Professional Documents
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INTODUCTION
1.1 Background
Language is a tool of communication that cannot be separated from human
life. It is used in most of our time to communicate to one other in order to fulfill our
given information is the same to the received information heard. To rich that point,
us. We use language to let others know how we feel, what we need, and to ask
questions. We can modify our language to each situation. for instance, we talk to
children with different words and tone than we conduct a business meeting. To
the study of the meaning of words and sentences. In order for meaning to be
successfully studied, of course, it must be made clear just what meaning is. Although
most students do not feel confused about the nature of meaning, every few would
surprisingly wide variety of different facts. In addition, some commonly held ideas
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about meaning turn out, on careful examination, to be false. The purpose of this file
is to point out some of these misconceptions, and to discuss some of the kinds of
as possible. But now days, it is often that information is conveyed not as explained
above.
Many words have multiple meanings, they are semantically ambiguous. For
example, bank can refer equally to a financial institution or to the margin of a river.
In such cases the context in which the word occur cab be used to disambiguate the
meaning. Evidence has been accumulating in the past decades that, when presented
alone, ambiguous words are recognized faster than unambiguous words. Accounts of
this effect have relied on the assumption that different meanings of an ambiguous
word have separate representations in the lexicon. One such theory is put forward by
Jastrzembski (1981), who suggested that, since an ambiguous word has several
representations, one of them will be likely to reach are cognition threshold before the
to analyze the sentence that has meaning ambiguity in English and this ability that
can make the student improve their concentration to distinguish the ambiguity
sentence.
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The research carries out the students of letters faculty of UMI in learning
English. The fifth semester is the population of the research. Its objectives are to
identify the ability of the students who are increase their semantic analysis.
The rationale behind such a method that student should know that in the
sentences sometimes we find sentence that has ambiguity. Considering the statement
Based on the background described above, the writer formulates research questions
as follows:
English sentences?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The research problems which are hoped can be meaningful regarding to the
topic described above. Those can be formulated the meaningful regarding to the topic
above. Those can be formulates the meaningful studies based on the questions have
in English sentences.
1.4 Significance of the Study
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In this research, it is hoped to give further information regarding the problem
given objective research, these studies are expected that students can:
as the basic skills of semantic. So that, the study of meaning in the English
sentence can be recognize based on their function and categories. For the
types of ambiguity and the distinction between ambiguity and anomaly sentence of
English. The researcher will get in fifth semester in letter faculty of UMI.
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CHAPTER II
RIVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
must be made clear just what meaning it. Although most people do not feel confused
about the nature of meaning, very few would find a precise explanation of it easy to
give.
Leech (1981: ix) says that semantic is as the study of meaning is the central to
While Palmer (1972:1) states that semantics is technical term used to refer to the
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study of meaning. Baird, A. Craig (1971 : 157) cities, One of the most important
meaning.
After studying the theory and related references, the writer will concentrate
only on the concept of meaning based on Ogden and Richards theory (1923) that the
relationship between symbol and referent as the concept of the reference meaning. it
is rather an attempt to understand how that words and sentences can mean at all, or
better perhaps, and how they can be meaningful. This chapter provides the various
theoretical of background that can support the main chapter. In this research the
writer used semantic analysis, because the research has related with the meaning of
ambiguity and anomaly sentence of English. The word of semantic come from Greek
that is Sema or semainem which is means sign. Semantic is related with, what
people think about the meaning of word, symbol and their referents. In daily activities
people tell such kind of problems about they see, heard, feel and transferred into
some words and hope the hearers could understand it. After reaching the meaning of
those words, the reaction could become a comprehension or action from the hearers.
According to oxford dictionary that semantic or the study of meaning is a
Thus palmer in semantics (1981:1) started the semantic is the technical term used to
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The meaning of word is often complex, having such component as a
the sentence meaning being directly predictable from the grammatical and
lexical features of the sentence, while utterance meaning includes all the
are going to discuss in the next following. Lyons states that, utterance
prosodic and paralinguistic features or from the content, linguistic and non-
word when it used alone. It is the first meaning or usage which a word
will suggest to most people when the word is said in isolation. it is the
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The denotation of word is its agreed-upon sense-what it refers
to, stands for, or designates, a part from the feeling it may call up, and
this again is able for a good deal on the context the words that appears
in.
the language.
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as distinct from , say, boy, which could be defined +HUMAN, +
MALE ADULT.
which larger linguistic units are built up out smaller units ; or ( looking
Sentence
Subject Predicate
Determiner Noun
No man is an island
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It has long been taken for granted that the syntax of a language
disaster, this word suggest danger and its emotive tone is that of fear.
over and above its purely conceptual content. It will be clear if we are
talking about connotation, we are in fact talking about the real word
uses and hears it. The fact that if we compared connotative meaning
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that is they vary considerably we have seen, according to culture,
historical period, and the experience of the individual. Although all the
way as our knowledge and belief about the universe are opened-ended.
1. They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the
loot.
2. After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.
Sentence (1) could be said by the two criminals, talking casually about
the crime afterwards; sentence (2) might be said by the chief of the
police in making the official report; both could describe the same
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2.2.4 Affective Meaning.
voice as a little or (2) Will you belt up. Factors such as intonation
and voice timbre are also important here. The impression of politeness
the synonymous expressions The Comforter and The Holy Ghost both
refer to the Third Trinity, but the Comforter sounds warm and
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Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word
occur in its environment. For instance the words pretty and handsome
collocate; Pretty woman and handsome man. The ranges may well
adjectives.
question what did Mrs. Bessie Smith donate?, while the passive
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sentence answer the implicit question who donates the first prize?,
another. The next, they also ask the definition of ambiguity so this one became
sentence that has more than one meaning. the word light, for example, can
mean not very heavy or not very dark. Words like light, note, bear and
in which they occur, such as light suit and the duchess cant bear children.
as is the sentence the police shot the rioters with guns. Ambiguity can have
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both a lexical and a structural basis, as with sentences like I left her behind
for you and He saw her duck. The notion of ambiguity has philosophical
philosophical problem. Suppose one wonders how two people can have the
same idea, say of a unicorn. This can seem puzzling until one distinguishes
the other hand, gratuitous claims of ambiguity can make for overly simple
verbs like call, draw and run, and hard. There are various
with hard, which has both soft and easy as opposites. Another
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pressed one suit in his shop and one in the municipal court.
with more than one meaning. however, it is not always clear when
we have only one word. The verb desert and the noun dessert
and which sound the same but are spelled differentially, count as
distinct words (they are homonyms). So do the noun bear and the
verb bear, even though they not only sound the same but are
but what about the noun respect or the preposition over and
on how to draw the line between cases of one ambiguous word and
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walk are derived from their intransitive senses. Now it could be
argued that in each of these cases the derived sense does not really
flexible words like the verbs do and put and the preposition at
in and to. Each of these words has uses which are so numerous
short men and women, and the sentences The girl hit the boy
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ambiguous sentence, the chicken is ready to eat, which could be
richer man than Trump. It has two meanings, That Perot knows a
man who is richer than Trump and that Perot knows man who is
convey depends on what you mean. This suggests that one can mean
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different things by what one says, but it says nothing about the variety
bald heavy and old are obvious examples, and their vagueness is
and just, are vague because their instances are determined by the
as well). Heavy people are lighter than non heavy elephants, and old
cats can are younger than some young people. A different sort of
relativity occurs with sentences like Jane is finished and John will
finished with something. This does not show that the words finished
and late are ambiguous (if they are, they will be ambiguous in as
many ways as there are things one can be finish with or things one can
means. Indexical terms, like you, here and tomorrow, have fixed
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meaning but variable reference. For example, the meaning of the word
tomorrow does not change from one day to the next. Non literality,
means is not uniquely determined by what his words mean. They can
utterances of you are the icing on my cake. I wish you could sing
longer and louder. These are not cases of linguistic ambiguity but can
like animal, book and car apply both to types and to instances
same is true of linguistic terms like sentence, word and letter and
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Although unnoticed ambiguities can create philosophical
to have both an inclusive and exclusive sense. Grice argues that, given
because it can be used to mean either that for each person, there is
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2.4 Concept of Anomaly
little more than intuitions or theoretical simplicity speaking in favor of either side, in
quantifier domain restriction is very difficult to explain expect on the supposition that
sentences are generally center on the question of whether utterances of those sentence
are generally center on the question of whether utterances of those sentences create
truth-value gaps that is, whether or not utterances of anomalous sentences are so
defective as to be unusable to state claims about how things are. Semantic anomaly is
the elements of language in the different context which may create ambiguity and
specific ways such they serve to challenge different aspects of comprehension. For
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message or information, in fact positively makes the words aesthetic and artistic. The
stylistic of the words combination is able to fascinate and dramatic the situation. It
cannot be denied the use of semantic anomaly beatifies the language, but it is often
destroy the essence of the real meaning of the message it caused the ambiguity and
language complexity. Here is examples get from the news bahanbom yang
digunakan persis sama dengan yang ditemukan dikuningan, actually the word
persis means same is also has the same meaning to persis means same. In
discontinuous ways to similar sorts of things, (things in the same logical category).
distinguish different sorts. It is quiet a useful analytic tool, even without further
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oddness of a bit of language. But it is useful to make distinction between different
types of anomaly. Cruse (2000) distinguishes for kind of semantic anomaly, they are:
2.4 1 Overlap
Overlap means one words semantic component is subsumed by
the meaning of common word form of the code which are used with
that the writer all his sentences short, or that he avoid all details and treat
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a single common verb or noun. It is the use of a word to modify or
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
population and sample which is going to be analyzed and the method of data analysis.
ambiguity occurs when a phrase or sentence has more than one underlying structure
and the indicators of structural ambiguity are sentences with coordinated clauses,
sentences with adverbial phrases, sentences with relative clauses and sentences with
ellipsis in the second clause. The second variable are causes of structural type, and
as indicators. The third variables are ambiguity and anomaly the Indicators of
ambiguity are structural and lexical and the indicators of anomaly are overlap,
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The subject in the study is the students of Muslim University of Indonesia. In
this study, it will take the fifth semester students of letters faculty that consists of 80
students as the population. The writer will take 20 students to be sample randomly.
In this research there will use test to answer the problem statement. To
ambiguity and the distinction between ambiguity and anomaly of English sentences
The type of data that will use in this research is qualitative data. In this part
the writer will use internal source that is the fifth semester students in Letters Faculty
of UMI. The writer will use a test in order to have data about structural ambiguity,
English sentences. The English test will be given to students in order to know about
1. To indentify the data that has structural ambiguity and the causes of
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2. To describe the data that has structural ambiguity in English sentences.
3. To classify the data about the causes of structural ambiguity in English
sentences.
4. To describe the data in distinguish between ambiguity and anomaly in
English sentences.
5. Concluding result of analysis which has processed by giving description
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BIBILIOGRAPHY
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