production of solar and other RE solutions with a new production facility
started by Atlas Business and Energy Systems (ABES) and its Finnish partner Export and Import Innovations. In addition,
ABES is looking into a way to introduce green loans from financial institutions geared toward low-income end-users.
Apart from this, the Catholic Diocese of Yendi in collaboration with Energiebau Sunenergy Ghana, Energiebau Germany,
and Schott Solar AG Germany will install solar systems in Northern Ghana at an estimated EUR 50,000.20 In addition, a
19 Obeng, Evers, 2009.

20 Alternative Energy Africa, http://www.ae-africa.com/read_article.php?NID=1455m, 18.01.2010.
solar park will be established in the northern part of the country by the Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technol-
ogy to generate energy before the end of 2010. In this regard, the government is in advanced discussions with some
companies in Holland and Germany to develop renewable energy sources for Ghana.
The Energy Centre at KNUST intends to make the university a showcase for generating 1 MW through solar. The project
of about USD 5 million is planned to be sponsored by VRA and GEF.
Solar Water Pumps

Water pumps in Ghana are used for domestic drinking water supply and for industrial or agricultural production,
especially irrigation of land. Solar water pumps seem to have the greatest potential for future applications in Ghana
compared to diesel-driven and hand-pumps, since they are less costly and more reliable than diesel-driven pumps. Small
SWP systems require relatively low capital outlay, fewer skills and less equipment than the instalment and maintenance
of bigger systems.21
Solar Crop Drying
Solar energy in the form of sunlight is still the main energy for drying of cloths and farm produce in the country. Both
natural convection and forced convection solar dryers have been field tested for the past two decades in the country
and have been used for the drying of mainly crops and wood. About 17,821 tonnes of oil equivalent of solar energy
was utilized in drying Ghanas cocoa and cereals production in 2004. 22 An experimental one tone capacity dryer for
cereals and pepper was tested at Agona Asafo in the Central Region for two years providing evidence that the econom-
ics for large scale application of solar dryers seem to be favourable for export crops.
Solar Water Heater
Even though, solar water heaters have been known and their potential has been tested and demonstrated over the past
two decades, their market penetration in the country is still relatively low. The main problem that has limited the
wider application of SWH is their high initial cost compared to electric water heaters. Nevertheless, the potential for
Solar Water Heaters in Ghana is very promising, considering the projects that have been implemented especially in the
tourism sector even in the absence of a building code and financial incentives. Accordingly, solar water heating is
becoming an increasingly attractive demand-side management alternative since it has no fuel cost and its substantial
energy savings can be used to amortise the initial purchase price of the systems. After the payback period, the savings
can still be accrued over the lifetime of the system which can range from 15 40 years depending on the type of
system and how well it is maintained.
2.1.2 Hydro
Large Hydro
The largest RE project under construction is the 400 MW Bui Dam which is financed by a USD 562 million loan from
Export-Import Bank of China. The Chinese constructor, Sinohydro, is well under way to finishing the project with elec-
tricity beginning to flow in December 2011.
In 2008, the Government also signed a memorandum of understanding with the Brazilian Government to provide a
credit line of USD 500 million for the construction of two hydro electric power plants at Juale and Pwalugu in the
Northern Region to generate 90 and 50 MW of power. In addition, generating capacity at Akosombo and Kpong plants
could be increased by a combined 160 MW (Table 5).
Table 5: Planned Expansion of Generation Capacity (February 2009)
21 Dittmar, Cynthia (2008), Barriers and Drivers for the Deployment of RE Technologies in Developing Countries. Case Study on the Deployment of
Solar Water Pumps in Ghana.
22 Energy Commission, 2006.

Power Generation Site Installed Capacity Status
Bui Hydropower Plant 400 MW Construction: 1st unit of 133 MW to

be commissioned by 2011 ending,
total capacity by 2012
Juale Hydropower Plant 90 MW Construction to start in 2010, com-

pletion by 2015
Pwalugu Hydropower Plant 50 MW Construction to start in 2010, to be

completed by 2020
Source: MoE, 2009

Medium, Small and Mini Hydro
The unexploited hydropower potential may be in the order of 2,000 MW, of which 1,240 MW are to be developed
within the short- to medium-term. The Government has identified nearly 20 medium to large hydro sites (20
400 MW each), and other studies have found potential for the development of 70 small hydro sites (~ 10 MW).
Identified mini hydro resource sites are about 3 MW with corresponding annual generation potential of about 15 GWh.
As part of its mandate to promote the commercialization of renewable energy resources in Ghana, the Ghana Energy
Foundation conducted a mini-hydro power study in 2006 to update information on the mini-hydro power sites existing
in Ghana. The study revealed that (1) flow data have decreased considerably compared to 1960s due to massive defor-
estation and heavy run offs after rains; and (2) villages that would justify development of sites for rural electrification
are either connected or close to the grid and many sites would have to be developed as grid connected plants which
requires clear regulation and attractive pricing for power supply in the national electricity grid. Realistically, the quite
modest mini hydropower potential in Ghana cannot make a considerable contribution to the national power requirement.
This is not only due to the limited number of sites with reasonably high heads, but also due to the extremely unfa-
vourable flow duration curves with a long dry season and high variations in river flows. The Ghana Water Company was
advised to systematically review the potential for mini hydro plants on their dams and weirs, taking into consideration
the recent flow data as well as the present power tariffs they have to pay.
2.1.3 Biogas
Gasification
Based on Ghanas geography and structure of the economy generating large quantities of wood wastes (20-30% of each
tree used) and structure of the Ghanaian economy generating large quantities of crop residues in the form of husk,
shells from coconut and oil palm, palm nut waste and corncobs, the potential to generate power from biomass in
Ghana is very high. Among the most encouraging technologies is the Combined Heat and Power co-generation based on
Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle. Up to 85-90% of the energy in the fuel can be utilized.
The most significant existing biomass co-generation plants are depicted in Table 6. According to FAO projections, bio-
mass production will increase at average annual growth rates of 2.2% and 1.8% during the periods 2010 2020, and
2020 2030, respectively.
Table 6: Identified Biomass Co-Generation Plants

Plant Location Installed Capacity Average Annual Generation
(kW) (GWh)
Kwae Oil Mills 420 1.50
Benso Oil Mills 500 1.90
Twifo Oil Mills 610 2.10
Juaben Oil Mills 424 1.50

Methanisation
The Ghana Energy Foundation initially demonstrated the construction of a biogas latrine on campus of the University
College of Education in Winneba, which was sponsored by the German Embassy in Accra. The 30 mgas dome was
designed and constructed by UNIRECO Ltd. (Accra) and is able to store 6 m of gas to operate a cooker for 12 hours.
For 13 years, Biogas Technologies West Africa has been operating in Ghana and across Africa, adapting the practice of
anaerobic decomposition of organic matter to suit the individual clients needs. The company has developed a long
track record and strong reputation in the region and across Africa, serving health and educational institutions, prisons,
places of worship, recreational facilities, military and police barracks, public toilets, private households, agro-processing
and food processing industries, real estate developers, hotels and restaurants. Its extensive list of clients include the
Central University College, African Regent Hotel, Ghana Institute of Management & Public Administration, Jubilee House
(Seat of Government & Presidency), Gushegu District Hospital, Ghana Christian High International School, African Unity
Village (Cantonments), Fiesta Royale Hotel, Abdullam Orphanage (Obuasi), Abeman/Oshiuman Municipality, Accra Psychiat-
ric Hospital, Anglo-Gold Ashanti, Children Orphanage in Prampram, Koforidua Regional Hospital, Nestle Ghana Limited,
Sege-Sokorpe Municipality, Tamale Regional Hospital, Tamale West Hospital, Tema East Basic Experimental School,
Trasacco Valley Estates and Valley View University. Apart from domestic projects, the company has been able to enter
into contracts with such prestigious clients as UNIDO and UNEP in Zimbabwe and other UN organizations in Mozam-
bique, Uganda and Kenya. Despite its remarkable track record and extensive experience, the company still faces chal-
lenges in obtaining financial support from commercial banks. It finances its operations by taking 60% up-front payment
from clients, collecting 20% after completing 80% of the project the remaining 20 percent after testing and commission.
Others: Waste to Energy
A waste-to-energy project was launched in May 2007 in Kumasi. The USD 136 million plant is expected to generate
between 30 and 52 MW of electricity from the 1,000 tonnes of waste that are generated n the metropolis per day. The
Canadian company Cinergex Solutions Ltd. is constructing the plant at Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly's (KMA) landfill site
at Oti.
2.1.4 Biofuel
The available plants suitable for the production of biofuels in Ghana include oil palm, coconut, groundnut, shea nut,
Jatropha, sugarcane and cassava. Today, Ghana places emphasis on the development of Jatropha as feedstock for bio-
diesel production. The production costs of biodiesel from Jatropha in Ghana are estimated at USD 460 per ton of oil
equivalent. Currently, in Ghana over twenty companies say they are investing in biofuels, some are into the cultivation
of Jatropha. In 2001, UNDP funded a plantation of some test plant species that can be used for biodiesel production.
The test revealed extraordinary results as the plants had a maturation period of only 12 months (compared to matura-
tion periods of around 3 years tested in Asian countries). In 2003, a land owner built the plant but the biodiesel

production machinery and equipment were not installed due to the financing amounting to about USD 20 million which
could not be raised from Ghanaian banks, although the project is highly profitable.23
The first 10 tons (50 barrels) of commercial biodiesel were produced at the end of 2009 by Biofuel Africa from its 650
ha Jatropha plantation of one-year-old crops in Yendi in the Northern Region and Sogakope in the Volta Region. As
such, Biofuel Africa Ltd. is the first company in West Africa to move from growing and selling Jatropha fruits and seeds
to production and sale of Jatropha oil on a commercial scale for direct use, without modification , and as a feedstock
for biodiesel and synthetic diesel. The Ghanaian company which is wholly owned by Norway-based Solar Harvest AS, was
also the first company in Ghana to receive Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approval for a Jatropha plantation.
The company Anuanom Industrial Projects has installed a 500-ton capacity machine for processing Jatropha seeds into
biodiesel at Gomoa Pomadze (Central Region). The company has also installed a 2,000-ton capacity equipment for
producing organic fertilizer from the by-product of the biodiesel.
Biosavanna Energy System, established in 2006, is dedicated to the production of biofuels from oilseeds, including
Jatropha Curcas, utilising vast stretches of land in the Savannah in northern Ghana for the large-scale cultivation of
Jatropha Curcas. In the initial phase, 2,000 ha were planted in Central Ghana which are planned to be expanded to
5,000 hectares.
Bio-Diesel 1 Ghana Ltd. operates a Jatropha oil production facility with a capacity of 2,000 tons of seeds per month in
Accra. The private engineering firm Ghana Regional Appropriate Technology Industrial Services (GRATIS) is engaged in
manufacturing machinery for the extraction of oil from Jatropha seeds. GRATIS currently produces oil extraction ma-
chines with capacities of 2 - 5 tons per day operating at efficiencies of 30%.
In another industrial-scale biofuels project, Northern Sugar Resources Ltd. will produce 150 million litres of ethanol per
year on a 30,000-hectare sugarcane plantation. The ethanol production plant will be built by Constran S/A of Brazil on
unused land in the East Gonja district of Northern Ghana. The Swedish company Svensk Etanolkemi AB (Sekab) has
committed to buying the first 10 years of the plant's production. Export will start by the end of 2010 at half capacity
(75 million litres). The surplus electricity generated during the processing will be sold to the Ghanaian government. Of
the required USD 306 million project cost, USD 260 million is coming from a loan granted to Northern Sugar by the
Brazilian Government Development Bank BNDES. The project is going to employ between 1,000 and 2,000 people. Brazil
also established its first overseas Embrapa office in Accra in 2008. Embrapa is a public agriculture and livestock applied
research institution with leadership in tropical agriculture, which has boosted cooperation in many areas, including on
biofuels, particularly under the framework of the Pro-Renova.24
Caltech Ventures, an integrated industrial cassava estate in the Volta Region began the production of 10 metric tonnes
of cassava flour daily for industrial use. Production on the 2,000-hectare estate between Takla and Hodzo near Ho
started in 2009. The project also encompasses the installation of an ethanol production plant which is estimated to go
into production in September 2010.
Furthermore, Ghanas Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) intends to go into the production of biofuels until 2011, in anticipation
of the phasing out of conventional oil, its acting Managing Director has said, according to a GNA report.
2.1.5 Wind
Wind power generation systems have been spotted in the country, but are yet to be captured in the electricity balance
due to lack of data. Favourable wind measurements exist at the coastline east of Accra with monthly average wind
speed between 4.2 m/s (in December/January) and 5.8 m/s (in September/October) at a height of 5 m. The availability
of sufficient wind is about 85%.
In the early stages of RET in Ghana, the Ghana Energy Foundation implemented demonstration projects in the country.
Wind technologies have been tested in Ghana in the form of modern wind energy plants, small wind power in hybrid
systems (generator or PV), and wind water pumps on small-scale for agricultural irrigation. A pilot wind pump has been
erected on the coastline of the Volta Region, Anloga and operates at wind speeds between 3 and 10 m/s. With a rotor
23 Mathias Krey, GTZ Mission Report, 2005.

24 UNCTAD (2009), SouthSouth and triangular cooperation in the biofuels sector: the African experience.
diameter of 1.60m, and a height of 4.50m, the pump has an estimated annual pumping performance of 3600 m to
irrigate an area of 1 acre. Though irrigation by wind pump is clearly cheaper than the traditional methods of human
labour and diesel pumping, the project has shown that a wind pump would not be competitive if the site is connected
to the national grid considering the currently low level of electricity tariffs.25
The Swiss wind developer, NEK, plans to build a 50 MW wind farm in Prampram, at the northern coastal area 35 km
east of Accra. In view of the new Energy Law, the project is now likely to receive funding from governmental institu-
tions, as well as the required permits for its construction. In the first pilot phase, a 5 MW wind farm will be installed,
which will later be extended to 25 - 50 MW, producing energy for 50,000 inhabitants (90,000 MWh). The project will
be financed by their own resources, third company and partial financing by the German Development and Investment
Company, DEG. The company also intends to secure funds under GEDAP. Despite the capital intensity of a wind farm,
VRA considers wind energy to diversify its portfolio and to complement the countrys energy needs.26
2.1.6 Market Trend in the RE sector

Ghana currently has a 60/40 mix of energy for electricity production from hydro and thermal sources respectively.
Though long term average cost of RE may be higher than the conventional sources, diversification of energy supply will
become important as climatic change impacts cause droughts and endanger the availability of hydro resources as ex-
perienced recently in Ghana or the instability of oil prices affects thermal generation costs.
Due to its extensive availability and relative low cost, it is likely that biomass will continue to dominate Ghanas energy
use for the foreseeable future. However, there is a need to modernize and improve its forms of use and make its
utilization sustainable in the future.
With regards to the development of small hydro and wind energy systems, the potential in the country is largely
untapped. Even if the hydraulic resource is already significantly exploited, the potential remains high with an estimation
of 2,000 MW of new hydro power (about 800 MW from small hydro sources).27 For Ghana, with the daily solar irradia-
tion of between 4 and 6 kWh/m with higher levels in the northern regions and the annual sunshine duration of 1,800
to 3,000 hours provides an excellent opportunity for future solar energy development. On the biomass side, since the
economy of Ghana is mainly driven by the agriculture sector, agricultures residues and wastes are available in a large
quantity and are quite spread out country wide.
In general, market size and growth trend of RE businesses are influenced by similar factors. First, demand-side initia-
tives are needed to overcome high initial costs and allow affordability of RE products in order to build up the market.
In this regard, there is, second, a great need for public sensitization and RE demonstration. Third, RE businesses are
short of qualified human resource. And, fourth, market growth is also constrained by current legislation and reluctance
of public utilities to invest into RE generated electricity. This is due to their high costs compared to the subsidized
hydroelectricity and their unavailability/unreliability during peak hours, 7 10 p.m.
Solar photovoltaic, grid connected wind farms and bio-diesel do not compete with other energy supply options on a
least-cost basis. A UN-ENERGY Demonstration Study conducted by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA),
the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Envi-
ronment Programme (UNEP), and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 2006 compared
three policy measures, (1) an RE quota, (2) a public benefit fund and (3) a CDM scenario in the Ghanaian context. The
study made the following assumptions:28
1) Renewable Energy Quota: a minimum share obligation of RE is imposed on electric utilities, starting from 2010. The
share of RET in total electricity generation has been assumed at 2% for 2010, progressively rising to 20% in 2030.
25 Ghana Energy Foundation, 2006.

26 Engineer Kirk Kofi, Deputy Chief Executive of the Volta River Authority (VRA) at CDM conference in June, 2009.
27 A small hydro plant (SHP) is defined as any hydro installation rated as less than 10 MW.
28 UN-ENERGY Demonstration Study (2006), Assessing Policy Options for Increasing the Use of Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development.
Modelling Energy Scenarios for Ghana.

2) Public Benefit Fund: a fund is created through a levy on electricity transmission, which can be used for partly
funding investments in RET. The study assumes that a flat rate levy of USD1/MWh on electricity transmission and that
the fund finances up to one-third of the needed investment for wind and solar technologies.
3) CDM Scenario: the possibility of deploying renewable energy technologies as CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol. A
price of USD15/tonne of CO2 avoided was assumed.
The results and potential costs and benefits for the respective scenarios are illustrated in the Annex.
2.2 Energy Efficiency

2.2.1 Production
Charcoal
Considering that woodfuel will remain the primary energy fuel for Ghanaian households, industry and commercial and
service sectors over the medium- and long-term, improved charcoal production is imperative in ensuring sustainable
energy supply. Depending upon quality, type of wood and type of kiln used, charcoal production requires 4:1 wood
input to charcoal in the Savannah zone and 56:1 in the Forest zone. Almost all kilns in the country are the tradi-
tional earth mound, which is the least efficient in terms of charcoal yield. More efficient techniques could reduce the
ratios to 3:1 and 4:1, respectively.
2.2.2 Transmission and Distribution

There is no private company available to provide EE. The key stakeholders in the sector are all government-owned (VRA,
ECG and GRIDCO). The main actor is the NGO Ghana Energy Foundation, formerly a PPP, which pioneered EE initiatives
in the country.
In order to increase collection rates, 40% of the 2 million customers of ECG will be provided with pre-paid meters by
the end of 2010 (compared to currently 25%). Though collection through pre-paid meters could also increase efficiency
and lower consumption, the meters are exposed to the risk of manipulation which requiring a strong monitoring and
enforcement system to prevent manipulations. In addition, the ECG collection rate is already at 95 96% percent but
still not cost covering due to uneconomically set tariffs. The only regions with positive returns are the Volta and the
Central Region while the others are being subsidized.
Industrial EE
The Energy Foundation in collaboration with its partners, such as the Ghana Association of Energy Services Companies
and Consultants (GHAESCO), has been pioneering energy efficient audits for Ghanaian industries. The long list of its
projects includes the Kotoka International Airport, where the Foundation constructed and installed a 5 MW capacity
power station with modern power installations, energy consumption monitoring facilities, and energy saving lighting
systems. Sample activities are set out in Table 6. Under the Pilot scheme, metering systems and equipment to improve
power factor were installed and technical assistance was provided for 10 companies in collaboration with the Interna-
tional Development Association (IDA) and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Canada.
Table 7: Sample EE Projects (Costs and Savings)
Company Activities Investment Costs Energy Savings
Tema Lube Oil Company M&T system, training USD 7,034 35% over project period (~
and power factor USD 10,000)
correction
Ghana Cylinder Manufactur- Installation of automatic Cedi 16.76 Electricity demand was reduced
ing Company Ltd. capacitor banks, power million (USD from 240 kV to 160 kV, saved
factor increased from 7,023) 38% of monthly electricity bill
0.68 to 0.82 in 1999 (annual savings: Cedi

38.17 million (USD 15,946)
Ghana Textile Printing improved boiler effi- Not available 6.5% of monthly electricity
Company Ltd. ciency, introduced consumption
energy monitoring
system, employee
education, power factor
correction
Source: Energy Foundation, 2007.

Apart from saving energy through installing power capacitors and monitoring equipment to increase power factors,
industries have also shown interest in switching from diesel powered generators to natural gas transmitted through the
WAGP.
Residential and Services
The consumption landscape of Ghanaian households shows that kerosene, charcoal and electricity remain the major
energy sources for most end-uses with a declining trend for fuelwood and increasing usage of charcoal (Figure 5). Most
of the modern forms of energy are consumed in the urban areas. Access to electricity in Ghana is now about 64%
(highest in Accra: 90%, followed by other urban areas: 72% and 23.8% in the rural areas).
The trend is similar for LPG where the penetration in the rural areas is less than 1%. The most widely used fuels for
lighting are electricity and kerosene, while charcoal (51%) and fuelwood (39%) are mainly used for cooking. The higher
the income the more convenient energy sources are used, making energy use an indicator of poverty. This is for
instance illustrated by the selective use of electricity: 72% of households use it for lighting, but only 0.3% for cooking
(0.3%).29
Figure 5: Fuels used by households for different end-uses (% of all households)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Source: ESMAP, 2006.
Concluding from the development of consumption patterns over time and income level suggest that fuel consumption of
households is following transits from wood to charcoal and gas, in both rural and urban areas, which is due to the
households desire and ability to buy more efficient and convenient fuel for cooking. In case desirable fuels are not
available or are difficult or expensive to get, households substitute them for more easily available fuels. Nevertheless,
Ghanaian households of all income groups are multiple fuel users. Income does not appear to influence the number of
fuels used, but it does influence the amount of fuel bought. Households with little or only irregular income buy fuels
only in small quantities, i.e. the smallest amount sold, e.g. two thirds of Ghanaian households purchase a maximum of
29 ESMAP, 2006.
300g of charcoal at a time, an amount estimated to prepare one meal. Affordability is also a barrier to ownership of
electric household appliances such as refrigerators, deep freezers, air conditioners and TV. The power rating of most
equipment is not high but misuse could lead to energy waste. The electrical cooker is the highest electrical energy
consumer in the home with a power rating of about 8,500 watts. The gas cooker is a cheaper and more efficient
alternative.30
Especially promising in this regard is Toyolas business model, encompassing the whole value chain of production,
marketing and sensitization, retailing, and financing upstream and downstream activities for providing energy efficient
cooking stoves to private households. On one side, suppliers of metal are pre-financed by Toyola through a microfinance
scheme. On the other side, Toyola also offers a microfinance credit facility to enable customers to spread the payment
for the stove over a longer period of time. Customers are sensitized for the product during a 3-month testing phase
and ensured a guarantee of one year. In addition, Toyola gives a commission of 5% to customers who successfully
market the product to neighbours. Accordingly, the companys turnover is increasing extremely fast and beyond expecta-
tions. Starting with 2,000 stoves in 2007, the company is now supplied 30,000 stoves in 2008 and is targeting
300,000 for 2010. The company is also intending to expand this business model to other countries (such as Liberia)
and to other market segments such as small solar applications to private end-users and small businesses.
Promotion of CFLs
Faced with a severe energy crisis in 2006/2007, the Government imported 6 million CFLs in 2007 that were distributed
nationwide by the Energy Foundation. The Foundation planned to claim CDM revenues but could not finish the applica-
tion process in time due to the urgency of the distribution. Today, the penetration rate of CFLs in Ghana is relatively
high, with incandescent lights accounting for approximately 3% of all lights. A private sector initiative intends to dis-
tribute another 10 million CFLs. CFLs are mostly imported from China and exempted from import duty and VAT. A
company based in Tema is also engaged in the local production of CFLs. Electricity consumption and unit costs for
incandescent lamps compared to CFLs are depicted in Table 8.
Table 8: Incandescent Lamps and CFLs in Comparison
Incandescent Lamp Compact Fluores-

Comparison cent Lamp
Wattage 60 W 11 W
Service Life 1,000 hours 8,000 hours
Electricity consump- 263 kWh 48 kWh

tion per year per
bulb
Electricity cost per Cedis 153,200 Cedis 28,100
year per bulb (USD 16) (USD 3)
Source: Ghana Energy Foundation, 2007; Note: The comparison is based on 12 hour use per day; 1 kWh = 583 Cedis; Cedis
10,000 = USD 1.04 as of Dec 31, 2006.
30 ESMAP, 2006.
3 Financing Green Businesses in Ghana
In this section, financing market for green businesses in Ghana is described detailing all of the different financing supply
possibilities either from the government, donors or other financial institutions. Next, financial needs of green businesses
are outlined and conclude with the gap between financing supply and demand, and recommendations on how to bridge
the difference.
3.1 Financial Services Industry for Green Businesses
3.1.1 Government Budget and Incentives

Most interventions in the electricity sector are large scale and donor led, however the Government does subsidize the
sector and plans to increase its role in financing clean energy. Financing for RE and EE development accounts for a
negligible share in the national/MoEs budget. In 2009, the Government spent GHC 59.5 million (USD 41 million) 31 on
energy supply (0.59% of total expenditure), of which GHC 33.9 million (USD 23.3 million, 57%) was spent on rural
electrification. The energy sector received almost GHC 12.09 (USD 8.32 million) under the Multilateral Debt Relief Initia-
tive, which represents 22% of the total amount released and was mainly used for the Self-Help Electrification Pro-
gramme (SHEP-4). For 2010, SHEP-4 is projected to receive GHC 30 million (USD 20.8 million) 32 under the MDRI, which
is 29% of the total MDRI funding, and additional funding from safety net programmes from the Consolidated Fund.
As outlined above, the Government is strongly interested in attracting private sector investment in all aspects of Ghanas
energy development, which is reflected in the power sector reforms, the intended launch of a Green Fund which is only
in the concept stage and the deregulation of the fuelwood sector. The RE law anticipates establishing competitive prices
for RE feed-in tariffs. Therefore, the Government will be subsidizing all sources of renewable energy across all segments
(micro, SME, corporate and project financing).
The Government has created a USD 1.6 million fund for the development of Jatropha Curcas plantations across the
country. The Jatropha Implementation Committee which is chaired by the Minister of Local Government, Rural Develop-
ment and Environment, released 3 billion old Cedis (USD 313.000) 33 for the production of seeds and seedlings. The
remaining funds were available at local banks to be released for successful implementation of Jatropha projects in the
districts. The Jatropha National Programme requires all districts and municipal chief executives and district directors of
the Ministry of Food and Agriculture to ensure the successful development of about 1 million hectares of Jatropha until
2013/2014 with the objective to achieve biodiversity protection, job creation through the maintenance of Jatropha farms,
production of crude Jatropha oil and biodiesel to replace fossil diesel and avoid emission of GHGs, and production of
fertilizer to support the local agriculture.34
In 2007, the government financed the import of 6 million CFLs that were distributed nationwide by the Energy Founda-
tion. For the 2010 Fiscal Year, the Government is focusing on upgrading the electricity transmission and distribution
systems. Programmes on promoting the use of LPG and supporting sustainable use of woodfuel will be relaunched to
reduce the demand for traditional biomass.
3.1.2 Development Partners (Technical Assistance and Funds)

The major source of financing to the RE and EE sectors comes from grants and concessionary loans from international
financial institutions focused on the Micro 35 , SME and some corporate firms and primarily in solar, LPG and improving
transmission and distribution systems.
31 Exchange rates as of Dec 31, 2009.

32 Exchange rate as of Feb 14, 2010.
33 Exchange rate as of Dec 12, 2006.
34 Compete (2008), www.compete-bioafrica.net/policy/countries/COMPETE-032448-NationalBioenergyPolicy-Ghana-0801.pdf (23.02.2010).
35 For purposes of this study micro includes individual entrepreneurs as well as consumers.

GEDAP
The main project among them is GEDAP, financed largely by the World Bank and other development partners, who are
investing USD 210 million for sector and institutional development, electricity distribution improvement and electricity
access and RE (Annex). Under GEDAP, USD 102.3 million is allocated for Electricity Access and RE including USD 9
million for introducing a new financial mechanism that combines long-term consumer credits with a capital subsidy for
low-income consumers. The approach incorporates lessons learnt from past attempts of providing solar appliances to
low-income households that failed mainly as a result of ownership issues (using a fee-for-service approach where the
ownership for appliances remained with the supplying companies) or due to low incentives for maintenance since the
project was completely sponsored by the government. Following a dealer sales/consumer credit model, the new
mechanism will consist of a tripartite agreement for the installation and maintenance of Solar-PV systems involving
dealers, consumers, and the ARB Apex Bank. 36 Financing is provided to unserved households in the northern parts of
Ghana through Rural Banks to acquire Solar Home Systems and Solar Lanterns. 50% of the investment costs are subsi-
dized through a grant from the Global Partnership on Output-based Aid (GPOBA) to make solar home systems more
affordable (Figure 6). The remaining 50% is given as a loan at the current market rate of 28%. Clients pay 5% of
total costs as down-payment.
Figure 6: Flow of Funds for Solar PV Component
Source: World Bank (2007), Project Appraisal Document GEDAP.

Under GEDAP, three local companies fulfilled the requirements of belonging to an association and being accredited by
the Energy Commission and qualified as dealers: DENG, Wilkins Engineering and Toyola. They offer three main products
to clients: (1) solar lanterns (small LED at GHC 60/USD 42, large LED at GHC 150/USD 104) 37, (2) small SHS of 10
49 Watt (peak) at GHC 700/USD 486, and (3) large SHS of 50 200 Watt (peak) at GHC 1,260/USD 874. Figure 7
demonstrates the financing sources using a 50 Wp SHS as an example with USD 1000 as total SHS cost including
installation, maintenance, and battery replacement, 50% grant (USD 500), consumer down payment of 10% of remain-
36 A designated Apex bank will manage this program and the associated project funds targeting 10,000 households in remote rural areas. Accord-
ing to the operational model, an established dealer in PV systems will install a Solar-PV system in rural household and following verification by the
Apex bank of proper installation, the dealer will receive payment for the installation of the system and the required service that the dealer will
provide. The consumer will enter into an agreement for term financing of the subsidized capital cost of the system, with a participating rural bank.
The rural bank will receive the funds for the consumer credit program from the Apex bank.
37 Exchange rates as of Feb 14, 2010.

ing cost (USD 50), and a consumer loan of USD 450 from a Rural Bank. The IDA Credit refinances 80% of the loan to
rural banks (USD 360), while the rural bank provides 20% of the loan from its own resources (USD 90).
Figure 7: Sample Financing of 50 Wp SHS
Total Cots: USD 1,000

Grant portion GPOBA (USD
500)
USD 500
Down payment (USD 50) 10% of total cost net of grant
Consumer 80% of Rural Bank loan refi-

portion nanced from IDA credit line (USD Loan = 90% of total cost net of
360) grant
20% RB own funds (USD 90)
Source: World Bank (2007), Project Appraisal Document GEDAP .

First sales and payments started in November 2009. As of early February 2010, more than 100 SHS were installed.
Furthermore, private developers will have access to partial subsidies and long term loans of up to 50% for the devel-
opment and deployment of mini-grid and grid-connected renewable energy systems.
The Project faces the following challenges:
1) Trade-off between costs and affordability: high costs for transportation and distances to conduct marketing and
collection of repayments while also targeting lower interest rates;
2) Delays because of number of stakeholders involved, internal capacities have to be built up, external experts have to
come in for technical appraisals;
3) Direct feedback from customers through call centre at rural bank is not being used.
The following main lessons learnt and recommendations entered the mid-term report in February 2010:
1) Exit strategy for subsidies: mid of 2011, probably earlier for solar lanterns;
2) Result-based grants for rural banks to increase efficiency;
3) Feedback mechanism: install community representative for weekly contact;
4) Increase product portfolio to 18 products (6 from each company).
Overall, the project supports the development and initial implementation of a commercially oriented framework for
scaling-up electricity access. Once these models demonstrate success, they are intended to be replicated nationwide and
in other Sub-Saharan African countries.
A project by the European Union aims at increasing the use of bamboo as a source of energy in Ghana providing a
more sustainable, environmental friendly and economical option to charcoal and firewood for the poor. The GHC 28
million (USD 19.4 million) project is going to be implemented from March 2009-2013 and being coordinated by the
International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) in collaboration with the Government of Ghana and several
partners, including the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), the Ghana Bamboo and Rattan Development
Programme (BARADEP) and Nanjing Forestry University, (NFU), China. The project will especially consider existing gov-
ernment policies and proactively help in promoting sector governance issues and raising awareness of environmental
aspects, such as deforestation. In order to make the intervention a successful pilot for larger scale, the project will
engage with governments to bring about sector reforms which need to be sustained and extended in full co-operation
with sector stakeholders, be they civil society organisations, industry or other important players.38
38 www.ghananewsagency.org/s_economics/r_12676 (21.02.2010).
The USD 5 million fund managed by the Natural Resource Management Component of the Community Based Rural
Development Projects (CBRDP) has been similarly accessible to Jatropha project developers since the crop helps prevent-
ing soil erosion and re-greening degraded lands.39
AREED
The African Rural Energy Enterprise Development (AREED) program was launched in Ghana in 2000. USD 497,986 have
been invested to provide seed capital for two green businesses per year. A list of invested enterprises is set out in
Table 9. The programme is well-known among clean business and SME communities in Ghana and has been primarily
focused on financing LPG and EE projects through KITE.
Table 9: Enterprises financed by AREED
Enterprise Activity Loan Size Interest Loan Period Disbursement
AB Management Power Factor Correction USD 120,000 12% 5.5 years 2002
Gladymanuel EE Lighting USD 70,000 7.5% 3.5 years 2003
Anasset LP Gas Retailing USD 37,240 7.5% 4 years 2003
Translegacy LP Gas Stoves Manufacture USD 20,000 5.0% 4 years 2003
M38 LP Gas Retailing USD 58,000 8.0% 5 years 2003
Lambark Gas LP Gas Retailing USD 109,746 8.0% 4 years 2004
Fee Hi Ventures LP Gas Retailing USD 33,000 8.0% 4 years 2004
Source: KITE, 2010.
E+Co
E+Co is a public purpose investment company that empowers clean energy entrepreneurs in developing countries
through business development support and investment capital provided by FMO, Norfund, GTZ and USAID. The head
office is in the Netherlands but merely acts as a donor office. E+Co. served as the Fund Manager for the AREED
programme but has since become independent and can now be viewed as a competitor. E+Co has investments in 15
companies ranging from those active in solar, LPG, Biomass efficient cook stoves, totalling USD 2 million. Additionally,
E+Co provides a wholesale facility to an MFI. Loans range from USD 20,000 up to USD 2 million with a 6-9 month
grace period at an interest rate ranging between 8-10%. In additional to debt, E+Co will provide equity or a hybrid
structure and also provides enterprise development services to its clients to help with planning and networking.
3.1.3 Carbon Finance

The UNDP is currently working on mapping the energy sector in Ghana based on Technology Needs Assessment for
Climate Change, 2009. Recommendations drawn from this document, including a programmatic instead of project ap-
proach and reduced time lag and workload for project appraisals, will enter the adjustment process for the CDM design.
At the same time, the Ministry for Environment, Science and Technology (MEST) in collaboration with an international
consultant is developing Ghanas Low Carbon Growth Strategy, which is estimated to be available by September 2010.
The CDM project provides a unique opportunity for project developers and other interested parties to develop the
capacity to formulate and implement CDM type projects. Especially the companies that could potentially capture signifi-
cant amounts from biomass waste (e.g. palm oil industry, cocoa processing and abattoirs) offer a very good CDM poten-
tial. Energy-efficiency projects leading to reduction in fuel oil and fuelwood consumption through waste heat recovery
and other industrial boiler efficiency improvement measures is also promising under the CDM. In future, some of them
39 Compete (2008), http://www.compete-bioafrica.net/policy/countries/COMPETE-032448-NationalBioenergyPolicy-Ghana-0801.pdf (23.02.2010).

might offer good potential for leveraging project implementation with CDM revenue. In Ghana, the efficient cook stoves
manufactured by Toyola are to be the 1st registered CDM project in the country using ceramic to lesson emissions and
monetize the benefits. E+Co, the investor in Toyola, recently signed a deal to sell its investees carbon off-sets to
Goldman Sachs but they have yet to see the revenue from their efforts to register under CDM.
3.1.4 Financial institutions

Commercial banks
In general, banks in Ghana offer short- to medium-term loans (of up to 3 years) at high rates for LCY loans (> 25%
p.a.)40 , and target mainly large corporate firms. Despite Government activities in RE technologies, financing available to
businesses and consumers at commercial banks are still rare in Ghana. This is mainly a result of a low awareness and
low understanding of renewable energy technologies. Banks have a nascent history in financing RE and find it difficult
to enter this market.
Loans offered to RE businesses are short-term (12 months), costly and typically denominated in USD, but payable in LCY
at a floating interest rate, which shifts the major risk to the entrepreneur. Thus, alternative, more flexible and immedi-
ate funding coming from informal domestic and international sources is generally preferred over banks loans. For now
the kind of support banks give is on a case by case basis and still require the client, who is typically a large and
long-established customer of the bank, for instance, hotels or public institutions, to pay for the RE installation. Ecobank
and Calbank, for instance, have pioneered RE financing in Ghana and set up a facility to finance the installation of four
biogas plants for the newly constructed student hostels at the University of Ghana. The initial estimated project cost
of USD 34.3 million is financed through a USD 26 million syndication led by Calbank, with Ecobank as largest financier.
The project cost has been revised upward to USD 56.3 million with a call on syndicate members to increase their
commitment. Given the anticipated potential of the RE/EE market, Ecobank has been successful in direct financing of RE
projects and EE financing through intermediary MFI. Apart from ARB Apex Bank, no commercial bank has a unit desig-
nated to RE finance.
Most other banks shy away from financing MSMEs in green businesses because the MSMEs cannot qualify due to the lack
of a financial track record, low management know-how and poor governance structures. However, Ecobank has set out
to support an NGO incubator for SMEs in green energy. In the case of financing large enterprises, for now, the kind of
support banks give is on a case by case basis with existing clients such as large hotels or public institutions, whose
core activities are not dependent on renewable energy technologies, but who would still largely benefit from EE meas-
ures in economic and reputational terms, especially with regard to the imminent increase in electricity tariffs. For
larger project financings, the high capital costs in RET with no secondary markets coupled with the inability to provide
long-term funding makes investing in these opportunities risky for commercial banks, particularly without feed-in-tariffs
or little enforcements for public institutions to pay.
Therefore, participation by banks has been primarily donor driven as seen in the case of (ARB Apex and the UNEP-GCB-
Ghana Telecom project (2005 2008) for establishing Rural Business Centres run by solar PV systems. GCB facilitated
disbursement of UNEP funds as loans in GHC which were heavily subsidized at 7 10% p.a. for 5 to 7 years. The
owner contributed 10% as down-payment. GCB was chosen after several other banks had denied interest. Ghana Tele-
com is also GCBs corporate client and provides the widest branch network in Ghana. As of today, only 5 out of 65
clients are meeting their repayment schedule. The project has not been as successful as envisioned for several reasons:
(1) the rapid expansion of mobile phones overtook the necessity for rural centres questioning the core business model,
(2) loan appraisals were largely conducted by the eCare Ghana Telecom Team, and not by GCB, and (3) GCB, though
having the widest branch network, was still facing substantial operating costs for monitoring customers and recollection.
Apart from eCare, GCB has no RE financing products in the portfolio. It is clear that such investments still need to be
co-financed with donor or government support in order to mitigate risk and subsidize the initial upfront investments.
Financial institutions have various levels of awareness. Apart from its activities under the GEDAP program, ARB Apex
Bank is also interested in financing biomass and sent a delegation to Bangladesh in order to learn from the financing
40 As of January 2010, inflation (CPI) stood at 14.78%. The Bank of Ghana reduced its Policy Rate from 18 percent to 16 percent on February
16, 2010. Bank of Ghana, www.bog.gov.gh (accessed on February 14, 2010).
mechanisms used by the Grameen Foundation. Merchant Bank is building up capacities on carbon financing. In a pilot
scheme, a solar PV was installed as back-up for one of Merchants ATMs. The bank also finances RE initiatives within its
mortgage facility. According to clients, local banks find it easier to finance new buildings with 15 20% targeted for
RE generation equipment instead of financing solely RE.
On a national level, Ecobank seems to become the first mover to showcase commercial RE financing mechanisms. In
collaboration between KITE as a technical partner, Susu collectors and the Ecobank SME unit is envisaged to design an
end-user financing instrument. Ecobank has also expressed interest in financing companies in the industrial sector to
switch to gas as main energy source delivered through the WAPP gas pipeline. Ecobank uses a two-fold approach for
providing RE finance: (1) creating awareness about the existing benefits, and (2) providing financial assistance.
On a regional level, ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) provides finance to RE businesses in Ghana.
Following the 2008 UNCTAD-led international workshop in Accra on the development of a biofuels industry in West-
Africa, a common fund is to be set up by Indias Exim and EBID. The African Biofuel and Renewable Energy Fund aims
to boost biofuels production in 15 West African countries. India has pledged USD 250 million to the West African
Biofuels Fund. As a first step, EBID, in conjunction with the country's commercial banks and financial institutions,
provided USD 35 million for a Jatropha biodiesel project in Ghana targeting to plant Jatropha to cover about 1 million
hectares of idle lands in Ghana.41
These emerging initiatives need to be pushed forward, and should receive more promotion to develop in-house and
external awareness.
MFIs
Currently, there are no MFIs focused on providing RE/EE specific product neither for micro and small entrepreneurs nor
for consumers in the form of home improvement loans. Nevertheless, there have been several initiatives, among them:
1) Stanford project to distribute solar lighting products for USD 15 per unit on a lease basis combined with
public education on RE.
2) German University to provide Jatropha cooking stoves and oil at USD 90 per unit.
Both projects failed, however, since the initial costs of USD 15 and USD 90 per unit were still too high for the targeted
MFI clients. Clients were not interested in leasing the offered products since they would then be unable to service other
loan repayments simultaneously to the lease payment, and also because constant maintenance services could not be
provided.
As part of its agriculture portfolio, Pro Credit provides capital for solar crop drying activities used in food processing
and the timber industries. In the past, Pro Credit was providing loans for solar panels/home systems but it was decided
by management that these type loans represent consumer lending, an area which is not in Pro Credits development
mandate. The longest term Pro Credit extends is 5 years and for clients in the renewable energy sector, the term would
be a maximum of 3 years with an interest rate around 30%.
In general, MFIs face the challenge of lacking the credit information of clients. The Ghana Microfinance Network,
GHAMFIN, in collaboration with GTZ is working on developing a database to collect biometric information for preventing
multiple borrowing and providing more accurate data. Another project aims at introducing a mobile saving scheme for
MFIs. Since Ghana is dominantly an oral culture, clients tend to better accept voicing for new mobile services, such as
daily savings. GHAMFIN is now identifying potential partner MFIs and banks to launch a pilot. It is clear that more
work has to be done to realize co-financing with financial intermediaries.
41 UNCTAD (2009), SouthSouth and triangular cooperation in the biofuels sector: the African experience, The African Biofuel and Renewable
Energy Fund (2009), http://www.faber-abref.org/fichiers/Geneva-April-2009.pps
3.2 Green Business Demand for Financial Services
3.2.1 Business Demand for Financial services

The results from the research using questionnaires and interviews conducted with real sector players in Ghana conclude
that the demand for financial services from green business in all segments (micro, SME, corporate)42 and project financ-
ing is high.
Micro-entrepreneurs: Micro real sector players, such as those vendors supplying solar panels and lanterns to
consumers and some small public institutions such as health centres demand credit in order to secure enough
stock. Yet the terms and conditions are cumbersome and so they typically turn to borrowing money from
family and friends or using their savings.
SME: Smaller companies are constrained in financing large and well-diversified stock or in providing the re-
quired collateral for accessing bank loans. In most cases, interest rates offered by banks to not match the
business expectations/ability to serve the interest on a profitable basis. SME real sector players such as those
supplying hotels and other businesses with solar water heaters and air conditioning units demand financing to
cover the initial up-front costs of procuring the equipment from overseas. Because accessing a business loan
is complex and costly, SMEs use their own savings, borrowings from family and friends and even credit cards
or bank personal loans.
A Venture Capital Fund similar to the one initiated by USAID in 1991 in collaboration with CDC or the Fidel-
ity Equity Fund to provide seed capital is a requested option by RE start-ups. Most RE SMEs started drawing
on their personal savings supplemented by loans from domestic and international informal channels to start
their business.
Large Enterprise/ Corporate: Larger companies are not facing financing problems with regard to working
capital (apart from the nuisance of delayed payments from public institutions) and are able to keep cash
flow moving. Corporate businesses such as DENG Ltd. are more financially stable and industries such as alu-
minium have yet to realize the benefits from using alternative energy to power their operations. Therefore,
demand is less but the main reason is because of the lack of awareness of renewable and energy efficient
technologies. In Ghana, there are numerous project finance investment opportunities which would be attractive
to enter drawing on the feed-in tariffs and the quota scheme provided in the forthcoming law.
One promising area, for instance, worth funding is biofuel production, including planting, processing, trans-
port and storage facilities. Plantations of between 50,000 150,000 hectares are going to put the Ghanaian
market on international competitive level. Jatropha oils low cost and ease of cultivation make it attractive
for biofuel production. To mitigate the risk of low yields, pests and disease, investments should allow for
trainings on improved farming techniques. Though biofuel production is still a relatively young technology in
Ghana, there is a ready market for the use of biofuel, e.g. small farmers would be potential customers by
using biofuel for electrification purposes and agro-processing.
3.2.2 Consumer demand for financial services

Domestic Demand
For consumers, the cost of fuels, and in the case of electricity cost of connection, influences the choice of fuels much
more than availability in the area where the household resides. Accordingly, poor households prefer to buy their fuels
at neighbourhood shops with credit facilities, instead of supermarkets or petrol stations, although these credit-granting
shops do not stock all fuels and in this way limit the choice of fuels. Poor households are able to access modern
energy, when changes are adjusted to their payment capacity. As depicted in Table 10, although initial capital invest-
42 For purposes of this study the following definitions apply: A microloan is a loan ranging from USD 1 10,000 but can also be between USD
10,000 up to USD 25,000 depending on the sector. SME loans range between USD 25,000 and USD 5 million. Corporate loans/project finance are
transactions exceeding USD 5 million.
ment for the improved charcoal stove (ICS) such as Ahibenso is about three times that of the traditional charcoal stove,
the total expenditure per year is comparative to the simple firewood stove. Hence, when the payment for the appliance
is spread over longer periods so as to make the monthly payment amount small enough to be affordable for the poor
the switch to more efficient household appliances increase rapidly. Low-income households are often excluded from
normal credit facilities because they have no collateral and uncertain or irregular income. In instances where these
credit conditions were lowered or waved poor households did access modern energy and appliances. In South Africa,
furniture and appliance shops have credit and lay-by systems, which enable many poor households to acquire appliances.
The principal payments are relatively small and spread over a long maturity.43
Table 10: Costs for Cooking Devices
Device Initial Investment Cots Total Cost per year

(USD) (USD)
Three stone or mud firewood stove 0 44 62
Traditional charcoal stove 1.5 3 67 80
Improved Ahibenso/Gyapa charcoal

10 37 43
stove
LPG cooker (one-two burner) 30 50 83 98
Electric cooker (one-two burner) 20 50 81 93
Kerosene cooker (one-two burner) 17 25 138 161
3.3 Financing barriers

As described briefly above, the provision of finance for renewable energy and energy efficiency investments is low in
Ghana with wide ranging constraints. It can be easily concluded that the impact of these barriers to accessing credit is
restricting growth in the RE and EE markets.
3.3.1 Barriers for Financial Institutions Investing in Green Businesses in Ghana

There are very few financial institutions with portfolios in the renewable energy and energy efficiency. The main reasons
why there are very few players transacting in these areas are the following:
Lack of Knowledge in the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Sector
Potential providers of energy finance lack sufficient knowledge of the renewable energy and energy efficiency sector.
Ghana is more progressive than Rwanda, however, the country still lacks qualified engineers and managers of green
sector firms, and therefore banks are reluctant to trust the technical proposals and business plans.
Nascent Market with Few Private Sector Players
While the energy sector is gradually opening to the private sector, there are still very few strong actors in the renew-
able energy sector. In addition, those that are active are financed through donor and subsidized funding and receive
business development services to strengthen their operations and management knowledge. Financial Institutions are not
keen on providing credit to a nascent market and are not in the business of providing such support services.
43 ESMAP, 2006.
Lack of Long-Term Capital
Financial institutions in Ghana are unable to access long-term capital at affordable rates and therefore are unable to
lend long term. Few who do lend medium to long term, are typically priced out of the market, particularly for new
sectors perceived as high risk.
The perceived payback period of more than 4 years for some energy projects such as hydropower is too long for
existing commercial finance provides.
Lack of Legal Framework and Subsidies
The RE law is still waiting for the approval of Parliament. Without the RE Law, the incentives for providing finance for
renewable energy and energy efficiency investments is low in Ghana with wide ranging constraints.
Moreover, the banks are not able to assess the utilitys capacity to purchase electricity at a determined price on a
regular basis. There is no insurance in case of default. This risk is well known as national utility companies in Africa
have already defaulted to pay on a regular basis.
As described briefly above, the provision of finance for renewable energy and energy efficiency investments is low in
Ghana with wide ranging constraints. It can be easily concluded that the impact of these barriers to accessing credit is
restricting growth in the RE and EE markets.
3.3.2 Barriers to Accessing Finance by Green Businesses

Overall, the barriers for green business to get access to finance rely mainly on the cost of loans and the amount of
collateral required by banks.
Cumbersome application process: Most businesses do not have the full management capacity to complete the
application process and instead self-finance using credit cards, savings, and borrowings from family and
friends.
High Interest Rates: The interest rates on GHC loans are more than 30% on average.
High Collateral Requirements: Even if green business succeeds to convince bank with their business plan,
they are generally not able to provide the guarantee that stand as mean at around 100% of the loan
Inappropriate Products: The product design should better address the specific needs of green businesses.
Lack of Government subsidies: The private sector industries and consumers would switch to RET if there were
financial incentives that would decrease the high capital costs of investing in RET.

4 Conclusions: Capacity Building and Financial Mechanism
Based on research and analysis, there are various mechanisms for improving the financing landscape for green business
in Ghana. Alongside any financial intervention, however, there must be a component which strengthens the operational
capacity of financial institutions delivering solutions to green businesses as well as to the government agencies regulat-
ing and supervising the RE/EE activities within the energy sector. Moreover, it is necessary to also develop and
strengthen the institutions that are critical to the development and growth of the RE/EE sectors in Ghana (e.g. the
Association of Ghana Solar Industries).
4.1 Capacity Building on the National Level

Since the costs of RE and EE measures are much more expensive than that of conventional sources, policy makers need
to be convinced by tools that these increased costs can be justified (e.g. by creating jobs in the formal sector). Without
government buy-in to create an enabling environment for private sector participation, the RE and EE sectors are se-
verely constraint to expand. Capacity building measures which the Government could undertake include:
To invest in its own human resources by addressing the technological know-how gap in RE and EE (e.g. lev-
eraging the programmes funded by the EU for distance learning on solar and biofuels and the Partner Dia-
logue Facility);
To take the lead to clearly identify all stakeholders at the top within government to ensure buy-in and edu-
cate them about RE and EE so they can set enabling policies (e.g. appropriate feed-in-tariffs, mandates for
using RE and EE measures);
To finance programmes to educate the public, demonstration and promotion of RE and EE technologies;
To set up an information-sharing platform that portrays all activities and serves as a focal point for key
stakeholders in the RE and EE sectors, and allows domestic and international financial intermediaries and real
sector companies to access up-dated, comprehensive, and structured information on green business market
size, trends, projects, sources of funding etc. Real sector companies should have free access to the site to be
able to regularly update their profiles, thus mitigating information asymmetries, enabling financial intermedi-
aries to better capitalize on opportunities available and avoiding duplication of efforts in mapping the sectors.
A website manager would ensure quality information and regular update of the site; and,
To facilitate the upgrading of the Association of Ghana Solar Industries to an umbrella organization to repre-
sent all green businesses.
4.2 Capacity Building on the Financial Institution Level

In order to ensure the investments in the RE and EE sectors, a technical assistance component alongside the investment
is recommended to provide advisory services for the buy-in throughout the financial institution, i.e. Ecobank, as well as
a return on the investment. This could include the following advisory services:
Trainings to provide to Ecobank staff from selected departments and investors with the know-how in eco-
nomical and technical assessments of investments in sustainable energy finance including certification pro-
grammes in Renewable Energy Finance;
RE Desk/unit at Ecobank Group and/or national level: permanent technical in-house expert(s) to be able to
assess technical aspects of companies and their project track record; or
Outsourcing technical appraisal, energy audits, and environmental impact assessments to research insti-
tutes/NGOs/consultants, such as KITE.
In order to actually realize sensitization and understanding by Ecobank staff, a holistic approach towards RE/EE Financ-
ing needs to be taken by not only offering financing solutions to green businesses and end-users but also internally

implementing a Corporate RE/EE policy and leading by example in using RE/EE in the Banks own premises, e.g.
through performance contracts with green businesses and refurbishment comparable to the Deutsche Bank Greentowers 44.
On a broader scale, sustainability should become more pronounced in the Banks guiding principles. Clearly defined
processes are needed that would make sustainability an integral part of business strategies and internal guidelines with
the Management Board as main body responsible for sustainable operations. A Group Sustainability Officer could be
devoted to organize and coordinate the implementation of a sustainable management system, and monitoring and
optimizing the banks sustainability program, for instance by extending the banks sustainability-oriented products, and
reducing its carbon footprint. In this regard, efforts should be made to put the institutions environmental management
on a strong footing by improving the banks environmental performance towards an international norm set by the ISO
14001 standard. 45 Upon certification, internal and external stakeholders can be assured that they are working with an
environmentally responsible institution. Donor agencies, such as UNEP, could facilitate the certification process by provid-
ing their expertise and facilitate links to their certified partners.
4.3 Financing Mechanisms on the National Level

The RE and EE sectors in Ghana, even though ahead on a regional perspective, still have to grow to its full potential.
In addition to the capacity building measures, it will take further initiatives from the Government for investment pro-
motion, in particular, passing the RE Law and EE codes and offering subsidies in order to encourage participation on a
large scale by the private sector. Therefore, the private sector must be supported through:
Passing of the RE Law with market feed-in-tariff rates established and a quota scheme which will encourage
IPPs to enter the Ghanaian market with RET;
Passing a Building Code that regulates the installation of RE and EE equipment for public, commercial and
private buildings;
Introducing transparent tax breaks for the importation and manufacturing of RETs;
Providing guarantees or concessionary loans through private/public partnerships.
Setting incentives that encourage Ghanaian industrialists to partner with popular brand manufacturers with
incentives to establish branches of production and assembly lines in the country; and,
Financing capacity building measures by supporting the training of RE and EE human resources and research,
for instance, at the DENG Solar Training Centre and Biogas Technologies West Africa.
4.4 Financing Mechanisms on the Financial Institution Level

The initial high costs of RET have been acknowledged as major barrier to their widespread deployment. Accordingly, any
financing scheme has to deal with the high upfront cost of RET and in the case of most technologies maintenance and
upkeep, such as with solar PV systems which incur the additional cost of replacing the balance of system components
(batteries, controllers and direct current lamps). The RE and EE sectors in all segments demand flexible financing
mechanisms which are absent in the Ghanaian market. The matrix below summarizes the Green Business market
opportunities across all renewable energy sources and energy efficiency areas by segment (Micro, SME, and Large Enti-
ties/Corporate).
4.4.1 Micro Firms

At the micro-firm level, solar is an important RE source that offers an abundance of investment opportunities, with
Ghana receiving an average annual solar radiation of 16 29 MJ/m, and an annual sunshine duration of between
44 The on-going refurbishment of the Deutsche Bank headquarters will reduce electricity consumption and CO2 emissions by more than 50% and
water consumption by more than 40%, making it one of the most eco-friendly high-rise buildings in the world.
45 The ISO 14001:2004 enables an institution (1) to identify and control the environmental impact of its activities, products or services, (2) to
improve its environmental performance continually, and (3) to implement a systematic approach to setting environmental objectives and targets, to
achieving these and to demonstrating their achievement.

1,800 and 3,000 hours. Therefore, the potential for Solar Water Heaters, in Ghana is very promising, considering the
projects that have been implemented especially in the tourism sector even in the absence of a building code and
financial incentives. In addition, solar crop drying technologies are good investments since Ghanas economy depends to
one third on the agricultural sector. As mentioned above, a tonne capacity dryer for cereals and pepper has been
tested for two years and has provided evidence that the economics for large scale application of solar dryers is favour-
able for export crops. Solar water pumps are another cost-effective technology for Ghanas rich agricultural sector.
In the energy efficiency sector, investment opportunities exist in the improved cook stoves (ICS) and CFLs. Toyola is one
such promising organisation promoting the ICS. Toyolas business model encompasses the entire value chain of produc-
tion, marketing and sensitization, retailing, and financing upstream and downstream activities for providing energy
efficient cookstoves to private households. On one side, suppliers of metal are pre-financed by Toyola through a microfi-
nance scheme. On the other side, Toyola also offers a microfinance end-user credit facility to its customers. This model
could remain at the micro consumer level or be easily scaled up to the SME level if financed by a commercial bank,
such as Ecobank Ghana in collaboration with UNEP.
4.4.2 SME
Because Ghana has encouraged the development of SMEs through incubators and other donor led programmes, there are
opportunities amongst SMEs active in many RE and EE sectors such as solar, biogas, biomass, and on a large scale, ICS
and CFLs. Investment opportunities in the solar sector under micro-firms are all scalable. If the policy for incorporating
solar into the building code passes, the demand for solar solutions will increase from large private sector businesses as
well as from the public institutions. In Ghana, there are experienced SMEs with long standing track records such as
Biogas Technologies West Africa, which has been in existence for 13 years and looking for financing to scale up their
operations in Ghana and Africa as a whole. Businesses in the services and agricultural sector as well as public institu-
tions are immediate clients to target for biogas and could be partly financed by such institutions as Ecobank. Biomass
comprises the largest part of the national energy basket (76.1%) and annual production of wood residues from logging
and sawmills is estimated to be around 1.1 million tonnes pointing to a large potential for biomass cogeneration from
wood wastes and agriculture residues.
In terms of energy efficient opportunities, investing in Toyolas business model with the improved cooking stoves at
scale can also provide additional benefits by monetizing the CDM benefits. SMEs distributing CFLs is another opportunity.
Forthcoming policies by the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development to make CFLs in public institutions compul-
sory along with the Energy Commissions programme to create the financial incentives for consumers to replace incan-
descent bulbs with CFLs via cash coupons cashed in at partner banks is another opportunity in the EE sector.
4.4.3 Large Enterprise/Corporate

For large enterprises and corporate clients, a credit facility which provides for non-standard products allows flexibility
and considers specific repayment capability, according to the renewable energy source and sector. In addition, large
enterprises and corporate firms can provide end-user financing facilities or purchase agreements for energy efficient
appliances to support market development, preferably subsidized with donor money.
An investment opportunity at hand can be found in Ghanas wind sector. A Consortium building wind farm which will
extend up to 50 MW in capacity is interested in local financial institution participation. In view of the new Energy
Law, the project is now likely to receive funding from governmental institutions, as well as the required permits for its
construction. The first phase is a pilot phase which is a 5 MW wind farm. By partnering in a pilot phase with experi-
enced wind developers, government and other international financial institutions can provide the security and learning
experiences for local banks, such as Ecobank, to enter and expand their activities in the RE sector.
4.4.4 Financing Mechanism on the National and Financial Institution Levels

To accelerate the growth of green businesses in Ghana and facilitate the development of in-house capacity of financial
institutions, a prototype energy fund could be established within a commercial entity, for instance at Ecobank Ghana or
Ecobank group level. The Fund would provide innovative customized financing solutions to RE/EE businesses adjusted to

the types of technologies, facility owners and best practices across all segments (Micro, SME, Project and Corporate
Finance).
Based on the indicative potential of achieving commercial viability in the medium to long term, initially 5-10 energy
financing projects of moderate volume could be selected to provide a broad but manageable scope as a start-up. De-
pending on the scale, especially solar, wind and biomass projects can be considered in Ghana under the pilot funding
facility. The Fund should also incorporate financing for industries to help them switch to modern, energy saving machin-
ery and diversify their electricity consumption towards RE sources.
In addition to the energy fund, a matching technical assistance component must be provided to develop the in-house
capacity of the selected commercial partner as well as of real sector companies. A third arm to this structure can be a
technology institute, like KITE, which could be co-opted in as a technical partner. In order to achieve a sustainable
impact, the Fund should also make provisions for the much needed post-installation maintenance services.
Strategic choices can be made on the institutional mechanisms of doing this. Options to be discussed include:
Whether to create an energy expert unit within Ecobank on a full time basis and develop the institutional
competence to deal with issues including risk assessment, business plan testing, financial projections, sensitiv-
ity analysis and stress tests specific to green businesses, while providing the mix of funds required, or
Whether to outsource the initial technical appraisal to an external energy competence centre within an in-
dustry body or technology centre, while Ecobank conducts the financial appraisal.
Donors would be brought in on account of their contribution to the fund. Though private sector-driven, the Government
should be involved and discussions with Ministries and donors on high level held from the very beginning. This could be
accomplished by the government contributing a minority share to the Fund and acknowledging it as part of the gov-
ernments budget or granting favourable tax conditions, yet keeping in mind that this will be a private sector led
initiative and not dependent on the Government contributing funds. An alternative framework for Government participa-
tion could simply be the establishment of an Advisory Council comprised of the Minister of Energy and other stake-
holders of the Fund. Either way, it is imperative to have collaboration with the Government for linkages to its own
agenda in order to give the initiative proper attention and support for successful and effective implementation.

GREEN BUSINESS MARKET OPPORTUNITIES GHANA
Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency
Solar Wind Hydro Geothermal Biogas Biofuel Production Distribution Consumption

Loan Volume*
PV, SWH, SWP Pilot Micro ICS Bio-Charcoal Low con-
5 MW Farm Hydro sumption
Power electric
appliances
(including
industry
and CFL)
Micro (Firms, Micro-loans and Micro-loans Micro-
Individual/consumer) Loans loans
Loan Loans Loans Loans Loans
SME
Large Enterprise/ Senior
Corporate Credit
Facility
*Segmentation is based upon the loan volume. For purposes of this study the following definitions apply: A microloan is a loan ranging from USD 1 10,000 but can also be between USD 10,000 up to USD 25,000 depending on the
sector. SME loans range between USD 25,000 and USD 5 million. Large Enterprise/Corporate is transactions exceeding USD 5 million.
Note: Depending on the scale, a Fund could be established which provides flexibility in offering innovative loan products and financing mechanisms adjusted to the types of technologies, facility owners and best practices across all segments
(Micro, SME, Large Entities/Corporate).
Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana 40

Annex 1
Contact List
Business46
Company Segment Description Contact Phone Mail
A.A.B. Bkm Solar Wholesale supplier of alternative Mr. Thomas 233.208.235.670 thomasmanuk-
Enterprise solar energy appliances, air Manu Kwaku waku@yahoo.com
cooling systems, alternative homes
and buildings
A & A Gas EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Gilbert 0243-265619
Ventures Koomson
AB Management EE Local energy management firm, Energy Founda- 0244768413 alawson@ghanaef.org
& Agency Ltd local contract energy manager, tion (Mr.
power factor improvement through Andrew Law-
installation of capacitor banks son)
African Energy Solar/wind Wholesale supplier, exporter, 1.520.720.947.5 info@africanenergy.com
system sales, specialized retail
sales of solar electric and wind
energy power systems and com-
ponents, solar water pumping
systems, solar refrigeration
systems and solar controllers
Amo Gas, EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Amoateng 0244-762486
Abelenkpe
Anasset EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Seth 233.208.131.310 anasset@ghana.com
Nanemeh
Anuanom Indus- Biomass Processing Jatropha seeds to bio- Mr. Onua 233.216.670.16 anu-
trial Projects diesel Amoah (CEO) anom@internetghana.com
Arthur Energy RE/EE RE/EE Consultancy, Development Partners: 233.212.700.61; info@arthuradvisors.com
Advisors consultants of Capital Projects, Business Jabesh Amis- 233.217.722.48
Strategy and Finance, Operation sah-Arthur,
Modelling and Forecasting for Harriette
Energy Systems, Research, Assess- Amissah-Arthur,
ment and Advice, Utility Manage- Ruben Atekbe
ment, Company Structuring and (Investment
Institutional Reform, Contract Banker)
Administration and Project Imple-
mentation.
ASASE Biomass RE power and biogas projects in Mr. Jerry Bedu- 49.622.143.322.5 jbeduaddo@aol.com
Mankoadze and Sampa Addo 9,
49.622.141.186.1
Best Solar Solar Installation, maintenance of solar Idris Alabirah 233.712.2704, alababah@gmail.com
appliances Baba 233.244.223.516
Beta Construction Biomass Design and construction of biogas Mr. Nana Kofi 233.244.239.539; betaconst@yahoo.com;
Engineers Ltd.* plants Ntiamoah 233.214.041.86 kahenkorah@exite.com
Ahenkorah
Bio Diesel 1 Biomass Cultivation of Jatropha Mr. Kofi Marfu 233.243.536.778;
Ghana Ltd. (now (MD) 233.208.174.049
46 A comprehensive list of LPG retailers can be found on www.goilonline.com.

Biofuel Africa)
Bioce Fuel Farm Biomass Processing waste vegetable oil, Mr. Romanus 233.277.174.049 bioceff@yahoo.co.uk
Ghana Ltd. and palm oil, plantation develop- Gibson (CEO)
ment, briquettes and charcoal
briquettes
Biofuel Africa Biomass Jatropha cultivation for local Mr. Ove Martin 233.265.135.717 Ove@biofuel.no
Ltd. (Ghana) / consumption and export Kolnes
BioFuel Africa AS
(Norway) / Solar
Harvest AS
(Norway)
Biogas Technolo- Biomass Design, installation of biogas Mr. John Afari 233.224.461.959; info@btwal.com;
gies West Africa plants, import of biogas equip- Idan 233.272.724.040 info@biogasonline.com
Ltd.* ment
Bionic Palm Biomass Sustainable combined oil and food Ulrich B. 233.245.310.298 info@bionic-palm.com
plantations Riemann (MD)
Biosavanna Biomass Production of biofuel, electricity Mr. Seth Lokko 233.246.721.077 info@biosavanna.com
Energy Ltd. from biomass (CEO)
Clean Energy Biomass Retail sales, wholesale supplier, 233.244.288.326;
(GH) Ltd. importer, consulting and installa- 233.242.156.581
tion
Corona Solar Solar Design, installation, maintenance Harrison 234.806.523.838.
Energy of Solar PV, SHS, solar lighting Oladapo (CEO) 7
appliances, Nigerian solar electric-
ity provider, subsidiary of Solar
Energy Worldwide (UK)
Criterion Gold Solar Sales of solar PV systems and 233.212.272.56
River Enter- solar lighting
prise/Lilham Ent.
Ltd.
Danafco Engi- Solar Siemens PV products dealer 233.212.337.80
neering Ltd.
Dawig Energie Solar Dealer in solar applications David Tukuru 233.244.422.191 dawig_energie@yahoo.fr
DENG Limited* Solar Engineering services, RE power Mr. Frede 233.212.570.99 ; fbosteen@dengltd.com;
generation, control and transmis- Bosteen (CEO), 233.212.571.00; kkc@dengltd.com;
sion, manufacturer, retail sales, Mr. K.K. 233.212.337.79; info@dengltd.com
wholesale supplier, exporter, Cornelius 233.212.337.80;
importer, design and installation, (Administrative
maintenance and repair services Manager)
for solar electric (and hybrid)
power systems, SWP, solar light-
ing, research services, Solar
Training Center founded in 2005
DWA Dizengoff Solar Dealers in solar energy systems David Tukuru 233.212.218.31; moshe@dwa.gh.com;
Ghana Ltd. 233.212.118.31; info@dwa-ghana.com
233.244.422.191;

Annex
233.212.218.15
Ecozone Solar Dealers in solar PV, kits, inverters 233.222.146.46 info@ecozone.com.gh

and components
Encol Limited* Solar, Wholesale, importer, installation, 233.249.266.932 energycol@gmail.com
Wind engineering for solar appliances
and wind energy system compo-
nents, air conditions and SWH,
waste treatment systems
Energea Ghana Biomass Production of biodiesel 233.277.373.366 energeaghltd@yahoo.com
Ltd.
Enterprise- EE Manufacturing of improved Gyapa 233.212.214.06 atsu@africaonline.com.gh
Works/VITA - cook stove
Ghana (EWV)
F.J. Solar Tech- Solar Retail of solar appliances 233.208.729.205
nologies
Fee Hi Ventures EE LPG gas retailing, LPG filling Mr. Adu 233.277.414.112
Ltd plant
Fortune CP Ltd. Solar, Manufacturer, wholesale supplier, 44.132.230.3070 info@fortunecp.co.uk;
Wind exporter, project and system sales@fortunecp.co.uk
design, installation and commis-
sion for solar PV systems and
components, SWH, SWP, hybrid
systems, solar DC fridges, compo-
nents, solar billboards, solar
lighting, solar cathodic protection
systems, wind turbines, solar pool
heating, off-grid systems, grid-tie
systems, solar air conditioners,
energy audit, project financing,
industrial/commercial projects,
Gladymanuel Solar Sales and installation of solar Mr. Emmanuel 233.212.351.54; gladymanuel@yahoo.com
power systems and backup Abbey 233.212.504.31;
systems 233.244.384.266
Gladymanuel EE EE Lighting products (CFLs) Mr. Emmanuel 233.212.351.54; gladymanuel@yahoo.com
Abbey 233.212.504.31;
233.244.384.266
Global Biofuels Biomass Ethanol production from sweet Mr. Otunba 234.014.614.397; info@globalbiofuelsltd.com
sorghum Felix Obada 234.012.706.428
(MD)
GlobalResolve at Biomass Production and marketing of gel Prof. Mark 1.480.727.1062; globalresolve@asu.edu
Arizona Univer- ethanol fuel and Jatropha bio Henderson 01.602.743.720.2
sity diesel around Kumasi, sustainable
entrepreneurship programme
Gold Star Biomass Processing of biodiesel Jack Holden 233.208.197.938
Biodiesel Farms (Executive
Ltd. Director)

Annex
Green Energy Solar, Manufacturing, wholesale supply- 97.142.282.456; info@ptlsolar.com;

LLC / PTL SOLAR Wind ing, exporters, importers of solar 97.150.105.560.0; dubai@ptlsolar.com
PV systems, components, SWP, 97.150.105.560.0
solar lighting, solar powered
advertising billboards, solar PV
systems for telecommunication
and custom applications, SHS and
components
Greenfuel Bio- Biomass Processing of biodiesel Mr. Joseph 233.243.265.450; daniel-
diesel Gh. Ltd. Karam (MD) 233.212.565.03 nashief@hotmail.com
Greenko Energy EE EE lighting products, energy- Mr. Sailesh 91.404.030.100.0; info@geetech.co.in
Efficiency Tech- efficient solutions and technologies Sgatapu 91.329.158.58;
nologies Pvt. (Director) 91.329.468.68
Guangzhou Wind Supplier of wind generators Jason Wang 86.203.874.370.0
Hyenergy Co., (400W 3MW) (IMO)
Ltd.
H.S. Enterprise EE LPG gas retailing Mrs. Henrietta 233.244.253.996;
Sam 233.208.158.289
Hetlei Enterprise EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Holeman 233.244.052.968
Hosby Ltd EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Oppong 233.277.423.331
Jachfam Enter- EE LPG Filling Station Mr. Ben Eric 233.208.139.864; jachfam2003@yahoo.com
prise Tagoe (Super- 233.312.273.8
vising Manager)
Jatropha Africa Biomass Cultivation and processing of Ohene K. Akoto 233.207.497.594; sales@jatrophaafrica.com
Jatropha to biofuel (Director of 233.275.908.406
Operations),
Joseph Ofusu-
Aikens (Man-
ager for
Strategic
Planning)
Kalten Ltd. Solar Dealers in solar appliances Mr. Kwabena 233.216.602.22; kaltenltd@hotmail.com
Koranteng 233.208.128.183;
Asiamah 233.216.722.91
Kemay Technol- Solar Retail sales, wholesale supplier, Mr. Kenneth 233.243.212.81;
ogy importer of solar electric power Asamoah 233.246.113.28
systems and components, solar air
heating, solar tracking systems,
solar pool heating
Kevin Power Solar Manufacturing and export of 91.999.990.987.2; info@kevinsolutions.net;
Solutions Ltd. backup power systems, SWH, solar 91.999.997.498.3; sales@kevinsolutions.net;
lighting 91.972.000.205.2 export@kevinsolutions.net
Kludjeson Inter- Solar Solarex distributor 233.212.493.32
national Ltd.
Kwabenya Gas EE LPG gas retailing Mrs. Abena 233.244.378.979;
Plant Nyantekyewa 233.288.708.970.

Annex
Landmark Gas EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Adu-Mensah 233.208.135.969;

Ltd. 233.244.659.59
M38 EE LPG gas retailing
MA TECH SOLAR Solar Sales of solar power systems, Mr. Michael 233.243.966.022;
(Gh) Ltd. power backup systems Appoh 233.249.140.533;
233.241.117.777;
233.271.117.777
Madina Junction EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Asafoah 233.215.107.06;
233.243.189.536
McBryce Consul- RE/EE RE/EE Consulting, project devel- Michael Kottoh 233.244.969.424
tancys consultants opment services, education and (Associate
training services, research services Consultant,
consultant on
the GEDAP
project)
Michikwam Gas EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Ntim-Adu 233.208.152.644
Mojo Gas EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Moffat 233.208.192.548;

233.243.643.867
Natural African Biomass Cultivation and processing of Mr. Shaul 27.824.522.996 shaulenosh@hotmail.com
Diesel (NAD) Jatropha in Pru district (BA) and Fichman
Ghana Ltd. Moringa, CDM PPP
NEK Ghana Ltd. Wind Wind energy project in Prampram 233.212.282.14; nek@atlantic.com.gh;
in pipeline (ca. 50 MW), pilot 5 41.442.610.707; info@nek.ch;
MW, wind energy, geothermal 41.712.440.744 ch.kapp@nek.ch
energy, general renewable energy
systems and sustainability, assess-
ment and feasibility, introducing
and monitoring of approval
procedures, as well as technical
planning and site engineering
New Energy Solar Retail sales, installation, construc- 233.713.086; newen-
tion, project development services, 233.719.108.5 ergy@africaonline.com.gh
education and enterprise develop-
ment training, environmental
conservation, and renewable
energy services, solar electric
power systems, energy efficient
lighting
Newlucky Electri- Solar Dealers in solar electric appliances 233.216.691.41;
cals 233.242.971.338
Northern Sugar Biomass Sugarcane plantation and ethanol Mr. Anders 46.660.751.19; an-
Resources Ltd. plant Frederiksson 46.706.101.177 ders.fredriksson@sekab.co
(SEKAB) (CEO of SEKAB m; info@sekab.com
BioFuels &
Chemicals)

Annex
Nortra GmbH Solar Retail of off-grid solar systems, Alexander 49.4461.700301 bankoley@nortra.de;
esp. to schools and health facili- Bankoley biofuels@nortra.de
ties, installation, training courses (Technical
Manager)
Nykomb Energica RE/EE RE/EE Consultancy, energy plan- 233.244.325.852 info@energica.org
consultants ning and policy formulation,
training and facilitation, analysis
and modelling, project formula-
tion, management and evaluation
Pico Sol Solar Production, research, consultancy, Henry de 31.334.650.988 pico@picosol.nl
project realisation in solar for Gooijer (Project
schools, hospitals and local Manager)
communities, solar PV, SWP
Power Land Ltd. Solar Dealers in solar power and Mr. Lawrence 233.215.035.35, goldsola@k5online.com
backup systems Nuku 233.243.842.42;
233.212.801.83;
233.277.495.999;
233.277.455.157
Power World Solar Dealers, installation of solar power Mr. Andrew 233.212.351.54; andrewetwire@yahoo.com
and backup systems Kobina Etwire 233.208.499.98;
233.208.149.998
PTL Enterprise Solar, Retail sales, importer, system Dr. Christoph 233.214.185.31;
Ltd. Wind integrators, manufacturers repre- Kapp (MD) 233.204.218.532;
sentation, service providers for 233.268.243.297
solar PV systems, solar lighting,
wind turbines, LED lighting and
traffic lights, RE system batteries,
DC to AC power inverters
Ramboll Ghana RE/EE Danish waste-to-energy consul- Mr. Peter 233.212.415.47 peha@ramboll.dk;
consultants tancy: planning, design, tendering, Heymann nch@ramboll.dk
construction management and Andersen, Mr.
commissioning Nils Christian
Holm (Heads of
Waste-to-
Energy De-
partment)
Rich & Co. Gas EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Richard 233.242.230.562;
Agyemang-Duah 233.277.535.874
RKA EE Manufacture LPG stoves Mr. Vincent 233.244.941.895 vin-
Yankey (E+Co) cent.yankey@eandco.net
SARE Solar Dealers, installation of solar power Mr. Samuel 233.244.366.077; saresam@hotmail.com
and backup systems Mensah 233.217.700.46;
233.217.640.05
Scanfuel Ghana Biomass Cultivation of palm oil and Mr. Thor 233.245.291.609; th@scanfuel.com
Ltd. Jatropha, deliver off-grid solar Hesselberg 47.450.035.00
systems to schools and health (CEO)
facilities, installation and training
courses to local partners

Annex
Seli Technologies Solar, Retail sales, wholesale supplier, Senyo T. Dake 233.277.405.512; selitechnolo-
Wind importer of small wind turbines, 233.217.011.154; gies@yahoo.com
towers and structures, backup 233.701.115.4
power systems, solar PV, solar
systems and components, energy-
saving lighting and devices
Shacyn Interna- Solar, Dealer in solar PV, solar (hybrid) 233.246.698.909 sales@solarenergyghana.co
tional Ltd. Wind systems and components, solar DC m
fridges, solar systems for telecom
BTS stations, solar lighting, SWH,
SWP, solar billboards, wind
turbines, industrial/commercial
projects, solar pool heating, off-
grid systems, grid-tie systems,
solar air conditioners, solar
cathodic protection systems
Shanghai Roy Solar, Manufacturing, export, system 86.139.175.673.6 roysolarliu@yahoo.com.cn
Solar Co. Ltd. Wind design, installation of solar 7
lighting products, solar electric
power systems, and components,
SWP, DC To AC power inverters,
solar electric charge controllers,
wind turbines
Sjoberg Ghana Solar Manufacturing, wholesale supplier, Mr. Prosper 233.244.667.528 ph.governor@gmail.com
Ltd. exporter, consulting, installation, Governor
project development services,
architectural design services,
contractor services for energy
efficient homes and buildings,
solar thermal electric power
systems, packaged power systems,
solar lighting systems
Solar and Wind Solar, Business development and produc- Ed Bossman 233.217.682.87 ed-
Energy (GH) Ltd. Wind tion of solar photoelectric energy Yeboah bossman@edconsultants.co
and wind turbines, new energy .uk
sources, and energy saving, urban
and rural lighting projects
Solar Electric Solar Sales of solar electric lighting and 233.217.010.182; micky_mens@yahoo.com;
Power Company power systems 01.772.220.661.5 africa@sepconet.com
(SEPCO)
Solar Electric Solar Sales of solar PV system integra- 233.223.046.23; info@sunrisesolarsolutionsl
Systems tors 233.244.255.017; td.com
233.271.349.668;
44.208.803.280.2
Solar Light Solar Design, system packaging, assem- Ms. Esther 233.212.343.49, info@solar-light.com;
Company Ltd.* bly, retail sales, service, im- Ofori, Mr. 233.212.456.75 solar@okyeame.net
port/export, engineering, installa- Mawuli Tse
tion and packaging of solar (MD),
electrical systems for buildings, Benedette
telecom and health appliances, Naabeh (Ad-

Annex
SWH, electrical engineering works, ministrator)

energy audits and efficiency
consulting, LED and CFL lamps,
solar PV modules
Solarland Solar Dealer, installation of solar 233.217.701.61; solar-
equipment 233.217.845.10; land@solarlandgh.com;
233.217.718.98 solarlandgh@4u.com.gh;
solarlandgh@hotmail.com
Supreme Gas Ltd EE LPG gas retailing Mr. Mansouri 233.244.386.703
Sustainworld RE/EE RE/EE consultants, case study on Evans Mensah 233.275.361.988 evanshervie@yahoo.com
Consultant* consultants Valley View University (application Hervie
of biogas)
Thaljeb Gas EE LPG gas retailing Mrs. Comfort 233.244.382.049
Quansah
Tom Oil and Fat Biomass Cultivation of Jatropha and oil Mr. Akwasi 233.275.623.445; tradexgh@gmail.com;
Processing Ltd. palm for biodiesel Anim Dankwa 233.244.582.027 radexgh@yahoo.com;
(CEO) tomoilgh@yahoo.com;
aadankwah@yahoo.com
Topsun Energy Solar Supplier, manufacturer of solar Ms. Binal 91.792.328.880.4 market-
Ltd. lighting systems, solar telecom Sharma (Mar- ing@topsunenergy.com
systems, SWP, solar air cooler, keting), Mr.
solar refrigerator Ashit Chandaria
ToughStuff Solar Dealer in flexible solar PV strips, Nick Sowden 261.331.276.341 info@ToughStuffOnline.org
rechargeable LED lamps, mobile (US Director,
phone connector cables Business
Development)
Toyola Energy Solar, ICS Production and distribution of Mr. Suraj 233.249.857.141 toyolaenergylt@yahoo.com
Ltd. energy efficient biomass cook- Wahab, Mr.
stoves and rural solar products Ernest Kyei
Tragimacs Biomass Processing of biodiesel for Tema Mr. Issah 233.208.135.861; hassi@usa.com;
Sunflower Ghana Oil Refinery Sulemana (CEO) 233.212.588.11; info@tragrimacs.com
Ltd. 233.222.511.29;
233.222.511.30;
233.208.135.861
Translegacy EE LPG gas stoves manufacture Mr. Vincent 233.244.941.895 vin-
Ventures Ltd. Yankey (E+Co) cent.yankey@eandco.net
UNIRECO Ltd., Biomass Biodiesel production from sunflow-
Accra ers
United Solar & Solar, Retail sales, importer of solar PV, 233.243.654.30
Wind Power (Gh) Wind small wind turbines, small wind
Ltd. energy towers and structures,
tubular skylights
Wienco (Ghana) Biomass Design and construction of biogas Mr. Dela 233.244.338.355; dela@wienco.com;
Ltd. latrine for University College of Nyarko, Mr. 233.544.331.198; wienco@wienco.com
Education, Winneba Abdellah Nii- 233.217.722.51;
Commey 233.217.764.47

Annex
Wilkins Engineer- Solar Manufacturing, design, installation, Mr. Omane 233.244.315.634; wilkins@wikineng.com;
ing maintenance and assembling of Frimpong 233.212.356.71; sales@wilkins-eng.com;
solar systems (President of 233.275.001.111 wil-
AGSI); Mr. kins@africaonline.com.gh;
Boateng Omanef@idngh.com
(Marketing)
WISE Energy Solar Dealer in SHS, portable electrifica- Mr. Richard 233.214.031.35; richarku@hotmail.com;
tion, SWP, solar lighting and Collins Arku 233.244.703.310; wisenergy@ghana.com;
backup systems, owned by SARE (General 233.208.147.775; info@wise-energy.com
Ltd from Ghana and the Dutch Manager) 233.214.031.35
company Stroomwerk Energy BV
(SWE)
* Business interviewed
Financial institutions
Financial Institution Description Contact Phone Mail

ACCION International Microfinance Institution Ms. Ezgi Uaner - Flor 0276-716331 eucaner@accion.org
ARB Apex Bank* Commercial Bank, Mr. Frank Dadzie 0242270095
GEDAP Project
DEG (German Investment and Investment and Devel- Dr. Amichia J.C. Biley 0217-63942 bi@deginvest.de
Development Corporation) opment Corporation
E+CO Investments* Mr. Vincent Yankey 0244941895 vincent.yankey@eandco.net
Ecobank* Commercial Bank Mr. Enoch Osei-Safo 0244-611269; eoseisafo@ecobank.com
(Head of Wholesale) 0267-611269
Mr. Musa Salah (Inter- 0242-981504 msalah@ecobank.com
national Organisations
Department)
Mr. Enoch Osei-Safo 0244-611269; eoseisafo@ecobank.com
(Head Wholesale) 0267-611269
Mr. Isaac Kwei (SME) 0244238731 ikwei@ecobank.com
Ghana Commercial Bank (GCB)* Commercial Bank, eCare Mr. Justice Gaveh 0244-266282 jgaveh@gcb.com.gh
Project
GHAMFIN* Microfinance Network Dr. David Andah 0217-69961 mfinet@ghana.com
ProCredit SLC Ghana* Savings and Loans Mr. Shadrach Ellen- 0243-686405 s.allen-koufie@procredit.com.gh
Company Ltd. Koufie
* Financial Institutions Interviewed
Government institutions
Government Institution Description Contact Phone Mail

Environmental Protection Agency Public Body for envi- Mr. William Agye-mang- 021-663451, agyemang_bonsu@yahoo.co.uk;

Annex
(EPA) ronmental Protection Bonsu 021664697-8, epaed@africaonline.com.gh
021-662465
Ghana Energy Commission* Regulator, Standard Mr. Kwabena A. Otu- 0277-850756 k.a.otudanquah@gmail.com;
setting Danquah (Chief RE otu-
Unit) danquahk@energycom.gov.gh
Volta River Authority (VRA)* Electricity generation Mr. Teinor Tetteh 0208140080
and transmission
Electricity Company of Ghana* Electricity distribution Mr. Okine 0244327511
Ministry of Mines and Energy Ministry (RE Unit, Mr. Wisdom Ahiataku- 0244259407; wtogobo@yahoo.co.uk;
(MOME)* GEDAP) Togobo 0208-139326 wtogobo@gmail.com
Ministry of Environment, Science Ministry, Development 021-666049, 021-
& Technology (MEST) of Ghanas Low Carbon 660005
Growth Path
Public Utilities Regulatory Com- Regulator Mr. Stephen Nyante 0244-316020 stephadu@purcghana.com
mission (PURC)* Adu
* Government institution interviewed
Industry Bodies
Industry Body Description Contact Phone Mail

Association of Ghana Industries (AGI)* Industry Body Mr. Cletus Kosiba/Mr. 0244-382641 agi@agighana.org;
Nat Quarcooopome ckosiba@agighana.org
Association of Ghana Solar Industries Industry Body Mr. Samual Adu-Asare 0244-681611 info@ghanasolarindustries.com;
(AGSI)* saduasare@gmail.com
Ghanaian German Economic Associa- Bilateral Cham- 233.212.578.37; info@ggea.net
tion ber of Industry 233.212.578.38
and Commerce
Ghana National Chamber of Commerce Industry Body Mr. Emmanuel Doni- 0244251758; 0212- doni@ghanachamber.org
& Industry* Kwame (Mr. Amegavie 46084
was scheduled but
unavailable)
* Industry Body interviewed
Donors /NGO/Research
Donors/NGO/Research Description Contact Phone Mail

Canadian Parliamentary NGO Mr. Adams Fusheini, 0243-321930 fusheinia@parlcent.ca
Center*
Abdul Karim Mohammed 0242-948156 ohammeda@parlcent.ca;
CARE International* NGO Mr. Ulrich Bang 021-522465, 0244- ubang@care.dk
206881
Council for Scientific and Research Mr. Essel Ben Hagan ebenhagan@gmail.com
Industrial Research (CSIR)
The Energy Centre, KNUST* Research Prof. Abeeku Brew- 0246590698 (Prof. abeeku@brewhammond.com
Hammond, Prof. Akuffo Abeeku)

Annex
Energy Foundation Ghana* NGO Mr. Andrew Lawson (Execu- 0244768413 alawson@ghanaef.org
tive Director)
Mr. Kofi Asante (Technical 021-515610-12 kasante@ghanaef.org
Director)
EU Delegation Ghana Donor Mr. Jannik Vaa (Head of 233.242.215.976, delegation-ghana@ec.europa.eu
Infrastructure and Sust. 233.244.313.352,
Devt. Section) 233.217.742.01
KITE* Research Mr. Frank Atta-Owusu 0244690720 faowusu@kiteonline.net
Technology Consultancy Research Mr. Michael Commeh 0244-794187; 0244- kwekumichael@gmx.de
Centre, KNUST* 734960
UNDP* Donor Mr. Martin Zwanenburg 0265-081654 m.zwanenburg@gmail.com
World Bank Donor Mr. Peter Kristensen 233.212.141.00; pkristensen@worldbank.org
233.21.214.111
* Institution interviewed
Annex 2
Renewable Energy Project Profiles

Annex
GHANA
RE
Project Name Service Description Contributors Beneficiaries Remarks
Project
Solar eCommerce and Solar communication project: Capacity- Ghana Telecom, Rural entrepre- Since 2005
RE (eCARE) building and financial support to 69 GCB, neurs, ministries,
MSME to establish Rural Business Centres UNEP/United NGOs, CBOs and
delivering clean energy-powered ICT Nations Founda- policy makers,
products and services tion (UNF) peri-urban and
rural customers
Solar Human Resource Develop personnel for maintenance of Japan Interna- Practical trainers, 2008 -
Development for photovoltaic systems at the regional tional Coopera- field workers 2010
Photovoltaic level tion Agency (JICA) (electricians and
Systems repairers), and
laypersons at the
community level
Solar Affordable Making lighting products and services Dutch Ministry of African communi- 2008
Lighting for All accessible for the poor Foreign Affairs ties, MFIs and 2010
(ALFA) policy makers
Development of microfinance models with
the MFIs
Solar Lighting Africa Provision of reliable non-fossil fuel World Bank, IFC Entrepreneurs Since 2009
lighting products to unserved areas in and businesses,
Sub-Saharan Africa Community Based
Organizations
(CBOs) and NGOs
Solar Millennium Access to electricity via solar Wilkins Engineer-
Villages Project ing
Solar PV Refrigeration, Lighting, Water Pump- Danida/MOH Solar
ing and Heating, equip rural or small Project
health sectors with reliable technologies
Solar Small-Home-Systems (SHS), battery CIDA-UR/KNUST
charging, water distillation Renewable Energy
Project
Solar Off-grid solar electrification to villages, MOME, VRA/NED, GEF grant
establishment of RE-based rural energy UNDP/GEF of USD 2.5
services company, million,
GoG USD
0.5 million
Solar 2 solar service centres financed through MOME USD 185
a syndicated loan by IDA, ORET of million
Netherlands, DANIDA, Nordic Development
Fund (NDF) and Caisse Franaise de
Dveloppement (CFD)
Solar Solar Battery Charging Centre (2.1 kW), MOME Wachiau commu-
battery operated home systems nity
Solar Off-grid solar electrification of financed Spanish Govern- 10 villages Conces-
through a of the ment/MOME sionary
loan of
USD 5
million
GHANA
RE
Project
Solar Installation of Solar Service Centres (SSC) CIDA, University rural communities since 1995
of Regina and financed
KNUST through
CIDA and
University
of Regina
and KNUST
Solar Small Grants GEF Small Grants Project and Womens Ghana Solar
World Banking micro-credit scheme Energy Society
(GHASES), GEF,
Womens World
Banking
Solar Rural Electrifica- Master Plan studies for rural electrifica- Japan Interna- Rural communi- 2005 -
tion by RE tion utilizing RE, identification of wide- tional Coopera- ties 2006
sources spread policy and organizational prob- tion Agency (JICA)
lems, design of TA
Technical and non-technical assistance for
village development
Technical transfer in solar power
Solar Development of Development of Energy for Poverty UNDP through Policy makers, 2004 -
Energy for Reduction Action Plan (EPRAP), estab- Global Village ministries, 2006
Poverty Reduction lishment of database of energy projects Energy PARTNER- national and
Action Plan in Ghana, monitoring and evaluation SHIP (GVEP) international
(EPRAP) for framework agencies, NGOs
Ghana and community
organisations
Solar Rural Electrifica- Master Plan Study on Rural Electrification JICA USD 5
tion Master Study using RE sources in Northern Ghana, million
financing Distribution System Master, GIS
Mapping, certification of Solar-PV equip-
ment and installation
Rural Study on the institutional arrangement AFD Researchers Findings
Electri- for rural electrification entered
fication GEDAP
Rural Anti-poverty program for Ghana, includ- US Millennium USD 547
Electri- ing rural electrification under the infra- Challenge Account million
fication structure package (MCA)
Rural Rural electrification Indian Export- USD 15
Electri- Import Bank million
fication
Rural (1) Rural electrification, USD 81 million, China Exim Bank
Electri- (2) Pre-payment meters for ECG, USD 57
fication million
So- Solar and Wind Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assess- UNEP/NREL/GEF
lar/win Energy Resource ment
d Assessment

Annex
GHANA
RE
Project
Solar Installation of Solar PV Systems in public Spanish Govern- Schools, clinics USD 5
buildings ment and police million
stations in
remote rural
areas
Solar Financing for rural electrification Government of Rural population
the Netherlands
(through Oret.nl)
Solar AREED Loan for 100 solar crop dryers AREED Small enterprise
Crop engaged in
Drying processing and
marketing of
cereal and tuber
food products to
buy 100 solar
crop dryers to
increase produc-
tion
Solar Solar Thermal Project to dry crops MOME
Crop
Drying
Biofuel Facilitating the Design and building of biomethanisation European Com- Communities in 2007 -
Provision of plant for processing of effluent from mission, Ghana Koka, Afunya, 2012
Sustainable palm oil processing facility Oil Palm Devel- Mintabomeng
Energy and opment Company
Design and building of 126 kW power 50 local entre-
Environment for (GOPDC)
generating biomethanisation plant meth- preneurs to
Rural Develop-
ane derived from palm oil waste benefit from
ment (FAPSEED)
business devel-
opment and skills
training
Solar Solar Pump Radial flow centrifugal water pump KNUST, GTZ
Water Project
Pump
Ener- Install MFPs in the Northern and Brong- Heritage Savings Communities in 2005 -
gizing Ahafo Regions, build capacity through Trust Fund Brong-Ahafo and 2008
Rural Functional business management trainings (HSTF), Govern- Northern Regions,
Devel- ment of Japan technical and
opment through United commercial
Using Nations Office for service suppliers
Multi- Project Services
func- (UNOPS) in Dakar
tional
Plat-
forms
(MFP)
RE AREED Seed capital for green business; Business UNEP, UN Local entrepre- Since 2000
development technical support Foundation, KITE, neurs and

Annex
GHANA
RE
Project
E+Co businesses
RE/EE E+Co West Investment Fund to invest USD 12 million E+Co, GEEREF 76 clean energy 2007 -
Africa Modern in clean energy SMEs SMEs in Ghana, 2009
Energy Fund Mali and Senegal
Effects of USD 12 million Fund: 3 million
people to get access to energy, 2 million
tons of CO2 offset (annually), third party
mobilization: USD 120 million
RE Renewable Energy Prepare RE policy and regulatory frame- Renewable Energy Regulatory Budget:
Policy for Climate work for Ghana, draft RE Law & Energy Effi- EUR
Change Mitigation ciency Partner- 92,200
Timely analysis of RE resources, data and
ship (REED),
review of plans through geographic
Implementing
information system (GIS) leading to more
agency: Energy
accurate techno-economic analysis that
Commission
will result in realistic cost-benefit projec-
tions
Develop tools for decision making to
stimulate policy initiatives designed to
attract public and private investment in
the RE sector, and to shorten the time
required to take an investment decision
through an independent confirmation of
the RE source
RE Bundling Small Assessment of practicalities, costs, benefits IT Power Private sector 2001 -
Scale Energy and framework requirement for small- developers, 2002
Projects for Clean scale RE and EE projects for CDM, case organizations,
Development studies bankers and
Mechanism (CDM) investors
RE Knowledge Create a digital knowledge recourse base World Bank Private sector 2001 -
Networks for on sustainable energy, provide statistics Regional Pro- developers, policy 2002
Sustainable on energy production and use and gramme for the makers, research-
Energy in Africa performance indicators for energy institu- Traditional ers
Project (KNSEA) tions Energy Sector
(RPTES) Local
partner: KITE
RE Renewable Energy Evaluation of Ghanas experience in the DANIDA in Policy makers 1999 -
Technologies development, utilization and promotion of partnership with and RE entrepre- 2001
(RETs) Project RETs: barriers and opportunities, policy UNEP neurs
recommendations,
EE: charcoal and firewood production,
cooking devices,
RE: productivity and use of existing bio-
energy resources (esp. biomass), pro-
grammes of forest regeneration and
afforestation.

Annex
Annex 3
Energy Efficiency Activity Profiles

Annex
EE Project Contributor Category Description
Outreach Pro- Ghana Energy Founda- Promotion Energy Festivals and Community Energy Durbars on energy and fuel
grammes tion (EF) conservation, distribution of brochures, flyers, partner programme
with Traditional Authorities
National CFL Ghana Energy Founda- Promotion Free distribution of 6 million CFLs to the public, importation by GoG,
Exchange Project tion public education campaign on the programme, exchange of one for
one of the CFL with installed incandescent lamps, accounting and
destruction of retrieved incandescent lamps, replacement of fluores-
cent lamps at security agencies with energy efficient T5 fluorescent
lamps
Public Education Ghana Energy Founda- Promotion Calculate Electricity Bill online, Distribution of 100,000 copies of
tion Fuel Wise Brochure in 2004 and publication in national papers,
radio interviews on local FM stations, 3-month Lets talk Energy
programme sponsored by the Ghana Oil Company (GOIL) on Unique
FM
Saving Energy EF in collaboration Promotion Training students in identifying and implementing energy conservation
Study with University of measures in selected households , households were educated on
Winneba and Interna- housekeeping measures over a period of eight months, CFLs were
tional Institute for introduced, average reduction of energy consumption of 26.4%
sustainable Energy
(Canada)
Sustainable EF in collaboration Promotion Training Programme for 200 managers from public service, industry
Energy Manage- with Future Energy and commerce, objective: enable participants to make informed
ment Training Solutions UK and decisions on EE investments
British High Commis- 5 modules: Energy Management Options, Energy Management Solu-
sion in Ghana tions for Buildings, Energy Management Solutions for Industry,
Business Case for Energy Projects, Renewable Energy
Energy Manage- Ghana Energy Founda- Promotion Launch of Energy Management Clubs at Kumasi Polytechnic, KNUST,
ment Clubs in tion (EF) and second cycle institutions, sensitize students on energy conserva-
Educational tion through for a with the aim of behavioural change
Institutions
Policy Advocacy Ghana Energy Founda- Regulation Standards and Labelling for common household appliances, 1998
tion and Ghana 2005, scope: air conditioners and CFL to meet minimum energy
Standards Board with efficiency ratio (EER), efficiency labels, stakeholder workshop for
financial assistance major appliance importers in Oct. 2004, public education campaign
from UNDESA on standards programme financed by British High Commission and
Ministry of Energy
EE in Public Sponsors: Government Promotion Retrofit 21 government buildings with EE electrical devices and
Buildings of Ghana with Royal equipment (1998 1999)
Netherlands govern- MoU under the Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) of the UNFCCC,
ment, implementer: energy audits led by NIFES Consulting Group of the UK; supply,
Ghana Energy Founda- installation, commissioning of approved EE electrical equipment,
tion lighting fittings and control devices, educational campaign of minis-
tries staff, power factor improvement,
e.g.: Ministry of Mines & Energy saved 14% of total energy consump-
tion
Energy Manage- Sponsor: GoG, Imple- Promotion Demonstration of energy conservation projects, installation of Capaci-
ment at Tertiary menter: Ghana Energy tor Banks on the power systems of University of Ghana, KNUST,
Institutions Foundation, University College of Cape Coast, University of Education (Winneba),
Executor: AB Manage- and GIMPA in 2006, Average saving: 250 million Cedis per month in
ment & Agency Ltd electricity bills (27.2 USD as of March 2006), Project cost: Cedi 1.9
billion
Energy Audit at Ghana Energy Founda- Regulatory Energy saving opportunities: replacement of air conditioning system,
Volta Hotel, tion conversion of electric to SHS, installation of capacitor banks for
Akosombo power factor correction, replacement of electric cooking range with
gas-fired units
EE Project Contributor Category Description
LPG Distribution AREED Promotion AREED supports local enterprise in setting up rural LPG distribution
for cooking centres by finalizing business plan, designing financing mechanism,
providing working capital, identifying local sources of capital and
providing guarantee to establish a credit line with local bank
ESCOs Promotion Development of Energy Service Companies (ESCos)
Green Coal Improved techniques for charcoal production

Project
LPG USAID Regulatory TA for the development of rules and regulations for the operation of
the secondary gas market
LPG Substitution UNDP, Government of Promotion Promote new cooking stoves and LPG, replace 80-90% of beneficiar-
Project Ghana, NewEnergy ies use of fuelwood with LP Gas, investment in locally-produced
cookers, TA, maintenance support
Beneficiaries: Rural population, local LP Gas Users Association in
Savelugu district
2004
Energy Efficiency Department for Promotion Assessing energy utilization in the timber industry to identify appro-
in Sawmills International Develop- priate technologies and processes for EE;
Project ment (DFID) Beneficiaries: Entrepreneurs in the timber industry, policy makers,
utilities; 1999 2001

Annex
Annex 4
Donor Projects

Annex
UNDP
Project Title Duration Costs Funds Description Partners
(USD)
Institutional Jan 09- 650,000 Target Strengthen capacities among key institu- EPA (Mr.
support to Dec 09 resource tions; William
integrate Climate assignment Harmonize policies and practices to man- Agyemang-
Change adapta- from the age climate change and disaster risks; Bonsu),
tion and Disaster core Prepare Ghanaian delegates for interna- NADMO (Mrs.
Risk Reduction (TRAC) tional conferences on climate change. Eunice Osae)
into national
development
plans
Expanding Access Jan 09- 100,000 TRAC Develop a District Sustainable Energy New Energy
to Energy Ser- Dec 09 Utilization Plan for Northern Ghana, en- (Mr. Amadu
vices for the poor force regulations at local level for the de- Mahama)
velopment of the LPG sector
Develop knowledge and effectiveness in the
national/district energy plans and pro-
grammes
Up-scaling strategies for delivering rural
energy services
Enabling Activities Jan 06- 405,000 GEF Continuation of national communication EPA (Mr.
for Ghanas 2nd Dec 09 (1996-2000) and enabling activities phase William
National Commu- II (2000-2002); Agyemang-
nication to the Strengthen capacities for implementing the Bonsu)
UNFCCC UNFCCC;
Addresses data gaps and enhance aware-
ness
Finalization of June 09- 150,000 UNEP-UNDP Finalizing the zero draft National Climate EPA (Mr.
the National Dec 09 (Government Change Adaptation Strategy William
Climate Change of Denmark) Agyemang-
Adaptation Bonsu)
Strategy
Establishing an July 09- 475,000 Global Merge all existing management structures EPA (Mr.
Effective and June 12 Environ-ment at national level into one structure; William
Sustainable Facility Provide support to five pilot districts, in Agyemang-
Structure for (GEF) order to build national level capacity; Bonsu)
Implementing Increased efficiency will attract additional
Multilateral investors to support Ghana in meeting Rio
Environment Convention obligations.
Agreements
Climate Change July 09- 2,580,000 RBA (Gov- Promote systemic change for a more EPA (Mr.
Adaptation June 12 ernment of integrated and holistic approach to climate William
Programme Japan) change adaptation; Agyemang-
Mainstream pro-poor and gender sensitive Bonsu)
climate change adaptation into its national
and sub-national development processes;
Leverage additional adaptation funding;
Improve observation and early warning
systems
Integrating Jan 10- 1,718,182 GEF Strengthen technical capacities to manage EPA (Mr.
climate change Dec 12 climate change-resilient health risks; William
into the man- Mainstreamed risk into decision-making at Agyemang-
agement of local and national health policy levels; Bonsu)
priority health Information management and effective

Annex
Project Title Duration Costs Funds Description Partners
(USD)
risks in Ghana dissemination of climate change health risk

knowledge
Promoting EE of Jan 10- 1,722,727 GEF Reduce energy waste and transform the Energy
refrigerating Dec 12 Ghanaian market toward efficient refriger- Commission,
appliances and ating technologies; Mr. Alfred K.
transformation of Introduction and enforcement of minimum Ofosu-
the refrigerating energy performance standards and labels Ahenkorah
appliance market for refrigerating appliances
in Ghana Introduction of a rebate scheme for higher
efficient appliances and old refrigerator
turn-ins for scrapping
Partnership with the private sector (appli-
ance industry, scrap dealers)
World Bank
Project Approval Closing Date Project Cost Financier Borrower WB Contact
Date (USD)
One Child One 30 Dec 2008 29 April 2010 240,000 Grant Trust Funds Solux E.V. Dana Rysank-
Solar Light ova
Solar PV Systems 10 Oct 2008 31 Dec 2012 4.35 million Global Partner- Government of Richard H.
to Increase Access Grant ship On Ghana Hosier
to Electricity Output-Based
Services in Ghana Aid
Ghana Rural 26 Jul 2007 30 Nov 2012 5.5 million Global Envi- Government of Sunil W.
Energy Access47 Grant ronment Ghana Mathrani
Facility (GEF)
Ghana: Energy 26 Jul 2007 30 Nov 2012 210.55 million Consortium Government of Sunil W.
Development and of which 90 Ghana Mathrani
Access Project million IDA
loan
Source: World Bank.
47 Including Contract on Preparation of RE Policy and Regulatory Framework and RE Laws for Ghana, signed 2 Oct. 2008 with PWC Gh Ltd.
Annex
Annex 5
GEDAP*
* The Ghana Energy Development and Access Project (July 2007 November 2012).

Annex
1 Sector and Institutional Development (USD 14 million)
PURC: to improve the financial performance of the power sector, including an effective electricity tariff regime, and development of a
tariff scheme and standardized power purchase agreements for RE
MoE: to develop a competitive framework for attracting Independent Power Producers
ECG and VRA: to establish a performance contract between the companies and the Government
ECG: to design, implement, and monitor the new Renewable Energy Law, including financial incentives, and conducting RE resource
assessments and promote biomass fuels
EPA, MoE, and VRMNED: ensure transition from consultant-provided capacity to in-house permanent capacity
The Interim Access Secretariat / REA: to plan and implement a program for increasing access to electricity
2 Electricity Distribution Improvement (USD 94.4 million) financed by IDA, AfDB, ACGF and ECG
Investments in infrastructure to upgrade the ECGs distribution system, thus reducing system interruptions and outage times as well as
lowering technical and commercial losses
Construction of eight new 33/11 kV substations along the feeders, construction and strengthening of bulk supply points, upgrading of
existing substations, construction of 11 kV connection lines, and partly reconfiguration of Low-Voltage Distribution System into a High-
Voltage Distribution System (HVDS) in peri-urban areas of Accra which might later be replicated by ECG
Improve revenue cycle management with better metering and testing, establish 15 customer service and call centres, replace faulty
meters, install pre-payment meters in the Western, Central and Volta regions, and extend the SCADA and information technology (IT)
systems for rural networks and for the Takoradi and 11 Kumasi areas
3 Electricity Access and RE (USD 102.3 million)
Set up a new institutional, regulatory, and financing framework for access expansion, including the establishment of a Rural Electrifica-
tion Agency (REA) which will manage the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) to finance future access expansion.
Existing utility companies, cooperatives, and private sector will be the service providers
Off-grid solutions: provide financing for investments, technical assistance and training for ECG and NED distribution networks (75,700
connections), extend these networks where economically viable (58,600 connections), develop new, isolated mini-grids serving towns and
clusters of consumers far from existing networks (20,000 connections), and supply solar PV lanterns and systems for lighting in remote
rural areas (10,000 households)
Introduce new financing mechanisms: (1) to encourage the development of small, private energy businesses and (2) a financing mecha-
nism that combines long-term consumer credits with a capital subsidy for low-income consumers following a dealer sales/consumer
credit model, which will consist of a tripartite agreement for the installation and maintenance of Solar-PV systems involving dealers, the
consumers, and the ARB Apex Bank, which functions as a mini Central Bank for the rural and community banks, a grant from GPOBA
will provide partial subsidies to the poorest consumers to make SHS more affordable
Total Project Costs: USD 210.55 million financed by the Government of Ghana (USD 21.8 million), IDA (USD 90 million, 40 years matur-
ity, 10 years period), Global Environment Facility (USD 5.50 million), Africa Catalytic Growth Fund (USD 50 million), AfDB (USD 18.25
million), Global Partnership on Output-based Aid (USD 6.25 million), Local Financial Intermediaries (USD 7.75 million), Swiss Agency for
Development & Cooperation (USD 11 million).
IDA disbursements: USD 1.56 million (2008), USD 6.68 million (2009), USD 16.73 million (2010), USD 32.55 million (2011), USD 22.79
million (2012), USD 9.69 million (USD)
Source: World Bank (2007), Project Appraisal Document GEDAP.

Annex
Source: World Bank (2007), Project Appraisal Document GEDAP, p. 131.

Annex
Annex 6
Ghana Policy Scenarios: RE Quota / Public Benefit Fund / CDM

Annex
Electricity Generating Capacity by RE Technology under Different Scenarios: Renewable Energy
Quota (REQ) / Public Benefit Fund (PBF) / CDM Scenario*
Total Investments Required for Electricity Generating Capacity (2005 2030)*
* Source: UN-ENERGY Demonstration Study (2006), Assessing Policy Options for Increasing the Use of Renewable Energy for Sustainable Develop-
ment. Modelling Energy Scenarios for Ghana.

Annex
Average Cost of Electricity Generation*
Impact of Levy Rate on RE Electricity Generation in PBF Scenario*
* Source: UN-ENERGY Demonstration Study (2006), Assessing Policy Options for Increasing the Use of Renewable Energy for Sustainable Develop-
ment. Modelling Energy Scenarios for Ghana.

Annex
Techno-economic Data for Existing and Future Power Plants
Source: UN-ENERGY Demonstration Study (2006), Assessing Policy Options for Increasing the Use of Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development.
Modelling Energy Scenarios for Ghana.

Annex

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United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)

Frankfurt School of Finance & Management

Ecobank Transnational Incorporated (ETI)

African Green Business

2 Market Size and Composition of the Green Business Sector .......................................................................................... 17

3 Financing Green Businesses in Ghana .............................................................................................................................. 27

4 Conclusions: Capacity Building and Financial Mechanism ............................................................................................... 36

Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page i

Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page ii

1.1 Country background

1.1.1 Macroeconomic Environment

1.1.2 Financial Sector

1.1.3 Business Environment

1 IMF Article IV Report, 2009.

1.2 Energy Sector Overview

1.2.1 Primary Energy Supply Balance

Source: Energy Commission, 2009.

1.2.2 Final Energy Consumption Balance

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000

Source: MoE/EC, 2009

Figure 3: Composition of Fuels in Final Energy Consumption (2008)

Source: Energy Commission, 2009.

Table 1: Installed Electricity Generation Capacity and Electricity Generation (2008)

4 ESMAP, 2006; Energy Commission, 2006/2009

Akosombo Hydropower Plant 1,020 MW 50.7% 5,254 GWh 63.1%

Kpong Hydropower Plant 160 MW 8% 941 GWh 11.3%

Takoradi Power Company

Takoradi International Power

Tema Mines Diesel Reserve

Tema Emergency Diesel Reserve

Tema Diesel Reserve Plant 25 MW 1.2% 85 GWh 1.0%

Tema Diesel Plant 30 MW 1.5% 0 GWh 0.0%

Kumasi Diesel Reserve Plant 20 MW 1.0% 16 GWh 0.2%

Total 2,011 MW 100% 8,323 GWh 100.0%

Source: Ghana Energy Commission, 2009.

6 MoE, 2010, http://www.energymin.gov.gh/download/address.pdf.

1.3 Potential for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

1.3.1 Renewable Energy Sector

of wind farms is between 6 7 m/s.

1.3.2 Energy Efficiency Sector

1.4 Institutional Framework

10 Energy Commission, 2009

Project Name Objective Measures

Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page 9

1.4.3 Laws and Codes

11 Exchange rate as of Feb 14, 2010.

Electricity from Public Utilities*

Price (USD/kWh) 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.60 0.15 0.20

Source: Energy Commission, 2009, *no changes since 2007.

Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page 12

1.4.4 Guidelines/Energy Policy

16 MoE, 2010, http://www.energymin.gov.gh/download/address.pdf.

Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page 15

Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page 16

2.1 Renewable Energy (Energy Production)

No. of Systems Installed Power (kW)

Source: MoE, 2003

Africa Green Business Market Assessment Ghana Page 17

Solar PV Application No. of Installations

Solar Home Systems 4,500

Vaccine Refrigeration 210

Grid-connected (50 kW) 1

Battery charging stations 20

Source: Obeng/Evers, 2009