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Engineering Models I Teaching Assistant

Honors Experience Artifact


Alli Thul and Erik Klose

Part A

The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics to


determine a flow pattern. Laminar flow, consisting of smooth and constant fluid
motion, occurs at Re < 2100, while turbulent flow, a chaotic and unstable fluid
motion, occurs at Re >= 2100. The Hagen-Poiseuille law on blood circulation in the
human body is dependent on there being only laminar flow throughout the entire
system. Even fluids introduced via injection must be introduced with laminar flow in
order to prevent major circulatory issues.

2 vr g
Using the equation Re= , where = fluid density (measured in v
mL ),
cm
= fluid velocity (measured in r cm ), and
s ), = vessel radius (measured in

g
= fluid viscosity (measured in cm s ), one can calculate the unitless Reynolds
number of a particular flow, therefore determining its flow pattern.

Assume you are given a syringe filled with a life-saving drug that you must inject
into a patient in critical condition. However, there is no needle attached to this
syringe, and you must select one from the supply closet. You already know that
selecting a needle that creates a turbulent flow of the drug would destabilize the
patient, so you need to have laminar flow. The other constraint is that using a
needle to large could lead to discomfort for the patient or increase the chances of
infection.

1. What does the Reynolds number need to be to predict laminar flow?


The Reynolds number needs to be less than 2100.

2. Given that the needle is filled with 7 mL of the drug and you want to deliver it
over a span of 5 seconds, what is the volumetric flow rate of the fluid?
mL
The volumetric flow rate of the fluid is 1.4
s

3. The drug has a density of 2.9 g/mL and has a blood-like viscosity of 0.001
g/cm-s. Fill in the table below, using MATLAB for your calculations, and
determine which needles would produce laminar flows and which needles
would produce turbulent flows.
NOTE: Keep in mind that you calculated volumetric flow rate in Question #2,
so you will have to use that value to calculate the fluid velocity using
Q
v= v r Q
r , where = fluid velocity, = needle radius, and =
2

volumetric flow rate (from #2)


Needle Volumetric Fluid Reynolds Laminar or
radius ( flow rate velocity (v) number Turbulent?
cm ) mL cm (Re)
(Q) ( s ) ( s )

0.10 1.4 44.56 5169 Turbulent


0.15 1.4 19.81 3446 Turbulent
0.20 1.4 11.14 2585 Turbulent
0.25 1.4 7.13 2067 Laminar
0.30 1.4 4.95 1723 Laminar
0.35 1.4 3.64 1477 Laminar
0.40 1.4 2.79 1292 Laminar

4. Since the smallest needle would have the smallest chance of the patient
becoming infected, which needle should you choose in order to have both a
laminar flow and the smallest needle?
The needle with the radius of 0.25 cm.

5. What is the largest needle you could use while still having laminar flow?
Any needle above 0.25 cm can be used.

6. Create a vector for the needle radii, from 0.01 cm to 1 cm, and plot the
calculated Reynolds number against the needle radius. Add in a line for the
divide between laminar and turbulent flow. Be sure to title your plot and label
the axes. Paste the plot below.
Paste your script file below.

%Honors TA Lab
%Alli Thul and Erik Klose

clear;
close all;
clc;
commandwindow;

%Constants
Q = 1.4; %mL/s, volumetric flow rate of the drug
rho = 2.9; %g/mL, density of the drug
mu = 0.005; %g/cm*s, viscosity of the drug
r = input('What is the needle radius, in cm? '); %cm, needle radius

%Calculations
v = Q/(pi*(r^2)); %cm/s
Re = (2*rho*v*r)/mu; %unitless
fprintf('For r = %0.2f cm, v = %0.2f cm/s and Re = %0.0f\n',r,v,Re);

%Plots and whatnot


Q = 1.4; %mL/s, volumetric flow rate of the drug
rho = 2.9; %g/mL, density of the drug
mu = 0.005; %g/cm*s, viscosity of the drug
r = 0.01:0.01:1; %cm, vector of needle radii
v = Q./(pi*(r.^2)); %cm/s
Re = ((2*rho).*v.*r)/mu; %unitless
Re0 = ones(1,length(Re)); %establishing the Re = 2100 line
Re0 = Re0*2100; %establishing the Re = 2100 line
plot(r,Re,'g-',r,Re0,'k-');
ylim([0 7500]);
grid;
title('Needle Radius and Resulting Reynolds Number');
xlabel('Needle Radius, cm');
ylabel('Reynolds Number');
Part B

Airports, or rather runways, around the world are designed to several specifications.
One primary design constraint includes designing to the types of aircraft landing on
them. With this, the altitude of many of these airports becomes a design factor to
calculate runway length depending on the range of aircraft flying in.

To view the effects that an airports altitude has on its runway length, lets look at
some of the takeoff distances as they are affected by altitude.

Lets take the Boeing 737-500, which is no longer in production, and look at the
aircraft specifications:

Wing Span ( S ) 28.88 ft

Area ( A ) 105.4 ft^2

Maximum Take-off Weight ( W ) 138211 lb

Static Thrust ( ST ) 18500 lb

CL max
2.06

Aspect Ratio ( AR ) 9.16

Subsonic Cd0 Range ( C D


0.014-0.02
0 )

Subsonic Oswalds Efficiency Range ( e ) 0.75-0.85

To calculate the take-off distance, the take-off velocity and aircraft acceleration
must be calculated.

Per Federal Aviation Regulations Part 25, an aircrafts take-off velocity must be 10%
larger than the stall velocity, thus takeoff velocity is calculated with the equation:

V =1.1V Stall

Stall velocity is calculated with:

V Stall=
2W
A C L
max
The density, rho ( ), is dependent on the altitude and can be calculated with
three equations:

T =590.00356 h
5.256
T +459.7
p=2116 ( 518.6 )
p
=
1718 ( T + 459.7 )

Where h = altitude (feet), T = temperature (degrees Fahrenheit), p

= air pressure (pounds per square foot), and = air density (slugs per
cubic foot)

Note that air density is measured in slugs per cubic foot, not pounds per
cubic foot. A slug is the Imperial systems measure for mass, the equivalent
of the SI kilogram (kg). A pound, properly called pound-force (lbf), is the
equivalent of the SI Newton (N). There is no direct conversion from slugs to
pounds-force, so find the conversion from slugs to pounds-mass (lbm), then
convert pounds-mass to pounds-force.

1slug =32.1740 lbm


lbm ft
1 lbf=1
s2

The aircrafts drag is calculated with the following equation:

1 2
D= C D ( 0.7 V ) A
2

Where the coefficient of drag ( C D ) is calculated with:

C D =C D +K C L2
0

The coefficient of drag is dependent on many other factors and calculations,


but for simplicity, use the mean of the ranges given above in the table for
CL 0 and CL max as C L . Solve for K using the ranges for e and the
following equation:
1
K=
e ( AR )

Now that all of these are solved for, the aircraft acceleration can be solved using the
equation:

g
a=( ( ST )D )
W

ft
Normally, g=32.174
s2 , but we have to adjust for the change in altitude.
Use the equation below to make this adjustment.

2
r
g=32.174 ( )
r +h

Use r=20903520 ft and h as the altitude of the runway, also in feet, to


finish this calculation.

And, finally, the ground roll distance can be calculated:

2
V
Sg =
2a
1. Given the following airports, their altitudes, and the runway lengths,
determine what the Boeing 737-500s minimum take-off distance is and if it
will be able to achieve flight from that runway.

Airport Altitude (ft) Runway Minimum Take-off


(Runway) length (ft) Take-off Possible?
Distance (ft)
CVG (18R/36L) 896 8000 4234 Yes
LUK (07/25) 483 5128 4183 Yes
MDW 320 3859 4163 No
(13R/31L)
MDW 320 6522 4163 Yes
(13C/31C)
DEN (16L/34R) 5430 12000 4850 Yes
APA (10/28) 5885 4800 4918 No
APC (18R/36L) 35 5930 4128 Yes
TEX 9070 7111 5426 Yes
BOS (09/27) 12 7001 4125 Yes
BOS (15L/33R) 12 2557 4125 No
LWM (05/23) 148 5000 4142 Yes
VAN 5480 9022 4857 Yes
VKO (01/19) 686 10039 4208 Yes
MKW 15 6562 4126 Yes
LUA 9334 1729 5471 No
UIO 7874 13451 5228 Yes
APC (18R/36L) 35 5930 4128 Yes
KBL 5877 11520 4916 Yes
LYR 94 8146 4135 Yes

2. Thought question: What other factors, not yet mentioned in this assignment,
could influence the distance an aircraft needs to take off? List at least five.
Wing shape
Airfoil shape
Aircraft weight
Engine power
Wind direction
Wind speed
Fuselage shape
Runway conditions
Temperature
Weather conditions

Paste your script below.


%Honors TA Lab
%Alli Thul and Erik Klose

clear;
close all;
clc;
commandwindow;

%constants from the Boeing 737-500


S = 28.88; %ft, Wing Span
A = 105.4; %sq ft, Wing Area
MTOW = 138211; %lb, Maximum Take-Off Weight
ST = 18500; %lb, Static Thrust
CLmax = 2.06; %CL Max?
AR = 9.16; %Aspect Ratio
CD0 = mean([0.014 0.02]); %Subsonic Cd0 Range, using the average
eff = mean([0.75 0.85]); %e, Subsonic Oswald's Efficiency Range, using the
average

%other constants
g0 = 32.1740; %ft/sec/sec, acceleration due to gravity at sea level
r0 = 3959; %mi, average radius of the earth

%conversions
r0 = r0*5280; %ft, radius of the earth at the equator
%inputs
h = input('Altitude of the runway, ft: ');
L = input('Length of the runway, ft: ');

%calculations
T = 59 - 0.00356*h; %calculating temperature in degF at the runway's altitude
p = 2116*(((T + 459.7)/518.6)^5.256); %calculating air pressure in lb/sq ft
rho = p/(1718*(T + 459.7)); %calculating air density in slugs/cu ft
rho = 32.1740*rho; %converting air density from slugs/cu ft to lb/cu ft
Vstall = sqrt((2*MTOW)/(rho*A*CLmax)); %calculating the stall velocity in
ft/sec
Vtakeoff = 1.1*Vstall; %calculating the required take-off velocity in ft/sec
K = 1/(pi*eff*AR); %calculating the K value
CD = CD0 + K*(CLmax^2); %calculating the drag coefficient
D = CD*0.5*rho*((0.7*Vtakeoff)^2)*A; %calculating the drag of the aircraft
r = r0 + h; %radius of the earth at the runway
g = g0*((r0/r)^2); %acceleration due to gravity, adjusted for altitude
a = (ST - D)*(g/MTOW); %acceleration of the aircraft during take-off
Sg = (Vtakeoff^2)/(2*a); %required roll distance to facilitate take-off

%conditional statements
fprintf('The runway is %i ft long and your required roll distance is %0.0f
ft.\n',L,Sg);
if Sg > L
fprintf('The aircraft will not take off.\n');
elseif Sg <= L
fprintf('The aircraft will take off.\n');
end

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