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Ky thut Mi trng

NHIM MI TRNG NC

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4.1 - C IM CUA TAI NGUYN NC

4.1.1- Ngun nc va phn b nc trong t nhin :


Nc la ngun tai nguyn rt cn thit cho s sng trn Trai t, am
bao cho s phat trin cua nn vn minh nhn loai hin tai cung nh trong
tng lai: ngun cung cp thc phm va nguyn liu cng nghip di dao...
Nc c coi la mt khoang san c bit v tang tr mt nng lng ln lai
hoa tan nhiu vt cht phuc vu cho nhu cu nhiu mt cua con ngi.
Nc trn hanh tinh phat sinh t ba ngun: t bn trong long t, t
thin thach a lai va t lp trn cua kh quyn. Khi lng nc chu yu trn
Trai t: nc mn, nc ngot, hi nc; bt ngun t long t trong qua
trnh phn hoa lp a nhit cao.
Theo s tnh toan th khi lng nc trang thai t do phu ln Trai
t la trn 1,4 ty km3, lng nc nay nu phu trn b mt Trai t se co
day 0,3-0,4 m.
Bang 3.1: Tr lng nc trn Trai t :
Loai nc Khi lng nc Ty l %
(1000 km3)
ai dng 1.370.323 94,20
Nc ngm 60.000 4,12
Bng 24.000 1,65
H 280 0,02
Hi m trong t 85 0,006

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Ky thut Mi trng

Hi m trong khng kh 14 0,001


Sng sui 12 0,001
Tng cng 1.454.714 100,00
Khi lng cua cac loai ngun nc rt khac nhau, gn 94% nc trn
Trai t la nc mn; nc ngot chim mt phn rt nho, trong o phn ln
lai ong bng min cc va vung bng ha. Ch mt phn rt nho cua lng
nc hanh tinh (1/7000) co vai tro quan trong trong vic bao tn s sng - o
la lng nc ngot co trong sng, h, ao, sui, nc ngm va hi m trong
khng kh.

4.1.2- Chu trnh tun hoan nc trong thuy quyn :


Nc trong t nhin lun lun vn ng va thay i trang thai. Chu
trnh nc la s vn ng cua nc trn Trai t va trong kh quyn mt cach
t nhin theo nm dang c ban la: ma - dong chay - thm - bc hi - ngng
tu va thanh ma.
Nc vn ng trong chu trnh la nh bc xa song ngn cua Mt Tri.
Ti mt t chung b hp thu mt phn va chuyn i thanh nhit nng lam
cho nhng tng thp cua kh quyn nong ln. Chnh nng lng nay a hm
nong nc mt cua ai dng va t lin trong cac th long khac nhau (long,
tuyt, bng) va lam chung bc hi. S khac bit v nhit gia cac vung kh
quyn lam khng kh chuyn ng (gio). Hi nc bc ln vi khng kh
nong ti tng cao kh quyn th ngng tu thanh ma hay tuyt va lai ri xung
mt t.
Nc ngot co th s dung chim mt lng rt nho trong toan b khi
lng cua thuy quyn nhng nh qua trnh khng l: s tun hoan nc, tr
lng nc ngot c tun hoan lin tuc. Chnh qua trnh nay la nguyn nhn
tao ra nc ngot. S trao i nc ngot trong sng h din ra manh me hn rt
nhiu so vi nc mn va nc bng ha.
Bang 4.2: Cac chu ky tun hoan nc trong thuy quyn :
Cac yu t cua thuy quyn Thi gian chu ky, (nm)
ai dng 3000
Tng lng nc ngm 5000
Nc ngm tham gia chu ky 330
Bng ha 8300

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Ky thut Mi trng

H 10
m t 1
Nc sng 0,032
Hi nc kh quyn 0,027
Toan b thuy quyn 2800
Chu trnh nc toan cu quyt nh kha nng cp nc ngot cho con
ngi va cac sinh vt khac. Do xut hin cua s sng, vong tun hoan nc
ngay cang phc tap hn vi vic bc hi nc cua c th sng va cac hoat
ng cua con ngi.

4.1.3- Phn loai va phn b ngun nc :


Tai nguyn nc c phn thanh ba dang chu yu theo v tr cung nh
c im hnh thanh, khai thac va s dung o la ngun nc trn mt t
(nc mt), nc di t (nc ngm) va nc trong kh quyn (hi nc).

a/ Nc mt :
Trn pham vi luc a tr lng nc mt bao gm nc bng tuyt
cac a cc va cac vung nui cao x han i (98,83%), nc h (1,15%), nc
m ly (0,015%) va nc sng (0,005%). V khi lng nc bng tuyt
chim ty l tuyt i ln va nu gia thuyt khi bng ha tan thanh nc th
mc nc ai dng co th tng ln 66,4m. Tuy nhin trong thc t bng ha
nm khu vc gia lanh vnh cu nn kha nng s dung chung con rt han ch.
Ngc lai nc sng va h tuy chim ty l rt nho song do tham gia vao
chng trnh tun hoan vn ng rt tch cc nn chung co vai tro ht sc
quan trong i vi s phat trin kinh t xa hi cua con ngi.
V lng nc h cho ti nay cha tnh c chnh xac, v cha c
iu tra y u. S b c tnh co 2,8 triu h t nhin, trong o co 145 h co
din tch mt trn 100km2. H nc nhat ln nht va su nht th gii la
Baican (thuc cng hoa lin bang Nga) cha 2.300km3 nc, vi su ti a
1.741m .
Ngoai h t nhin trn luc a a xy dng hn 10.000 h cha nc
nhn tao nhm giai quyt cac nhu cu s dung ngun nc mt (iu tit va
khai thac dong chay cua sng). Tng dung tch hu ch cua h nhn tao c
tnh gn 5.000 km3.

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Ky thut Mi trng

Nc m ly c tnh 11.470 km3 vi din tch 2.682 km2.


Nc sng lun vn ng va tun hoan, nn nhanh chong c phuc
hi. Nh vy tuy th tch cha cua cac sng c tnh ch bng 1.200 km3
nhng nng lng dong chay phong phu hn nhiu, iu nay cho phep tng
ang k kha nng khai thac dong sng cho cac muc tiu s dung khac nhau.

b/ Nc ngm :
Pha di mt t, trong cac lp bn trn cua quyn a, co cac dang
nc thin nhin tao thanh nc ngm cua vo Trai t. Nc ngm noi trn
goi la nc trong lc. Bn canh nc trong lc, trong nham thach con co nc
mao dn. Dang nc nay lin kt kha cht vi nham thach bi lc dnh kt -
lc mang mao dn va do o chung di chuyn trong cac ke h khng tun theo
sc hut trong trng cua Trai t .
Ngoai ra trong nham thach con co nc lin kt hoa hoc, o la mt b
phn trong thanh phn hoa hoc cua khoang vt. V du tinh th thach cao cha
hai phn t nc trong mi phn t sunfat canxi (CaSO4.2H2O), trong tinh th
mui sunfat natri co ti 10 phn t nc.
V tr lng nc ngm hin nay ch mi anh gia mc tng i, v
kha phc tap, mt mt do mi quan h qua lai hu c gia nc mt va nc
ngm, mt khac do kha nng khoan con han ch va tai liu khoan su con qua
t. Tuy vy cn c tai liu cua t chc giao duc khoa hoc va vn hoa cua lin
hp quc co th s b anh gia tr lng nc ngm trn toan cu.
Bang 4.3- Tr lng nc ngm toan cu :
Pham vi Khi lng khoang hoa Mc thch hp khi s
3
(1000 km ) ( g/l) dung
su ti 4000 Chu yu nc ngot. ap ng nhu cu i vi
1000m Lng mui hoa tan nc sinh hoat va nc ti
khng qua 1
su t 1000- Khoang Phn ln la nc mn Co th dung cho cng
6000m 5000 vi lng mui hoa tan nghip hoa hoc. Khi s
ti 30-40 i khi n dung cho sinh hoat hoc
300-400 ti cn phai lam ngot.
Tng cac loai 60.000
theo d bao

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Ky thut Mi trng

4.1.4- Tnh cht , thanh phn cua nc t nhin :


a/ Tnh cht vt ly :
Nhit : nhit cua nc thay i theo nhit cua khng kh,
nht la nc mt. Nhit cua nc mt dao ng t 4-40C, nc ngm
nhit tng i n nh dao ng t 17-27C.
uc : uc do cac cht l lng trong nc nh cat, set, bun
va cac hp cht hu c co trong nc.
mau va mui v : Nc t nhin co th co mau do cha cac cht
v c hay hu c dang hp cht hoa tan hay cht keo gy ra. Chng han nh
nc cha nhiu st co mau vang nu. Acid humic hay funvic lam cho nc
co mau en.
Nc co th co mui bun, mui mc do cac thc vt thi ra gy ra hay
mui thi do H2S va mt s hp cht hoa tan co th lam cho nc co v c bit
mn, chat, chua... v du nc cha nhiu Magie co v chat, cha nhiu mui
n co v mn...

b/ Thanh phn hoa hoc cua nc t nhin :


Cac hp cht v c va hu c trong nc t nhin co th tn tai dang
ion hoa tan, kh hoa tan, dang rn va long. Chnh s phn b cac hp cht nay
quyt nh tnh cht cua nc t nhin: ngot, mn, cng hoc mm, ngheo
dinh dng hay giau dinh dng ...
Cac in hoa tan : Nc t nhin la dung mi hoa tan hu ht cac
acid, baz va mui v c. V th trong nc t nhin co cac ion hoa tan nh:
Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, SO42-, Br-, Fe2+, Fe3+, HCO3-,...
Ham lng cua cac nguyn t hoa hoc phn b phu thuc vao c im
kh hu, a cht, a mao va v tr thuy vc. c im thanh phn cua cac ion
hoa tan cua sng do ba yu t chu ao gy ra: anh hng cua nc ma, cua
s bc hi va s phong hoa. Cac sng nhit i ma nhiu co thanh phn hoa
hoc chu yu nh nc ma, con yu t phong hoa khng ln. Cac sng nhit
i sa mac co thanh phn hoa hoc do qua trnh bc hi, kt tinh la chu ao.
Cac sng vung n i t ma co thanh phn hoa hoc do phong hoa la chu
ao...

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Ky thut Mi trng

Cac kh hoa tan :


- xy la loai kh t hoa tan trong nc va khng tac dung vi nc v
mt hoa hoc. Oxy cn cho qua trnh trao i cht. hoa tan cua oxy trong
nc phu thuc chu yu vao nhit , ap sut cua mi trng; ngoai ra con
phu thuc vao mn, chiu su cua lp nc b mt va mc nhim cua
nc.
Vao mua thu, ng lng oxy hoa tan trong nc nhiu hn vao mua
xun, he do nhit mua xun, he tng, nng mui tng, qua trnh h hp
tng dn n oxy hoa tan giam.
lp nc b mt, nng oxy hoa tan phu thuc vao s trao i cua
nc vi khng kh. lp di nng cua oxy hoa tan phu thuc vao kha
nng tiu thu oxy cua cac sinh vt va s xao trn cua cac lp nc.
Noi chung nng oxy trong nc giam dn theo su cua lp nc.
Nu nc b nhim bi cac cht hu c d phn huy th ham lng oxy
trong nc giam do b tiu thu bi hoat ng cua cac vi sinh vt.
- Kh CO2 ch chim 0,03% trong kh quyn nhng ong vai tro cc ky
quan trong trong nc v no phan ng vi nc tao thanh ion bicacbonat
(HCO3-) va cac bonat (CO3- ). Nng kh CO2 trong nc phu thuc vao
pH: nu pH thp th CO2 dang kh, pH=8-9 dang bicacbonat va pH>10 dang
cacbonat ty l cao.
- Kh NH3 tn tai trong nc co pH >10. Trong mi trng trung tnh
va acid chu yu dang ion NH4+. Do b oxy hoa bi vi sinh vt nn NH4+ d
dang chuyn thanh nitrit va sau o thanh nitrat.
- Kh H2S tao ra do qua trnh phn huy cac cht hu c co trong nc.
Trong iu kin oxy hoa co th tao thanh H2SO4 gy tac hai cho cac cng
trnh xy dng di nc.
Cac cht rn :
Cac cht rn trong nc bao gm cac cht v c, hu c va vi sinh vt.
Chung co th phn thanh cac loai phu thuc vao kch thc nh sau:
- Cht rn hoa tan co kch thc d<10-9m.
- Cht rn dang keo co kch thc d=10-9-10-6m.
- Cht rn dang l lng co kch thc d= 10-6-10-5m.

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Ky thut Mi trng

- Cht rn co th lng co kch thc d>10-5m.


Cac cht hu c :
Trong ngun nc t nhin, ham lng cac cht hu c rt thp, t co
kha nng gy tr ngai cho cp nc sinh hoat, thuy san, thuy li. Nhng nu
b nhim do nc thai sinh hoat, san xut ... th nng cht hu c trong
nc se tng ln.
Da vao kha nng b phn huy do sinh vt trong nc, cht hu c co
th phn thanh hai loai: d b phn huy sinh hoc nh ng, cht beo,
prtin,... va kho b phn huy sinh hoc nh DDT, Lindan, aldrine, dioxin,
naphtalen...

c/ Thanh phn sinh hoc cua nc t nhin :


Thanh phn va mt cac c th sng trong ngun nc phu thuc cht
che vao c im, thanh phn hoa hoc cua ngun nc, ch thuy vn va a
hnh ni c tru. Cac loai sinh vt tn tai trong ngun nc t nhin chu yu la
vi khun, nm, siu vi trung, tao, nguyn sinh ng vt, ng vt a bao, cac
loai ng vt co xng sng va cac loai nhuyn th.
Vi khun va nm :
Vi khun la cac loai sinh vt thng dang n bao, khng mau co
kch thc t 0,5-5 mm, co dang hnh que, hnh cu hoc hnh xon, chung co
th dang n le, cp i hoc lin kt thanh mach dai.
Vi khun ong vai tro quan trong trong vic phn huy cht hu c, h
tr qua trnh t lam sach cua nc t nhin. V vy chung co y ngha ln v
mt sinh thai.
Phu thuc vao ngun dinh dng, vi khun c chia thanh hai nhom:
vi khun t dng va vi khun d dng.
Cac vi khun d dng s dung cht hu c lam ngun nng lng va
ngun cacbon thc hin qua trnh sinh tng hp. Co ba phn nhom vi
khun d dng: cac vi khun hiu kh cn oxy hoa tan khi phn huy cht hu
c sinh san va phat trin, cac vi khun ky kh oxy hoa cht hu c trong
iu kin khng cn oxy t do v chung co th dung oxy lin kt trong cac
hp cht nh nitrat, sulfat va cac vi khun tuy nghi co c ch phat trin trong
iu kin co hoc khng co oxy t do.

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Ky thut Mi trng

Cac vi khun t dng co kha nng oxy hoa cht v c thu nng
lng va s dung kh CO2 lam ngun cacbon cho qua trnh sinh tng hp.
Thuc nhom nay co vi khun nitrat hoa, vi khun lu huynh, vi khun st ...
Cac vi khun co kha nng chu c pH thp va co th oxy hoa H2S trong
nc thanh acid sulfuric gy n mon vt liu cac cng trnh thuy. Cac vi
khun st co kha nng oxy hoa st hoa tan trong nc thanh st khng tan
lng xung ay.
Nm va men la cac loai thc vt khng co kha nng quang hp. Men co
th chuyn hoa ng thanh ru va phat trin t bao mi. mt s vung
nc tu, nm va men co th phat trin manh.
Vi rut :
Trong ngun nc t nhin thng co cac loai vi rut. Chung co kch
thc cc nho (20-100 nanomet) nn ch phat hin bng knh hin vi in t.
Vi rut la loai ky sinh ni bao. Chung ch co th sinh si trong t bao cua
vt chu v chung khng co h thng chuyn hoa t sinh san. Khi xm nhp
vao t bao vt chu, vi rut thc hin vic chuyn hoa t bao tng hp prtin
va acid nucleic sinh san va phat trin. Chnh v c ch sinh san nay nhiu
loai vi rut la tac nhn gy bnh him ngheo cho con ngi va gia suc nh
bnh vim gan va vim rut.
Tao :
Tao la loai thc vt n gian nht co kha nng quang hp. Co loai tao
co cu truc n bao ch phat hin bng knh hin vi, co loai co dang nhanh dai
co th quan sat bng mt. Tao la sinh vt t dng, chung s dung cacbonic
hoc bicacbonat lam ngun cacbon va s dung cac cht dinh dng v c nh
photphat va nit phat trin.
Trong qua trnh phat trin cua tao co s tham gia cua mt s nguyn t
vi lng nh magi, Bo, cacbon va canxi. Tao co mau vi thanh phn chu yu
la cht dip luc ong vai tro quan trong trong vic quang hp .
Tao phat trin rt manh trong ngun nc m cha nhiu cht dinh
dng t nc thai sinh hoat va phn bon. V vy tao la mt ch tiu sinh hoc
anh gia cht lng nc t nhin.

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Ky thut Mi trng

Cac loai thc vt va sinh vt khac :


Trong nc con co cac loai thc vt ln nh rong, luc bnh la cac thc
vt ch th anh gia cht lng nc t nhin.
Cac nguyn sinh ng vt, ng vt a bao, cac loai nhuyn th va tm
ca la nhng sinh vt thng co mt trong ngun nc t nhin. S phat trin
v th loai va s lng cac loai thuy sinh o phu thuc ro rt vao cht lng
nc va mc nhim nc. V du ngun nc b nhim cht hu c se
lam suy giam v chung loai va s lng cac loai thuy sinh do nng oxy hoa
tan trong nc giam; nhim phen se lam chua nc (pH =4,5-5) se lam giam
lng tm ca.

4.1.5- S nhim ngun nc :


a/ Khai nim :
Do hoat ng nhn tao hay t nhin (xoi mon, pha rng, lu lut, s xm
nhp cua cac cht thai th, cht thai cng nghip...) ma thanh phn cua
nc trong mi trng thuy quyn co th b thay i do nhiu loai cht thai
a vao h thng. Tht ra nc co kha nng t lam sach thng qua cac qua
trnh bin i ly hoa sinh hoc t nhin nh hp phu, lng, loc, tao keo, phn
tan, bin i co xuc tac sinh hoc, oxy hoa kh, phn ly, polyme hoa hay cac
qua trnh trao i cht ... C s qua trnh nay at hiu qua cao la phai co u
oxy hoa tan. Qua trnh t lam sach d thc hin dong chay hn la ao h v
y qua trnh i lu hay khuch tan oxy cua kh quyn vao trong nc d
dang xay ra va tham gia vao qua trnh chuyn hoa lam giam cht c hoc
lam lng cac cht rn hoc tiu dit vi sinh vt co hai. Khi lng cht thai a
vao nc qua nhiu, vt qua kha nng gii han cua qua trnh t lam sach th
kt qua la nc b nhim. Khi o x ly nhim cn phai co cac phng
phap nhn tao.
Vic nhn bit nc nhim co th cn c vao trang thai hoa hoc, vt
ly, sinh hoc cua nc. V du nh khi nc b nhim se co mui kho chu, v
khng bnh thng, mau khng trong sut, s lng ca va cac thuy sinh vt
khac giam, co dai phat trin manh, co nhiu mun hoc co vang du m trn
mt nc...
Nc nhim sng h, chay ra bin, gy nhim ca sng va bin.
Ngoai ra co nhiu cht thai thai trc tip vao ai dng gy nhim bin trn

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Ky thut Mi trng

pham vi rng ln (s c tau du, thai cac cht thai cua cac nha may vung
ven bin).

b/ Cac thng s c ban anh gia cht lng ngun nc :


Cac ch tiu vt ly: nhit , uc, trong, mau, mui, v...
anh gia v mt nh tnh nhim bn cua nc do cac loai nc thai cng
nghip, nc thai th...
Cac ch tiu hoa hoc :
- Ham lng cn l lng va ham lng tinh cn kh anh gia v mt
nh lng trang thai cht bn khng hoa tan hoc hoa tan.
- Cac ch tiu ham lng cht hu c c xac nh gian tip bng cach
o lng oxy tiu thu do qua trnh oxy hoa nh vi khun (ch tiu BOD) hoc
nh cac cht oxy hoa manh nh K2Cr2O7 (COD theo bicromat kali), KMnO4
(COD theo pecmanganat kali). Cac ch tiu nay cho bit mc nhim bn
nc thai cha cht hu c, kha nng phn huy chung trong ngun nc ...
- Ch tiu oxy hoa tan anh gia mc nhim bn cht hu c theo
BOD cua ngun nc, trang thai cht lng va kha nng t lam sach cua
ngun nc.
- Cac ch tiu nit nh nit amn (NH4+), nitrit ( NO2- ), nitrat ( NO3- ),
ch tiu pht phat ( PO43-)... anh gia mc ph dng cua ngun nc do
nc thai sinh hoat, nc thai cng nghip, nc ti rung tran vao sng h.
Ngoai ra cac ch tiu nay con dung anh gia cac qua trnh phn huy cht
hu c cha nit, pht pho trong ngun nc.
- Cac ch tiu tng lng mui: clorua (Cl-) co th dung anh gia mc
nhim bn do nc thai cng nghip .
- Cac ch tiu du m, ham lng cac mui kim loai nng, cac cht
phong xa... anh gia nhim bn cua cac loai nc thai khac nhau.
Cac ch tiu sinh vt :
- Tng s vi trung hiu kh co trong mt lt nc biu th bn cua
nc v mt vi trung.
- Tng s vi trung ky kh anh gia mc nhim bn cac cht hu c
ngun gc ph thai sinh hoat.

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Ky thut Mi trng

- Ch s Coli biu th s vi trung Coli (E. Coli) co trong mt lt nc.


Ch tiu nay biu th kha nng co hay khng co vi trung gy bnh ng rut
co trong nc.
i vi ngun nc b nhim bn bi nc thai thanh ph hoc nhiu
loai nc thai cng nghip khac nhau, cn phai phn tch y u cac ch tiu
nu trn anh gia tac ng tng hp cua chung i vi ngun nc. Mc
nhim bn cua nc trong trng hp nay c xac nh theo bang 4.3.
Bang 4.3: H thng anh gia tng hp ngun nc mt:
TT Trang thai PH NH4+ NO3- PO43- oxy COD BOD5
nc ngun mg/l mg/l mg/l bao hoa mg/l mg/l
%
1 Nc rt sach 7-8 <0,05 <0,1 <0,01 100 6 2
2 Nc sach 6,5-8,5 0,05-0,4 0,1-0,3 0,01-0,05 100 6-20 2-4
3 Nc hi bn 6-9 0,4-1,5 0,3-1 0,05-0,1 50-90 20-50 4-6
4 Nc bn 5-9 1,5-3 1-4 0,1-0,15 20-50 50-70 6-8
5 Nc rt bn 4-9,5 3-5 4-8 0,15-0,3 5-20 70-100 8-10
6 Nc bn nng 3-10 >5 >8 >0,3 <5 >100 >10

4.2 - CAC NGUN GY NHIM MI TRNG NC


Khi con ngi bt u trng trot, chn nui th khu vc trng trot dn
phat trin min ng bng mau m k bn lu vc cac con sng. Dn c t
nn tai nguyn rt di dao vi nhu cu cua ho. Tnh hnh a thay i mt cach
nhanh chong khi cuc cach mang cng nghip bt u. Cac th tr thanh
ni tp trung dn c qua ng uc. Cac tac ng cua con ngi i vi ngun
nc ngay cang tr nn ro rt, nht la i vi ngun nc gn khu cng
nghip va th. Trong iu kin dn s va sc phat trin manh me, cac tac
ng nay tng ln nhanh chong, lam thay i cac chu trnh t nhin trong thuy
quyn cung nh lam thay i s cn bng nc trong hanh tinh. Cac ngun
nc b nhim do cac hoat ng sau y cua con ngi.

4.2.1- Sinh hoat cua con ngi :


Trong hoat ng sng cua mnh con ngi cn mt lng nc rt ln.
Xa hi cang phat trin nhu cu dung nc cang tng. C dn sng trong iu
kin nguyn thuy ch cn 5-10 lt nc /ngi.ngay. Ngay nay cac th
nhu cu s dung nc sinh hoat gp hang chuc ln nh vy. nc ta tiu
chun cp nc sinh hoat i vi khu th la 150-200 lt/ngi.ngay, i vi

= 76 =
Ky thut Mi trng

khu vc nng thn la 50-100 lt/ngi.ngay. Tiu chun cp nc cua Singapo


la 250-400 lt/ngi.ngay, cua Phap 200-500 lt/ngi.ngay, cua My la 380-
500 lt/ngi.ngay...
Trong th nc thai sinh hoat c tao thanh t cac khu dn c va t
cac cng trnh cng cng. c im cua nc thai sinh hoat th la ham
lng cac cht hu c khng bn vng cao, la mi trng thun li cho vi sinh
vt gy bnh phat trin. Trong nc thai con cha nhiu nguyn t dinh dng
co kha nng gy ra hin tng ph dng ngun nc.
Nc thai sinh hoat cac vung khac nhau th cung khac nhau. V du
theo mt s nghin cu cua Israel, i vi vung th lng nit amn la 5,18
g/ngi.ngay, kali- 2,12 g/ngi.ngay, pht pho - 0,68 g/ngi.ngay; i vi
vung nng thn cac ch tiu tng ng nay la 7,0 ; 3,22 va 1,23 g/ngi.ngay .

4.2.2- Nc thai cng nghip :


S tng nhanh nn cng nghip lam tng nhu cu v nc, nht la cac
nganh san xut nh ch bin thc phm, giy, hoa cht, luyn kim, du mo...
Nc thai cng nghip: bao gm nc thai cng ngh, nc thai t qua
trnh v sinh, nc thai t qua trnh sinh hoat cua can b cng nhn trong nha
may.
Nc thai san xut trong cac x nghip cng nghip thng chia lam hai
loai: nc thai bn va nc thai qui c sach.
Nc thai qui c sach chu yu la nc lam ngui may moc thit b.
Cac loai nc nay co th dung lai trong h thng cp nc tun hoan cho nha
may.
Nc thai bn thng c tao thanh trong qua trnh cng ngh. Thanh
phn nc thai san xut cua cac nha may, x nghip rt a dang va phc tap,
phu thuc vao loai hnh san xut, dy chuyn cng ngh, thanh phn nguyn
vt liu, cht lng san phm... Trong nc thai san xut co nhiu cac loai cn
l lng, cac cht hu c (acid, este, phenol, du m, cac cht hoat ng b
mt...), cac cht c (xianua, arsen, thuy ngn, mui ng...), cac cht gy
mui, cac mui khoang va mt s ng v phong xa.

= 77 =
Ky thut Mi trng

4.2.3- Cac hoat ng nng nghip :


Vic s dung nc cho cac hoat ng nng nghip co tac ng to ln
n s thay i ch nc va s cn bng nc luc a do oi hoi mt lng
nc ln va phn ln nc s dung trong nng nghip b tiu hao ma khng
c hoan lai.
S dung nc trong nng nghip a dn n vic lam giam cht lng
nc ngun. Nc t ng rung va nc thai t cac chung trai chn nui
gy nhim bn ang k cho sng ngoi. Thanh phn khoang cht trong nc
dn t h thng tiu thuy phu thuc vao c tnh t, ch ti, cu tao h
thng tiu...
Cac hp cht hu c co cha clo nh cac loai thuc tr su DDT,
andrin, endosunphan, cac loai thuc dit co acid phenoxiaxetic, cac loai thuc
dit nm hexaclorobenzen... la cac cht bn vng, tc phn huy trong nc
rt chm. Chung co th tch tu trong bun, trong c th sinh vt, tan trong m
ng vt nc ...

4.2.4- Nc chay tran :


Nc chay tran trn mt t do nc ma, ra ng xa... la ngun gy
nhim nc sng h. Nng cht bn trong nc ma phu thuc vao hang
loat yu t nh cng ma, thi gian ma, thi gian khng ma, c im
mt phu, bn th va khng kh... Nc ma cua trn u tin trong mua
ma va cua t u tin thng co nng cht bn rt cao. Ham lng cn
l lng co th t 400-1800 mg/l, BOD5 t 40-120 mg/l.

4.2.5- Hoat ng cua tau thuyn :


Do hoat ng cua tau thuyn trn sng bin a lam tng lng du m
trong nc (do va cham, do ra tau, bm du va ri vai...). nhim nc do
du mo va san phm cua chung lam giam tnh cht hoa ly cua nc (thay i
mau, mui, v), tao lp vang mong phu u trn mt bin, ngn cach bin va
kh quyn, ngn can s trao i xy gia bin va kh quyn, ngn can s trao
i nhit cung nh s tao lp cn o. V du ch mt tn du th a co kha
nng loang phu trn mt din tch 12 km2 mt nc, ch mt gam du mo co
th gy bn 2 tn nc hoc mt giot du cung co kha nng tao ra mt mang
du day 0,001mm trn din tch 20m2.

= 78 =
Ky thut Mi trng

4.3 - CAC TAC NHN GY NHIM NGUN NC

4.3.1- Cac hp hu c :
Theo kha nng chu tac ng cua cac yu t mi trng: anh sang,
m, nhit va cac nhn t vi sinh vt co th phn loai cac hp cht hu c
thanh hai loai chnh sau y:

a/ Cac hp cht hu c khng bn vng :


Thuc loai nay bao gm cac loai cacbonhydrat, protin, cht beo... y
la cac cht nhim ph bin nht trong nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cng
nghip ch bin thc phm : bt ngot, cac qua trnh ln men, ch bin sa va
tht ca...
+ Cac cacbonhyrat: cac cht ng co cha cac nguyn t C, N va O,
mt s ng n va ng kep. Ring polysacharit c chia lam hai loai d
b phn huy sinh hoc nh tinh bt va kho b phn huy sinh hoc nh cellulosa...
+ Cac loai protin: acid amin mach dai.
+ Cac cht beo: kha nng phn huy vi sinh chm. Nhn chung cac hp
cht hu c co phn t ln khng th thm qua cac mang t bao do o cn co
giai oan thuy phn s b (phn ra) thanh cac mach ngn hn (qua trnh phn
huy ym kh).

b/ S s phn huy sinh hoc cac hp cht hu c :


- Qua trnh phn huy hiu kh :
VSV hiu kh
Cht hu c + O2 Nng lng + CO2 + H2O

- Qua trnh phn huy ky kh :

Thuy phn s b Thuy phn hoan toan


Mui khoang,
Cht hu c CHC n gian
CO2, CH4,...

c/ Tac ng cua s nhim cac cht hu c khng bn vng :


Khi xm nhp vao mi trng nc di tac ng cua cac yu t vt ly
cua mi trng va cac tac nhn vi sinh vt cac hp cht hu c khng bn

= 79 =
Ky thut Mi trng

vng se b phn huy lam suy giam nng xy hoa tan, tn tr va lu ong
trong cac lu vc t xao trn se tao iu kin cho cac vi sinh vt ym kh phat
trin gy mui kho chu lam giam gia tr s dung cua ngun nc.
Nu nng cao se lam can kit nng xy hoa tan gy anh hng
xu n s phat trin cua h thuy sinh: phu dng tao iu kin cho h thc
vt nc phat trin manh; anh hng xu n s phat trin cua h ng vt
nc gy cht ca.

d/ Cac cht hu c bn vng :


Thng la cac hp cht hu c co c tnh sinh hoc cao, kho b phn
huy bi cac tac nhn vi sinh vt. Mt s co tac dung tch luy va tn lu lu dai
trong mi trng va trong c th cac loai thuy sinh vt nn gy nhim lu
dai, ng thi co nhng tac ng xu n h sinh thai nc va thm ch n
sc khoe cua con ngi. Cac cht polyclorophenol (PCP), polyclorobiphenyl
(PCB), cac loai hyrcacbon a vong ngng tu, hp cht d vong N hoc O la
cac cht thuc loai nay.
Cac hp cht hu c bn vng: bn vng di tac ng cua cac yu t
cua mi trng vt ly va mi trng sinh hoc co th phn loai thanh cac dang
co c tnh sinh thai cao va t c. Cac hp cht hu c nh du, m; cac cht
hoat ng b mt, cac loai thuc tr su va dit co...
Tac ng manh n h thuy sinh: huy dit vi nng cao nng
thp tch tu thng qua mi quan h dinh dng gy ng c i vi con ngi
hoc dit chung mt s loai nh chim va cac loai c trung...

e/ Cac hp cht hu c bn vng co c tnh sinh thai cao :


+ Cac hp cht phenol: phenol va cac dn xut cua phenol.
+ Cac loai hoa cht bao v thc vt hu c: bao gm cac loai photpho
hu c, clo hu c, cacbanat, phenoxyaxetic, pyrethroid tng hp.
+ Tanin va lignin: cac hoa cht co ngun gc t thc vt.
+ Cac hyrocacbon a vong va ngng tu.

4.3.2- Cac kim loai nng :


Ch (Pb) co c tnh i vi nao, co th gy cht ngi nu b nhim
c nng. Ch co kha nng tch luy lu dai trong c th. Trong nc sng h

= 80 =
Ky thut Mi trng

co lng vt ch ( 0,05-40 mg/l), nc bin khng b nhim nng ch


0,03 mg/l.
Thuy ngn (Hg) rt c i vi ngi va thuy sinh. Nng cho phep
cua thuy ngn trong nc ung la 0,001 mg/l. Thuy ngn gy ri loan thn
kinh, giam tr nh, vim rng li, ri loan tiu hoa. i vi n gy ri loan
kinh nguyt, nu mang thai d b sy thai.
Asen (As) co trong ngun nc thai cng nghip khai thac qung mo,
san xut thuc tr su, thuc da va t qua trnh xoi mon t. As rt c, d
dang hp thu vao c th qua n ung, h hp, qua da. As co kha nng gy ung
th da, phi, xng va lam sai lch nhim sc th...
Ngoai cac kim loai nng k trn con co cac nguyn t khac co c tnh
rt cao nh Cadimi, Selen, Crm, Niken... la cac tac nhn gy hai cho ngi
va thuy sinh ngay nng thp.

4.3.3- Cac cht rn :


Cac cht rn co trong nc t nhin la do qua trnh xoi mon, do nc
chay tran t ng rung, do nc thai sinh hoat va cng nghip. Cht rn co
th gy tr ngai cho vic nui trng thuy san, cp nc sinh hoat.

4.3.4- Mau :
Mau nc trong t nhin va nc thai thng co ngun gc:
- Cac cht hu c d phn huy bi cac tac nhn vi sinh vt.
- S phat trin cua mt s loai thc vt nc: tao, rong ru.
- Co cha cac hp cht st, mangan dang keo.
- Co cha cac tac nhn gy mau: kim loai (Cr, Fe,...), cac hp cht
hu c tanin, lignin...
Mau thc cua nc la mau do cac cht hoa tan hoc cac cht dang
keo; mau bn ngoai (mau biu kin) do cac cht l lng cua nc tao nn.

4.3.5- Mui :
Mui do cac nguyn nhn:
- Co cac cht hu c t cng ranh khu dn c, cac x nghip ch bin
thc phm.
- Co cac san phm t s phn huy cac xac cht ng vt.

= 81 =
Ky thut Mi trng

- Nc thai cng nghip hoa cht, ch bin du m.


Bang 4.4: Mt s cht gy mui ph bin:
Cht co mui Cng thc hoa hoc Mui
Amoniac NH3 Amoniac
Phn C8H5NHCH3 Phn
Hydrosunfua H2S Trng thi
Sulfit hu c (CH3)2S, CH3SSCH3 Bp cai ra
Mercaptan CH3SH, CH3(CH2)3SH Hi
Amin CH3NH2, (CH3)3N Ca n
Diamin NH2(CH2)4NH Tht thi
Clo Cl2 Nng
Phenol C6H5OH Hc

4.3.6- Cac cht dinh dng :


Vic s dung d tha cac cht dinh dng v c (phtphat, mui amn,
ur, nitrat, kali...) trong qua trnh s dung phn bon cho cy trng se gy nn
hin tng ph dng trong nc b mt. Hin tng ph dng la hin tng
d tha dinh dng trong nc gy nn s phat trin nhanh cua mt s loai
thc vt bc thp nh tao, rong, ru va cac thc vt thn mm trong nc, se
anh hng ti s cn bng sinh hoc trong nc. Cac thc vt phat trin do
hin tng ph dng sau khi cht i se phn huy trong nc tao ra mt lng
ln cac hp cht hu c. Cac cht hu c nay trong qua trnh xy hoa se tiu
thu mt lng ln xy hoa tan trong nc, gy nn hin tng thiu xy
nghim trong, gy cht sinh vt thuy sinh lam cho h bin thanh vung m
ly.

4.4 - CAC BIN PHAP KY THUT BAO V NGUN NC

4.4.1- iu kin v sinh khi xa nc thai vao ngun nc :


Trong vic s dung ngun nc, mi mt muc ch s dung co mt yu
cu cht lng nc ring. Vic qui nh cac iu kin v sinh khi xa nc
thai ra ngun nhm muc ch han ch lng cht bn thai vao mi trng,
am bao an toan v mt v sinh cho vic s dung ngun nc.
Tiu chun cht lng ngun s dung thng c c trng bng nng
gii han cho phep (NGC) cua cac cht bn va c hai trong o. NGC c
hiu la nng ln nht cua cac cht bn va c hai trong mi trng, trong

= 82 =
Ky thut Mi trng

qua trnh tac ng lu dai khng gy anh hng xu n sc khoe con ngi
va pha huy h sinh thai ngun nc.
Hin nay trong quan ly nc th ngi ta chia ra hai loai ngun nc
theo muc ch s dung. Ngun loai I s dung cho muc ch cp nc cho
th, khu dn c hoc cac nha may cng nghip thc phm; ngun loai II s
dung cho muc ch sinh hoat vn hoa, ngh ngi, th thao va cac ngun nc
khac nm trong khu vc dn c. Mt s ngun nc s dung nui ca hoc
nui trng thuy san khac co yu cu cht lng ring cua mnh.
nc ta, b Y t co quyt nh s 505BYT/Q ngay 13-4-1992 qui
nh nng gii han cho phep cac cht c hai trong nc b mt. NGC cua
mt s cht c hai in hnh nu trong quyt nh nay xem bang 4-5. Mt
s a phng nh thanh ph H Ch Minh, tnh Hu Giang... cung co nhng
qui nh ring da trn cac iu kin cu th cua a phng: ch thuy vn
ngun nc, c im s dung nc, tnh hnh kh hu.
Bang 4-5: Nng gii han cho phep cua mt s cht c hai in hnh trong ngun nc
mt theo qui nh cua b Y t :
TT Tn hoa cht Cng thc Ch mc c hai NGC,mg/l
1 Amoniac NH3 Theo ch v sinh 2,0
2 Anilin C6H5NH2 c cht 0,1
3 Asen As+ 0,05
4 Ch Tetraetyl Pb(C2H5)4 khng c co
5 Crom Cr6+ 0,1
6 DDT C14H9Cl5 0,2
7 Phenol C6H5OH 0,001
8 Sunfua S- khng c co
9 Thuy ngn Hg2+ 0,005

i vi cac ngun nc mt th ngay 25 thang 3 nm 1972 uy ban


Kin thit c ban nha nc a ban hanh tiu chun thoat nc th TCXD
51-72 trong o qui nh nhng nguyn tc v sinh khi xa nc thai vao sng
h.
NGC cua tng cht xa vao sng h c xac nh theo tng biu thc
sau:
C1 C C
+ 12 + ... + n 1
C1.CP C2.CP Cn .CP

Trong o: C1, C2 ,...Cn la nng cht c hai cho phep trong nc


ngun theo tnh toan.

= 83 =
Ky thut Mi trng

C1.CP, C2.CP, ...Cn.CP la NGC cua cac cht c hai theo qui nh.
n la s cht c hai theo qui nh.
i vi ngun nc la sng sui phuc vu cho cac muc ch cp nc
ung va cho cac nhu cu sinh hoat, mc tnh toan kim tra t trc im
dung nc (theo chiu dong chay) 1 km.
Trong h, h cha nc va bin, chiu dong chay khng co y ngha ln
v chung lun lun thay i. Trong trng hp nay ngi ta thng thit lp
khu vc kim tra cht lng nc s dung theo tiu chun gii han qui nh
vi ban knh trn 1 km i vi h, h cha nc va trn 300m i vi bin.
Da vao cac iu kin v sinh khi xa nc thai vao ngun nc mt co
th xac nh c mc x ly nc thai cn thit, bin phap monitring cht
lng nc va cac bin phap bao v ngun nc khac.

4.4.2- T chc giam sat (monitoring) cht lng nc


ngun:
Muc ch giam sat cht lng nc cac thuy vc la anh gia tnh
trang cht lng nc, d bao mc nhim ngun nc do s phat trin
kinh t xa hi va la c s xy dng cac bin phap bao v ngun nc co
hiu qua.
Cac ni dung c ban cua h thng giam sat cht lng nc trong
khun kh h thng giam sat mi trng toan cu GEMS la:
- anh gia cac tac ng do hoat ng cua con ngi i vi cht lng
nc va kha nng s dung nc cho cac muc ch khac nhau.
- Xac nh cht lng nc t nhin.
- Giam sat ngun gc va ng di chuyn cua cac cht bn va cht c
hai.
- Xac nh xu hng thay i cht lng nc pham vi v m.
thc hin tt cac ni dung nay, cn thit phai t chc h thng
monitoring cht lng nc bao gm cac tram giam sat c s, tram anh gia
tac ng va tram anh gia chung.
Tram giam sat c s t tai vung pha trc ngun gy nhim. Cac
tram nay dung xy dng s liu nn cht lng nc t nhin, ch b anh

= 84 =
Ky thut Mi trng

hng do cac yu t t nhin va yu t t kh quyn a ti. Cac tram nay


lun v tr c nh.
Tram anh gia tac ng c t tai vung nc b tac ng do cac hoat
ng sinh hoat va san xut cua con ngi. Da theo muc ch s dung ngi
ta chia cac tram anh gia tac ng lam 4 nhom:
- Cac tram giam sat cp nc cho sinh hoat t tai vung ly nc vao
nha may.
- Tram giam sat nc cho thuy li t tai khu vc tram bm hoc p
chn nc.
- Cac tram giam sat nc cho thuy san t tai vung sng h phuc vu
nui tm ca...
- Cac tram giam sat a nng t tai vung nc c s dung cho nhiu
muc ch khac nhau.
Cac tram anh gia chung c thanh lp anh gia xu hng thay i
cht lng nc vi qui m ln, nhiu luc mang tnh toan cu. V vy cac
tram nay cn ai din cho mt vung rng ln trong o co nhiu loai hoat ng
cua con ngi.

RUNG KHU DU
THUY LI LCH
1
7
2

KHU THUY
SAN
3
5
KHU CNG
4
THANH PH
NGHIP 6

BIN

Hnh 3.1: Cac tram giam sat ngun nc.

= 85 =
Ky thut Mi trng

4.4.3- Cac bin phap ky thut x ly nc thai :


X ly nc thai la mt trong nhng vic lam u tin bao v ngun
nc, nhm loai bo hoc han ch nhng thanh phn gy nhim co trong
nc thai, khi xa ra sng h nc thai khng lam nhim bn ngun nc.
Do nc c s dung vao nhiu muc ch khac nhau nn yu cu v
cht lng mc va bin phap x ly cung khac nhau. Vic la chon phng
phap x ly con phu thuc vao lu lng, thanh phn tnh cht nc thai, v tr
xa nc thai so vi im dung nc ha lu, kha nng t lam sach cua sng h
tip nhn nc thai, iu kin t nhin cua khu vc...
V nc thai co thanh phn a dang, phc tap, kha nng t lam sach cua
cac loai ngun nc khac nhau nn cung co nhiu bin phap x ly nc thai
khac nhau. Hin nay theo yu cu x ly nc thai ngi ta chia ra cac mc: x
ly s b, x ly tp trung va x ly trit . Theo ban cht qua trnh lam sach,
ngi ta chia ra cac phng phap x ly c hoc, phng phap x ly hoa ly va
phng phap x ly sinh hoc...

a/ X ly nc thai bng phng phap c hoc:


Phng phap c hoc thng dung loai ra khoi nc thai cac cht
khng hoa tan va mt phn hn hp keo kch thc ln. Phng phap c hoc
thng x ly khng trit , no thng la giai oan u cua qua trnh lam sach
bng sinh hoc va hoa ly.
Cac cng trnh c hoc nh song chn, li chn, b lng cat, cac loai b
lng, b suc kh, tao bot, b loc...
Song chn rac: thu vt rac va cac tap cht rn ln.
B lng cat: Tach cac tap cht v c ln nh cat, x, tao iu kin
cho cac cng trnh x ly tip theo va x ly bun cn lam vic n nh.
B lng: tach cac tap cht khng hoa tan (phn ln la cn hu c),
am bao cho cac qua trnh sinh hoc pha sau (trong cac cng trnh x ly sinh
hoc hoc trong ngun nc) din ra n nh.

b/ X ly nc thai bng phng phap sinh hoc:


Phng phap sinh hoc da trn hoat tnh cua cac loai sinh vt co trong
nc thai oxy hoa cac cht hu c hoa tan va khng hoa tan trong nc thai

= 86 =
Ky thut Mi trng

nh o ma nc thai c lam sach khoi cac cht bn hu c. Tuy theo loai vi


sinh vt c s dung ngi ta co th chia thanh 3 nhom: hiu kh, ky kh va
tuy nghi. Tuy theo tnh cht, lu lng nc thai, kh hu, a hnh... ma co
th s dung 1 trong 3 phng phap trn.
Cac cng trnh x ly nc thai bng phng phap sinh hoc co th thc
hin trong iu kin t nhin nh canh ng ti, canh ng loc, h n nh
hoc trong cac cng trnh nhn tao nh b thi kh, b loc sinh hoc, cac h n
nh, aeroten, biophin,...
Canh ng ti canh ng loc: ban cht cua qua trnh nay la da
vao kha nng t lam sach cua t, nc thai c loc qua cac lp t, cac cht
l lng, keo tu c gi lai trn b mt va trong cac ng mao dn, tao thanh
nhng mang vi sinh vt co kha nng hp thu trn b mt cua no cac cht bn
hoa tan trong nc thai. Cac vi khun hiu kh s dung oxy cua khng kh
phn huy cac cht hu c tao thanh cac hp cht v c.
Ao h n nh: oxy hoa hoan toan cht hu c va kh nit,
phtpho trong nc thai nh qua trnh quang hp, nitrat hoa va kh nitrat.
y la phng phap x ly sinh hoc n gian nht. Nc thai c cho
vao cac h cha trong nhiu ngay phu thuc vao nhit . Cac loai vi sinh vt
hiu kh, ky kh hoc tuy nghi s dung oxy cua khng kh hoc cua rong tao
trong ao h qua qua trnh hoat ng t nhin cua chung oxy hoa cac cht
hu c.

Gio
CO2, O2

TAO

Nc ra a x
NC THAI CO2, NH3+, PO43- ly + T bao
O2
Tao, vi khun
VSV
Hiu kh T bao mi

Bun lng T bao cht

VSV k kh

Cht hu c Axit hu c CH4, CO2, NH3


(2CH2O) (CH3COOH)

= 87 =
Ky thut Mi trng

- H hiu kh thng can t 0,4-0,6m anh sang Mt Tri xm nhp


vao nhiu nht, khng kh thng t mt n ay h. Oxy cn thit sinh vt
oxy hoa hiu kh cac cht hu c do rong tao tao ra trong qua trnh quang hp
va oxy trong khng kh khuch tan theo mt nc; con rong tao lai s dung
CO2, photphat, nit amn do vi khun hiu kh tao ra trong qua trnh oxy hoa
cac hp cht hu c.
- H ky kh thng su t 2-5 m, khng cn oxy hoa tan cho cac hoat
ng vi sinh. Cac loai vi khun ky kh dung oxy t cac hp cht nh nitrat,
sunfat oxy hoa cac cht hu c thanh kh CH4 va kh CO2.
- H tuy nghi c s dung nhiu hn ca, h thng su t 0,9-1,8 m.
Trong h tuy tin din ra 2 qua trnh song song, oxy hoa cac cht bn hu c
hoa tan b mt, con lp bun di ay se b phn huy ky kh tao ra m tan va
cac hp cht b kh khac.
c im cua h nay xet theo chiu su chia lam 3 vung: vung trn
cung la vung hiu kh, vung gia la vung trung gian, con vung di la vung ky
kh.
B loc sinh vt : c s dung rng rai x ly nc thai trong iu
kin hiu kh. o la 1 b hnh vung, hnh ch nht hoc hnh tron trn mt
bng. Trong b co cha vt liu loc bng a dm, gach v, soi a hoc bng
cht deo.
Trong b loc sinh vt, khi nc thai chay qua trn mt cac hat vt liu
loc se hnh thanh cac vi sinh vt goi la mang vi sinh vt. Khi nc chay qua
mang vi sinh vt cac cht hu c se b kh.
B loc sinh vt la cng trnh lam sach hiu kh va a s cac loai vi sinh
vt u cn thit oxy nhng thc cht b vi sinh vt la h tuy tin v bt u
th vi sinh vt gm h hiu kh nhng khi mang vi sinh vt a hnh thanh th
se tao ra lp ym kh nm gia b mt hat vt liu loc va lp hiu kh hoat
tnh nm ngoai mang sinh vt.
B aeroten : la b co hnh ch nht trn mt bng, nc thai chay
vao b c hoa trn vi bun hoat tnh tun hoan. Bun hoat tnh trong aeroten
tn tai di dang bng xp, tp hp chu yu cac qun th vi sinh vt khoang
hoa co kha nng hp thu va oxy hoa cht bn hu c nh oxy co trong nc
thai.

= 88 =
Ky thut Mi trng

am bao co oxy thng xuyn va trn u nc thai vi bun hoat


tnh ngi ta cp kh cho aeroten bng cac h thng khuy trn c kh, h
thng cp kh nen hoc kt hp ca hai loai nay.

c/ X ly nc thai bng phng phap hoa ly:


X ly nc thai bng phng phap hoa ly at hiu qua cao khi x ly
nc thai cng nghip co cha cac cht v c c hai (kim loai nng, acid,
baz) hoc cac cht hu c bn vng, kh mau, kh mui va kh trung...
Cac phng phap hoa ly thng dung trong x ly nc thai:
Phng phap keo tu va lng: s dung phen nhm, phen st, natri
aluminat... loai bo cac cht l lng co trong nc thai.
Phng phap trung hoa: trung hoa cac loai nc thai co tnh acid
hoc kim am bao pH yu cu.
Phng phap hp phu: s dung than hoat tnh, than bun kh mau,
cac kim loai nng, cac cht c hai hoa tan trong nc thai.
Phng phap oxy hoa: oxy hoa cac mui kim loai nng chuyn
chung t dang c thanh khng c hoc lng cn.
Phng phap tuyn ni: tach cac cht l lng, cht hoat tnh b mt,
du m... trong nc thai bng bot kh ni.
Phng phap clo hoa: clo c s dung dit trung, tao va kh
mui trong nc sau khi x ly nc thai bng phng phap c hoc hoc sinh
hoc trc khi thai vao sng h. Co th dung clo long, clorua vi co clo
hoat ng 25-35 %, cac hypoclorit....
Phng phap trch ly cc chit la phng phap ph bin x ly
nc thai cha phnol va cac loai acid beo. Thc cht cua qua trnh la s dung
mt dung mi nao o cho vao nc thai, dung mi nay se li keo cac cht bn
t nc thai va sau o tach dung mi va nc thai ra khoi nc.

= 89 =
Ky thut Mi trng

d/ S dy chuyn cng ngh tram x ly nc thai thanh ph :

NC THAI

NGN TIP NHN

SONG CHN RAC

Rac nghin
B LNG CAT SN PHI CAT Cat kh

Cn (s cp)
B LNG I

Kh nen
B SN PHI
B AEROTEN BUN
MTAN
Bun hoat tnh

Bun d
B LNG II B NEN BUN

PHN
BON
MANG TRN + Cht kh trung
B TIP XUC

Hnh 3.3: S x ly nc thai bng phng phap sinh hoc.

4.5 - S DUNG HP LY NGUN NC

4.5.1- Cp nc tun hoan va s dung lai nc thai trong


cac x nghip cng nghip :
Mt trong nhng bin phap bao v mi trng co hiu qua la han ch
xa nc thai t cac x nghip, nha may vao mi trng, ap dung cac cng
ngh tin tin trong san xut nh cng ngh sach, khng co kh thai va nc
thai hoc thu hi cht thai trong nha may.

= 90 =
Ky thut Mi trng

Khi thit k thoat nc trong cac x nghip, trc ht phai xem xet kha
nng tn dung nc thai (toan b hoc mt phn) va thu hi cht qu trong o.
Da vao thanh phn, s lng nc thai va iu kin a phng co th chon
mt trong cac phng phap sau y:

a/ Dung lai nc thai sau khi x ly trong h thng cp nc tun hoan cua nha may.
Vi nc b nong ln ma khng nhim bn trong san xut th ch cn
cho qua cng trnh lam ngui. Vi nc thai b nhim bn ma khng nong ln
(nc lam giau qung chng han) th ch cn cho qua cac cng trnh x ly
(lng). Vi nc va b nong ln va b nhim bn cung co th cho qua x ly
ri lam ngui dn tr v dung lai trong san xut.

b/ Dung lai nc cho qua trnh sau :


Trong mt s trng hp, nc thai co th dung lai cho qua trnh sau
ma khng cn x ly s b nu yu cu cht lng nc cua qua trnh sau thp
hn. Nu cn phai x ly trc khi dung lai th mc x ly xac nh theo yu
cu cng ngh. Khi dung nc ni tip hiu qua kinh t se cao. V du cac nha
may ch bin du theo kiu chng trc tip, nc thai sau bnh chng du co
nhit 35C se lam ngui may co nhit 50C t thp hn.

c/ Dung nc thai va cn phuc vu nng nghip :


Mt s loai nc thai, nht la nc thai cac nha may cng nghip thc
phm cha nhiu cht hu c va cac dinh dng nh nit, phtpho, kali... co
th s dung nui ca va ti rung.
Tiu chun nc nui ca va ti cy phu thuc vao nhiu yu t (nng
nc thai, iu kin kh hu, c tnh t, loai ca nui, loai cy trng...).
Nh s dung nc thai nha may ru Ha Ni nng sut ca cua hp tac xa
Thanh Lit (Thanh Tr, Ha Ni) tng ln 3-4 tn ca/ha.nm.
Nc thai cha cac cht v c khng th dung ti rung va nui ca
c v khng co hoc co t cht dinh dng. Mt khac mt s cht v c co
trong nc thai co th pha huy cu truc t va c hai i vi h vi sinh vt
t.

= 91 =
Ky thut Mi trng

d/ Thu hi cht qu :
Nc thai cua nhiu nha may, x nghip co cha nhiu cht qu (du,
m, crm...). Nhng cht o phai c thu hi va a tr lai phuc vu san xut.
Trong mt s x nghip, nng cac cht qu trong nc thai cac phn
xng rt khac nhau. Do o nhng tram thu hi cht thai se la mt khu cng
ngh trong tng phn xng. Vic thu hi cht qu se giam nng cht bn
co trong nc thai, tao iu kin d dang cho vic x ly sau o.

= 92 =

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