SUBMISSION WRITING GUIDE |AISEP '16

Total Education
Study of Petroleum Engineering
FATHEEN HASAN EP
Second year ,Global Institute of Engineering and Technology
Bangalore chennai highway ,melvisharam,velloe,632509
9142717050

ABSTRACT

The engineering is the broad range of study which including aerounatical,

civil, mechanical, chemical and electrical etc,now we are in the starting
of 21 th centuary, we know that last two centaury are which for developed
through the industrial revolution and computers, now we are in advanced
levels, still we need to walk more and more miles, petroleum is an non
renewable energy, it cant be easily produced , while we are introducing
the study of petroleum mainly two things are fingering to us. One is we
should keep the energy to next generation along with less pollution,
second thing how much possible to give the practical knowledge to the
students about the study of petroleum engineering which include the
mining, exploration and field survey, To ensure the knowledge about the
study of petroleum engineering the practical knowledge should provide
with eco friendly

INTRODUCTION

Petroleum engineers help locates natural reservoirs of petroleum

deposits. They work with teams of specialists to develop more effective,
cost-efficient methods of petroleum recovery through the application of
principles from chemistry, mathematics, engineering, and geology. There
are three types of petroleum engineers who differ only by the stage of the
drilling process that they are involved in. Reservoir engineers monitor the
geological formation for the best strategic method of extraction. Drilling
engineers generate computer simulated models of the drilling formation
and equipment to ensure they use the best tools for the most effective
method of extraction. Production engineers manage the interface between
drilling and extraction by managing machinery and production costs

MISSION AND VISION

The oil and gas (petroleum) field is mainly related to energy source.
The main postulates are:-
Students develop a sound knowledge on Seismology, Seismic survey
techniques for oil and gas Exploration
 The student would have practical knowledge on the measurement of
fluid flow and their characteristics at different operating conditions.

The student would have practical knowledge on the measurement of

fluid flow and their characteristics at different operating conditions.

The students will gain knowledge in designing the refinery

equipments.

Students will be able to understand how geologists conduct the

search for petroleum resources through the value chain or the life
cycle of a petroleum resource
To enable the students to
Understand the rock and fluid properties of a hydrocarbon reservoir
Describe the nature of the fluid flow and pressure distribution in a
reservoir
Understand the effects of production/ injection on recovery of
reserves

Students will understand the location, formation, fluid content of a

hydrocarbon reservoir; understand the definitions of reserves; be
aware of the role of reservoir engineering in exploration and
development

Students will understand the concepts and techniques used in well

drilling. They will learn the design requirements of well planning and
construction. Students would be able to optimize the design of a
drilling program

Students able to understand the physical principles of the tools used

in logging. They can characterize the formation based on
interpretation of well logs

Upon completion of this course, the students would have

Learned the concepts and applications of drilling fluids
Learned the equipments involved in the cementing operations

Students will be able to

Produce a field development plan/ design for an energy system
Understand the application of remote sensing and satellite imaging
to petroleum
engineering in terms of design and analysis

Environmental Pollution or problems cannot be solved by mere laws. Public

participation is an important aspect which serves the environmental
protection. One will obtain knowledge on the following after completing
the course.
Public awareness of environmental is at infant stage.
 Ignorance and incomplete knowledge has lead to misconceptions
Development and improvement in std. of living has lead to serious
environmental
disasters

Student will be able to understand the basics and operations of Well

Completion techniques.

Students will understand and discuss the importance of process

control in process operations and the role of process control
engineers. They also understand and design the modern hardware
and instrumentation needed to implement process control

Upon completion of this course, the students will understand the unit
process involved in the petroleum refining process and
polymerization

Students will be able to understand the Natural gas processing, Gas

Compression, Gas Gathering and Transport Installation, Operation
and trouble shooting of natural gas pipelines.

Students will learn the basics of onshore and offshore oil and gas
operations. They will learn the laboratory testing methods, In situ
testing methods and geophysical methods

TYPES OF FIELD

Upstream Sector

The upstream sector consists of activities like exploration, production and

exploitation of oil and natural gases. After gaining a qualification in
petroleum engineering, the engineers work in the exploration and
production activities of petroleum and other related products. Using the
latest drilling technology and geophysics for the exploration of oil
reservoirs, they exploit the same for maximum output.

Downstream Sector

The downstream sector consist activities such as the refining, marketing

and distributing of petroleum products. Production is not the only work
carried out in a petroleum company and the job of petroleum engineer
does not get over as the oil is produced, rather, it starts at this stage.
Refining process is crucial for an oil product as then only it can be used.
Marketing and distributing department may require a petroleum engineer
to have some management degree.

SUSTAINABILITY
Petroleum occurs in both liquid and gaseous states underground,
depending largely on the temperature and pressure at which it is found. It
is a chemically complex substance composed of carbon and hydrogen with
trace amounts of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Oil and gas are sometimes
found together in a reservoir, with a lighter gas cap sitting on top of the
heavier oil stratum. Some fields produce only natural gas which is
comprised largely of methane (CH4), a colorless and odorless gas; other
fields produce mostly oil, although some gas production inevitably
accompanies oil production. If no market or pipeline connection exists for
the gas which is brought up with the oil, it is either flared or reinjected into
the reservoir. Before the 1950s, vast quantities of unwanted gas--trillions
and trillions of cubic feet--were vented or flared into the atmosphere as a
waste byproduct of oil production in the United States. Today, flaring in the
U.S. is rare. Natural gas is far too valuable as a fuel source, state
conservation commissions have largely prohibited the practice, and a
network of pipelines exists to bring the gas to market. However, large-
scale flaring still occurs in some countries, e.g., Nigeria, Brazil and Siberia,
where oil production began without requirements for gas reinjection and
where inadequate domestic infrastructure and markets exist to use the
gas. Astronauts report that the gas flaring in Siberia outrivals Paris as the
greatest light show on the Eurasian continent. As noted above, natural
gas may be compressed into LNG or converted to a synthetic liquid
petroleum if quantities are sufficient and the price is right. Nigeria is
currently promoting LNG projects to help reduce its gas flaring, which it
hopes to eliminate by 2005. Oil and gas reservoirs can be inefficiently
produced if certain conservation principles, founded on petroleum
engineering science, are not followed. Most oil reservoirs have a maximum
efficient rate of recovery, or MER, which, if exceeded, will result in leaving
a significant quantity of oil locked in the underground reservoir. Controlled
production rates which conserve the pressure of any natural gas drive or
water drive pushing oil towards well bores are essential in order to
maximize the percentage of oil that can be recovered. In the early
development of the oil industry in the United States, uncontrolled,
competitive drilling and production resulted in boom to bust cycles in
which 95 percent of the oil in the field was left in the reservoir. Good
engineering techniques can assure that 30 to 85 percent of the oil in a
field is recovered.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE

Whereas a golden future in exploitation of liquid gold attracts every

young engineer, risks involved in it can deter many not to opt for such a
career. In order to search new oilfields, at times, petroleum engineers are
required to stay in remote and distant areas which are not only difficult but
unattractive too. When compared with other sophisticated engineering
branches such as IT, petroleum engineering professionals face numerous
difficulties. No one would wish to work in remote and arid area where life
becomes difficult. On the positive side, it is a highly rewarding career and
also provides opportunities to travel to distant places.
FUTURE

The world's reliance on petroleum is expected to grow, despite widespread

environmental, economic, and political consequences. The U.S. oil
extraction industry continues to aggressively search for new oil deposits
and lobby the federal government to open up restricted areas to drilling.
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska has been on the oil industry
agenda for several decades, creating a long-standing environmental
controversy. Advances in oil well technology have allowed extraction in the
deep ocean beyond the continental shelf, but these have not been enough
to reverse the trend of declining production in the United States.
There are many compelling reasons to decrease society's dependence on
petroleum for energy, and the most obvious place to begin is in the
transportation sector. Energy-efficient engines and hybrid gas/electric cars
can help to reduce some of the need for oil, providing higher gas mileage
and less demand. A variety of alternative fuels have also been developed,
such as ethanol, biodiesel (made from vegetable oil), and hydrogen. Each
of these would produce little or no exhaust pollutants or greenhouse
gases, and each derives from plentiful renewable resources. The United
States is now in fact actively researching hydrogen as a viable alternative
to gasoline, and the hydrogen fuel cell as a substitute for the internal
combustion engine.
Petroleum is a useful chemical substance for many important purposes.
But it is also a nonrenewable resource with a highly toxic composition, and
it poses significant problems when used in huge volumes throughout the
industrialized world

SKILLS AND ABILITIES

Petroleum engineers usually work with computers, especially computer-

aided design (CAD) software, as well as word processing, data
management and mapping software. They also use other office
equipment. Although they do not operate it directly, they need to
understand the way in which petroleum extraction, storage and
transportation equipment works

ECONOMY

Petroleum, like all fossil fuels, primarily consists of a complex mixture of

molecules called hydrocarbons (molecules containing both hydrogen and
carbon). When it comes out of the ground, it is known as crude oil, and it
may have various gases, solids, and trace minerals mixed in with it.
Through refinement processes, a variety of consumer products can be
made from petroleum. Most of these are fuels: gasoline, jet fuel, diesel
fuel, kerosene, and propane are common examples. It is also used to make
asphalt and lubricant grease, and it is a raw material for synthetic
chemicals. Chemicals and materials derived from petroleum products
include plastics, pesticides, fertilizers, paints, solvents, refrigerants,
cleaning fluids, detergents, antifreeze, and synthetic fibers.
The modern petroleum industry began in 1859 in Pennsylvania, when a
man named Edwin L. Drake constructed the first oil well, a facility for
extracting petroleum from natural deposits. Since then, petroleum has
become a valuable commodity in industrialized parts of the world, and oil
companies actively search for petroleum deposits and build large oil
extraction facilities. Several deposits exist in the United States. However,
around 1960 oil production in the country began to decline as oil in the
deposits was being used up and fewer new deposits were being
discovered. Demand for petroleum products continued to increase, and as
a result the United States came to rely more and more on oil imported
from other countries. In 2001 the amount of petroleum extracted from
deposits in the United States was estimated to be only one-third of the
amount demanded by U.S. consumers. A similar pattern exists in other
industrialized countries, and some, like Japan and Germany, import almost
all of the oil they use.

ISSUES

The practical equipments for mining cant be placed everywhere and lack
of reservoir of energy cant fulfill the practical knowledge to student.
The Environmental Impacts on Exploration
Environmental impacts that may be regional or global in scale,
including air pollution, global climate change, and oil spills. This volume of
Environmental Geosciences, covering environmental impacts of petroleum
exploration and production, does not address these major impacts directly
because air pollution and global warming are issues related primarily to
petroleum and coal uses, and major oil spills are generally attributed to
marine petroleum transportation, such as the Exxon Valdezs 1989 spill of
260,000 bbl of oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska
Other Pollutions
Petroleum-derived contaminants constitute one of the most prevalent
sources of environmental degradation in the industrialized world. In large
concentrations, the hydrocarbon molecules that make up crude oil and
petroleum products are highly toxic to many organisms, including humans.
Petroleum also contains trace amounts of sulfur and nitrogen compounds,
which are dangerous by themselves and can react with the environment to
produce secondary poisonous chemicals. The dominance of petroleum
products in the United States and the world economy creates the
conditions for distributing large amounts of these toxins into populated
areas and ecosystems around the globe
Air Pollution
Petroleum Contaminated Soil

TOTAL EDUCATION

Engineering students can gain knowledge only by practical

experience. But, the Indian education system focuses only on theory. Our
education system is geared towards teaching and testing knowledge at
every level as opposed to teaching skills. Knowledge is largely forgotten
after the semester exam is over. Thus as a petroleum engineer, even after
the completion of course, I may not know what the field actually is. Hence
75% of engineering students here, although brilliant are unemployed
because we lack hands-on skill. Instead of focusing on outdated models of
brick and mortar colleges and universities, we need to create educational
delivery mechanisms that can actually take the wealth of human
knowledge to the masses.

REFERENCES

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2.Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2004, Annual energy

outlook 2004 with projections to 2025: Overview, Washington,
D.C.

3.General Accounting Office, 2003, National wildlife refuges: Opportunities

to improve the management and oversight of oil
and gas activities on federal lands, GAO-03-517, 67 p.

4.Kharaka, Y. K., and J. S. Hanor, 2003, Deep fluids in the continents:

Sedimentary basins, in J. I. Drever, ed., Treatise on
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5.Kharaka, Y. K., J. J. Thordsen, and G. Ambats, 1995, Environmental

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9.The Hindu Newspaper

10.E&P Magazine January 2015