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20
Chapter

Australian Curriculum
content descriptions
ACMMG274
ACMMG275

Measurement and Geometry

Trigonometric
34
125
functions
78
6
42
In Chapter 12, we saw how to extend the definition of the trigonometric

9
functions to the second quadrant so that we could deal with obtuse-angled

2
triangles. You probably realised that the ideas could be further extended so that

0
4
we could give meaning to the trigonometric ratios of angles that were greater
than 180. We will do that in this chapter, and we will also draw the graphs of
the trigonometric functions for all positive and negative angle sizes.

8
The graphs of sine and cosine functions are used to model wave motion and

0
are therefore central to the applications of mathematics to any problem in
which periodic motion is involved from the motion of the tides and ocean
waves to sound waves and modern telecommunications.

26
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329
Cambridge University Press
 20A
We take a circle of radius 1, centre the
origin, in the Cartesian plane.
Angles in the four
quadrants
y
10A

1
From point P on the circle in the first P (cos , sin ) 1 sin
quadrant, we construct the right-angled sin 1

triangle POQ with O at the origin. Let A
cos
POQ be q. 1 O cos Q 1 x

The length OQ is the x-coordinate of P, and

OQ 1
since = cos q, the x-coordinate of P is
cos q. 1
Similarly, the y-coordinate of P is the length PQ, which equals sin q.
Hence, the coordinates of the point P are (cos q, sin q).

Positive and negative angles

In this chapter, angles measured anticlockwise from OA will be called positive angles.
Similarly, angles measured clockwise from OA will be called negative angles.

y y

40 A A
O x O 40 x

The definition of sine and cosine

Notice that each angle, positive or negative, determines a point, P, on the unit circle. For the
moment we will only deal with positive angles between 0 and 360.

y y

1 1

A A
1 O 1 x 1 O 1 x

P
1 1

0 < < 90 180 < < 270

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 The angle q determines a point, P, on the unit circle. We define:
the cosine of q to be the x-coordinate of the point P
the sine of q to be the y-coordinate of the point P.

The four quadrants

The coordinate axes cut the plane into four quadrants. These are labelled anticlockwise
around the origin, as the first, second, third and fourth quadrants.
90

Second quadrant First quadrant

180 0
O

Third quadrant Fourth quadrant

270

Angles in the first quadrant lie between 0 and 90.

Angles in the second quadrant lie between 90 and 180.
Angles in the third quadrant lie between 180 and 270.
Angles in the fourth quadrant lie between 270 and 360.

y
The signs of sin q and cos q
1
First quadrant P(cos , sin )

For in the first quadrant:

1 A
the x-value is positive, so cos is positive O 1 x
the y-value is positive, so sin is positive.

y
Second quadrant 1
For in the second quadrant: P (cos , sin ) R
the x-value is negative, so cos is negative
A
the y-value is positive, so sin is positive. 1 Q O 1 x

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 Third quadrant y

For in the third quadrant: 1

the x-value is negative, so cos is negative

the y-value is negative, so sin is negative. A
1 O 1 x

P (cos , sin )
1

Fourth quadrant 1

For in the fourth quadrant:

the x-value is positive, so cos is positive A
1 O 1 x
the y-value is negative, so sin is negative.
P (cos , sin )

The angles q = 0, 90, 180 and 270 correspond to the points (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and
(0, 1). Using the coordinates of these points and the definition of sin q and cos q, we
construct the following table.
y

P q cos q sin q (0, 1)

(1, 0) 0 1 0
(0, 1) 90 0 1 (1, 0) (1, 0)
O x
(1, 0) 180 1 0
(0, 1) 270 0 1
(0, 1)

90

sin positive sin positive

cos negative cos positive
We can summarise the signs of sin q and cos q in the
diagram at the right. 180
O
0

sin negative sin negative

cos negative cos positive

270

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 From this information, 1 sin q 1 for all q.
Similarly, 1 cos q 1 for all q.
Thus, for example, sin q is never equal to 2.
We note that in the first quadrant the y-values of sine increase from 0 to 1 as q increases from
0 to 90 and the y-values of cosine decrease from 1 to 0 as q increases from 0 to 90. For
every y-value a between 0 and 1 there is a unique value of q between 0 and 90 such that
sin q = a. A similar statement holds for cosine.

The tangent ratio

sin
For acute angles, we know that tan q = . For angles that are greater than 90, we can
cos
sin
define the tangent of q by tan q = , where q 90, 270. From the diagram below, we
cos
can read off where tan q is positive and where tan q is negative.
90

tan negative tan positive

180 0
O

tan positive tan negative

270

To assist in remembering the signs of the three trigonometric functions in the various
quadrants, notice that only one ratio is positive in the second, third and fourth quadrants.
Hence, we can remember the signs by the picture:
90
Second quadrant First quadrant

Sine All

180 0
O

Tan Cosine

Third quadrant Fourth quadrant

270

In the diagram, the bold letters tell you which ratio is positive in the given quadrant. The
letters can be remembered by the mnemonic:
All Stations To Central

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 You can also remember the signs by just thinking about the coordinates of the point P on
the unit circle corresponding to the given angle, since sin q is the y-coordinate and cos q
is the x-coordinate.
It is often useful to draw a diagram showing the angle when calculating values of sine, cosine
and tangent.

Example 1

Draw a diagram and state the sign of the given ratio.

a sin 150 b tan 300 c cos 210

Solution
y
a The angle 150 lies in the second quadrant, hence
sin 150 is positive. S 1 A

(Alternatively, P is above the x-axis, so sin q, P

which is the y-coordinate of P, is positive.) 150

1 O 1 x

1
T C

b The angle 300 lies in the c The angle 210 lies in the
fourth quadrant, hence third quadrant, hence
tan 300 is negative. cos 210 is negative.

y y
1 1

300 210

1 O 1 x 1 O 1 x
P
P
1 1

We can use a calculator to find the approximate numerical value of the trigonometric function
of a given angle. Make sure that your calculator is in degree mode.

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 Example 2

Use the calculator to find, to four decimal places:

a sin 100 b tan 320 c cos 200

Solution

From the calculator:

a sin 100 0.9848
(The angle 100 is in the second quadrant so sin 100 is positive.)
b tan 320 0.8391
(The angle 320 is in the fourth quadrant so tan 320 is negative.)
c cos 200 0.9397
(The angle 200 is in the third quadrant so cos 200 is negative.)

Exact values
You should recall the following two triangles. From these you can read off the exact values of
sine, cosine and tangent of 30, 45 and 60. These were derived in Section 12B of this book.
1
Alternatively, knowing, for example, that cos 60 = and tan 45 = 1, you can easily
2
reconstruct the table.

q sin q cos q tan q

1 3 1 2 1
30
2 2 3

1 1 45
45 1
1
2 2

3 1
60 3
2 2

30 2
2
3

60
1 1

These results can be used to determine the exact trigonometric functions for certain angles
greater than 90.
To find the value of sine and cosine for any q, we introduce the concept of the related angle,
which is always acute.

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 The related angle
The second quadrant y

1
We begin by finding the exact value of cos
150 and sin 150. P(cos 30, sin 30)
P(cos 150, sin 150) 150
1
The angle 150 corresponds to the point 30 30
Pin the second quadrant, as shown. 1 Q O 1 x
The coordinates of P are (cos 150, sin150).
The angle POQ is 30 and is called the 1
related angle for 150.
When we reflect the point P in the y-axis,
we get the point P(cos 30, sin 30).
From POQ, we can see that OQ = cos 30 and PQ = sin 30, so the coordinates of
P are (cos30,sin30).
Hence, cos 150 = cos 30 and sin 150 = sin 30
3 1
= =
2 2
In general, if q lies in the second quadrant, the acute angle 180 q is called the
related angle for q.

The third quadrant

Next, we find the exact value of cos 210 and sin 210. The corresponding point P lies in the third
quadrant. The coordinates of P are (cos210,sin210). The angle POQ is 30 and is called the
related angle for 210.
y
So, cos 210 = cos 30
1
3
=
2 P(cos 30, sin 30)
210
and sin 210 = sin 30 Q 30
1 30 O 1 x
1
=
2 P(cos 210, sin 210)
When we rotate point P around 1
O by 180, we get the point
P(cos 30, sin 30).

In general, if q lies in the third quadrant, the acute angle q 180 is called the
related angle for q.

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 The fourth quadrant
Next, we find the exact value of cos 330 and sin 330.
y
The corresponding point P lies in the fourth quadrant.
The related angle is 360 330 = 30. 1

3 P(cos 30, sin 30)

So cos 330 = cos 30 = 330
2 Q
1 1 O 30 1 x
sin 330 = sin 30 = 1
2 P (cos 330, sin 330)
When we reflect point P in the x-axis, we get the
1
point P(cos 30, sin 30).
In general, if q lies in the fourth quadrant, the acute
angle 360 q is called the related angle of q.

Trigonometric functions of angles

To find the trigonometric function of an angle, q, between 0 and 360:
Find the related angle for q, the acute angle between OP and the x-axis.
Obtain the sign of the trigonometric function using, for example, the ASTC picture.
Evaluate the trigonometric function of the related angle, and attach the
appropriate sign.

Example 3

Without evaluating, express each number as the trigonometric function of an acute angle.
a sin 130 b cos 200 c tan 325 d sin 235

Solution

a The related angle is: y

1
180 130 = 50 P (cos 130, sin 130)
1
The angle 130 is in the second quadrant, 130
50
so sin 130 = sin 50
1 O 1 x

(continued on next page)

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 b The related angle is: y
1
200 180 = 20
The angle 200 is in the third quadrant, so 200
cos 200 = cos 20
1 20 O 1 x
1
P

c The related angle is: y

360 325 = 35 1

The angle 325 is in the fourth quadrant, so

325
tan 325 = tan 35
1 O 35 1 x
1
P
1

d The related angle is: y

235 180 = 55 1

The angle 235 is in the third quadrant, so

235
sin 235 = sin 55
1 55 O 1 x
1
P
1

Example 4

Use the related angle to find the exact value of:

a sin 120 b cos 150
c tan 300 d cos 240

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 Solution

a The related angle is 60. y

1
120 is in the second quadrant,
so sin 120 = sin 60 120
3 60
= 1 O 1 x
2 1

b cos 150 = cos 30 y

1
3
=
2 150
30
1 O 1 x
1

c tan 300 = tan 60 y

1
= 3

300
1 O 60 1 x

d cos 240 = cos 60 y

1 1
=
2 240

60 O
1 1 x

C h a p t e r 2 0 t r i g o n o m e t r ic f u n cti o n s 339
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 Exercise 20A
Example 1 1 State which quadrant each angle is in.
a 120 b 225 c 240 d 300
e 135 f 263 g 172 h 310
Example 3 2 Without evaluating, express each number as the trigonometric function of an acute angle.
a sin 170 b cos 170 c tan 170
d sin 190 e cos 190 f tan 190
g sin 350 h cos 350 i tan 350
Example 4 3 Find the exact value of:
a sin 135 b cos 225 c tan 120
d tan 135 e sin 300 f cos 330
g tan 300 h sin 150 i cos 135
4 Which quadrant does q lie in if:
a cos q > 0 and sin q < 0? b cos q < 0 and sin q > 0?
c cos q < 0 and sin q < 0? d cos q < 0 and tan q > 0?
e cos q < 0 and tan q < 0? f sin q > 0 and tan q < 0?
g sin q < 0 and tan q > 0?
5 a Draw the unit circle and mark the point P at (1, 0).
Use your diagram to complete the following.
cos 0 = ...... sin 0 = ...... tan 0 = ......
b Repeat with P at (0, 1) to complete the following.
cos 90 = ...... sin 90 = ......
c Repeat with P at (1, 0) to complete the following.
cos 180 = ...... sin 180 = ...... tan 180 = ......
d Repeat with P at (0, 1) to complete the following.
cos 270 = ...... sin 270 = ......
e What are the values of cos 360, sin 360 and tan 360?
f Why are tan 90 and tan 270 not defined?

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 6 Without using a calculator, find the exact value of:
a sin 90 tan 135 cos 135
b sin 330 cos 360
c sin 360 cos 330
d 2 sin 135 cos 135
e cos 225 tan 180 + sin 225 sin 90
f 3 sin 240 2 cos 300
7 We use the notation sin2 q to mean (sin q)2, cos2 q to mean (cos q)2 and tan2 q to mean
(tan q)2. This is the standard notation. Find the exact values of:
a sin2 30 b cos2 30 c tan2 30
d sin2 300 e tan2 240 f cos2 210
g sin2 225 + cos2 225 h sin2 330 + cos2 330
8 a Suppose that q is an acute angle.
Use the diagram to show that cos2q+sin2q=1.
b Explain why this result remains true c
a
when q lies in the second quadrant.
c What happens in the other quadrants?
b
d Check that this result holds for 0, 90, 180 and 270.
9 The reciprocals of the sine, cosine and tangent functions are also important and are given
the following names.
1
sin is called the cosecant of q and written as cosec q.
1
cos is called the secant of q and written as sec q.
1
tan is called the cotangent of q and written as cot q.
Find the exact value of:
a sec 30 b cot 45 c cosec 60 d cosec 30
e cot 30 f sec 60 g sec 120 h cosec 210
i cot 240 j cot 300 k sec 330 l cosec 120

10 a Show tan2 q + 1 = sec2 q for an acute angle.

b What happens for all angles between 0 and 360?

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 20B
Since cos 120 =
1
Finding angles

1
and cos 240 = , there are two angles between 0 and 360
10A

2 2
1
whose cosine is ; they are 120 and 240.
2
In this section, we will learn how to find all angles, in the range 0 to 360, that have a given
trigonometric function. While the calculator is useful here, it will only give you one value

of q, when in general there are two.

1 1
For example, a calculator gives cos1 is 120, whereas the two solutions to cos q = - ,
2 2
for the range 0 to 360, are q = 120 and q = 240.

Example 5

Find all angles q, in the range 0 to 360, such that:

1 3
a sin q = b cos q = c tan q = 0.3640
2 2
Solution

a The given value of sine is negative, so q lies in the y

third or fourth quadrant. The related angle whose 1

1
sine is is 30. Hence, q=180+30 or
2
q=36030. O
1 30 30 1 x
That is, q=210 or 330.
1
Note: Entering sin1 into a calculator
2 1
gives 30. This is not in the range 0 to 360.

1
b The given value of cosine is positive, so q lies in the first
3
or fourth quadrant. The acute angle whose cosine is is O 30
2 1 30 1
30. Hence q=30 or q=36030 x

That is, q=30 or 330.

1

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 c The given value of tangent is negative, so q lies in y
the second or fourth quadrant. To find the acute angle 1
whose tangent is 0.3640, enter tan10.3640 into
your calculator to obtain, approximately, 20.
Hence, to the nearest degree, q18020 20 O
or q36020. That is, q160 or 340. 1 20 1 x

Note: In part c we find tan1 0.3640 on the calculator and not tan1 (0.3640). Work
from the related angle and then shift to the correct quadrant.

Finding angles
To find all angles from 0 to 360 that have a given value of a trigonometric function:
use a circle diagram to work out which quadrant the angles are in
find the related angle using a calculator
find all angles.

Exercise 20B
Example 5 1 Without using your calculator, find the angles q, between 0 and 360 inclusive, for
which (draw a diagram in each case):
1
a sin q = b tan q = 3
2
1 1
c cos q = d cos q =
2 2
3
e sin q = f tan q = 1
2

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 2 Without using your calculator, find the angles q, between 0 and 360 inclusive,
for which:
1 1
a sin q = b tan q =
2 3
3
c cos q = d sin q = 1
2
e cos q = 0 f tan q = 0
3 Draw a diagram first, and then, using a calculator, find to the nearest degree the angles
q, between 0 and 360 inclusive, such that:
a sin q = 0.1736 b cos q = 0.9063
c tan q = 2.1445 d sin q = 0.7986
e cos q = 0.8090 f tan q = 3.4874
g cos q = 0.9455 h tan q = 0.4245
i sin q = 0.9781 j sin q = 0.9781

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 20C Angles of any magnitude

Angles greater than 360 and less than 0 arise naturally. If

you turn three times in an anticlockwise direction, then you have
y
10A

turned through an angle of 1080.

If you make a quarter turn in a clockwise direction, then we can 1
think of this as an angle of 90. The diagram shows an angle O 45 x
of 45.
P
Since the sine and cosine of an angle are the y- and x-coordinates of
the corresponding point P, adding or subtracting a multiple of 360
to or from q does not alter the sine, cosine or tangent of q. Hence,
y
sin(q + 360) = sin q, cos(q + 360) = cos q, sin(q 360) = sin q
and cos(q 360) = cos q. P

Hence, to find the trigonometric function of an angle greater than

1
360, we subtract a multiple of 360 to arrive at an angle between O x
0 and 360.
Similarly, to find the trigonometric function of a negative
angle, we add a multiple of 360 to arrive at an angle between
0 and 360.

Example 6

Find sin 480 in surd form.

Solution

sin 480 = sin (480 360) y

= sin 120 (120 lies in the second quadrant) P
= sin 60 (the related angle is 60)
3 1
= O x
2 480

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 Example 7

Find cos (120) in surd form.

Solution
y
cos (120) = cos ( 120 + 360)
= cos 240 (240 lies in the third quadrant)
= cos 60 (the related angle is 60) O
1 x
= 120
2
P

Note: We are careful to distinguish clearly between an angle and its trigonometric function. For
example, the angles 480 and 120 are different but their trigonometric functions are the same.

Exercise 20C
1 Draw a diagram representing each angle.
a 390 b 540 c 720 d 940
2 Draw a diagram representing each angle.
a 150 b 330 c 720 d 540
3 State the related angle for each angle in question 1.
4 State the related angle for each angle in question 2.
Example 6 5 Find, in surd form:
a sin 540 b cos 540 c tan 540 d sin 390
e cos 840 f tan 480 g cos 660 h sin 405
Example 7 6 Find the exact value of:
a sin (60) b cos (135) c tan (225)
d cos (240) e sin (330) f sin (390)
7 Find the exact value of:
a sin 720 b cos 720 c cos 450 d tan (360)
e sin (270) f cos (90) g tan (180)

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 The trigonometric

20D
As usual, P is a point on the unit circle where PO makes
an angle q with OA.
functions and their
symmetries
y
10A

1
As the angle q varies from 0 to 90, the length PQ, P (cos , sin )
which equals sin q, varies from 0 to 1. As q varies from
0 to 360, we can summarise the change in sin q by the A
following table. 1 O Q 1 x

1
As q increases from: sin q:
0 to 90 increases from 0 to 1
90 to 180 decreases from 1 to 0
180 to 270 decreases from 0 to 1
270 to 360 increases from 1 to 0

The way sin q increases and decreases can be represented graphically.

1 3
Using the values sin 30 = = 0.5 and sin 60 = 0.87, we can draw up the following
2 2
table of values and then plot them.

q 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

sin q 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0

More points can be used to show that the shape is as shown in the following graph.

y
1
0.87
y = sin
0.5

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

0.5

0.87
1

Electrical engineers and physicists call this a wave.

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 Symmetries
We have seen that if q is between 0 and 90, then sin q = sin(180 q).
That is, q is the related angle for 180 q. The identity is shown by the equal intervals
in the graph of y = sin q below.

y y

1
1
y = sin
180
180 360
1 O 1 x 0 180

1
1
= 90

Hence, between 0 and 180, the graph is symmetric about q = 90.

Similarly, for q between 0 and 90, sin (180 + q) = sin(360 q).

y y

1
1
y = sin
180 +
180 + 360
1 O 1 x 0
180
360
360

1
1
= 270

Hence, between 180 and 360, the graph is symmetric about q = 270.
For q between 0 and 90, sin (360 q) = sin q.
y y

1
1
y = sin

360
1 O 1 x 0
180 360
360

1
1

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 We can summarise all the observations in one diagram.

1
y = sin

180 + 360
0 180 180 360

Extending the graph

We saw in Section 20C that the values of sin q remain the same when q is increased or
decreased by 360. That is, sin q = sin (q + 360). Hence, the graph of sin q can be drawn
for angles greater than 360 and less than 0, as shown.

1
y = sin

540 360 180 180 360 540 720

450 270 90 0 90 270 450 630

sin q is periodic and we call 360 the period.

The cosine graph

We can repeat for cos q the analysis we carried out for sin q. In this case we look at
the way OQ changes as q varies from 0 to 360.
y

As q increases from: cos q: 1

0 to 90 decreases from 1 to 0 P (cos , sin )

90 to 180 decreases from 0 to 1 A

1 O Q 1 x
180 to 270 increases from 1 to 0
270 to 360 increases from 0 to 1
1

C h a p t e r 2 0 t r i g o n o m e t r ic f u n cti o n s 349
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 1
Using cos 60 = and cos 30 0.87, we can draw up the following table of values and then
2
plot the points.

q 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

cos q 1 0.87 0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1

y
1
0.87

0.5
y = cos

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

0.5

0.87
1

We will examine the symmetries of the graph of y = cos q in the exercises.

The values of cos q remain the same when
q is increased or decreased by 360; that is,
cos q = cos (q + 360). cos q is periodic y
with period 360.
1
Hence, the graph of cos q can be drawn for y = cos

angles greater than 360 and less than 0,

630 450 270 270 450 630
as shown. 0
540 360 180 90 90 180 360 540
Note that the graph of cosine is symmetric
about the y-axis. 1

You should also notice that the graph of

y = cos q is the same as the graph of
y = sin q translated to the left by 90. That is, cos q = sin (90 + q).

Exercise 20D
1 Draw up a table of values of y = sin q for 0 q 90, correct to two decimal places,
using increments of 10. Using your table of values, plus symmetry, plot the graph of
y = sin q for 0q360.
2 Draw up a table of values of y = cos q for 0 q 90, correct to two decimal places,
using increments of 10. Using your table of values, plus symmetry, plot the graph of
y = cos q for 0q360.

350 I C E - EM M at h e m atic s y e a r 1 0 B o o k 2
ISBN 978-1-107-64845-6 The University of Melbourne / AMSI 2011 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 3 Here are the graphs of y = sin q and y = cos q drawn on the same axes.
y
1

y = sin
0.5

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

0.5

y = cos

a From the graphs, read off the approximate value of:

i cos 60 ii sin 210 iii sin 75 iv cos 20
v sin 145 vi cos 35 vii cos 150 viii sin 25
ix sin 235 x cos 305
b Find, from the graphs, two approximate values of q between 0 and 360 for which:
i sin q = 0.5 ii cos q = 0.5 iii sin q = 0.9 iv cos q = 0.6
v sin q = 0.8 vi cos q = 0.8 vii sin q = 0.4 viii cos q = 0.3
c Read from the graph the two values of q, between 0 and 360, for which sinq=cosq.
4 a What are the maximum and minimum values of sin q?
b Where do they occur?
5 a What are the maximum and minimum values of cos q?
b Where do they occur?
6 Draw diagrams to illustrate:
a cos (180 q) = cos q b cos (180 + q) = cos q c cos (360 q) = cos q
7 Draw diagrams to illustrate:
a cos (q) = cos q b sin (q) = sin q
8 Draw up a table of values of y = 3 sin 2q for 0 q 360. Use increments of 15 and
work to one decimal place. Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin 2q for 0 q 360.
9 Draw up a table of values of y = 4 cos 2q for 0 q 360. Use increments of 15 and
work to one decimal place. Sketch the graph of y = 4 cos 2q for 0 q 360.

C h a p t e r 2 0 t r i g o n o m e t r ic f u n cti o n s 351
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 20E
Equations such as sin q =
1
Trigonometric equations

and cos q =
1
are examples of trigonometric equations.
10A

2 3
1
Suppose we are asked to find all the angles q such that sin q = . There are infinitely many
2
solutions since, as we saw above, adding 360 to any solution will provide a new one.
In this section we will restrict the range of the answers to be between 0 and 360. Hence,
1
the equation sin q = has solutions q=30 and q =150 in the range 0q360,
2
1
since sin 30 = sin 150 = . They are the only solutions in the given range, as shown in
the diagram. 2
y
y = sin

0.5

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

0.5

Linear trigonometric equations

When solving linear equations such as 3x 2 = 2x + 3, our approach was to isolate x on one
side of the equation and the numbers on the other, to obtain x = 5.
When solving equations involving just one trigonometric ratio, treat the trigonometric function
as a pronumeral and isolate it on one side of the equation using the usual rules of algebra.

Example 8

Solve 2 sin q + 1 = 0 for 0q360.

Solution

2 sin q + 1 = 0 y
1
sin q = 1
2
The related angle is 30
1 O
because sin 30 = . 1 30 30 1 x
2

352 I C E - EM M at h e m atic s y e a r 1 0 B o o k 2
ISBN 978-1-107-64845-6 The University of Melbourne / AMSI 2011 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Here, the sine is negative, so q lies in the third or fourth quadrant. Hence,
q=180+30=210 or q=36030=330.
The solutions in the given range are q = 210 and q = 330.

Example 9

Solve, correct to the nearest degree, 5 cos q + 4 = 2 for 0q<360.

Solution

5 cos q + 4 = 2 y
2 1
cos q =
5
= 0.4 66
O
From a calculator, the related 1 1 x
angle is cos1 0.4 66, correct to the 66
nearest degree. Since the cosine
is negative, q lies in the second 1
or third quadrant.
Hence, q18066=114 or q 180+66=246
Note: Remember to work with the related angle first and
then shift to the correct quadrants.

Example 10

Solve 4 sin2 q = 1 for 0q360.

Solution

4 sin2 q = 1
1
sin2 q =
4
1 1
sin q = or sin q =
2 2
1
The related angle is 30 since sin 30 = .
2
Since sin q is either positive or negative, the angle can be in any one of the four
quadrants, so q = 30, 150, 210 or 330.

C h a p t e r 2 0 t r i g o n o m e t r ic f u n cti o n s 353
ISBN 978-1-107-64845-6 The University of Melbourne / AMSI 2011 Cambridge University Press
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 Exercise 20E
Example 8 1 Without using a calculator, solve each equation for 0q360.
a 2sin q = 1 b 2sin q = 3
c 2sin q = 3 d 4cos q 2 = 0
e 9tan q = 9 f 3 tan q = 1
1
g 2cos q + 3 = 0 h tan q = 1
3
Example 9 2 Solve each equation for 0q360, correct to the nearest degree.
a sin q = 0.58778 b 3cos q = 1.6776
c 5sin q = 4.455 d 2sin q = 1.4863
e 7cos q + 3 = 9.729 f 9sin q 2 = 10.733
3 Solve each equation for 0q360.
3
a sin2 q = b tan2 q = 1
4
1 1
c cos2 q = d sin2 q =
4 2
3
e 2cos2 q = f 3tan2 q = 1
2
sin
4 Recall that = tan q. Use this to solve each equation for 0q360.
cos
a sin q = cos q
b 3 sin q = cos q
c 3 cos q sin q = 0

354 I C E - EM M at h e m atic s y e a r 1 0 B o o k 2
ISBN 978-1-107-64845-6 The University of Melbourne / AMSI 2011 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Review exercise

1 Write down the related angle for:

a 35 b 150 c 310 d 200
e 430 f 600 g 60 h 300
2 Find the exact value of the sine, cosine and tangent function of:
a 150 b 120 c 135 d 300
e 210 f 330 g 240 h 315
3 If A = 30, B = 60 and C = 45, find the value of:
a sin 2A b 2sin A c cos 2B
d 2cos B e cos2 B sin2 B f tan3C
4 Draw up a table of values and draw the graph of y = sin 2q for 0 q 360.
5 Draw up a table of values and draw the graph of y = cos 2q for 0 q 360.
6 Solve for 0q360.
1 1
a cos q = b sin q = c tan q = 1
2 2
3 1
d tan q = 3 e sin q = f sin2 q =
2 4
7 Find, in surd form, the value of:
a sin 675 b cos 480 c tan 510
d sin (330) e cos (240) f tan (210)
8 Find, correct to the nearest degree, all values of q between 0 and 360 such that:
a sin q = 0.5735 b cos q = 0.58778
c tan q = 2.1445 d sin q = 0.8191
9 Solve each equation for 0 q 360.
a 2 cos q 1 = 0 b 2 cos q + 1 = 0 c 2 sin q 3 = 0
d 2 sin q + 3 = 0 e 5 sin q + 5 = 0 f 4 cos q 4 = 0

C h a p t e r 2 0 t r i g o n o m e t r ic f u n cti o n s 355
ISBN 978-1-107-64845-6 The University of Melbourne / AMSI 2011 Cambridge University Press
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 Challenge exercise

1 Find the exact value of

sin2 120 cosec 270 cos2 315 sec 180 tan2 225 cot 315.
3 +1
2 Show that sin 420 cos 405 + cos 420 sin 405 = .
2 2
3 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = sin q, y = sin 2q,
y = sin 3q for 0 < q < 360.
4 Solve, for 0q360, sin2 q sec q = 2 tan q.
5 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = cos q and y = sec q for 0q360,
q 90, 270.
6 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = sin q and y = cosec q for 0q360,
q 0, 180, 360.
7 Solve each equation for q, where 0 q 360.
a 2 cos2 q + 3 cos q 2 = 0
b 2 sin2 q + 5 sin q 3 = 0
c 2 cos2 q + sin q + 1 = 0.
8 a In the diagram, show that y = a cos a and y=bcosb. C
1
b Using the formula for the area of a triangle, ab sin C, b
2 a
y
prove that sin(a+b)=sinacosb+cosasinb.
c Find the exact value of sin 75. B A

9 a In the first diagram, state the area of triangle ABC.

b In the second diagram, show that DGC is 2q and DE = sin 2q.
c By comparing areas, show that 2 sin q cos q = sin 2q.

B D
B D

2 1
2 sin
2 sin G

E
A C
2 cos A C
2 cos

356 I C E - EM M at h e m atic s y e a r 1 0 B o o k 2
ISBN 978-1-107-64845-6 The University of Melbourne / AMSI 2011 Cambridge University Press
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.