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NHIM MI TRNG NC
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Ky thut Mi trng
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Ky thut Mi trng
H 10
m t 1
Nc sng 0,032
Hi nc kh quyn 0,027
Toan b thuy quyn 2800
Chu trnh nc toan cu quyt nh kha nng cp nc ngot cho con
ngi va cac sinh vt khac. Do xut hin cua s sng, vong tun hoan nc
ngay cang phc tap hn vi vic bc hi nc cua c th sng va cac hoat
ng cua con ngi.
a/ Nc mt :
Trn pham vi luc a tr lng nc mt bao gm nc bng tuyt
cac a cc va cac vung nui cao x han i (98,83%), nc h (1,15%), nc
m ly (0,015%) va nc sng (0,005%). V khi lng nc bng tuyt
chim ty l tuyt i ln va nu gia thuyt khi bng ha tan thanh nc th
mc nc ai dng co th tng ln 66,4m. Tuy nhin trong thc t bng ha
nm khu vc gia lanh vnh cu nn kha nng s dung chung con rt han ch.
Ngc lai nc sng va h tuy chim ty l rt nho song do tham gia vao
chng trnh tun hoan vn ng rt tch cc nn chung co vai tro ht sc
quan trong i vi s phat trin kinh t xa hi cua con ngi.
V lng nc h cho ti nay cha tnh c chnh xac, v cha c
iu tra y u. S b c tnh co 2,8 triu h t nhin, trong o co 145 h co
din tch mt trn 100km2. H nc nhat ln nht va su nht th gii la
Baican (thuc cng hoa lin bang Nga) cha 2.300km3 nc, vi su ti a
1.741m .
Ngoai h t nhin trn luc a a xy dng hn 10.000 h cha nc
nhn tao nhm giai quyt cac nhu cu s dung ngun nc mt (iu tit va
khai thac dong chay cua sng). Tng dung tch hu ch cua h nhn tao c
tnh gn 5.000 km3.
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b/ Nc ngm :
Pha di mt t, trong cac lp bn trn cua quyn a, co cac dang
nc thin nhin tao thanh nc ngm cua vo Trai t. Nc ngm noi trn
goi la nc trong lc. Bn canh nc trong lc, trong nham thach con co nc
mao dn. Dang nc nay lin kt kha cht vi nham thach bi lc dnh kt -
lc mang mao dn va do o chung di chuyn trong cac ke h khng tun theo
sc hut trong trng cua Trai t .
Ngoai ra trong nham thach con co nc lin kt hoa hoc, o la mt b
phn trong thanh phn hoa hoc cua khoang vt. V du tinh th thach cao cha
hai phn t nc trong mi phn t sunfat canxi (CaSO4.2H2O), trong tinh th
mui sunfat natri co ti 10 phn t nc.
V tr lng nc ngm hin nay ch mi anh gia mc tng i, v
kha phc tap, mt mt do mi quan h qua lai hu c gia nc mt va nc
ngm, mt khac do kha nng khoan con han ch va tai liu khoan su con qua
t. Tuy vy cn c tai liu cua t chc giao duc khoa hoc va vn hoa cua lin
hp quc co th s b anh gia tr lng nc ngm trn toan cu.
Bang 4.3- Tr lng nc ngm toan cu :
Pham vi Khi lng khoang hoa Mc thch hp khi s
3
(1000 km ) ( g/l) dung
su ti 4000 Chu yu nc ngot. ap ng nhu cu i vi
1000m Lng mui hoa tan nc sinh hoat va nc ti
khng qua 1
su t 1000- Khoang Phn ln la nc mn Co th dung cho cng
6000m 5000 vi lng mui hoa tan nghip hoa hoc. Khi s
ti 30-40 i khi n dung cho sinh hoat hoc
300-400 ti cn phai lam ngot.
Tng cac loai 60.000
theo d bao
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Cac vi khun t dng co kha nng oxy hoa cht v c thu nng
lng va s dung kh CO2 lam ngun cacbon cho qua trnh sinh tng hp.
Thuc nhom nay co vi khun nitrat hoa, vi khun lu huynh, vi khun st ...
Cac vi khun co kha nng chu c pH thp va co th oxy hoa H2S trong
nc thanh acid sulfuric gy n mon vt liu cac cng trnh thuy. Cac vi
khun st co kha nng oxy hoa st hoa tan trong nc thanh st khng tan
lng xung ay.
Nm va men la cac loai thc vt khng co kha nng quang hp. Men co
th chuyn hoa ng thanh ru va phat trin t bao mi. mt s vung
nc tu, nm va men co th phat trin manh.
Vi rut :
Trong ngun nc t nhin thng co cac loai vi rut. Chung co kch
thc cc nho (20-100 nanomet) nn ch phat hin bng knh hin vi in t.
Vi rut la loai ky sinh ni bao. Chung ch co th sinh si trong t bao cua
vt chu v chung khng co h thng chuyn hoa t sinh san. Khi xm nhp
vao t bao vt chu, vi rut thc hin vic chuyn hoa t bao tng hp prtin
va acid nucleic sinh san va phat trin. Chnh v c ch sinh san nay nhiu
loai vi rut la tac nhn gy bnh him ngheo cho con ngi va gia suc nh
bnh vim gan va vim rut.
Tao :
Tao la loai thc vt n gian nht co kha nng quang hp. Co loai tao
co cu truc n bao ch phat hin bng knh hin vi, co loai co dang nhanh dai
co th quan sat bng mt. Tao la sinh vt t dng, chung s dung cacbonic
hoc bicacbonat lam ngun cacbon va s dung cac cht dinh dng v c nh
photphat va nit phat trin.
Trong qua trnh phat trin cua tao co s tham gia cua mt s nguyn t
vi lng nh magi, Bo, cacbon va canxi. Tao co mau vi thanh phn chu yu
la cht dip luc ong vai tro quan trong trong vic quang hp .
Tao phat trin rt manh trong ngun nc m cha nhiu cht dinh
dng t nc thai sinh hoat va phn bon. V vy tao la mt ch tiu sinh hoc
anh gia cht lng nc t nhin.
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pham vi rng ln (s c tau du, thai cac cht thai cua cac nha may vung
ven bin).
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4.3.1- Cac hp hu c :
Theo kha nng chu tac ng cua cac yu t mi trng: anh sang,
m, nhit va cac nhn t vi sinh vt co th phn loai cac hp cht hu c
thanh hai loai chnh sau y:
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Ky thut Mi trng
vng se b phn huy lam suy giam nng xy hoa tan, tn tr va lu ong
trong cac lu vc t xao trn se tao iu kin cho cac vi sinh vt ym kh phat
trin gy mui kho chu lam giam gia tr s dung cua ngun nc.
Nu nng cao se lam can kit nng xy hoa tan gy anh hng
xu n s phat trin cua h thuy sinh: phu dng tao iu kin cho h thc
vt nc phat trin manh; anh hng xu n s phat trin cua h ng vt
nc gy cht ca.
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4.3.4- Mau :
Mau nc trong t nhin va nc thai thng co ngun gc:
- Cac cht hu c d phn huy bi cac tac nhn vi sinh vt.
- S phat trin cua mt s loai thc vt nc: tao, rong ru.
- Co cha cac hp cht st, mangan dang keo.
- Co cha cac tac nhn gy mau: kim loai (Cr, Fe,...), cac hp cht
hu c tanin, lignin...
Mau thc cua nc la mau do cac cht hoa tan hoc cac cht dang
keo; mau bn ngoai (mau biu kin) do cac cht l lng cua nc tao nn.
4.3.5- Mui :
Mui do cac nguyn nhn:
- Co cac cht hu c t cng ranh khu dn c, cac x nghip ch bin
thc phm.
- Co cac san phm t s phn huy cac xac cht ng vt.
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qua trnh tac ng lu dai khng gy anh hng xu n sc khoe con ngi
va pha huy h sinh thai ngun nc.
Hin nay trong quan ly nc th ngi ta chia ra hai loai ngun nc
theo muc ch s dung. Ngun loai I s dung cho muc ch cp nc cho
th, khu dn c hoc cac nha may cng nghip thc phm; ngun loai II s
dung cho muc ch sinh hoat vn hoa, ngh ngi, th thao va cac ngun nc
khac nm trong khu vc dn c. Mt s ngun nc s dung nui ca hoc
nui trng thuy san khac co yu cu cht lng ring cua mnh.
nc ta, b Y t co quyt nh s 505BYT/Q ngay 13-4-1992 qui
nh nng gii han cho phep cac cht c hai trong nc b mt. NGC cua
mt s cht c hai in hnh nu trong quyt nh nay xem bang 4-5. Mt
s a phng nh thanh ph H Ch Minh, tnh Hu Giang... cung co nhng
qui nh ring da trn cac iu kin cu th cua a phng: ch thuy vn
ngun nc, c im s dung nc, tnh hnh kh hu.
Bang 4-5: Nng gii han cho phep cua mt s cht c hai in hnh trong ngun nc
mt theo qui nh cua b Y t :
TT Tn hoa cht Cng thc Ch mc c hai NGC,mg/l
1 Amoniac NH3 Theo ch v sinh 2,0
2 Anilin C6H5NH2 c cht 0,1
3 Asen As+ 0,05
4 Ch Tetraetyl Pb(C2H5)4 khng c co
5 Crom Cr6+ 0,1
6 DDT C14H9Cl5 0,2
7 Phenol C6H5OH 0,001
8 Sunfua S- khng c co
9 Thuy ngn Hg2+ 0,005
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C1.CP, C2.CP, ...Cn.CP la NGC cua cac cht c hai theo qui nh.
n la s cht c hai theo qui nh.
i vi ngun nc la sng sui phuc vu cho cac muc ch cp nc
ung va cho cac nhu cu sinh hoat, mc tnh toan kim tra t trc im
dung nc (theo chiu dong chay) 1 km.
Trong h, h cha nc va bin, chiu dong chay khng co y ngha ln
v chung lun lun thay i. Trong trng hp nay ngi ta thng thit lp
khu vc kim tra cht lng nc s dung theo tiu chun gii han qui nh
vi ban knh trn 1 km i vi h, h cha nc va trn 300m i vi bin.
Da vao cac iu kin v sinh khi xa nc thai vao ngun nc mt co
th xac nh c mc x ly nc thai cn thit, bin phap monitring cht
lng nc va cac bin phap bao v ngun nc khac.
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RUNG KHU DU
THUY LI LCH
1
7
2
KHU THUY
SAN
3
5
KHU CNG
4
THANH PH
NGHIP 6
BIN
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Gio
CO2, O2
TAO
Nc ra a x
NC THAI CO2, NH3+, PO43- ly + T bao
O2
Tao, vi khun
VSV
Hiu kh T bao mi
VSV k kh
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NC THAI
Rac nghin
B LNG CAT SN PHI CAT Cat kh
Cn (s cp)
B LNG I
Kh nen
B SN PHI
B AEROTEN BUN
MTAN
Bun hoat tnh
Bun d
B LNG II B NEN BUN
PHN
BON
MANG TRN + Cht kh trung
B TIP XUC
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Khi thit k thoat nc trong cac x nghip, trc ht phai xem xet kha
nng tn dung nc thai (toan b hoc mt phn) va thu hi cht qu trong o.
Da vao thanh phn, s lng nc thai va iu kin a phng co th chon
mt trong cac phng phap sau y:
a/ Dung lai nc thai sau khi x ly trong h thng cp nc tun hoan cua nha may.
Vi nc b nong ln ma khng nhim bn trong san xut th ch cn
cho qua cng trnh lam ngui. Vi nc thai b nhim bn ma khng nong ln
(nc lam giau qung chng han) th ch cn cho qua cac cng trnh x ly
(lng). Vi nc va b nong ln va b nhim bn cung co th cho qua x ly
ri lam ngui dn tr v dung lai trong san xut.
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d/ Thu hi cht qu :
Nc thai cua nhiu nha may, x nghip co cha nhiu cht qu (du,
m, crm...). Nhng cht o phai c thu hi va a tr lai phuc vu san xut.
Trong mt s x nghip, nng cac cht qu trong nc thai cac phn
xng rt khac nhau. Do o nhng tram thu hi cht thai se la mt khu cng
ngh trong tng phn xng. Vic thu hi cht qu se giam nng cht bn
co trong nc thai, tao iu kin d dang cho vic x ly sau o.
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