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Endoskeleton
Somatic
outer tube of the body (body wall and appendages)
Axial- longitudal axis of the body
Appendicular paired appendages and girdles
Visceral
inner tube of the body
Skeletal arches associated with gills & skeletal
elements (such as jaw cartilages) derived from them.
SOMATIC SKELETON
Axial skeleton (Vertebral column, ribs, sternum, &
skull)
Appendicular skeleton
Vertebral column
Vertebrae-consist
Centrum (or body)
1 or 2 arches
Plus various processes
SHAPE OF THE CENTRUM
Amphicelous
Concave at both ends
Most fish, a few salamanders and caecilians
Opisthocoelous
Concave at posterior end
Most salamander
Procelous
Concave in front & convex in back
Anurans & present-day reptiles
Acelous
Flat-ended
Mammals
Heterocelous
Saddle- shaped centrum at both ends
birds
VERTEBRAL ARCHES
Chondocranium
Splanchnocranium
Vertebral column (Trunk and Tail)
TELEOST
Skull
Vertebral column (trunk and tail)
REPTILE
Skull
Vertebral column
Cervical (8)
Trunk(10)
Sacral (2)
Caudal
The trunk, sacral, and 1st caudal vertebrae
are fused to the carapace
AVIAN
Skull
Vertebral column
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
caudal
MAMMALIAN
Skull
Vertebral column
Cervical (7)-1st atlas,
2nd axis
Thoracic (cat-13, man-
12); neural spine
directed caudad
Lumbar- neural spines
and transverse
processes directed
forward
Sacrum (cat-3, man-5)
Caudal (coccyx)
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