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Part A
2 vr g
Using the equation Re= , where = fluid density (measured in v
mL ),
cm
= fluid velocity (measured in r cm ), and
s ), = vessel radius (measured in
g
= fluid viscosity (measured in cm s ), one can calculate the unitless Reynolds
number of a particular flow, therefore determining its flow pattern.
Assume you are given a syringe filled with a life-saving drug that you must inject
into a patient in critical condition. However, there is no needle attached to this
syringe, and you must select one from the supply closet. You already know that
selecting a needle that creates a turbulent flow of the drug would destabilize the
patient, so you need to have laminar flow. The other constraint is that using a
needle to large could lead to discomfort for the patient or increase the chances of
infection.
2. Given that the needle is filled with 7 mL of the drug and you want to deliver it
over a span of 5 seconds, what is the volumetric flow rate of the fluid?
mL
The volumetric flow rate of the fluid is 1.4
s
3. The drug has a density of 2.9 g/mL and has a blood-like viscosity of 0.001
g/cm-s. Fill in the table below, using MATLAB for your calculations, and
determine which needles would produce laminar flows and which needles
would produce turbulent flows.
NOTE: Keep in mind that you calculated volumetric flow rate in Question #2,
so you will have to use that value to calculate the fluid velocity using
Q
v= v r Q
r , where = fluid velocity, = needle radius, and =
2
4. Since the smallest needle would have the smallest chance of the patient
becoming infected, which needle should you choose in order to have both a
laminar flow and the smallest needle?
The needle with the radius of 0.25 cm.
5. What is the largest needle you could use while still having laminar flow?
Any needle above 0.25 cm can be used.
6. Create a vector for the needle radii, from 0.01 cm to 1 cm, and plot the
calculated Reynolds number against the needle radius. Add in a line for the
divide between laminar and turbulent flow. Be sure to title your plot and label
the axes. Paste the plot below.
Paste your script file below.
%Honors TA Lab
%Alli Thul and Erik Klose
clear;
close all;
clc;
commandwindow;
%Constants
Q = 1.4; %mL/s, volumetric flow rate of the drug
rho = 2.9; %g/mL, density of the drug
mu = 0.005; %g/cm*s, viscosity of the drug
r = input('What is the needle radius, in cm? '); %cm, needle radius
%Calculations
v = Q/(pi*(r^2)); %cm/s
Re = (2*rho*v*r)/mu; %unitless
fprintf('For r = %0.2f cm, v = %0.2f cm/s and Re = %0.0f\n',r,v,Re);
Airports, or rather runways, around the world are designed to several specifications.
One primary design constraint includes designing to the types of aircraft landing on
them. With this, the altitude of many of these airports becomes a design factor to
calculate runway length depending on the range of aircraft flying in.
To view the effects that an airports altitude has on its runway length, lets look at
some of the takeoff distances as they are affected by altitude.
Lets take the Boeing 737-500, which is no longer in production, and look at the
aircraft specifications:
CL max
2.06
To calculate the take-off distance, the take-off velocity and aircraft acceleration
must be calculated.
Per Federal Aviation Regulations Part 25, an aircrafts take-off velocity must be 10%
larger than the stall velocity, thus takeoff velocity is calculated with the equation:
V =1.1V Stall
V Stall=
2W
A C L
max
The density, rho ( ), is dependent on the altitude and can be calculated with
three equations:
T =590.00356 h
5.256
T +459.7
p=2116 ( 518.6 )
p
=
1718 ( T + 459.7 )
= air pressure (pounds per square foot), and = air density (slugs per
cubic foot)
Note that air density is measured in slugs per cubic foot, not pounds per
cubic foot. A slug is the Imperial systems measure for mass, the equivalent
of the SI kilogram (kg). A pound, properly called pound-force (lbf), is the
equivalent of the SI Newton (N). There is no direct conversion from slugs to
pounds-force, so find the conversion from slugs to pounds-mass (lbm), then
convert pounds-mass to pounds-force.
1 2
D= C D ( 0.7 V ) A
2
C D =C D +K C L2
0
Now that all of these are solved for, the aircraft acceleration can be solved using the
equation:
g
a=( ( ST )D )
W
ft
Normally, g=32.174
s2 , but we have to adjust for the change in altitude.
Use the equation below to make this adjustment.
2
r
g=32.174 ( )
r +h
2
V
Sg =
2a
1. Given the following airports, their altitudes, and the runway lengths,
determine what the Boeing 737-500s minimum take-off distance is and if it
will be able to achieve flight from that runway.
2. Thought question: What other factors, not yet mentioned in this assignment,
could influence the distance an aircraft needs to take off? List at least five.
Wing shape
Airfoil shape
Aircraft weight
Engine power
Wind direction
Wind speed
Fuselage shape
Runway conditions
Temperature
Weather conditions
clear;
close all;
clc;
commandwindow;
%other constants
g0 = 32.1740; %ft/sec/sec, acceleration due to gravity at sea level
r0 = 3959; %mi, average radius of the earth
%conversions
r0 = r0*5280; %ft, radius of the earth at the equator
%inputs
h = input('Altitude of the runway, ft: ');
L = input('Length of the runway, ft: ');
%calculations
T = 59 - 0.00356*h; %calculating temperature in degF at the runway's altitude
p = 2116*(((T + 459.7)/518.6)^5.256); %calculating air pressure in lb/sq ft
rho = p/(1718*(T + 459.7)); %calculating air density in slugs/cu ft
rho = 32.1740*rho; %converting air density from slugs/cu ft to lb/cu ft
Vstall = sqrt((2*MTOW)/(rho*A*CLmax)); %calculating the stall velocity in
ft/sec
Vtakeoff = 1.1*Vstall; %calculating the required take-off velocity in ft/sec
K = 1/(pi*eff*AR); %calculating the K value
CD = CD0 + K*(CLmax^2); %calculating the drag coefficient
D = CD*0.5*rho*((0.7*Vtakeoff)^2)*A; %calculating the drag of the aircraft
r = r0 + h; %radius of the earth at the runway
g = g0*((r0/r)^2); %acceleration due to gravity, adjusted for altitude
a = (ST - D)*(g/MTOW); %acceleration of the aircraft during take-off
Sg = (Vtakeoff^2)/(2*a); %required roll distance to facilitate take-off
%conditional statements
fprintf('The runway is %i ft long and your required roll distance is %0.0f
ft.\n',L,Sg);
if Sg > L
fprintf('The aircraft will not take off.\n');
elseif Sg <= L
fprintf('The aircraft will take off.\n');
end