Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nguyn Th Cng
1
MC LC
2
DANH MC VIT TT
AOT Cng ngh oxy ha tin tin
BVTV Bo v thc vt
CPSH Ch phm sinh hc
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
BSCL ng bng sng Cu Long
GAC Granular Activated Carbon (than hot tnh dng ht)
GC/MS Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (sc k kh khi ph)
HCBVTV Ho cht bo v thc vt
NN Nng nghip
TCE Tricloetylen
VLHP Vt liu hp ph
VSV Vi sinh vt
3
DANH MC CC HNH
Phn 1. T VN
1.1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
4
tm nui cht hng lot, trn din rng. Tm cht ch yu cc vng nui
tm thm canh, c tnh din tch thit hi t 80 - 90%. Thng k tnh hnh
nui tm ti 12 tnh trng im cho thy din tch th ging l 622.750 ha
trong din tch th tm s l 609.994 ha (chim 97,95%); din tch th tm
chn trng l 12.775 ha (chim 2,05%).
Nguyn nhn chnh gy ra cht tm hng lot trong thi gian qua mt
phn do virus, vi khun, vt ch mang mm bnh ly lan cng ng, cn
nguyn nhn chnh na l do thuc dit gip xc. Rt nhiu bo co khoa hc,
kin ca cc nh qun l, nng dn cho rng chnh t thuc BVTV hoc ha
cht c ngun gc t thuc BVTV m ngi nng dn lm dng dng dit
tp cho ao nui ca mnh lm cho tm ng c. Trong cc thuc BVTV th
Cypermethrin c s dng rt ph bin.
1.2. Mc ch nghin cu
5
- Xc nh cc yu t nh hng n kh nng hp ph Cypermethrin
ca than hot tnh dng ht (GAC) trong mi trng nc l.
- nh gi kh nng hp ph Cypermethrin ca than hot tnh GAC
lm c s xy dng phng n hp ph x l Cypermethrin.
1.3. Yu cu nghin cu
6
Phn 2. TNG QUAN CC VN NGHIN CU
2.1. Hin trng tn d ca Cypermethrin trong nui tm nc l
Ho cht c s dng vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau: cng nghip,
nng nghip, sinh hot ca con ngi... Trn th gii hin nay c trn
4.000.000 loi ha cht khc nhau, trung bnh hng nm c khong 30.000
cht mi c pht minh v a vo s dng. Trong s cc ha cht trn c
khong 60.000 n 70.000 loi c dng thng xuyn v rng ri. Mt s
lng ng k trong s c s dng trong NTTS, l mi nguy him e
da n mi trng v sc khe con ngi.
7
Theo nghin cu ca Kanchanakarn (1986), Thi Lan, Dipterex c
khuyn co s dng rng ri lng 0,25 0,3 ppm dit cc loi gip xc,
sinh vt v k sinh trng n bo trong ao nui c. S dng Dipterex cao hn
2 - 3 ln. Khi phn tch chi ph/li ch ca cc trang tri khc nhau min
ng Thai Lan Tonguthai, Kamonporn (2000) cho thy nng dn chi
khong 10 baht cho s dng ha cht cho mi 1 kg tm thng phm. Nm
1995, khi sn lng tm t 250.000 tn, c tnh t nht 2.500 triu Baht
(100 triu USD) phi chi cho ring cc ha. Nhng ha cht ny Thai Lan
nhp khu ch yu t M, Canada, Anh, Australia v Nht Bn.
8
vo dng ng phn v pH ca mi trng. iu kin nhit 25 0C, thi
gian bn hy ca dng ng phn trans l 923 ngy, 136 ngy, 5 ngy v 23
pht tng ng vi iu kin pH l 3, 7, 8 v 11. Dng ng phn cis bn hn
nn c thi gian bn hy l 1302 ngy, 221 ngy, 21 ngy v 38 pht, tng
ng vi iu kin pH l 3, 7, 8 v 11.Thi gian bn hy ca cypermethrin do
quang phn tng i nhanh hn so vi thy phn. Trong nc (nhit 20 0C
v pH = 4) thi gian bn hy l 12,4 - 14,8 ngy, trong khng kh thi gian
bn hy l 3,47 gi v trong t thi gian bn hy l 34,2 - 38,2 ngy.
2.1.2. Ngun gc ca Cypermethrin trong ao nui tm
9
(67%).Ngoi ra ngi dn cn ch ng s dng cc ha cht kh trng v
dit tp. Mt s cht nh: Formalin, ng sulfat, thuc tm, Dipterex, l xoan,
v cc cht kch thch tm lt xc nh Saponin, Saprotex, B Ht Tr.
10
sn phm thuc v ha cht c s dng trong nui trng thy sn thuc cc
nhm vi cc mc ch khc nhau. Trong ha cht l 40 loi, ch phm sinh
hc 35 loi, nhm khng sinh 15 loi, nhm khong thin nhin 4 loi, nhm
vitamin, khong , lipid c 22 loi. Ha cht vi hot cht nh saponin,
trichlorofol, dichlorofol organophosphate, pyrethorid c s dng ph bin
nht. Tng t, khng sinh c ngi nui s dng trong qu trnh nui
thng dng khng sinh n l ch yu l nhm fluoroquinolones. Trong
42,9% s h iu tra s dng enrofloxacin v 25% s h s dng norfloxacin.
Ngoi ra, sulfamethoxazol, cortrimoxazol, aminosid, colistin v trimethoprim
cng c s dng nhiu nhng chim t l thp.
11
cht rt nhanh v thi gian sng ca tm ngn. Nh vy c th nhn thy qu
trnh thm canh lu nm dn n s lu tr ca Cypermethrin t cht dip
gip xc, hoocmon m qu trnh ci to ao cng khng th ty ht.
12
cht hu c. Bi sc ht mnh m i vi t, cypermethrin c th c di
chuyn ti cc vng nc ln cn trong trm tch do ma v ti tiu. Tuy
nhin, mt khi phn t thuc tr su c hp th trong t, gim bt nguy c
c tnh vi ng vt thy sn. Nghin cu ca Crossland (1982) ch ra
rng trong cc th nghim ao, c vn cn tn ti trong nc ao c cha nng
gy cht cacypermethrin (5ppb) v ha cht c hp ph vo cht rn
l lng.
13
Cc tc gi ngi M Pahl & Opitz (1999), cng nghin cu tc ng
ca Cypermethrin i vi tm hm nui, kt qu cho thy LC 50 trong 1 - 48
gi dao ng t 0,058 n 1,69 ppb ty thuc vo nhit v giai on pht
trin ca tm hm. Cc nghin cu v c tnh ca Cypermethrin trn tm
hm nhm cnh bo tc hi ca vic s dng thuc Excis (1%w/c
Cypermethrin) dit rn bin (Lepeophtheirus salmonis v Caligus
elongatus) gy bnh trn c hi nui. Trong khi liu gy cht ng k tm
hm u trng trong 1 gi thp hn 100 ln so vi liu cht khuyn co. c
cp tnh ca Cypermethrin (gi tr LC50) i vi gip xc v cn trng thng
nng nh hn 0,01 mg/l, i vi c nh hn 1 mg/l.
14
dng dit tp rt mnh (do rt c), gi li r hn so vi thuc kh trng ao
nui trong thy sn nn nhiu nng dn s dng. Chng tn lu di trong t,
nc, gy ng c mn tnh cho tm, lm cho gan ty b yu, sc khng
km nn d pht sinh dch bnh. Khi gp thi tit bin ng mnh, tm c th
cht hng lot. Cc chuyn gia ca Trng i hc Arizona cng nhn nh
rng, hi chng hoi t gan ty gy cht hng lot trn tm thi gian qua c
th do b nhim c t cc c t trong mi trng, trong c sn phm dit
tp c cha Cypermethin.
15
cht t 30 76% trong 35 ngy th nghim. Trong tm mu i chng
khng c du hiu hoi t gan ty. Tm cht bt u c du hiu hoi t gan
ty vo ngy th 7, th 16 v th 12 khi nui cc nng : 0,01; 0,001 v
0,0001 ppb. Kt qu quan trc cht lng mi trng nc v bn y ca
Cc BVTV trong nm 2011 cho thy d lng ca Cypermethrin trongc 8
mu nc cp vo ao nui u bin ng t 0,016 n 0,032 phn t, c 3/13
mu bn y cha d lng hot cht ny mc 0,0050,18 ppb.
16
Ozon ho kt hp vi chiu tia cc tm l bin php phn hu cc cht
thi hu c trong dung dch hoc trong dung mi. K thut ny thng c
p dng x l nhim thuc tr su M. Phn ng phn hu ho hc:
17
c, v d nh nhm Bacillus mycoides, B.subtilis, Proteus vulgaris Nhiu
vi sinh vt c kh nng phn hu 2,4-D nh Achromobacter, Alcaligenes,
Corynebacterrium, Flavobaterium, Pseudomonas Yadav J. S v cng s
pht hin nm Phanerochaete chrysosporium c kh nng phn hu 2,4-D v
rt nhiu hp cht hu c quan trng c cu trc khc nh Clorinated phenol,
PCBs, Dioxin, Monoaromatic v Polyaromatic hydrocacbon, Nitromatic.Nm
1974, Type and Finn cho thy kh nng thch nghi v s dng thuc BVTV
nh ngun dinh dng cacbon ca mt s chng Pseudomonas sp. Nm
1977, Doughton v Hsieh khi nghin cu s phn hu parathion nh mt
ngun dinh dng th qu trnh phn hu din ra nhanh hn. Theo Brown
(1978) th mt loi thuc BVTV c th b mt hay mt s loi VSV phn hu.
Theo Fild v Hemphill (1968); Brown (1978), nhng thuc d tan trong
nc, t b t hp ph thng b vi khun phn hu, cn nhng thuc kh tan
trong nc, d b t hp ph li b nm phn hu l ch yu.Qu trnh phn
hy ha cht BVTV ca sinh vt t xy ra trong mi trng c hiu xut
chuyn ho thp. tng tc phn hu HCBVTV v ph hp vi yu cu
x l, ngi ta ti u ho cc iu kin sinh trng v pht trin ca vi sinh
vt. Mt s tr ngi c th s dng vi sinh vt trong x l sinh hc l nhng
iu kin mi trng ti ni cn x l, nh s c mt ca cc kim loi nng
c, nng cc cht nhim hu c cao c th lm cho vi sinh vt t nhin
khng pht trin c v lm cht vi sinh vt a vo, gim ng k ngha
ng ngha thc t ca x l sinh hc. Ngoi ra, vi nhng k thut sinh hc
phn t hin ai c th to ra nhng chng vi khun c kh nng phn hu
ng thi nhiu ho cht c hi m khng yu cu iu kin nui cy phc
tp v khng gy hi cho ng thc vt cng nh con ngi. Phng php ny
s c ng dng rng ri trong tng lai v ngha thc t ca n khi x l
cc cht thi c hi ngy cng c mi ngi chp nhn.
18
2.2.4. Cng ngh oxy ha tin tin (AOT)
19
2.2.6. Cng ngh s dng tc nhn xy ho mnh
2+
y l cng ngh da trn tc nhn xy ho mnh ca Fe + H2O2.
2+
Tc nhn Fenton (Fe + H2O2) l mt trong cc h xy ha mnh nht c
nghin cu mt cch h thng nht v c ng dng x l rt c hiu qu
trn nhiu loi hp cht hu c khc nhau, mang li hiu qu to ln v kinh t
x hi v mi trng. Quy trnh cng ngh khng qu phc tp, phn ng xy
ra nhit v p sut thng, khng gy chy n, khng c hi vi mi
trng, an ton khi x l, gi thnh x l c th chp nhn.
20
nhim tng t c chng minh. Tuy nhin, bn cnh phng php
ny cng c mt s nhc im nh sau: kh b tr h thng x l quy m
ln, cha c nhiu nghin cu trong nc l, tn ti vn hp ph cnh
tranh khi trong nc c nhiu tc nhn nhim khc nhau. c tnh v kh
nng ng dng ca phng php c ch ra phn 2.3.
Hp ph vt l: Cc tc gi L Vn Ct, (2002);TrnVnNhn,HTh
Nga (2005);Trn Vn Nhn, Nguyn Thc Su, Nguyn Vn Tu, (1998)
cng ch ra rng phn t cht b hp ph lin kt vi nhng tiu phn
(nguyn t,phn t, cc ion...) b mt phn chia pha bi lc lin kt Van
Der Walls yu. l tng hp ca nhiu loi lc ht khc nhau: tnh in, tn
x, cm ng v lc nh hng. Lc lin kt ny yu nn d b ph v.Trong
hp ph vt l, cc phn t ca cht b hp ph v cht hp ph khng to
thnh hp cht ho hc (khng hnh thnh cc lin kt ho hc) m cht b
hp ph ch b ngng t trn b mt phn chia pha v b gi li trn b mt
cht hp ph. hp ph vt l, nhit hp ph khng ln.
21
ph ha hc xy ra khi cc phn t cht hp ph to hp cht ho hc vi cc
phn t cht b hp ph. Lc hp ph ho hc khi l lc lin kt ho hc
thng thng (lin kt ion, lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt phi tr...). Lc lin
kt ny mnh nn kh b ph v. Nhit hp ph ho hc ln, c th t ti gi
tr 800kJ/mol.
22
VLHP ph thuc vo: pH ca dung dch, lng cht hp ph, nng cht b
hp ph.
23
hiu a, b, k, n l cc hng s. nh gi kh nng hp ph ca mt h hp
ph, c bit l hp ph trong mi trng nc, ngi ta thng p dng
phng trnh ng nhit Freundlich (vi gi thit nhit hp ph vi phn khng
thay i khi che ph (dung lng hp ph) thay i v khong nng
cht b hp ph nh) hoc Langmuir (vi gi thit b mt cht hp ph ng
nht v nng lng), do cc phng trnh ny c ngha vt l cao v lin
quan trc tip n cc thng s cu trc xp ca cht hp ph.
Bng 2.2. Mt s ng ng nhit hp ph thng dng
ng ng nhit Bn cht s
Phng trnh
hp ph hp ph
V b. p Vt l v ha
=
Langmuir Vm 1+b . p
hc
v =k . p Vt l v ha
Henry
hc
1
Vt l v ha
Freundlich v =k . p n ,(n>1)
hc
Shygin - Frumkin - V 1
= lnCo . p
Vm a Ha hc
Temkin
Brunauer - Emmett - p 1 C1 p
= + .
v ( po p) Vm .C Vm . C po Vt l, nhiu lp
Teller (BET)
Ngun: ng Trn Phng, Trn Hiu Nhu, 2005
24
log q = logKf + 1/n logC (2)
25
Than hot tnh c s dng rng ri cho nhiu mc ch nh loi b
mu, mi, v khng mong mun v cc tp cht hu c, v c trong nc thi
cng nghip v sinh hot, thu hi dung mi, lm sch khng kh, trong kim
sot nhim khng kh t kh thi cng nghip v kh thi ng c, trong lm
sch nhiu ha cht, dc phm, sn phm thc phm v nhiu ng dng
trong pha kh. Chng c s dng ngy cng nhiu trong lnh vc luyn kim
thu hi vng, bc, v cc kim loi khc, lm cht mang xc tc. Chng
cng c bit n trong nhiu ng dng trong y hc, c s dng loi
b cc c t v vi khun ca mt s bnh nht nh.
26
b mt ring pht trin v thng c c trng bng cu trc nhiu ng
mao dn phn tn, to nn t cc l vi kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau.
Than hot tnh c l xp t 1 nm n vi nghn nm. Dubinin xut mt cch
phn loi l xp c IUPAC chp nhn. S phn loi ny da trn chiu
rng ca chng, th hin khong cch gia cc thnh ca mt l xp hnh
rnh hoc bn knh ca l dng ng bao gm 3 nhm:
27
knh cho cht b hp ph vo trong l nh v l trung. Cc l ln khng c
lp y bng s ngng t mao qun.
28
khc loi ny c to ra t nguyn liu ban u v tr thnh mt phn cu
trc ha hc l kt qu ca qu trnh than ha khng hon ho hoc tr thnh
lin kt ha hc vi b mt trong qu trnh hot ha hoc trong cc qu trnh
x l sau . Cng c trng hp than hp ph cc loi phn t xc nh
nh amin, nitrobenzen, phenol v cc loi cation khc.
Nghin cu nhiu x tia X cho thy rng cc nguyn t khc loi hoc
cc loi phn t c lin kt vi cnh hoc gc ca cc lp thm hoc vi
cc nguyn t cacbon cc v tr khuyt lm tng cc hp cht cacbon oxy,
cacbon hydro, cacbon nitr, cacbon lu hunh, cacbon halogen trn b
mt, chng c bit n nh l cc nhm b mt hoc cc phc b mt. Cc
nguyn t khc loi ny c th sp nhp trong lp cacbon to ra h thng cc
vng khc loi lm bin i c tnh b mt v c im ca than hot tnh.
Than hot tnh dng ht (GAC) v than hot tnh dng bt (PAC) l cc
cht hp ph ph bin. Theo James M. Montgomery Consulting Engineers
(1985), than hot tnh bao gm cc m rng ca lp than ch, dn n t l
khi lng din tch b mt rt cao cho sorption. S khc bit chnh gia
29
GAC v PAC l kch thc ht, PAC c cc ht nh hn so vi GAC. Cc
cht hp ph t ph bin khc c s dng nhnhm silica gel, nhm silicat
tng hp, nha cy, cc cht nha cao phn t, v cc loi nha carbonized.
GAC c s dng nh mt vt liu hp ph lc v v kim sot mi hi, v
dng trong b lc loi b hu c tng hp. Ngc li, PAC c thm vo
trong cc h thng x l thng thng trc hoc trong qu trnh ng t/keo
t v qu trnh lng.
Co
Thuc tr su GAC Hiu qu x l (%)
(g/L)
4.83
Atrazine CalgonFiltrasorb300 47
(SW)
1.62
Cyanazine CalgonFiltrasorb300 67
(SW)
0.89
Metribuzin CalgonFiltrasorb300 57
(SW)
0.39
Simazine CalgonFiltrasorb300 62
(SW)
3.70
Alachlor CalgonFiltrasorb300 72
(SW)
30
5.60
Metolachlor CalgonFiltrasorb300 56
(SW)
0.20
Pendimethalin CalgonFiltrasorb300 >99
(SW)
(Ngun: Miltner et al, 1989. & Milner et al, 1987)
31
Phn 3. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
3.1. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
- Vt liu hp ph: Than hot tnh dng ht hnh trht mu en, kh,
ri, c gc cnh 3 - 3,36 mm, chiu di ca vin than2 - 4 mm.
c tnh ca than:
32
3.3. Phng php nghin cu
3.3.1. Phng php b tr th nghim.
Trc khi tin hnh kim tra kh nng hp ph ti a ca than i vi
Cypermethrin chng ti i xc nh cc yu t nh hng ti hiu qu hp
ph ca than trc. Cc th nghim ny c tin hnh trc nhm tm ra
iu kin l tng nht cho than trong kim tra kh nng hp ph ti a ca
khong.C nhiu yu t nh hng ti kh nng hp ph Cypermethrin ca
khong nh: thi gian tip xc, pH dung dch, hm lng than, nng dung
dch, nhit , din tch b mt...Tuy nhin trong bo co ny ti ch cp
ti 4 yu t nh hng ti kh nng hp ph Cypermethrin ca than l: pH
mi trng, thi gian tip xc, hm lng khong, nng dung dch.
Th nghim a. nh hng ca pH
Ngng th nghim ca pH ly cc gi tr 7; 8; 9 ng vi gi tr pH t
nhin ca mt s mu nc ao nui trng thu sn ven bin ng bng sng
Cu Long (pH ca nc l).
Bc 1: Tin hnh ly nhim ncbng dung dch Cypermethrin
nng 10 ppm. Hiu chnh pH cc gi tr 7; 8; 9 bng dung dch axit
CH3COOH 0,01N v dung dch kim NaOH 0,01N.
Bc 2: Cn 1g than hot tnh cho vo ng ly tm c th tch 50 ml.
Ly chnh xc 20 ml nc gy nhim nhn to Cypermethrin vo ng li
tm. Nhit c gi n nh nhit phng 25oC.
Bc 3: a cc ng ny ln my lc, lc ti tc 150 vng/pht
trong 90pht, sau em ly tm vi tc 5000 vng/pht trong 5 pht, gn
phn nc trong em xc nh nng Cypermethrin sau hp ph.
Mi gi tr pH c lp li 3 ln, o c c tin hnh lp li 3 ln
mi nghim thc th nghim. Nh vy s ln lp n = 9.
33
Th nghim b. nh hng ca thi gian tip xc
Bc 1: Tin hnh ly nhim nc l bng dung dch Cypermethrin
nng 10 ppm. Gi tr pH ca dung dch th nghim ng vi kt qu ca th
nghim 1.a
Bc 2: Cn 1 g than hot tnh GAC cho vo ng ly tm c th tch 50
ml, s dng c mu trng. Ly chnh xc 20 ml nc gy nhim nhn to
Cypermethrin vo ng li tm cha than hot tnh nhit phng 25oC.
Bc 3: a cc ng ny ln my lc, lc ti tc 150 vng/pht vi
cc khong thi gian khc nhau 15, 30, 60 90 v 120 pht, sau em ly tm
vi tc 5000 vng/pht trong 5 pht, gn phn nc trong em xc nh
nng Cypermethrin cn li ca dung dch sau hp ph.
Mi nghim thc theo thi gian c lp li 3 ln, o c c tin
hnh lp li 3 ln mi nghim thc th nghim. Nh vy s ln lp n = 9.
Th nghim c. nh hng ca hm lng than hot tnh
K tha kt qu th nghim 1.a v 1.b v pH v thi gian.
Bc 1: Tin hnh ly nhim nc l bng dung dch Cypermethrin
nng 10 ppm. Gi tr pH ng vi kt qu ca th nghim 1.a
Bc 2: Cn 0,1 g; 0,2g; 0,5g v 1g than hot tnh GAC cho vo cc
ng ly tm c th tch 50 ml, s dng c mu trng. Ly chnh xc 20 ml nc
gy nhim nhn to Cypermethrin vo ng li tm cha than hot tnh
nhit phng 25oC.
Bc 3: a cc ng ny ln my lc, lc ti tc 150 vng/pht
trong khong thi gian ng vi kt qu ca th nghim 1.b, sau em ly tm
vi tc 5000 vng/pht trong 5 pht, gn phn nc trong em xc nh
nng Cypermethrin cn li ca dung dch sau hp ph.
Mi nghim thc v hm lng than lp li 3 ln, o c c tin
hnh lp li 3 ln mi nghim thc th nghim. Nh vy s ln lp n = 9.
Th nghim d. nh hng ca nng Cypermethrin
K tha kt qu th nghim 1.a; 1.b v 1.c v pH; thi gian v hm
lng than hot tnh s dng.
Bc 1: Tin hnh ly nhim nc l bng dung dch Cypermethrin
34
cc nng khc nhau: 0,5 ppm; 1 ppm; 2 ppm; 5 ppm; 10 ppm.
Bc 2: Cn khi lng than hot tnh ng vi kt qu th nghim 1.c
cho vo ng ly tm c th tch 50 ml, s dng c mu trng. Ly chnh xc 20
ml nc gy nhim nhn to Cypermethrin vo ng li tm cha than hot
tnh nhit phng 250C.
Bc 3: a cc ng ny ln my lc, lc ti tc 150 vng/pht
trong thi gian ng vi kt qu th nghim 1.b, sau em ly tm vi tc
5000 vng/pht trong 5 pht, gn phn nc trong em xc nh nng
Cypermethrin cn lica dung dch sau hp ph.
Mi nghim thc v hm lng than lp li 3 ln, o c c tin
hnh lp li 3 ln mi nghim thc th nghim. Nh vy s ln lp n = 9.
3.3.2. Phng php phn tch trong phng th nghim
+ Nhit c o c bng nhit k thu ngn
35
Dung lng hp ph ca than c xc nh theo cng thc:
C 0C cb
q= .V (mg/g) (3.1)
m
Trong :
Trong :
+ nh gi ti trng hp ph:
36
Phn 4. KT QU NGHIN CU
4.1.1. nh hng ca pH
37
loi thng qua nh hng ca n ti cn bng ho tan kt ta m cn nh
hng n qu trnh hp ph vt l thng qua cn bng in gia cc nhm
chc ca cht b hp ph dng hu c.
38
Kt qu phn tch ca cc mu lp khng c s khc bit ng k cho
thy phng php s dng trong th nghim c tin cy tng i cao ng
thi cho thy phng php hp ph t ra kh n nh i vi qu trnh hp
ph Cypermethrin iu kin nghin cu. Theo kt qu ca nghin cu ny,
kt qu khc bit ng k v nng Cypermethrin u ra ch yu do pH ca
mu gy ra. Trong , pH 7, nng Cypermethrin sau x l dao ng
trong khong 0,202 n 0,298 ppm. Nng Cypermethrin sau x l ca mu
c pH 8 dao ng trong khong 0,348 n 0,351 ppm. Ti dung dch ho cht
c pH 9,nng Cypermethrin sau x l dao ng trong khong 0,485 n
0,505 ppm.
Khi
Nng Nng Dung lng Hiu qu
pH th lng
ban u sau x l hp ph x l
nghim than
m (g) C0 (ppm) Ccb (ppm) q (mg/g) H (%)
7 1 10 0,251 0,195 97,49
8 1 10 0,350 0,193 96,50
9 1 10 0,501 0,190 94,99
Trong : Nng sau x l c xc nh bng gi tr trung bnh (n = 9)
39
s bin i ca cc nhm chc (Cacbonyl, Cyanua...). Do vy m b mt than
mang in tch dng hn in tch m th kh nng hp ph s cao hn v
ngc li. Nh vy, nh hng ca pH ti qu trnh hp ph Cypermethrin
ca than ch yu lin quan ti cc ng phn nhm chc ca Cypermethrin.
0.2 100
0.19 98
0.19 96
Dung lng hp ph (mg/g) Hiu qu x l (%)
0.19 94
q (mg/g) H (%)
0.19 92
0.19 90
pH 7
pH th nghim
40
nht. M rng ra trong iu kin x l ca Cypermethrin bng than hot tnh,
khng nht thit phi h pH ca mi trng trc khi i qua h thng x l
hp ph. Bn cnh , cn lu l khng x l hp ph sau khi x l ao nui
bng vi (vi nc hoc vi bt) do iu ny dn ti vic gia tng gi tr pH
ca ao v gim hiu qu x l ca than hot tnh dng ht.
41
Trong , mi thi gian s lng mu c lp li 03 ln v mi mu
c o c ngu nhin 03 ln. Kt qu th nghim cho thy: Mu tin hnh
lc trong thi gian 15 pht, nng Cypermethrin sau x l dao ng trong
khong 2,104 n 2,2 ppm. Nng Cypermethrin sau x l ca mu tin
hnh lc trong 30 pht dao ng trong khong 1,312 n 1,390 ppm.Mu c
thi gian lc 60 pht, nng Cypermethrin sau x l dao ng trong khong
0,685n 0,950 ppm. Trong khi , cc mu tin hnh phn ng trong 90 v
120 pht th nng cn li Cypermethrin trong dung dch tng ng nhau
v dao ng trong khong 0,348 n 0,351 ppm.
42
Tng t nh i vi kt qu th nghim nh hng ca pH, kt qu
phn tch ca cc mu lp li khng c s khc bit ng k. iu ny mt
ln na cho thy phng php s dng trong th nghim c tin cy tng
i cao ng thi cho thy phng php hp ph kh n nh i vi qu
trnh hp ph Cypermethrin iu kin nghin cu (pH = 7, nhit 25 oC v
kch thc ca mt bnh th nghim l 20 ml).
Dung
Khi lng Nng Nng Hiu qu
Thi lng hp
than ban u sau x l x l
gian(pht) ph
m (g) C0 (ppm) Ccb (ppm) q (mg/g) H (%)
15 1 10 2,177 0,156 78,23
30 1 10 1,346 0,173 86,54
60 1 10 0,839 0,183 91,61
90 1 10 0,350 0,193 96,50
120 1 10 0,350 0,193 96,50
Trong : Nng sau x l c xc nh bng gi tr trung bnh (n = 9)
43
xc th dung lng hp ph tng chm t 0,183 mg/g 0,193 mg/g. Trong ,
ng ch l khong thi gian t 90 120 pht tip xc th dung lng hp
ph khng i v bng 0,193 mg/g.
0.2 0.20
0.17
0.19 0.16
0.18 0.12
0.10
Dung lng hp ph (mg/g)0.17 0.08Vn tc hp ph (ug/s)
q (mg/g) 0.05 v (g/s)
0.04
0.16 0.030.04
0.15 0.00
44
v 30 pht tip xc ng vi vn tc phn ng tng ng 0,17 v 0,10 g/s.
Trong khi , t pht th 30 n pht th 60, vn tc chm li ch t 0,05
0,03 g/s v n nh gi tr ny trong khong thi gian t 60 120 pht.
iu ny cho thy, tc phn ng tng nhanh trong khong thi gian 30
pht, sau 30 pht, vn tc phn ng chm li mc d qu trnh hp ph vn
tip tc xy ra v t hiu qu cao hn sau 90 pht. iu ny cng c
khng nh bi Ken - Lin Chang & cs nm 2011.
Do vy, tnh ton chi ph (tiu tn v thi gian) v li ch (gia tng hiu
qu) thu c t vic x l cypermethrin bng than hot tnh, nhn thy thi
gian ti u cho mt h thng x l c kh nng p dng trong thc tin l 15 -
30 pht (Ti , tc phn ng l nhanh nht trong khi hiu qu x l vn
t trn 75%). thi gian tip xc 30 pht, gi tr dung lng hp ph t
c 0,173 mg/g v hiu qu hp ph t 86,54%.
Tuy nhin trong khun kh th nghim ny, chng ti chn khong thi
gian 90 pht xc nh nh hng ca cc yu t liu lng than v nng
Cypermethrin. Sau khong thi gian ny hiu qu x l l cao nht v hp
ph c th t trng thi cn bng. Do , thi gian tip xc 90 pht c
chn nh gi c ch ca qu trnh hp ph.
45
4.1.3. nh hng ca hm lng than
46
Bng 4.5:. Nng ca Cypermethrin sau th nghim xc nh nh
hng ca hm lng than ti kh nng hp ph
47
Do khi tng liu lng than th hiu qu hp ph tng (nng
Cypermethrin cn li trong dung dch gim) th dung lng hp ph s gim.
48
2.0 100
1.6 96
1.2 92
0.0 80
49
tng dn khi nng ca cht b hp ph trong mi trng thp. y cng l
nguyn nhn v sao phng n hp ph hay c t cui cng ca mt h
thng x l (x l hp ph nng cao) nhm loi b cc cht ho hc kh x l
bng phng php khc.
50
pH mi trng = 7;
Thi gian phn ng: 90 pht;
Hm lng than: 50 g/l
Qua bng 4.8 v hnh 4.4 ta nhn thy rng khi tng nng dung dch
Cypermethrin t 1 ppm - 10 ppm th dung lng hp ph ca than i vi
51
Cypermethrin cng tng. Dung lng hp ph ca than i vi Cypermethrin
thp nht mu 1 ppm (0,020 mg/g) v cao nht mu c nng l0 ppm
(0,193 mg/g). Ngc li vi xu hng , hiu qu hp ph ca than i vi
Cypermethrin dao ng trong khong 96,34 n 98,60% tng ng vi cc
nng l 10 ppm - 1ppm. Hiu qu x l thp nht nng 10 ppm
(96,34%) tng ng vi dung lng hp ph ca than t c l 0,193 mg/g.
Hiu qu x l t hiu qu cao nht nng 1 ppm (98,60%) tng ng
vi dung lng hp ph ca than ch t c l 0,020 mg/g.
0.20
0.15
0.10
Dung lng hp ph (mg/g)
0.05
0.00
1 2 5 10
Nng Cypermthrin (ppm)
52
25oC, hm lng than 50 g/l, nng cht b hp ph dao ng trong khong
1 10 ppm). Mun ng dng vo thc t quy lut quan h gia nng v
hiu qu x l, cn phi s dng cc phng trnh ton l thuyt nh gi.
53
-2
-0.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
Log (Co)
a= 0,985; b= -1,7018vR= 1
Thay (1), (2) vo phng trnh (4.1) ta c phng trnh biu din
mi quan h gia dung lng hp ph ca than hot tnh i vi nng ca
Cypermethrin l:
54
2
1.6
1.2
Dung lng hp ph (mg/g) 0.8
0.4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Nng Cypermethrin (mg/l)
55
t c x l t hiu qu trn 95% i vi tt c cc nng ca
Cypermethrin trong t nhin thp hn hng nghn ln so vi kt qu th
nghim t c (0,567 1,857g/g so vi 0,020 0,193 mg/g (kt qu cc
th nghim). Do , vic p dng kt qu nghin cu vo thc tin x l
Cypermethrin trong nc l hon ton c cn c.
V d, tnh ton trong trng hp nc nui tm cn x l c nng
Cypermethrin l 30 ppb ta c dung lng hp ph phi t c l 0,567 g/g
than hot tnh. h thng x l t hiu qu cao nht, cc thng s vn hnh
phi c khng ch mc ti u ca cc th nghim phn 4.1 bao gm:
56
Cypermethrin v hm lng than cn s dng x l nc thi
57
hng ca pH x l v thi gian tip xc gia hot cht cn x l v than
hot tnh dng ht (GAC) s dng). Vi hiu qu x l tng i thp ny,
nng 0 37 ppb, x l hp ph 01 ln s cho hiu qu ph hp vi yu cu
u ra. Trong khi cc nng > 37 ppb s cho cht lng nc u ra
khng m bo thp hn 5 ppb. Trong trng hp ny nc sau khi x l cn
c x l cp hai bng cng mt phng php hoc bng mt phng n
cng ngh khc.
58
nhiu ln bng phng php: s dng 02 ct hp ph trong v d ny c
trnh by trong bng 4.10.
59
Phn 5: KT LUN V KIN NGH
5.1 Kt lun
Cc yu t quan trng nh hng n hiu qu ca x l bng phng
php hp ph i vi Cypermethrin l pH, thi gian, hm lng than v nng
hot cht u vo. T kt qu nghin cu cho thy mc nh hng ca
cc thng s khng ging nhau:
pH gy nh hng khng ng k n hiu qu x l khong gi tr
t trung tnh n hi kim (7 9) vi hiu qu thp nht pH 9 (94.99%) v
cao nht pH 7 (97,49%) tuy nhin khc bit ny khng ng k. Thi
khong 15 30 pht sau khi cho than hot tnh hp ph Cypermethrin c hiu
qu x l khong 86,54% nhng tc phn ng l nhanh nht. Hm lng
khong thch hp trong x l nc l 12 13 g/l nc. Nng u vo tng
lm tng dung lng hp ph ca than (t 0,020 n 0,193 mg/g) trong khi
lm gim hiu qu hp ph (t 98,6 xung 96,34%). Do , cht lng mi
trng t nhin c nng Cypermethrin thp (vi chc ppb) khi x l s cho
hiu qu rt cao.
Cn c vo ng biu din nng ban u v kh nng hp ph ca
vt liu nhn thy ng ng nhit hp ph tun theo phng trnh
Freundlich. Phng trnh ng nhit hp ph m t c trong iu kin phn
ng l:
0,985
q=0,0199C0 (mg/g)
Phng trnh ng nhit Freundlich xc nh c l c s khoa hc
quan trng xut xy dng h thng x l nc nui tm ph hp vi
iu kin thc t v nng Cypermethrin trong ao nui.
60
5.2 ngh
61
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ti liu ting Vit
62
12.Vin Nghin cu Nui trng Thy sn 2 (2011),Kt qu nghin cu xc
nh nguyn nhn v xut cc bin php khc phc trong chng
trnh khn cp phng chng dch bnh trn tm s v tm th chn
trng nui ng bng sng Cu Long. Bo co hi ngh giao ban
phng chng dch bnh ti Bc Liu ngy 13/10/2011.
63
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Ph lc: Mt s hnh nh trong qu trnh thc hin ti
66
Hnh 7: Tin hnh chit mu Hnh 8: Tin hnh c mu
67