Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Don Newcombe, Roy Campanella and Jackie Robinson all talking to each other. Digital image.

Howtheyplay.com . N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2017.
<https://howtheyplay.com/team-sports/One-of-Dem-Bums-Carl-Furillo>.

This image helps because it shows three of the best players at the time all in one picture.
They all are black players playing in a league where it is not easy for them.

Foundation, Jackie Robinson. The Class of 2020 scholarship award winners of the Jackie

Robinson Foundation. Digital image. Jackierobinson.org. N.p., 9 Sept. 2016. Web.
<http://www.jackierobinson.org/blog?page=2>.

This helps us understand what type of people are helped by the Jackie Robinson
Foundation. It also shows that every year the foundation makes a huge difference to some
very deserving students.

Frank Robinson posing for photo. Digital image. Usatoday.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2017.
<http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/columnist/bodley/2007-01-12-bodley-fr
obinson_x.htm>.

This picture of Frank Robinson will add to my website when I talk about good black
players after Robinson.

Jackie Robinson and Ben Chapman are holding opposite ends of a bat, posing for a picture.

Digital image. Nytimes.com. N.p., 14 Apr. 2016. Web. 1 Dec. 2016.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/sports/baseball/philadelphia-apologizes-to-jackie-r
obinson.html>.

This picture was taken after Ben Chapman harassed Jackie during a Phillies and Dodgers
game. Chapman had horribly mistreated Robinson and asked him to pose for a picture to
attempt to apologize for it. This helps because it shows that Jackie was mistreated on the
field. However it also shows that Jackie was a great man if he could change the heart of
such a negative person like Chapman.

Jackie Robinson and Martin Luther King Jr. stand and chat. Digital image. Biography.com. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
<http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#early-life&gid=ci019b6c0
21d86860d&pid=jackie-robinson-and-martin-luther-king-jr-1962-raw>.

In this digital image Jackie Robinson chats with Martin Luther King Jr. before a press
conference in New York. This helps us understand how Jackie didn't just play baseball
but also helped with the civil rights movement.

Jackie Robinson and Pee Wee Reese pose for a picture together. Digital image. Baseballhof.org.
N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016. <http://baseballhall.org/hof/robinson-jackie>.

This digital image help us understand Jackie's relationship with his teammates.

Jackie Robinson batting. Digital image. Baseballhof.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
<http://baseballhall.org/hof/robinson-jackie>.

This picture helps because we will use it to show people what Jackie looked like when he
was playing. It will further show how he looks relaxed in a place where he would not
have been welcomed just a few years before.

into military service. Digital image. Baseballhof.org. N.p., n.d.

Jackie Robinson being sworn
Web. 25 Nov. 2016. <http://baseballhall.org/hof/robinson-jackie>.

This image helps us by showing that Jackie was in the army before his professional
baseball days.

Jackie Robinson gets ready to bat. Digital image. Jackierobinson.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec.
2016. <https://www.jackierobinson.org/timeline/#/timeline/jackie-timeline>.

This image show Jackie preparing to bat in his Montreal Royals uniform. This picture
was taken during a very important phase in his career right before he joined Major
League Baseball.

Jackie Robinson holding his Hall of Fame plaque in Cooperstown, NY. Digital image.
Biography.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2016.
<http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#breaking-the-color-barrier
&gid=ci019b6c021d86860d&pid=jackie-robinson-inducted-into-hall-of-fame-1962-raw>
.

This image helps us understand how talented Jackie was. Not only did he make it into the
Hall of Fame, he was the first black player to get inducted into it.

Jackie Robinson holding his MVP award. Digital image. Biography.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec.
2016.
<http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#breaking-the-color-barrier
&gid=ci019b6c021d86860d&pid=jackie-robinson-wins-mvp-award-1950-raw>.

This image shows how great of a player Jackie Robinson was. He was named the MVP
and received this wonderful award for his dominance on the field.

Jackie Robinson in his UCLA football gear. Digital image. Biography.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11
Dec. 2016.
 <http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#breaking-the-color-barrier
&gid=ci019b6c021d86860d&pid=jackie-robinson-playing-ucla-football-1945-raw>.

This shows that Jackie was an outstanding athlete. Playing a sport in college is very
impressive. Especially being a minority and playing a sport in college.

Jackie Robinson is sitting at a desk signing papers with Branch Rickey next to him smoking a
cigar. Digital image. Baseballhall.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
<http://baseballhall.org/hof/robinson-jackie>.

Jackie Robinson and Branch Rickey were having some sort of meeting and signing
papers when this photo was taken. This helps because this picture shows that Branch and
Jackie were good friends which was very important for their unique situation.

Jackie Robinson looks up while signing a paper. Digital image. Biography.com. N.p., n.d. Web.
25 Nov. 2016.
<http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#early-life&gid=ci019b6c0
21d86860d&pid=jackie-robinson-signs-montreal-royals-contact-1945-raw>.

In this digital image Jackie Robinson becomes the first African american to sign with a
white professional baseball club. This helped us think of how important this time is in
American history.

Jackie Robinson mid-air competing for UCLA in a track meet. Digital image. Biography.com.
N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2016.
<http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#breaking-the-color-barrier
&gid=ci019b6c021d86860d&pid=jackie-robinson-at-a-track-meet-1940-raw>.

This image shows how amazing Jackie was at sports. He is leaping very high into the air
for his track meet. It helps because it will show what Jackie was like in college.

Jackie Robinson standing outside of Freedom National Bank in Harlem, New York. Digital
image. Jackierobinson.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.jackierobinson.org/timeline/#/timeline/jackie-timeline>.

This image helps by showing that Jackie did much more than play baseball. He
co-founded Freedom National Bank which would grow to become the largest
black-owned bank in New York.

Jim Gilliam posing for photo. Digital image. Thinkbluela.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.thinkbluela.com/2016/04/jim-gilliam-the-dodgers-first-utility-player/>.

This photo will help when I reference Jim Gilliam then people can see him. It was help
when I talk about black player that came soon after Jackie.
Larry Doby throwing a baseball. Digital image. Sabr.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2017.
<http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/4e985e86>.

Larry Doby was one the first first black players to follow Jackie into the MLB and was
the first in the AL. This will help give viewers a visual when I write about Larry.

Perry, Dayn. Phillies players line up before the National Anthem wearing jerseys with 42 on the
back. Digital image. Cbssports.com. N.p., 16 Apr. 2016. Web. 1 Feb. 2017.
<http://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/look-cool-cleats-kind-tributes-highlight-jackie-robi
nson-day/>.

This digital image helps by giving a visual of what players look like on Jackie Robinson
Day. All of the players in the picture have 42 on their jerseys to honor Jackie.

Robinson, Jackie R. "Chock Full O' Nuts." Letter to Dwight D. Eisenhower. 13 May 1958. MS.
425 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York.

Jackie Robinson wrote a letter to president Eisenhower talking about how the president
needs to stop telling blacks to have patience and wait for the white people to change. This
helps us because it shows that Jackie wasn't just a baseball player, he was an activist.

Robinson, Jackie R. "Chock Full O' Nuts." Letter to John Kennedy. 9 Feb. 1961. MS. 425
Lexington Avenue, New York, New York.

Jackie wrote a letter to president Kennedy giving him his opinions. Jackie felt that
Kennedy showed that he would be a great president to come and let him know that he
was happy with what was done so far. This shows that long after Jackie's baseball career
ended in 1955 he still had impacts on society. It also shows that people of importance
really valued his opinion and support on issues of importance.

Robinson, Jackie R. "Jackie Robinson Construction Corp." Letter to Roland L. Elliott. 20 Apr.
1972. MS. 500 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

Jackie Robinson sent a letter to to president Nixon's assistant, Roland Elliott, about his
concern of the lack of patience the black community has left. He said that the older
community was okay with waiting, but the younger generations were ready to explode.
This helps our project because it shows that Jackie cared for America as a whole because
he is concerned about the country. He is not yelling at the president to do more, he is
simply reminding them that their time is beginning to run out.

Robinson, Jackie R. Letter to John Kennedy. 15 June 1963. MS. Brooklyn, New York.

Jackie wrote to president Kennedy suggesting that he use his executive power to protect
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Jackson, Mississippi. Not long before this Medgar Evers
died in Mississippi because of his stance on civil rights. This helps because it shows that
 Jackie was one of the social leaders that represented the civil rights movement. He was
also watching out for the entire country because he told the president if Dr. King was
harmed many people would revolt and the country would plunge into chaos and
destruction.

Robinson, Jackie R. Letter to Lyndon B. Johnson. 9 Mar. 1965. MS. Stamford, Connecticut.

Jackie sent an urgent telegram to the white house warning president Johnson to take
action in Alabama because they were on the brink of chaos. This helps because Jackie
really cared for the country. He did not want to see an revolt or any sort of violence.

Robinson, Jackie R. "State of New York Executive Chamber." Letter to Lyndon B. Johnson. 18
Apr. 1967. MS. Albany, New York.

Jackie wrote a letter to president Johnson thanking him for the course he has pursued
towards civil rights. This shows that Jackie was a very polite and gracious man. He
thanked to president for simply doing his job. While doing so he also informed him that
there were many people across the country supporting him in his journey towards racial
equality.

Teammates Roy Campanella and Jackie Robinson talking in dugout. Digital image.
Theshadowleague.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2017.
<https://www.theshadowleague.com/story/in-the-life-of-jackie-robinson-roy-campanella>
.

This helps because it shows that the Dodgers had no issues with signing black players,
because they have two on their team.

Willie Mays sitting in the dugout. Digital image. U-s-history.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2017.
<http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3794.html>.

This image will help by giving a visual of Willie Mays when he is mentioned. He
followed Jackie and was a phenomenal player in the mid-50's like Robinson was.

Secondary Sources

Biogrpahy.com Editors. "Branch Rickey Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, 8 July
2014. Web. 25 Nov. 2016.
<http://www.biography.com/people/branch-rickey-9458118#later-years-and-legacy>.

Branch Rickey was the general manager and president of the Brooklyn Dodgers when
Jackie Robinson was signed onto the team. This website helped us because it told us the
type of person Branch was and his job for the Dodgers. He was a strong man who did
what he believed, for example he would not play on Sunday for the Reds. He played a
key role in breaking the color barrier in the Major Leagues.
"Black Famous Baseball Firsts by Baseball Almanac." Black Famous Baseball Firsts by
Baseball Almanac. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

Jackie Robinson was not the first to want to play in the all white major leagues. Many
others have tried but failed. This helps us understand how much help Jackie got from the
players before him.

Editers, Biography.com. "Jackie Robinson Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, 22

Aug. 2016. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813#breaking-the-color-barrier
>.

Jackie Robinson was very talented at sports throughout his life. He played 4 sports at
UCLA in college, later on in the Negro Leagues and finally in the Major Leagues. This
helped us understand more about Jackie Robinson as an athlete which helps to show why
he was selected to be the first colored player in the Major Leagues.

Jackie Robinson Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. <http://www.jackierobinson.org/>.

This website helps us understand what the Jackie Robinson Foundation does and what it
stands for. It will help us with showing Jackie's legacy today.

Kashatus, Wiliam. "Jackie Robinson: Baseball's Noble Expirement." History.net. N.p., n.d. Web.
30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.historynet.com/jackie-robinson>.

Jackie Robinson had to earn the respect of his teammates, the other teams, and the public.
While doing so he had to endure racism and keep his mouth shut. Along the way he had a
few supporters such as Branch Rickey, his teammates and his family. He also had an
impact on society and the black community. Black attendance went way up at major
league games as people traveled long distances to watch Jackie play.

Rymer Zachary D. Rymer , MLB Lead Writer Apr 15, 2013, Zachary D. "Jackie Robinson's
Lasting Legacy." Bleacher Report. N.p., 15 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
<http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1604333-tracing-black-players-mlb-impact-from-jacki
e-robinson-to-todays-game>.

Black players have had a large impact on baseball since Jackie Robinson broke the color
barrier in 1947, and his legacy still lives today. This helped us by explaining that Jackie
was not the only important black/negro player in the major leagues, but he was the first.

Schwartz, By Larry. "ESPN.com: Jackie Changed Face of Sports." ESPN.com: Jackie Changed
Face of Sports. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016431.html>.
 Jackie Robinson was picked for many more reasons than his ability to simply play
baseball to join the Major Leagues. He was picked because, despite his instincts, he knew
how to bite his lip and keep quiet while being harassed. In addition to his well behaved
temper he was a dominant baseball player who took the game by storm. This helped us
because we learned the reasons that Branch Rickey decided to have Jackie join the
Brooklyn Dodgers organization.

Swaine, Rick. "Jackie Robinson." Society for American Baseball Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 21
Oct. 2016. <http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/bb9e2490>.

Jackie Robinson played 4 sports at UCLA, all of them with a mix of white and
black/negro student athletes. Jackie Robinson's stats from his seasons in the Major
Leagues were phenomenal. This helped us create a better understanding of how dominant
he was on the field, which is why he was selected to be the first colored athlete in the
Major Leagues.

Tayler, Jon P. "Jackie Robinson Through the Years." Sports Illustrated. N.p., 28 Mar. 2016.
Web. 21 Oct. 2016. <http://www.si.com/longform/timeline/jackie-robinson/>.

From Jackie Robinson's birth in 1919 until the 50th anniversary of Robinson's first game
in 1997 Jackie Robinson has played an important role in not only shaping Major League
Baseball, but helping shape American culture. This helped because we realized that
Jackie did not only change baseball, he changed the public's view on black/negro people
on and off the field.

"Timeline | Jackie Robinson Foundation." Jackie Robinson Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec.
2016.

This helps because it shows all of the major dates and events in Jackie's life, from his
berth until his death and everywhere in between. It shows that Jackie had a much bigger
role than just a phenomenal ball player.