Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A; Tittle
Blended learning and its correlation with learners computer self-efficacy in
English learning
B; Background
The development of ICT in nowadays is growing rapidly in all sector of human
life. It has brought significant changes in the speed and innovation of education in
various countries. In fact there is a very large ICT pressure on the education system
globally because: First, evolving technologies provide a tremendous opportunity to
develop management education and learning process in schools, second specific
student learning outcomes that can be identified by the use of new technologies, and
the third ICT has large potential to transform all aspects of education in the schools
and use it to achieve learning goals.
In education, ICT utilization is becoming a must, because like it or not current
flows of ICT has influenced every aspect of life. Therefore we need a paradigm shift
in education to achieve effectiveness and efficiency of the optimal education. ICT has
the potential for very large and function in improving the quality of education, it is
necessary for a cultural movement the use of ICT for education. The important role of
integration of ICT in the learning process is to build the skills of the 21st century
society, namely 1) ICT and media literacy skills. (2) critical thinking skills, (3)
problem solving skills, (4) effective communication skills; and (5) collaborative
skills.
Another trend is very clear in the application of ICT in education of the
availability and widespread use of the internet (Baer, 1998; Goffe & sosin, 2005;
Hiemstra & Poley, 2007; Oliver, 2005; Vogel & Klasssen, 2001) more than 90% of
students have access to the Internet in colleges and universities (Tutty & Klein,
2006), and nearly 79% of students agreed the use of the Internet has increased their
college academic experience (Pew Internet & American Life, 2002). While Yu, et al.
(2008) stated that internet-based learning (e-learning) has become an important part
in computer-mediated learning
Since English become a must course in all education level of Indonesia, students
have to learn English language even though they dont like or they arent interested to
learn it. This is the main problem for the most of English teacher. The teachers is
pushed to find the fun and attractive learning that is the most crucial issues in English
learning. Especially in teaching foreign language, like English, by using and
optimizing blended learning the issues can be solved by the teacher and can be the
best solution for learner in learning English Blended learning is the latest method that
provides the ease of learning that combines different ways of delivery, models of
teaching and learning styles, introducing a wide selection of media dialogue between
the facilitator and the person who received the teaching. If more specific, it can be
said that blended learning is a teaching method that combines face to face
(conventional learning) with online learning and offline learning.
According to So & Bonk (2010: 200), Blended learning is a key part of the
teaching and learning process at the moment and will be so in times to come.
International collaboration and exchange without a doubt will be fused with blended
learning. As the research results of So & Bonk (2010) has revealed that the learners
who understand blended learning can add to the level and impact of their
collaborative learning in the classroom.
Form of blended learning models, combines personal interaction in the classroom
meeting directly with the flexibility of online education that has a high learning. The
learning process can be improved by means of linking the learning materials are
available online at any moment when learners need to access it (Bender, 2006: 114).
Providing online learning package via the Internet or the blended e -learning is one
of the efforts of learners, although without any teacher. Miarso (2004: 553-554) states
that the learner can perform learning activities without having a teacher, but the
learners in a learning activity must exist learning activities. In addition, through e-
learning, learners can acquire new knowledge through their own experience, in which
they are required to be able to learn independently and be responsible for their
learning. Through these experiences, the changes in self- learners can last longer.
Accordingly , Pidarta ( 2000; 1970 suggests that learning is a relatively permanent
change in behavior as a result of experience ( not the result of the development , the
influence of drugs or accident ) and could carry other knowledge and be able to
demand a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior , because experience
( Mayer , in Seels & Richey , 2000; 13).
The change of learning style, of course, will affect the learning outcomes.
According to Reigeluth (1983), the results of a learning is all the effects that can be
used as a value indicator of the use of learning strategies under different conditions.
Meanwhile, Slavin (1997) says, learner's outcomes are influenced by the applied
learning strategies and influenced by the characteristics of learners. The same thing
also expressed by Dick & Carey (2001) that the learner achieved the learning
outcomes are influenced by: 1 ) a method or strategy implemented , 2 ) learning
conditions are established , 3 ) the interaction between methods and learning
conditions . Learning strategies are specifications for selecting and studying events
and activities in learning. Events and activities may include a variety of activities ,
such as the introduction ( apperception , motivation ) , the presentation of the material
, giving examples , assignments , training , providing feedback , and so on . So the
availability of the learning package e-learning plays a role in the success of the
learning process of learners.
One thing that also influences the behavior of individual learners in e-learning is
the Computer Self-Efficacy (CSE). CSE concept is regarded as one of the variables
that are important for the study of individual behavior in the field of information
technology (Agarwal et al. 2000). CSE is defined by Compeau and Higgins (1995) as
a judgment of one's computer capabilities and expertise to perform the tasks
associated with telmologi information. According to Compeau and Higgins study of
these CSE important in order to determine an individual's behavior and performance
in the use of information technology.
The study of human behavior and competence in using information technology has
been widely performed and generally refers to the social cognitive theory proposed
by Albert Bandura. Bandura (1986), proposed the concept of self-efficacy to explain
an individual's belief in his ability to do something. Compeau and Higgins (1995),
adopted the concept of Bandura's self-efficacy and competence to explain human
behavior in using the computer. Compeau and Higgins concept is known as the
Computer Self Efficacy (CSE). Further study related to CSE someone has done a lot
and generally refers to the CSE dimensions, namely: knowledge, skills, attitudes, and
abilities.
C. Problem Statement
Based on the background mentioned above, the researcher is interested in
formulating problem that will be explored in this research as follows:
1. Is blended learning can be applied and effective in English teaching and
learning?
2. Is there any appropriate way in applying blended learning for English
teaching and learning?
3. Is there any correlation between blended learning and computer self-
efficacy to the English teaching and learning achievement?
Currently, the term blended became popular, the more combinations are
referred to as blended learning. Others name the term blended with a "hybrid," and
"mixed-mode". In research methodology, used the term "mixed-methods" to indicate
a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. Another called in learning
with eclectic approach, which combines a variety of approaches to learning.
However, the definition of blended learning is learning delivery strategy that
combines face-to-face learning using activities, computer-based learning (offline),
and the computer is online (internet and mobile learning).
Face to Face
Blended Learning
Offline Online
Figure 1. blended learning illustration
interaction
student-content/material
interaction
student- supporting
interaction
student-environtment
figure 2. interaction in blended learning
The basic concept of self-efficacy was first put forward by Bandura's social
learning theory in the background. This concept was proposed by Bandura in relation
to the discussion of one's belief in the ability of his own (Lenox and Subichm 1994:
302).
The definition of self-efficacy according to Bandura (1986) in Campeau and
Higgins (1995) are: "People's Judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute
courses of action required to ATTAIN designated types of performances. It is
concerned not with the skills one has but with. Judgements of what one can do with
whatever skills one possesses." The definition indicates that, the key characteristics of
the construct of self-efficacy, namely: skill component and abilities in terms of
organizing and carrying out an action.
Elliot, et.al. (2000: 352) stated self-efficacy is: Individuals beliefs in their
abilitiest to exert control their lives, feelings of competency. Hjelle dan Zieggler
(1992: 34) defined self-efficacy as An individual belief that he or she can execute
the behavior required to produce certain response outcome.
Another definition stated by Schunck (1983: 848) that is: Self efficacy is
concerned with judgment abaut how well one can organize and execute course of
action required in situation that may contain ambiguous, unpredictable and stressful
elements.
In the research field of information systems, many researchers (Compeau and
Higgins, 1995; Stone et al. 1996; Wijaya 2003) who have tested the self-efficacy
variables were associated with a variety of computer behavior.
In the context of computers, CSE (computer self-efficacy) describe the
individual's perception of his ability to use computers to accomplish tasks such as
using software packages for data analysis, writing letters using mail merge with a
word processor that is more than simple skills such as formatting a floppy or restart
the computer.
According to Compeau and Higgins (1995) CSE (computer self-efficacy) is
defined as a judgment of one's capability to use a computer / information systems /
information technology. Based on social cognitive theory developed by Bandura
(1986), self-efficacy can be defined as the belief that one has the ability to perform a
particular behavior. Bandura states that a person's perceived self-efficacy plays an
important role in influencing motivation and behavior (Igbaria and Livari, 1995).
This is not a judgment on a person's past in using the computer, but it involves a
judgment that will be made in the future. Research results Campeau and Biggins
(1995) showed, that there are three factors that can affect the CSE, namely: (1) the
encouragement of the other party (2) the other party as a user (3) support.
H. Conceptual Framework
Teaching and
Learning
Achievement
Hypothesis
There were two hypotheses that were applied in this research. They were Null
Hypothesis (H0), meant that was not effective in English teaching and learning.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1) meant that the use of English Deluxe 10 was effective in
English teaching and learning.
Research design
In this research the researcher applied quasi-experimental method, with non-
equivalent control group design (Gay et al, 2006). It involved two groups, one
experimental group with treatment of blended learning and control group with
conventional way. Both groups was given pretest and posttest. The pretest was given
to find out the prior knowledge of students while posttest was used to find out the
effectiveness of blended learning . Gay stated that the control group is needed for
comparison purpose to prove if the new treatment is more effective than other (Gay et
al, 2006:254).
Pretest was administered prior to treatment to assess their cuurent state. And
posttest was administered to measure treatment effects. The aim of this test was to
find out the effectiveness of blended learning.
The design would take the following form:
EG O1 X1 O2
CG O1 X2 O2
Table 2. Research design (adapted from Gay et al, 2006:258).
Where:
EG = Experimental group
CG = Control group
O1 = Pretest
O2 = Posttest
X1 = the treatment by using blended learning
X2 = the treatment by using conventional learning
Research variable
This research uses two variables. They are independent variable and
dependent variable. The two variables were defined as follows: Independent variable
of this research was the implementation of blended learning. It is applied in the
procedure of blended learning. Dependent variables were Students English
achievement and computer self-efficacy.
Operational definition of variable
a. blended learning is a learning process that combines face-to-face and without face
to face (delivery of content over the Internet). In face-to-face learning without the
newsgroup done simultaneously with the same time (realtime) communication
used is synchronous communication. In face-to-face learners and learners more to
discuss about the material and the problems encountered during the learning via
the internet or online learning. Syntax learning include, (1) independent study /
introduction, (2) independent study and search for information / presentation of the
material, (3) do the exercise, (4) inference, (5) independent practice, and (6) the
cover. Student-centered learning activities.
b. Conventional learning model is the traditional learning process where there is face-
to-face in the classroom by using the method of lecture, discussion, question and
answer, and giving assignments intact for one semester. Syntax learning include;
(1) introduction, (2) the presentation of the material, (3) guided practice, (4)
inference, (5) feedback, and (6) closing. Learning activities centered on the
lecturer.
c. Computer Self-Efficacy (CSE) is the consumer confidence to its ability to use a
computer. Computer Self-Efficacy measurements using instruments developed
from the questionnaire, called the Computer User Self-Efficacy (Cuse) Scale, in
the form of self-report scale (self-reported scale), which is composed by Cassidy
and Eachus.
d. Result is the level of students mastery learning from the learned aterial in the form
of the ability of knowledge, understanding, analysis and evaluation are measured
by using description test.
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