Content

1. Dimensiong of CTs
2. Error definitions
3. General design aspects
4. Linear cores

Certified acc. to ISO 9001/14001,

SN EN 45001
 Dimensioning of CTs
norm and frequency
highest system voltage and test-voltage
rated primary current
continuous thermal current
rated short-time thermal current while 1 or 3 s
rated secondary current, class and burden of each winding
dimensions: outer- = maximum & inner- = minimum
NP x IP = NS x IS
possible
NS = ( IP x NP) / IS minimum distances to neighbouring phases (for high In)
amount of CTs
for TPY cores:
Example :
Standard: IEC60044-1
Voltage level: 0.72 / 3 kV
Frequency: 50Hz
Ambient temeratures: -5-50
rated current: 20000A / 1A
Icth: 120%
Ith: 100* In / 1s
Idyn: 2.5* Ith
Class: 0.2S FS5
Outer of busbar: 550mm
Inner of enclosur: 1150mm
Phase distance: > 1100mm
 Dimensioning of CTs

instrument security factor FS

FS5 or FS10 means:
At 5*IN (10*IN) the error must be > 10%
Ipn Ips
Remark: FS needs to be fulfilled at rated burden only
Ips Bs
FS (ALF) = ~
Ipn Bn

Protection class P
5P20 or 5P40 means:
Figure shows that the At 20*IN (40*IN) the error must be < 5%
error decreases when the
current increases. This
goes on until the current
In addition: at 1*IN fi<1%, i= +/- 60min.
and the flux have reached
a value (point 3) where
the core starts to
saturate. A further
increase of current will
result in a rapid increase
of the error. At a certain
current Ips (4) the error
reaches a limit stated in
the current transformer
standards.
 Error definitions IEC 60044-1

Limitations:
- between 25% 100% of the rated burden
- valid for the highest ratio only
- valid for extended ranges (e.g. ext. 200%)

RCt : Winding resistance

XH : Main inductivity
RFe : internal losses
ZB : burden
IP : primary current
IS : secondary current
Ie : magnetisation current

B : core induction
AFe : iron surface
Ns : windings
F : frequency
 Error definitions

Saturation of current transformers

Rating-errorr [%]:
IS * ratio / IP
Is Ip

Phaseangle-error [min] : d
Phaseshift d of IS -> IP
60 Min = 1, 360= 1 period Is

CT is not saturated: CT in saturation:

Is = Ip / ratio Is Ip / ratio
Design aspects
Specification
burden
E.g.: 10 VA --> 30VA
Primary current P, C, X class
E.g.: 10000A --> 20000A
Is
Primary current M class
E.g: 1000A --> 2000A
d
Measurement class
E.g: Kl 0.5 --> Kl 1
Knee point voltage
E.g: Vk 100V --> Vk 200V
Secondary current
E.g: /5A --> /1A
resulting changes
1x (proportional)
3 x more weight of core
1/x
50% weight of core
1/x ... 1/ x2 (small Ip)
50% ... 25% core-weight
1/x
50% weight of core
x
200% weight of core
1
unchanged core weight
 Design aspects

Burden

Protection class = f(burden)

Definition: 5P20 means: 5% error at 20 x Ip
E.g.: 5P20, 20VA nominal burden, 10VA internal losses
RCt : Winding resistance under-burdening with 1 VA --> 5P54
XH : Main inductivity Is
RFe : internal losses
ZB : burden FS = f(burden)
IP
IS
: primary current
: secondary current
d
Definition: FS5 means: at 5 x Ip the error must be > 10%
Ie : magnetisation current E.g.: Kl 1, FS 5, 20VA nominal burden, 10VA internal losses
B : core induction under-burdening with 1 VA --> FS 13,6
AFe : iron surface
Ns : windings Accuracy = f(burden)
F : frequency
wrong burden will result in a accuracy errors
 Linear cores
C-O-C-O cycle

Typical for linear cores is the their heavily oversize

compared to a conventional protection core. The rated
transient dimensioning factor Ktd is therefore a main
criteria for the dimensioning of TPY-cores:
TpTs Tp
t 'al t 'al

Ktd
Tp Ts
e e Ts


1 A typical value of Ktd is 1025
L
Ts
Rct Rb
Is Beside of knowing the real short-circuit currents, its
mandatory to know the transient values as Tp, t, tal
(tfr, t, tal). The values t, t,t tfr and the primary constant
During the last decades
the demands on current Tp are given from ddistribution-net configuration and the
transformers for
protection has increased protection relays'.
rapidly. Overcurrents in
power networks and also
time constants for the Some over dimensioning can be achieved with the
short-circuit d.c.
component are increasing.
secondary time constant Ts. Ts is very much dependent
Very short breaker tripping
times are stipulated and
from the burden.
achieved by fast operating Remark: wiring between burden and CT to be considered!
protective relay systems.
The relays must perform
measurements at a time
when the transient (d.c.
component) has not yet
died down
 Linear cores Classes TPS / TPX

Ual K sscKtd Rb Rct I n
CTs in this classes are build of cores without air gap (low
magnetic stray field). Characteristic for this cores is the
enormous size and weight. The dimensions are forced
because of big Fe-cross sections needed to compensate the
DC-component of the short circuit current.

Is The knee-point voltage Ual is calculated according:
Ual K sscKtd Rb Rct I n
Therefore its important to have
.. A normal protective
d
all parameters correctly given
core in a current
transformer will saturate from the customers.
very rapidly due to high
currents and remanent Ual is shown on nominal plate
flux. After saturation
occurs, the current
transformer output will be
distorted and the
TPS and especially TPX cores
performance of the relay are very seldom required.
protection system will be
affected. For protection
relays intended to operate
during a fault the core
output under transient
conditions is of
importance.